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==Climbing physics and physiology==
Sports [[physiology|physiologists]] have attributed the advantage that small stature holds in cycling up steep ascents to the way in which body [[mass]] and body [[surface area]] scale according to height (see [[square-cube law]]). As a hypothetical cyclist’s height increases, the surface areas of his body increase according to the square of his height whereas the mass of his body increases according to the cube of his height. The surface area relation applies not only to the total surface area of the body, but also to the surface areas of the [[lungs]] and [[blood vessels]], which are primary factors in determining [[Aerobic exercise|aerobic]] power. Thus, an equally-proportioned cyclist who has 50% more body mass (i.e. is 50% heavier) will generate only about 30% more aerobic power. On a steep climb most of the cyclist’s energy goes into lifting his own weight, so the heavier cyclist will be at a competitive disadvantage. There is, of course, a lower limit to the benefit of small stature because, among other factors, the cyclist must also lift the weight of his bicycle. The additional power is proportional to the [[Grade (slope)|grade]] or slope of the road and the speed of the rider along the slope (or along the level line). For a 5% grade,
Scaling factors also account for the relative disadvantage of the small cyclist in descending, although
Although these factors might seem to cancel each other out, the climber still has an advantage on a course with long ascents and long descents: adding several miles per hour on a slow, time-consuming climb is much more valuable than the same increase on a fast and brief descent. Any rider, of course, can improve his climbing speed by increasing his aerobic power and reducing his body weight and can increase his descending speed through better bike handling and the willingness to accept an increased risk of crashing. One of the few elite riders to use descending skill as a competitive advantage is [[Paolo Savoldelli]], nicknamed "the falcon".
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