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Various aspects of [[Personality psychology|personality]] and its [[personality development|development]] appear to be integral to the occurrence and persistence of depression,<ref name=Raph00>{{cite book |title=Unmet Need in Psychiatry:Problems, Resources, Responses |editor=Andrews G, Henderson S ''(eds)''|year=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=138–39|chapter= Unmet Need for Prevention|author=Raphael B|isbn=0-521-66229-X}}</ref> with [[Affect theory|negative emotionality]] as a common precursor.<ref name="pmid19187578">{{cite journal | author = Morris BH, Bylsma LM, Rottenberg J | title = Does emotion predict the course of major depressive disorder? A review of prospective studies | journal = Br J Clin Psychol | volume = 48 | issue = Pt 3 | pages = 255–73 | date = September 2009 | pmid = 19187578 | doi = 10.1348/014466508X396549 | url = http://openurl.ingenta.com/content/nlm?genre=article&issn=0144-6657&volume=48&issue=Pt%203&spage=255&aulast=Morris }}</ref> Although depressive episodes are strongly correlated with adverse events, a person's characteristic style of coping may be correlated with his or her resilience.<ref name="Sad541">{{Harvnb |Sadock|2002| p=541}}</ref> In addition, low [[self-esteem]] and self-defeating or distorted thinking are related to depression. Depression is less likely to occur, as well as quicker to remit, among those who are religious.<ref>{{cite journal | author = McCullough ME, Larson DB | title = Religion and depression: a review of the literature | journal = Twin Research | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 126–136 | date = 1 June 1999 | pmid = 10480747 | doi = 10.1375/136905299320565997 | url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aap/twr/1999/00000002/00000002/art00008 | ref = harv | publisher = Australian Academic Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Dein, S |title=Religion, spirituality and depression: implications for research and treatment |journal=Primary Care and Community Psychiatry|volume=11|issue=2 |pages=67–72 | year = 2006 | url = http://www.librapharm.com/headeradmin/upload/0178web2.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=21 November 2008 | doi = 10.1185/135525706X121110}} {{Wayback|df=yes|url=http://www.librapharm.com/headeradmin/upload/0178web2.pdf|date =20061021164223|bot=DASHBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Moreira-Almeida A, Neto FL, Koenig HG | title = Religiousness and mental health: a review | journal = Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr. | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 242–50 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16924349 | doi = 10.1590/S1516-44462006005000006 | url = http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-44462006000300018&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en }}</ref> It is not always clear which factors are causes and which are effects of depression; however, depressed persons that are able to reflect upon and challenge their thinking patterns often show improved mood and self-esteem.<ref>{{cite web |author=Warman DM, [[Aaron Temkin Beck|Beck AT]]| year=2003 |url=http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=About_Treatments_and_Supports&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=7952 |title=About treatment and supports: Cognitive behavioral therapy |work=National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) website|accessdate=17 October 2008}}</ref>
American psychiatrist [[Aaron T. Beck]], following on from the earlier work of [[George Kelly (psychologist)|George Kelly]] and [[Albert Ellis (psychologist)|Albert Ellis]], developed what is now known as a cognitive model of depression in the early 1960s. He proposed that three concepts underlie depression: a [[Beck's cognitive triad|triad]] of negative thoughts composed of cognitive errors about oneself, one's world, and one's future; recurrent patterns of depressive thinking, or ''schemas''; and [[cognitive distortions|distorted information processing]].<ref name="Beckdep">{{Harvnb |Beck|1987| pp=10–15}}</ref> From these principles, he developed the structured technique of [[cognitive behavioral therapy]] (CBT).<ref>{{Harvnb |Beck|1987| p=3}}</ref> Further support for the concept of distorted information processing in individuals suffering from depression has been provided from several areas of research. These include emotional perception,<ref>Surguladze, S. A., Young, A. W., Senior, C., Brébion, G., Travis, M. J., & Phillips, M. L. (2004). Recognition accuracy and response bias to happy and sad facial expressions in patients with major depression. Neuropsychology,18(2), 212.
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15099143 PMID: 15099143] </ref> attention,<ref>Gotlib, I. H., & Joormann, J. (2010). Cognition and depression: current status and future directions. Annual review of clinical psychology, 6, 285. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20192795 PMID: 20192795]</ref> memory,<ref>Direnfeld, D. M., & Roberts, J. E. (2006). Mood congruent memory in dysphoria: The roles of state affect and cognitive style. Behaviour research and therapy,44(9), 1275-1285. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005796705002081 doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.014] </ref> reward and punishment processing,<ref>Eshel, N., & Roiser, J. P. (2010). Reward and punishment processing in depression. Biological psychiatry, 68(2), 118-124. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20303067 PMID: 20303067] </ref> and learning from positive and negative information<ref>Garrett, N., Sharot, T., Faulkner, P., Korn, C. W., Roiser, J. P., & Dolan, R. J. (2014). Losing the rose tinted glasses: neural substrates of unbiased belief updating in depression. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 8. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147849/ doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00639]</ref><ref>Korn, C. W., Sharot, T., Walter, H., Heekeren, H. R., & Dolan, R. J. (2014). Depression is related to an absence of optimistically biased belief updating about future life events. Psychological medicine, 44(03), 579-592. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23672737 doi: 10.1017/S0033291713001074]</ref>. According to American psychologist [[Martin Seligman]], depression in humans is similar to [[learned helplessness]] in laboratory animals, who remain in unpleasant situations when they are able to escape, but do not because they initially learned they had no control.<ref name="Helplessness">{{cite book |author=Seligman, M|title=Helplessness: On depression, development and death |pages=75–106|chapter=Depression|publisher=WH Freeman |location=San Francisco, CA, USA |year=1975 |isbn=0-7167-0751-9}}</ref> [[Attachment theory]], which was developed by English psychiatrist [[John Bowlby]] in the 1960s, predicts a relationship between depressive disorder in adulthood and the quality of the earlier bond between the infant and the adult caregiver. In particular, it is thought that "the experiences of early loss, separation and rejection by the parent or caregiver (conveying the message that the child is unlovable) may all lead to insecure internal working models ... Internal cognitive representations of the self as unlovable and of attachment figures as unloving [or] untrustworthy would be consistent with parts of Beck's cognitive triad".<ref name = "Ma_attachment"/> While a wide variety of studies has upheld the basic tenets of attachment theory, research has been inconclusive as to whether self-reported early attachment and later depression are demonstrably related.<ref name = "Ma_attachment">{{cite journal |author=Ma, K |title=Attachment theory in adult psychiatry. Part 1: Conceptualisations, measurement and clinical research findings |journal=Advances in Psychiatric Treatment|volume=12 |pages=440–449 |year=2006|url=http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/12/6/440 |accessdate=21 April 2010 |issue=6 |doi=10.1192/apt.12.6.440}}</ref>
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