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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{For|the orthopteran suborder Ensifera, commonly known as crickets|Ensifera}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Sword-billed hummingbird
| image = Sword-billed Hummingbird.jpg
| image_caption = Male in eastern Ecuador
| image2 = Ensifera ensifera (Pico de sable) (14182491210).jpg
| image2_caption = Female sword-billed hummingbird (right) with a [[buff-tailed coronet]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22687854/0 |title=''Ensifera ensifera'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2012 |access-date=26 November 2013|ref=harv}}</ref>
| display_parents = 2
| genus = Ensifera (bird)
| parent_authority = [[René Primevère Lesson|Lesson]], 1843
| species = ensifera
| authority = ([[Auguste Boissonneau|Boissonneau]], 1840)
| range_map = Ensifera ensifera map.svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution range of the sword-billed hummingbird
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision =
| synonyms =
}}
The '''sword-billed hummingbird''' (''Ensifera ensifera'') is a neotropical species of [[hummingbird]] from the Andean regions of [[South America]]. It is the sole member of the genus '''''Ensifera''''' and is characterized by its unusually long bill; it is the only bird to have a beak longer than the rest of its body. ''E. ensifera'' uses its bill to drink nectar from flowers with long [[corolla (botany)|corolla]]s and has coevolved with the species ''[[Passiflora mixta]]''. While most hummingbirds [[preening (bird)|preen]] using their bills, ''E. ensifera'' must use its feet to scratch and preen due to its bill being so long. This uncommon bird is also one of the largest hummingbird species.
==Taxonomy==
The sword-billed hummingbird was first described by [[Auguste Boissonneau]] in 1839.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Graves|first=Gary|date=November 1990|title=TAXONOMIC STATUS OF THE SWORD-BILLED HUMMINGBIRD ENSIFERA-ENSIFERA-CAERULESCENS|url=http://biostor.org/reference/112243/page/1|journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|volume=111|pages=139–140|via=Biostor}}</ref> Like all hummingbirds, it is a part of the family [[Trochilidae]] under the order [[Apodiformes]]. It is [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]], meaning it is the only species within its genus. The name ''ensifera'' ("sword-wielder") is derived from [[Latin]] ''[[wikt:ensis|ensis]]'' (sword) and ''[[wikt:ferre|ferre]]'' (to carry), and refers to this hummingbird's remarkable beak length.
In 1939, there was a subspecies ''Ensifera ensifera caerulescens'' described, based on a specimen at the Royal Albert Memorial Museum. However, in 1990 ornithologist Gary R.Graves determined it was not a subspecies, but the same species with a slight discoloration due to the preservation process of the specimen.<ref name=":0" />
==Description==
[[File:Ensifera ensifera.jpg|thumb|right|Depiction of the sword-billed hummingbird by [[Ernst Haeckel]]|200px]]
Sword-billed hummingbirds perch on the mid- to upper-level branches of neotropical trees.<ref name=":1" /> Lengths are {{convert|13|-| 14|cm}} from the tail tip to the base of the bill, with males slightly larger on average than females.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=A guide to the birds of Colombia|last=L.|first=Hilty, Steven|date=1986|publisher=Princeton University Press|others=Brown, William L., 1929-2007.|isbn=9780691083728|location=Princeton, N.J.|oclc=11234472}}</ref> The bill can additionally be over {{convert|10|cm}} long. Individuals weigh between {{convert|10|-|15|g}}, making it one of the largest species of hummingbirds.<ref name="Burnie">{{cite book|title=Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife|date=2005|publisher=DK Adult|isbn=0789477645|editor1-last=Burnie|editor1-first=D.|editor2-last=Wilson|editor2-first=D. E.}}</ref> As is characteristic of hummingbirds, ''E. ensifera'' can fly backwards and [[Hummingbird#Aerodynamics_of_flight|hover]] in the air.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sapir|first=Nir|last2=Dudley|first2=Robert|date=2012-10-15|title=Backward flight in hummingbirds employs unique kinematic adjustments and entails low metabolic cost|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|language=en|volume=215|issue=20|pages=3603–3611|doi=10.1242/jeb.073114|issn=0022-0949|pmid=23014570}}</ref> It also exhibits higher than average [[Disk loading|wing-disc loading]] than other members of its family.<ref name=":3" />
''E. ensifera'' displays [[sexual dimorphism]] where plumage varies between males and females. Males have a coppery bronze head, bronze green back, bright green underbelly, blackish green throat, and bronze green tail. Females have a similarly colored head and back, a white belly speckled with green, a more olive colored throat, and grayish white edging around the tail.<ref name=":1" />
=== Bill ===
The defining trait of this species is a beak longer than the rest of its body (excluding the tail). The [[tongue]] is also unusually long to span the length of the tube-shaped bill. The beak is black in color and curves slightly upwards.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/swbhum1/overview|title=Sword-billed Hummingbird - Introduction {{!}} Neotropical Birds Online|website=neotropical.birds.cornell.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-10-15}}</ref> These adaptations help the hummingbird feed on flowers with long [[corolla (botany)|corolla]]s that are inaccessible to other species.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Relationships between hummingbirds and flowers in the Andes of Colombia.|last=Snow|first=David|publisher=Bulletin of the British Museum|year=1980|isbn=|location=British Museum|pages=}}</ref>
== Habitat and distribution ==
''Ensifera ensifera'' is a neotropical hummingbird found throughout tropical montane [[cloud forest]]s of [[Bolivia]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]] and [[Venezuela]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite iucn|last=IUCN|title=Ensifera ensifera: BirdLife International|doi=10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22687854a93171973.en|year=2016}}</ref> It is found at higher elevations of {{convert|1700|-|3300|m}}, but the most common occurrences are between {{convert|2400|-|3100|m}}.<ref name=":1" /> This is a preferred habitat due to the concentration of nectar producing flowers.<ref name=":3" /> It is a year-round resident of all three [[Andes]] ranges, with no known [[bird migration|migration]] patterns.<ref name=":2" /> While the species is considered to have stable numbers and a wide geographic range (over 60,000 square km), it is unevenly distributed and hard to find, making the species difficult to research.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Latta|first=Steven C.|last2=Tinoco|first2=Boris A.|last3=Astudillo|first3=Pedro X.|last4=Graham|first4=Catherine H.|date=2011-02-01|title=Patterns and Magnitude of Temporal Change in Avian Communities in the Ecuadorian Andes|journal=The Condor|volume=113|issue=1|pages=24–40|doi=10.1525/cond.2011.090252|issn=0010-5422}}</ref>
== Behavior ==
[[File:Passiflora mixta (as Tacsonia quitensis) 96.5876.jpg|thumb|The long corolla of ''Passiflora mixta'' is coevolved with the bird's bill as a pollination strategy.|left|289x289px]]
[[File:Hilt Close-up (28704685461).jpg|thumb|242x242px|Female sword-billed hummingbird feeding in flight]]
=== Diet and feeding ===
The sword-billed hummingbird is a specialist species, feeding on the nectar of specific flowers. Its abnormally long beak allows it to feed from flowers with long corollas, especially from the genera ''[[Passiflora]]'' and ''[[Datura]]'', which include the most heavily hummingbird-pollinated plant species.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Abrahamczyk|first=S.|last2=Souto-Vilarós|first2=D.|last3=Renner|first3=S. S.|date=2014-11-22|title=Escape from extreme specialization: passionflowers, bats and the sword-billed hummingbird|journal=Proc. R. Soc. B|language=en|volume=281|issue=1795|pages=20140888|doi=10.1098/rspb.2014.0888|issn=0962-8452|pmid=25274372|pmc=4213610}}</ref> ''E. ensifera'' usually drinks while in flight and is a [[Trap-lining|trap-line]] feeder, visiting the same flowers in a consistent, patterned sequence. This promotes flower pollination and outcrossing.<ref name=":3" />
=== Perching and preening ===
[[File:Sword-billed Hummingbird RWD2.jpg|thumb|272x272px|Perching male sword-billed hummingbird]]
The bird perches with its bill angled upwards to reduce the strain of the heavy beak and improve balance.<ref name=":2" /> The length of the bill is so long, it also forces the sword-billed hummingbird to use its feet to groom, even though this takes longer than traditional beak methods.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Clayton|first=Dale H.|last2=Cotgreave|first2=Peter|title=Relationship of bill morphology to grooming behaviour in birds|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=47|issue=1|pages=195–201|doi=10.1006/anbe.1994.1022|year=1994}}</ref> [[Preening (bird)|Preening]] is important to remove ectoparasites and spread oil across the feathers.<ref name=":6" />
=== Reproduction ===
Females and males are polygamous and may mate with several individuals to increase reproductive success.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Handbook of the birds of the world|date=2013|origyear=1992|publisher=Lynx Edicions|others=Hoyo, Josep del., Elliott, Andrew., Sargatal, Jordi., Cabot, José.|isbn=978-8487334252|location=Barcelona|oclc=861071869|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse}}</ref> Eggs are laid usually in February and March, and only the female stays to feed and guard the nest.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> Further research should be conducted on the number of broods and survival of offspring since little is known.
=== Vocalization ===
Other than a throated "trrr" sound, sword-billed hummingbirds make little noise.<ref name=":1" /> The sound is short, rapid, and usually repeated multiple times. Collections of recordings from the public show the bird may vocalize during foraging and flying, but much more research into the use and variations of their vocalizations needs to be done.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Ensifera-ensifera|title=Sword-billed Hummingbird (Ensifera ensifera) :: xeno-canto|website=www.xeno-canto.org|access-date=2017-10-15}}</ref>
== Co-evolution with ''Passiflora mixta'' ==
A distinct factor of the sword-billed hummingbird is its extreme [[coevolution]] with the species ''[[Passiflora mixta]].'' The two species evolved together during the early radiation of the ''Tacsonia'' clade, because the hummingbird exclusively pollinated ''[[Passiflora mixta|P. mixta]].''<ref name=":5" /> The position of the flower's anthers and sigmas and the length of the corolla tube make it an inaccessible food source to nearly every species except ''E. ensifera.''<ref name=":4" /> This [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualistic]] relationship lets the passionflower depend on the bird for pollination, while the bird obtains a high-quality food source.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> To obtain nectar, the hummingbird will stick its long bill down the corolla tube (both are almost exactly the same length), drink, then retreat and hover for a few seconds before repeating the process.<ref name=":3" /> Other species, such as insects, may be able to access the flower's nectar but do so by puncturing the base and feeding through a hole instead of the corolla tube.<ref name=":3" /> Additional evidence of coevolution shows species also inhabit the same territory range along the Andean mountains. Ornithologist [[David Snow (ornithologist)|David Snow]] was the first to extensively describe the relationship between ''E. ensifera and P. mixta.''<ref name=":3" /> If sword-billed hummingbird populations were to decline, there would most likely be a negative impact on the abundance of ''Passiflora mixta'' flowers due to their extreme coevolution.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Lindberg|first=Annika Büchert|last2=Olesen|first2=Jens Mogens|date=March 2001|title=The fragility of extreme specialization: Passiflora mixta and its pollinating hummingbird Ensifera ensifera|journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology|volume=17|issue=2|pages=323–329|doi=10.1017/s0266467401001213|issn=1469-7831}}</ref>
== Status and conservation ==
The sword-billed hummingbird is considered of "Least Concern" by the IUCN.<ref name=":8" /> There is no sign of population decline or visible threats to the species. There is also no [[census]] on global number of individuals, because of the large range of occurrence and uncommon sightings.<ref name=":8" /> [[Climate change]] and [[deforestation]] are the two most probable threats to ''E. ensifera'' in the future since this can lead to habitat loss and decreased food sources, especially of ''Passiflora mixta.''<ref name=":4" />
== In art and media ==
[[BBC|BBC's]] documentary series [[Planet Earth II]] depicted the sword-billed hummingbird flying through the forest in the ''Jungles'' episode.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p04gdkhf/p04gdh7x|title=Sword-billed hummingbirds are the only birds in the world to have beaks longer than their bodies. - In pictures... - Jungles, Planet Earth II - BBC One|website=BBC|access-date=2017-10-15}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.hbw.com/ibc/species/sword-billed-hummingbird-ensifera-ensifera Video of female using feet for grooming], Internet Bird Collection website
* [http://www.hbw.com/ibc/species/sword-billed-hummingbird-ensifera-ensifera Vocalizations]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p04gdkhf/p04gdh7x BBC gallery with a sword-billed hummingbird]
* [https://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/academic-resources/slater-museum/biodiversity-resources/birds/skeleton-of-sword-billed-hummi/ Skeletal structure photo and description]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q385548}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:hummingbird, sword-billed}}
[[Category:Trochilinae|sword-billed hummingbird]]
[[Category:Hummingbird species of South America]]
[[Category:Birds of the Northern Andes]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1840|sword-billed hummingbird]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{For|the orthopteran suborder Ensifera, commonly known as crickets|Ensifera}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Sword-billed hummingbird
| image = Sword-billed Hummingbird.jpg
| image_caption = Male in eastern Ecuador
| image2 = Ensifera ensifera (Pico de sable) (14182491210).jpg fuck her right in the pussy
| image2_caption = Female sword-billed hummingbird (right) with a [[buff-tailed coronet]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22687854/0 |title=''Ensifera ensifera'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2012 |access-date=26 November 2013|ref=harv}}</ref>
| display_parents = 2
| genus = Ensifera (bird)
| parent_authority = [[René Primevère Lesson|Lesson]], 1843
| species = ensifera
| authority = ([[Auguste Boissonneau|Boissonneau]], 1840)
| range_map = Ensifera ensifera map.svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution range of the sword-billed hummingbird
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision =
| synonyms =
}}
The '''sword-billed hummingbird''' (''Ensifera ensifera'') is a neotropical species of [[hummingbird]] from the Andean regions of [[South America]]. It is the sole member of the genus '''''Ensifera''''' and is characterized by its unusually long bill; it is the only bird to have a beak longer than the rest of its body. ''E. ensifera'' uses its bill to drink nectar from flowers with long [[corolla (botany)|corolla]]s and has coevolved with the species ''[[Passiflora mixta]]''. While most hummingbirds [[preening (bird)|preen]] using their bills, ''E. ensifera'' must use its feet to scratch and preen due to its bill being so long. This uncommon bird is also one of the largest hummingbird species.
==Taxonomy==
The sword-billed hummingbird was first described by [[Auguste Boissonneau]] in 1839.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Graves|first=Gary|date=November 1990|title=TAXONOMIC STATUS OF THE SWORD-BILLED HUMMINGBIRD ENSIFERA-ENSIFERA-CAERULESCENS|url=http://biostor.org/reference/112243/page/1|journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|volume=111|pages=139–140|via=Biostor}}</ref> Like all hummingbirds, it is a part of the family [[Trochilidae]] under the order [[Apodiformes]]. It is [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]], meaning it is the only species within its genus. The name ''ensifera'' ("sword-wielder") is derived from [[Latin]] ''[[wikt:ensis|ensis]]'' (sword) and ''[[wikt:ferre|ferre]]'' (to carry), and refers to this hummingbird's remarkable beak length.
In 1939, there was a subspecies ''Ensifera ensifera caerulescens'' described, based on a specimen at the Royal Albert Memorial Museum. However, in 1990 ornithologist Gary R.Graves determined it was not a subspecies, but the same species with a slight discoloration due to the preservation process of the specimen.<ref name=":0" />
==Description==
[[File:Ensifera ensifera.jpg|thumb|right|Depiction of the sword-billed hummingbird by [[Ernst Haeckel]]|200px]]
Sword-billed hummingbirds perch on the mid- to upper-level branches of neotropical trees.<ref name=":1" /> Lengths are {{convert|13|-| 14|cm}} from the tail tip to the base of the bill, with males slightly larger on average than females.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=A guide to the birds of Colombia|last=L.|first=Hilty, Steven|date=1986|publisher=Princeton University Press|others=Brown, William L., 1929-2007.|isbn=9780691083728|location=Princeton, N.J.|oclc=11234472}}</ref> The bill can additionally be over {{convert|10|cm}} long. Individuals weigh between {{convert|10|-|15|g}}, making it one of the largest species of hummingbirds.<ref name="Burnie">{{cite book|title=Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife|date=2005|publisher=DK Adult|isbn=0789477645|editor1-last=Burnie|editor1-first=D.|editor2-last=Wilson|editor2-first=D. E.}}</ref> As is characteristic of hummingbirds, ''E. ensifera'' can fly backwards and [[Hummingbird#Aerodynamics_of_flight|hover]] in the air.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sapir|first=Nir|last2=Dudley|first2=Robert|date=2012-10-15|title=Backward flight in hummingbirds employs unique kinematic adjustments and entails low metabolic cost|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|language=en|volume=215|issue=20|pages=3603–3611|doi=10.1242/jeb.073114|issn=0022-0949|pmid=23014570}}</ref> It also exhibits higher than average [[Disk loading|wing-disc loading]] than other members of its family.<ref name=":3" />
''E. ensifera'' displays [[sexual dimorphism]] where plumage varies between males and females. Males have a coppery bronze head, bronze green back, bright green underbelly, blackish green throat, and bronze green tail. Females have a similarly colored head and back, a white belly speckled with green, a more olive colored throat, and grayish white edging around the tail.<ref name=":1" />
=== Bill ===
The defining trait of this species is a beak longer than the rest of its body (excluding the tail). The [[tongue]] is also unusually long to span the length of the tube-shaped bill. The beak is black in color and curves slightly upwards.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/swbhum1/overview|title=Sword-billed Hummingbird - Introduction {{!}} Neotropical Birds Online|website=neotropical.birds.cornell.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-10-15}}</ref> These adaptations help the hummingbird feed on flowers with long [[corolla (botany)|corolla]]s that are inaccessible to other species.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Relationships between hummingbirds and flowers in the Andes of Colombia.|last=Snow|first=David|publisher=Bulletin of the British Museum|year=1980|isbn=|location=British Museum|pages=}}</ref>
== Habitat and distribution ==
''Ensifera ensifera'' is a neotropical hummingbird found throughout tropical montane [[cloud forest]]s of [[Bolivia]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]] and [[Venezuela]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite iucn|last=IUCN|title=Ensifera ensifera: BirdLife International|doi=10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22687854a93171973.en|year=2016}}</ref> It is found at higher elevations of {{convert|1700|-|3300|m}}, but the most common occurrences are between {{convert|2400|-|3100|m}}.<ref name=":1" /> This is a preferred habitat due to the concentration of nectar producing flowers.<ref name=":3" /> It is a year-round resident of all three [[Andes]] ranges, with no known [[bird migration|migration]] patterns.<ref name=":2" /> While the species is considered to have stable numbers and a wide geographic range (over 60,000 square km), it is unevenly distributed and hard to find, making the species difficult to research.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Latta|first=Steven C.|last2=Tinoco|first2=Boris A.|last3=Astudillo|first3=Pedro X.|last4=Graham|first4=Catherine H.|date=2011-02-01|title=Patterns and Magnitude of Temporal Change in Avian Communities in the Ecuadorian Andes|journal=The Condor|volume=113|issue=1|pages=24–40|doi=10.1525/cond.2011.090252|issn=0010-5422}}</ref>
== Behavior ==
[[File:Passiflora mixta (as Tacsonia quitensis) 96.5876.jpg|thumb|The long corolla of ''Passiflora mixta'' is coevolved with the bird's bill as a pollination strategy.|left|289x289px]]
[[File:Hilt Close-up (28704685461).jpg|thumb|242x242px|Female sword-billed hummingbird feeding in flight]]
=== Diet and feeding ===
The sword-billed hummingbird is a specialist species, feeding on the nectar of specific flowers. Its abnormally long beak allows it to feed from flowers with long corollas, especially from the genera ''[[Passiflora]]'' and ''[[Datura]]'', which include the most heavily hummingbird-pollinated plant species.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Abrahamczyk|first=S.|last2=Souto-Vilarós|first2=D.|last3=Renner|first3=S. S.|date=2014-11-22|title=Escape from extreme specialization: passionflowers, bats and the sword-billed hummingbird|journal=Proc. R. Soc. B|language=en|volume=281|issue=1795|pages=20140888|doi=10.1098/rspb.2014.0888|issn=0962-8452|pmid=25274372|pmc=4213610}}</ref> ''E. ensifera'' usually drinks while in flight and is a [[Trap-lining|trap-line]] feeder, visiting the same flowers in a consistent, patterned sequence. This promotes flower pollination and outcrossing.<ref name=":3" />
=== Perching and preening ===
[[File:Sword-billed Hummingbird RWD2.jpg|thumb|272x272px|Perching male sword-billed hummingbird]]
The bird perches with its bill angled upwards to reduce the strain of the heavy beak and improve balance.<ref name=":2" /> The length of the bill is so long, it also forces the sword-billed hummingbird to use its feet to groom, even though this takes longer than traditional beak methods.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Clayton|first=Dale H.|last2=Cotgreave|first2=Peter|title=Relationship of bill morphology to grooming behaviour in birds|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=47|issue=1|pages=195–201|doi=10.1006/anbe.1994.1022|year=1994}}</ref> [[Preening (bird)|Preening]] is important to remove ectoparasites and spread oil across the feathers.<ref name=":6" />
=== Reproduction ===
Females and males are polygamous and may mate with several individuals to increase reproductive success.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Handbook of the birds of the world|date=2013|origyear=1992|publisher=Lynx Edicions|others=Hoyo, Josep del., Elliott, Andrew., Sargatal, Jordi., Cabot, José.|isbn=978-8487334252|location=Barcelona|oclc=861071869|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse}}</ref> Eggs are laid usually in February and March, and only the female stays to feed and guard the nest.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> Further research should be conducted on the number of broods and survival of offspring since little is known.
=== Vocalization ===
Other than a throated "trrr" sound, sword-billed hummingbirds make little noise.<ref name=":1" /> The sound is short, rapid, and usually repeated multiple times. Collections of recordings from the public show the bird may vocalize during foraging and flying, but much more research into the use and variations of their vocalizations needs to be done.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Ensifera-ensifera|title=Sword-billed Hummingbird (Ensifera ensifera) :: xeno-canto|website=www.xeno-canto.org|access-date=2017-10-15}}</ref>
== Co-evolution with ''Passiflora mixta'' ==
A distinct factor of the sword-billed hummingbird is its extreme [[coevolution]] with the species ''[[Passiflora mixta]].'' The two species evolved together during the early radiation of the ''Tacsonia'' clade, because the hummingbird exclusively pollinated ''[[Passiflora mixta|P. mixta]].''<ref name=":5" /> The position of the flower's anthers and sigmas and the length of the corolla tube make it an inaccessible food source to nearly every species except ''E. ensifera.''<ref name=":4" /> This [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualistic]] relationship lets the passionflower depend on the bird for pollination, while the bird obtains a high-quality food source.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> To obtain nectar, the hummingbird will stick its long bill down the corolla tube (both are almost exactly the same length), drink, then retreat and hover for a few seconds before repeating the process.<ref name=":3" /> Other species, such as insects, may be able to access the flower's nectar but do so by puncturing the base and feeding through a hole instead of the corolla tube.<ref name=":3" /> Additional evidence of coevolution shows species also inhabit the same territory range along the Andean mountains. Ornithologist [[David Snow (ornithologist)|David Snow]] was the first to extensively describe the relationship between ''E. ensifera and P. mixta.''<ref name=":3" /> If sword-billed hummingbird populations were to decline, there would most likely be a negative impact on the abundance of ''Passiflora mixta'' flowers due to their extreme coevolution.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Lindberg|first=Annika Büchert|last2=Olesen|first2=Jens Mogens|date=March 2001|title=The fragility of extreme specialization: Passiflora mixta and its pollinating hummingbird Ensifera ensifera|journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology|volume=17|issue=2|pages=323–329|doi=10.1017/s0266467401001213|issn=1469-7831}}</ref>
== Status and conservation ==
The sword-billed hummingbird is considered of "Least Concern" by the IUCN.<ref name=":8" /> There is no sign of population decline or visible threats to the species. There is also no [[census]] on global number of individuals, because of the large range of occurrence and uncommon sightings.<ref name=":8" /> [[Climate change]] and [[deforestation]] are the two most probable threats to ''E. ensifera'' in the future since this can lead to habitat loss and decreased food sources, especially of ''Passiflora mixta.''<ref name=":4" />
== In art and media ==
[[BBC|BBC's]] documentary series [[Planet Earth II]] depicted the sword-billed hummingbird flying through the forest in the ''Jungles'' episode.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p04gdkhf/p04gdh7x|title=Sword-billed hummingbirds are the only birds in the world to have beaks longer than their bodies. - In pictures... - Jungles, Planet Earth II - BBC One|website=BBC|access-date=2017-10-15}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.hbw.com/ibc/species/sword-billed-hummingbird-ensifera-ensifera Video of female using feet for grooming], Internet Bird Collection website
* [http://www.hbw.com/ibc/species/sword-billed-hummingbird-ensifera-ensifera Vocalizations]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p04gdkhf/p04gdh7x BBC gallery with a sword-billed hummingbird]
* [https://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/academic-resources/slater-museum/biodiversity-resources/birds/skeleton-of-sword-billed-hummi/ Skeletal structure photo and description]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q385548}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:hummingbird, sword-billed}}
[[Category:Trochilinae|sword-billed hummingbird]]
[[Category:Hummingbird species of South America]]
[[Category:Birds of the Northern Andes]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1840|sword-billed hummingbird]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@
| image = Sword-billed Hummingbird.jpg
| image_caption = Male in eastern Ecuador
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| image2_caption = Female sword-billed hummingbird (right) with a [[buff-tailed coronet]]
| status = LC
' |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of bird</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the orthopteran suborder Ensifera, commonly known as crickets, see <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensifera" title="Ensifera">Ensifera</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Sword-billed hummingbird
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sword-billed_Hummingbird.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Sword-billed Hummingbird.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sword-billed_Hummingbird.jpg/220px-Sword-billed_Hummingbird.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sword-billed_Hummingbird.jpg/330px-Sword-billed_Hummingbird.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sword-billed_Hummingbird.jpg/440px-Sword-billed_Hummingbird.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Male in eastern Ecuador
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Ensifera_ensifera_(Pico_de_sable)_(14182491210).jpg_fuck_her_right_in_the_pussy" class="new" title="File:Ensifera ensifera (Pico de sable) (14182491210).jpg fuck her right in the pussy">File:Ensifera ensifera (Pico de sable) (14182491210).jpg fuck her right in the pussy</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Female sword-billed hummingbird (right) with a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buff-tailed_coronet" title="Buff-tailed coronet">buff-tailed coronet</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">
<th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /><br /><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a><small> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></small></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Ensifera_(bird)" title="edit"><img alt="edit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Red_Pencil_Icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kingdom:
</td>
<td><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Phylum:
</td>
<td><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Class:
</td>
<td><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Order:
</td>
<td><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apodiformes" title="Apodiformes">Apodiformes</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Family:
</td>
<td><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">Trochilidae</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Subfamily:
</td>
<td><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochilinae" title="Trochilinae">Trochilinae</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Genus:
</td>
<td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Ensifera</i></a><br /><small><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Primev%C3%A8re_Lesson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Primevère Lesson">Lesson</a>, 1843</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Species:
</td>
<td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>E. ensifera</b></i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Ensifera ensifera</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Boissonneau" title="Auguste Boissonneau">Boissonneau</a>, 1840)</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ensifera_ensifera_map.svg" class="image"><img alt="Ensifera ensifera map.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ensifera_ensifera_map.svg/220px-Ensifera_ensifera_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ensifera_ensifera_map.svg/330px-Ensifera_ensifera_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ensifera_ensifera_map.svg/440px-Ensifera_ensifera_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="608" /></a>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Distribution range of the sword-billed hummingbird
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>The <b>sword-billed hummingbird</b> (<i>Ensifera ensifera</i>) is a neotropical species of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbird</a> from the Andean regions of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. It is the sole member of the genus <i><b>Ensifera</b></i> and is characterized by its unusually long bill; it is the only bird to have a beak longer than the rest of its body. <i>E. ensifera</i> uses its bill to drink nectar from flowers with long <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corolla_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla (botany)">corollas</a> and has coevolved with the species <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passiflora_mixta" title="Passiflora mixta">Passiflora mixta</a></i>. While most hummingbirds <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preening_(bird)" title="Preening (bird)">preen</a> using their bills, <i>E. ensifera</i> must use its feet to scratch and preen due to its bill being so long. This uncommon bird is also one of the largest hummingbird species.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Taxonomy"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Taxonomy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Description"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Bill"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bill</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Habitat_and_distribution"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Habitat and distribution</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Behavior"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Behavior</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Diet_and_feeding"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Diet and feeding</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Perching_and_preening"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Perching and preening</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Reproduction"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Reproduction</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Vocalization"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Vocalization</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Co-evolution_with_Passiflora_mixta"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Co-evolution with <i>Passiflora mixta</i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Status_and_conservation"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Status and conservation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#In_art_and_media"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">In art and media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sword-billed_hummingbird&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The sword-billed hummingbird was first described by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Boissonneau" title="Auguste Boissonneau">Auguste Boissonneau</a> in 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a></sup> Like all hummingbirds, it is a part of the family <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochilidae">Trochilidae</a> under the order <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apodiformes" title="Apodiformes">Apodiformes</a>. It is <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic_taxon" title="Monotypic taxon">monotypic</a>, meaning it is the only species within its genus. The name <i>ensifera</i> ("sword-wielder") is derived from <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ensis" class="extiw" title="wikt:ensis">ensis</a></i> (sword) and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ferre" class="extiw" title="wikt:ferre">ferre</a></i> (to carry), and refers to this hummingbird's remarkable beak length.
</p><p>In 1939, there was a subspecies <i>Ensifera ensifera caerulescens</i> described, based on a specimen at the Royal Albert Memorial Museum. However, in 1990 ornithologist Gary R.Graves determined it was not a subspecies, but the same species with a slight discoloration due to the preservation process of the specimen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sword-billed_hummingbird&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ensifera_ensifera.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ensifera_ensifera.jpg/200px-Ensifera_ensifera.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ensifera_ensifera.jpg/300px-Ensifera_ensifera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ensifera_ensifera.jpg/400px-Ensifera_ensifera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="1040" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ensifera_ensifera.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Depiction of the sword-billed hummingbird by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></div></div></div>
<p>Sword-billed hummingbirds perch on the mid- to upper-level branches of neotropical trees.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></sup> Lengths are 13–14 centimetres (5.1–5.5 in) from the tail tip to the base of the bill, with males slightly larger on average than females.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></sup> The bill can additionally be over 10 centimetres (3.9 in) long. Individuals weigh between 10–15 grams (0.35–0.53 oz), making it one of the largest species of hummingbirds.<sup id="cite_ref-Burnie_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnie-4">[4]</a></sup> As is characteristic of hummingbirds, <i>E. ensifera</i> can fly backwards and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbird#Aerodynamics_of_flight" title="Hummingbird">hover</a> in the air.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> It also exhibits higher than average <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_loading" title="Disk loading">wing-disc loading</a> than other members of its family.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>E. ensifera</i> displays <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> where plumage varies between males and females. Males have a coppery bronze head, bronze green back, bright green underbelly, blackish green throat, and bronze green tail. Females have a similarly colored head and back, a white belly speckled with green, a more olive colored throat, and grayish white edging around the tail.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bill">Bill</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sword-billed_hummingbird&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bill">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The defining trait of this species is a beak longer than the rest of its body (excluding the tail). The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a> is also unusually long to span the length of the tube-shaped bill. The beak is black in color and curves slightly upwards.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a></sup> These adaptations help the hummingbird feed on flowers with long <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corolla_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla (botany)">corollas</a> that are inaccessible to other species.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Habitat_and_distribution">Habitat and distribution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sword-billed_hummingbird&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Habitat and distribution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><i>Ensifera ensifera</i> is a neotropical hummingbird found throughout tropical montane <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_forest" title="Cloud forest">cloud forests</a> of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-8">[8]</a></sup> It is found at higher elevations of 1,700–3,300 metres (5,600–10,800 ft), but the most common occurrences are between 2,400–3,100 metres (7,900–10,200 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></sup> This is a preferred habitat due to the concentration of nectar producing flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a></sup> It is a year-round resident of all three <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> ranges, with no known <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migration</a> patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a></sup> While the species is considered to have stable numbers and a wide geographic range (over 60,000 square km), it is unevenly distributed and hard to find, making the species difficult to research.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Behavior">Behavior</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sword-billed_hummingbird&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Behavior">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:169px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_mixta_(as_Tacsonia_quitensis)_96.5876.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Passiflora_mixta_%28as_Tacsonia_quitensis%29_96.5876.jpg/167px-Passiflora_mixta_%28as_Tacsonia_quitensis%29_96.5876.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="289" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Passiflora_mixta_%28as_Tacsonia_quitensis%29_96.5876.jpg/251px-Passiflora_mixta_%28as_Tacsonia_quitensis%29_96.5876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Passiflora_mixta_%28as_Tacsonia_quitensis%29_96.5876.jpg/334px-Passiflora_mixta_%28as_Tacsonia_quitensis%29_96.5876.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="3465" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_mixta_(as_Tacsonia_quitensis)_96.5876.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The long corolla of <i>Passiflora mixta</i> is coevolved with the bird's bill as a pollination strategy.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:244px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hilt_Close-up_(28704685461).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hilt_Close-up_%2828704685461%29.jpg/242px-Hilt_Close-up_%2828704685461%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="161" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hilt_Close-up_%2828704685461%29.jpg/363px-Hilt_Close-up_%2828704685461%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hilt_Close-up_%2828704685461%29.jpg/484px-Hilt_Close-up_%2828704685461%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hilt_Close-up_(28704685461).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Female sword-billed hummingbird feeding in flight</div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Diet_and_feeding">Diet and feeding</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sword-billed_hummingbird&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diet and feeding">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The sword-billed hummingbird is a specialist species, feeding on the nectar of specific flowers. Its abnormally long beak allows it to feed from flowers with long corollas, especially from the genera <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passiflora" title="Passiflora">Passiflora</a></i> and <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">Datura</a></i>, which include the most heavily hummingbird-pollinated plant species.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10">[10]</a></sup> <i>E. ensifera</i> usually drinks while in flight and is a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap-lining" title="Trap-lining">trap-line</a> feeder, visiting the same flowers in a consistent, patterned sequence. This promotes flower pollination and outcrossing.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Perching_and_preening">Perching and preening</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sword-billed_hummingbird&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Perching and preening">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:274px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sword-billed_Hummingbird_RWD2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sword-billed_Hummingbird_RWD2.jpg/272px-Sword-billed_Hummingbird_RWD2.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="204" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sword-billed_Hummingbird_RWD2.jpg/408px-Sword-billed_Hummingbird_RWD2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sword-billed_Hummingbird_RWD2.jpg/544px-Sword-billed_Hummingbird_RWD2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2449" data-file-height="1837" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sword-billed_Hummingbird_RWD2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Perching male sword-billed hummingbird</div></div></div>
<p>The bird perches with its bill angled upwards to reduce the strain of the heavy beak and improve balance.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a></sup> The length of the bill is so long, it also forces the sword-billed hummingbird to use its feet to groom, even though this takes longer than traditional beak methods.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11">[11]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preening_(bird)" title="Preening (bird)">Preening</a> is important to remove ectoparasites and spread oil across the feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reproduction">Reproduction</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sword-billed_hummingbird&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reproduction">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Females and males are polygamous and may mate with several individuals to increase reproductive success.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12">[12]</a></sup> Eggs are laid usually in February and March, and only the female stays to feed and guard the nest.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12">[12]</a></sup> Further research should be conducted on the number of broods and survival of offspring since little is known.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Vocalization">Vocalization</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sword-billed_hummingbird&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vocalization">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Other than a throated "trrr" sound, sword-billed hummingbirds make little noise.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></sup> The sound is short, rapid, and usually repeated multiple times. Collections of recordings from the public show the bird may vocalize during foraging and flying, but much more research into the use and variations of their vocalizations needs to be done.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Co-evolution_with_Passiflora_mixta">Co-evolution with <i>Passiflora mixta</i></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sword-billed_hummingbird&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Co-evolution with Passiflora mixta">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>A distinct factor of the sword-billed hummingbird is its extreme <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">coevolution</a> with the species <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passiflora_mixta" title="Passiflora mixta">Passiflora mixta</a>.</i> The two species evolved together during the early radiation of the <i>Tacsonia</i> clade, because the hummingbird exclusively pollinated <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passiflora_mixta" title="Passiflora mixta">P. mixta</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14">[14]</a></sup> The position of the flower's anthers and sigmas and the length of the corolla tube make it an inaccessible food source to nearly every species except <i>E. ensifera.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10">[10]</a></sup> This <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualistic</a> relationship lets the passionflower depend on the bird for pollination, while the bird obtains a high-quality food source.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14">[14]</a></sup> To obtain nectar, the hummingbird will stick its long bill down the corolla tube (both are almost exactly the same length), drink, then retreat and hover for a few seconds before repeating the process.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a></sup> Other species, such as insects, may be able to access the flower's nectar but do so by puncturing the base and feeding through a hole instead of the corolla tube.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a></sup> Additional evidence of coevolution shows species also inhabit the same territory range along the Andean mountains. Ornithologist <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Snow_(ornithologist)" title="David Snow (ornithologist)">David Snow</a> was the first to extensively describe the relationship between <i>E. ensifera and P. mixta.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a></sup> If sword-billed hummingbird populations were to decline, there would most likely be a negative impact on the abundance of <i>Passiflora mixta</i> flowers due to their extreme coevolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Status_and_conservation">Status and conservation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sword-billed_hummingbird&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Status and conservation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The sword-billed hummingbird is considered of "Least Concern" by the IUCN.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-8">[8]</a></sup> There is no sign of population decline or visible threats to the species. There is also no <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> on global number of individuals, because of the large range of occurrence and uncommon sightings.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-8">[8]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> are the two most probable threats to <i>E. ensifera</i> in the future since this can lead to habitat loss and decreased food sources, especially of <i>Passiflora mixta.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_art_and_media">In art and media</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sword-billed_hummingbird&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In art and media">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC's</a> documentary series <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Earth_II" title="Planet Earth II">Planet Earth II</a> depicted the sword-billed hummingbird flying through the forest in the <i>Jungles</i> episode.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sword-billed_hummingbird&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Latta, Steven C.; Tinoco, Boris A.; Astudillo, Pedro X.; Graham, Catherine H. (2011-02-01). "Patterns and Magnitude of Temporal Change in Avian Communities in the Ecuadorian Andes". <i>The Condor</i>. <b>113</b> (1): 24–40. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcond.2011.090252">10.1525/cond.2011.090252</a>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-5422">0010-5422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Condor&rft.atitle=Patterns+and+Magnitude+of+Temporal+Change+in+Avian+Communities+in+the+Ecuadorian+Andes&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-40&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fcond.2011.090252&rft.issn=0010-5422&rft.aulast=Latta&rft.aufirst=Steven+C.&rft.au=Tinoco%2C+Boris+A.&rft.au=Astudillo%2C+Pedro+X.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Catherine+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-billed+hummingbird" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Abrahamczyk, S.; Souto-Vilarós, D.; Renner, S. S. (2014-11-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4213610">"Escape from extreme specialization: passionflowers, bats and the sword-billed hummingbird"</a>. <i>Proc. R. Soc. B</i>. <b>281</b> (1795): 20140888. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2014.0888">10.1098/rspb.2014.0888</a>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452">0962-8452</a>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4213610">4213610</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25274372">25274372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+R.+Soc.+B&rft.atitle=Escape+from+extreme+specialization%3A+passionflowers%2C+bats+and+the+sword-billed+hummingbird&rft.volume=281&rft.issue=1795&rft.pages=20140888&rft.date=2014-11-22&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4213610&rft.issn=0962-8452&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25274372&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2014.0888&rft.aulast=Abrahamczyk&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Souto-Vilar%C3%B3s%2C+D.&rft.au=Renner%2C+S.+S.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4213610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-billed+hummingbird" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:6-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Clayton, Dale H.; Cotgreave, Peter (1994). "Relationship of bill morphology to grooming behaviour in birds". <i>Animal Behaviour</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 195–201. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fanbe.1994.1022">10.1006/anbe.1994.1022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&rft.atitle=Relationship+of+bill+morphology+to+grooming+behaviour+in+birds&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=195-201&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fanbe.1994.1022&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Dale+H.&rft.au=Cotgreave%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-billed+hummingbird" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:7-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse"><i>Handbook of the birds of the world</i></a></span>. Hoyo, Josep del., Elliott, Andrew., Sargatal, Jordi., Cabot, José. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 2013 [1992]. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8487334252" title="Special:BookSources/978-8487334252"><bdi>978-8487334252</bdi></a>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/861071869">861071869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+birds+of+the+world&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Lynx+Edicions&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F861071869&rft.isbn=978-8487334252&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofbirdso0001unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-billed+hummingbird" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: others (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Ensifera-ensifera">"Sword-billed Hummingbird (Ensifera ensifera) :: xeno-canto"</a>. <i>www.xeno-canto.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.xeno-canto.org&rft.atitle=Sword-billed+Hummingbird+%28Ensifera+ensifera%29+%3A%3A+xeno-canto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.xeno-canto.org%2Fspecies%2FEnsifera-ensifera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-billed+hummingbird" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:5-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lindberg, Annika Büchert; Olesen, Jens Mogens (March 2001). "The fragility of extreme specialization: Passiflora mixta and its pollinating hummingbird Ensifera ensifera". <i>Journal of Tropical Ecology</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 323–329. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0266467401001213">10.1017/s0266467401001213</a>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-7831">1469-7831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Tropical+Ecology&rft.atitle=The+fragility+of+extreme+specialization%3A+Passiflora+mixta+and+its+pollinating+hummingbird+Ensifera+ensifera&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=323-329&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0266467401001213&rft.issn=1469-7831&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.aufirst=Annika+B%C3%BCchert&rft.au=Olesen%2C+Jens+Mogens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-billed+hummingbird" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p04gdkhf/p04gdh7x">"Sword-billed hummingbirds are the only birds in the world to have beaks longer than their bodies. - In pictures... - Jungles, Planet Earth II - BBC One"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Sword-billed+hummingbirds+are+the+only+birds+in+the+world+to+have+beaks+longer+than+their+bodies.+-+In+pictures...+-+Jungles%2C+Planet+Earth+II+-+BBC+One&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp04gdkhf%2Fp04gdh7x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-billed+hummingbird" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sword-billed_hummingbird&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbw.com/ibc/species/sword-billed-hummingbird-ensifera-ensifera">Video of female using feet for grooming</a>, Internet Bird Collection website</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbw.com/ibc/species/sword-billed-hummingbird-ensifera-ensifera">Vocalizations</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p04gdkhf/p04gdh7x">BBC gallery with a sword-billed hummingbird</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/academic-resources/slater-museum/biodiversity-resources/birds/skeleton-of-sword-billed-hummi/">Skeletal structure photo and description</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Taxon_identifiers" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q385548" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q385548">Q385548</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ensifera_ensifera" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Ensifera ensifera">Ensifera ensifera</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.arkive.org/wd/ensifera-ensifera/">ensifera-ensifera</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Avibase: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=191F838FFB97AC1B">191F838FFB97AC1B</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22687854">22687854</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/swbhum1">swbhum1</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/914493">914493</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2476884">2476884</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/6458">6458</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11370064">11370064</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=555235">555235</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22687854">22687854</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=304621">304621</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotropical_Birds_Online" title="Neotropical Birds Online">Neotropical</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/swbhum1">swbhum1</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/3707/legal">3707</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Ensifera-ensifera">Ensifera-ensifera</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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