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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|City and state in Germany}}
{{About|the German city}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{use British English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg
| native_name = <small>{{native name|nds|Hamborg}}</small>
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Germany|Municipality]] and [[States in Germany|state]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| total_width = 280
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Alster Hd pano a.jpg
| alt1 = View of the Binnenalster
| caption1 = View of the {{lang|de|[[Binnenalster]]|italic=no}}
| image2 = Elbphilharmonie zum Sonnenaufgang.jpg
| alt2 = Elbphilharmonie
| caption2 = {{lang|de|[[Elbphilharmonie]]|italic=no}}
| image3 = Projekt Heißluftballon - Highflyer -IMG-1407.jpg
| alt3 = St Catherine's Church
| caption3 = [[St. Catherine's Church, Hamburg|St Catherine's Church]]
| image4 = 1106 Hamburg.JPG
| alt4 = Hafencity
| caption4 = {{lang|de|[[Hafencity]]|italic=no}}
| image5 = HamburgSpeicherstadt.jpg
| alt5 = Speicherstadt
| caption5 = {{lang|de|[[Speicherstadt]]|italic=no}}
| image6 = Rathaus Hbg.jpg
| alt6 = Hamburg City Hall
| caption6 = [[Hamburg City Hall]]
| image7 = CTB-CTW Port of Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg
| alt7 = Port of Hamburg
| caption7 = [[Port of Hamburg]]
}}
| image_flag = Flag of Hamburg.svg
| flag_size = 120px
| image_shield = Wappen der Hamburgischen Bürgerschaft.svg
| shield_size = 70
| pushpin_map = Germany#Europe
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_label = <big>'''Hamburg'''</big>
| coordinates = {{coord|53|33|N|10|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Germany]]
| seat_type = Capital
| seat =
| governing_body = [[Bürgerschaft of Hamburg]]
| leader_party = {{Polparty|Germany|SPD}}
| leader_title = [[List of mayors of Hamburg|First Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Peter Tschentscher]]
| leader_title1 = [[List of mayors of Hamburg|Second Mayor]]
| leader_name1 = [[Katharina Fegebank]]
| leader_title2 = Governing parties
| leader_name2 = {{Polparty|Germany|SPD}} / {{Polparty|Germany|Greens}}
| leader_title3 = [[Bundesrat of Germany|Bundesrat votes]]
| leader_name3 = 3 (of 69)
| leader_title4 = [[Bundestag|Bundestag seats]]
| leader_name4 = [[Results of the 2021 German federal election#Hamburg|16 (of 736)]]
| total_type = City
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 755.22
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Population Germany|key=02000000|datref=QUELLE}}</ref>
| population_total = {{Population Germany|key=02000000}}
| population_as_of = {{Population Germany|key=02000000|datref=STAND}}
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban = 2484800<ref name="citypopulation_urban"/>
| population_metro = 5425628
| population_demonym = {{lang-de|Hamburger|links=no}} (male), {{lang|de|Hamburgerin}} (female)<br />{{lang-en|Hamburger(s),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of HAMBURG |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Hamburg |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are Hamburg people called? – SidmartinBio |url=https://www.sidmartinbio.org/what-are-hamburg-people-called/ |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=www.sidmartinbio.org}}</ref> Hamburgian(s)}}
| timezone1 = [[Central European Time|Central (CET)]]
| utc_offset1 = +1
| timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|Central (CEST)]]
| utc_offset1_DST = +2
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Germany|Postal code(s)]]
| postal_code = 20001–21149, 22001–22769
| area_code_type = [[Area codes in Germany|Area code(s)]]
| area_code = 040
| registration_plate = {{Plainlist|
* HH {{small|(1906–1945; again since 1956) }}
* MGH {{small|(1945) }}
* H {{small|(1945–1947) }}
* HG {{small|(1947) }}
* BH {{small|(1948–1956) }}
}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross regional product|GRP (nominal)]]
| blank_info_sec1 = €123 billion (2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-bw.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp|title=Bruttoinlandsprodukt – in jeweiligen Preisen – in Deutschland 1991 bis 2019 nach Bundesländern (WZ 2008) – VGR dL|website=www.vgrdl.de|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625204722/https://www.statistik-bw.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp|archive-date=25 June 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = GRP per capita
| blank1_info_sec1 = €67,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statistik-bw.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp|title=Bruttoinlandsprodukt – in jeweiligen Preisen – in Deutschland 1991 bis 2019 nach Bundesländern (WZ 2008) – VGR dL|website=www.statistik-bw.de|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625204722/https://www.statistik-bw.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp|archive-date=25 June 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> (2019)
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2021)
| blank1_info_sec2 = 0.972<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref><br />{{color|green|very high}} · [[List of German states by Human Development Index|1st of 16]]
| iso_code = DE-HH
| blank_name_sec2 = [[First level NUTS of the European Union#Germany|NUTS Region]]
| blank_info_sec2 = DE6
| website = [https://www.hamburg.com/ hamburg.com]
| footnotes =
| name = Hamburg
}}
'''Hamburg''' ({{IPA-de|ˈhambʊʁk|lang|GeoTrinity Hamburg.ogg}}, {{IPA-dedia|ˈhambʊɪ̯ç|locally also|GeoTrinity Hamburch.ogg}}; {{lang-nds|label=[[Hamburg German|Low Saxon]]|Hamborg}} {{IPA-nds|ˈhambɔːç||GT Hamborch.ogg}}), officially the '''Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg''' ({{lang-de|Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg}}; {{lang-nds|label=Low Saxon|Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg}}),<ref name=constitution>{{Citation |trans-title=[[Constitution of Hamburg]] |title=Verfassung der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg |url=http://hh.juris.de/hh/gesamt/Verf_HA.htm#Verf_HA_rahmen |date=6 June 1952 |edition=11th |access-date=21 September 2008 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610050056/http://hh.juris.de/hh/gesamt/Verf_HA.htm#Verf_HA_rahmen |archive-date=10 June 2007 }}.</ref> is the [[List of cities in Germany by population|second-largest city]] in [[Germany]] after [[Berlin]], as well as the overall [[List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits|7th largest city]] and largest non-[[capital city]] in the [[European Union]] with a population of over 1.85 million.<ref>{{Cite news|author1=Jacqueline Brinkwirth|author2=Sophie von Wirth|author3=Gero Berndt|date=31 May 2019|title=Ranking 2019: Die zehn größten Städte Deutschlands|trans-title=The Ten Largest German Cities|newspaper=Handelsblatt|url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/ranking-2019-die-zehn-groessten-staedte-deutschlands/24407466.html|language=de}}</ref> Hamburg is 941 km<sup>2</sup> in area. Hamburg's urban area has a population of around 2.5 million<ref name="citypopulation_urban">{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/en/germany/urbanareas/|author=citypopulation.de quoting Federal Statistics Office|title=Germany: Urban Areas|access-date=6 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603133151/http://citypopulation.de/en/germany/urbanareas/|archive-date=3 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> and is part of the [[Hamburg Metropolitan Region]], which has a population of over 5.1 million people in total. The city lies on the [[River Elbe]] and two of its [[tributaries]], the [[River Alster]] and the [[Bille (Elbe)|River Bille]]. One of Germany's 16 [[States of Germany|federated states]], Hamburg is surrounded by [[Schleswig-Holstein]] to the north and [[Lower Saxony]] to the south.
The official name reflects [[History of Hamburg|Hamburg's history]] as a member of the medieval [[Hanseatic League]] and a [[free imperial city]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Before the 1871 [[unification of Germany]], it was a fully [[sovereignty|sovereign]] [[city state]], and before 1919 formed a civic republic [[constitutional monarchy|headed constitutionally]] by a class of hereditary [[grand burgher]]s or {{lang|de|[[Hanseaten (class)|Hanseaten]]}}. Beset by disasters such as the [[Great Fire of Hamburg]], [[North Sea flood of 1962]] and military conflicts including [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II|World War II bombing raids]], the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe.
Hamburg is Europe's [[List of busiest ports in Europe|third largest port]], after [[Rotterdam]] and [[Antwerp]]. Major regional broadcaster [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk|NDR]], the printing and publishing firm {{lang|de|[[Gruner + Jahr]]|italic=no}} and the newspapers {{lang|de|[[Der Spiegel]]|italic=yes}} and {{lang|de|[[Die Zeit]]|italic=yes}} are based in the city. Hamburg is the seat of Germany's oldest [[Hamburg Stock Exchange|stock exchange]] and the [[list of oldest banks in continuous operation|world's oldest merchant bank]], [[Berenberg Bank]]. Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals [[Airbus]], {{lang|de|[[Blohm + Voss]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|de|[[Aurubis]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|de|[[Beiersdorf]]|italic=no}}, [[Lufthansa Technik|Lufthansa]] and [[Unilever]]. Hamburg is also a major European [[education in Hamburg|science, research, and education hub]], with several universities and institutions. The city enjoys a very high quality of living, being ranked 19th in the 2019 Mercer Quality of Living Survey.<ref name="mercer2019">{{cite web |title=Quality of Living City Ranking |url=https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/Insights/quality-of-living-rankings |website=mercer.com |publisher=Mercer |access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref>
Hamburg hosts specialists in world economics and international law, including [[list of diplomatic missions in Hamburg|consular and diplomatic missions]] as the [[International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea]], the [[EU-LAC Foundation]], and the [[UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning]], multipartite international political conferences and summits such as [[Hamburg Summit: China meets Europe|Europe and China]] and the [[2017 G20 Hamburg summit|G20]]. Former German chancellors [[Helmut Schmidt]] and [[Angela Merkel]] were both born in Hamburg. The former [[List of mayors of Hamburg|Mayor of Hamburg]], [[Olaf Scholz]], has been the current German chancellor since December 2021.
Hamburg is a major international and domestic [[#Tourism|tourist destination]]. The {{lang|de|[[Speicherstadt]]}} and {{lang|de|[[Kontorhaus District|Kontorhausviertel]]}} were declared [[World Heritage Site]]s by [[UNESCO]] in 2015.<ref>[https://marketing.hamburg.de/unesco-welterbe.html Media release] on the website of Hamburg Marketing, retrieved on 19 March 2016.</ref> Hamburg's rivers and canals are crossed by around 2,500 bridges, making it the city with the highest number of bridges in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/719519/umfrage/europaeische-staedte-mit-den-meisten-bruecken/ |title=Anzahl der Brücken in Städten Europas |website=Statista|language=de |access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Aside from its rich architectural heritage, the city is also home to notable cultural venues such as the {{lang|de|[[Elbphilharmonie]]|italic=no}} and {{lang|de|[[Laeiszhalle]]|italic=no}} concert halls. It gave birth to movements like {{lang|de|[[Hamburger Schule]]}} and paved the way for bands including [[The Beatles in Hamburg|the Beatles]]. Hamburg is also known for several [[list of theatres in Hamburg|theatres]] and a variety of musical shows. [[St. Pauli]]'s {{lang|de|[[Reeperbahn]]|italic=no}} is among the best-known European entertainment districts.
==History==
{{Main|History of Hamburg}}
{{For timeline}}
===Origins===
[[Claudius Ptolemy]] (2nd century AD) reported the first name for the vicinity as [[Treva]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/mapping-ancient-germania-berlin-researchers-crack-the-ptolemy-code-a-720513-2.html|title=Mapping Ancient Germania: Berlin Researchers Crack the Ptolemy Code|first=Matthias|last=Schulz|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=1 October 2010|via=Spiegel Online}}</ref>
===Etymology===
The name Hamburg comes from the first permanent building on the site, a [[castle]] which the Emperor [[Charlemagne]] ordered constructed in AD 808. It rose on rocky terrain in a marsh between the [[Alster|River Alster]] and the [[Elbe|River Elbe]] as a defence against [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] incursion, and acquired the name ''Hammaburg'', ''burg'' meaning castle or fort. The origin of the ''Hamma'' term remains uncertain,<ref>{{Citation|ref=Verg |last1=Verg |first1=Erich |last2=Verg|first2=Martin|year=2007 |title=Das Abenteuer das Hamburg heißt |edition=4th |location=Hamburg |publisher=Ellert&Richter |isbn=978-3-8319-0137-1 |page=8|language=de}}
</ref> but its location is estimated to be at the site of today's [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Hamburg|Domplatz]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gretzschel|first=Sven Kummereincke und Matthias|date=24 January 2014|title=Sensation: Wissenschaftler entdecken die Hammaburg|url=https://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/article124212644/Sensation-Wissenschaftler-entdecken-die-Hammaburg.html|access-date=20 December 2020|website=www.abendblatt.de|language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hammaburg – der große Irrtum |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2007/12/12/826430.html |date=12 December 2007 |publisher=Hamburg Abendblatt |access-date=30 September 2008|language=de}}</ref>
===Medieval Hamburg===
[[File:Hamburg in 1150.jpg|thumb|left|Hamburg in 1150]]
In 834, Hamburg was designated as the seat of a [[Prince-Bishop|bishopric]]. The first bishop, [[Ansgar]], became known as the Apostle of the North. Two years later, Hamburg was united with [[Archdiocese of Bremen|Bremen]] as the [[List of administrators, archbishops, bishops, and prince-archbishops of Bremen|Bishopric of Hamburg-Bremen]].<ref name=verg15>[[#Verg|Verg (2007)]], p.15</ref>
Hamburg was destroyed and occupied several times. In 845, 600 [[Viking]] ships sailed up the [[Elbe|River Elbe]] and destroyed Hamburg, at that time a town of around 500 inhabitants.<ref name="verg15"/> In 1030, King [[Mieszko II Lambert]] of [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Poland]] burned down the city. [[Valdemar II of Denmark]] raided and occupied Hamburg in 1201 and in 1214. The [[Black Death]] killed at least 60% of the population in 1350.<ref>{{citation |last=Snell |first=Melissa |url=http://historymedren.about.com/od/theblackdeath/a/greatmortality_2.htm |title=The Great Mortality |publisher=Historymedren.about.com |access-date=19 April 2009 |year=2006 |archive-date=10 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310140601/http://historymedren.about.com/od/theblackdeath/a/greatmortality_2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Hamburg experienced several great fires in the medieval period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wtcf.org.cn/MemberCities/Overview/Introduction/201407308185.html|title=Hamburg - Introduction - WTCF-Better City Life through Tourism|website=en.wtcf.org.cn|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref>
In 1189, by imperial charter, [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I "Barbarossa"]] granted Hamburg the status of a [[Free Imperial City]] and tax-free access (or [[free-trade zone]]) up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea. In 1265, an allegedly forged letter was presented to or by the Rath of Hamburg.<ref name=verg26>[[#Verg|Verg (2007)]], p. 26</ref> This charter, along with Hamburg's proximity to the main trade routes of the [[North Sea]] and [[Baltic Sea]], quickly made it a major port in [[Northern Europe]]. Its trade alliance with [[Lübeck]] in 1241 marks the origin and core of the powerful Hanseatic League of trading cities. On 8 November 1266, a contract between [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] and Hamburg's traders allowed them to establish a ''hanse'' in London. This was the first time in history that the word ''hanse'' was used for the trading guild of the [[Hanseatic League]].<ref name=verg30>[[#Verg|Verg (2007)]], p. 30
</ref>
In 1270, the solicitor of the [[senate of Hamburg]], ''Jordan von [[Boitzenburger Land|Boitzenburg]]'', wrote the first description of civil, criminal and procedural law for a city in Germany in the German language, the ''Ordeelbook'' (''Ordeel'': sentence).<ref>
{{Citation |title=The Medieval Origins of Modern Legal Education: Between Church and State |first=David S. |last=Clark |journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law |volume=35 |year=1987 |pages=653–719 |publisher=American Society of Comparative Law |doi=10.2307/840129 |issue=4 |jstor=840129|doi-access=free }}
</ref> On 10 August 1410, civil unrest forced a compromise (German: ''Rezeß'', literally meaning: withdrawal). This is considered the first [[constitution of Hamburg]].<ref>[[#Verg|Verg (2007)]], p. 39</ref>
In 1356 was celebrated for the first time the ''Matthiae-Mahl'' feast dinner for [[Hanseatic League]] cities on 25 February, the first day of spring in medieval times. It continues today as the world's oldest ceremonial meal.<ref name="mattmahl">{{cite news |title=The Matthiae meal |url=https://www.euscreen.eu/item.html?id=EUS_0065DB52E4BF42279013651EE15AE220 |agency=EU Screen |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=2003}}</ref>
===Early modern period===
[[File:Hamburg um 1600 Brook.jpg|thumb|Hamburg, {{circa|1600}}]]
In 1529, the city embraced [[Lutheranism]], and it received [[Continental Reformed church|Reformed]] refugees from the [[Netherlands]] and [[France]].
When [[Jan van Valckenborgh]] introduced a second layer to the fortifications to protect against the [[Thirty Years' War]] in the seventeenth century, he extended Hamburg and created a "New Town" (''Neustadt'') whose street names still date from the grid system of roads he introduced.<ref>[http://www.carltoepferstiftung.de/img/pdf/tourist_information_inner_pages.pdf History of the area] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206104950/http://www.carltoepferstiftung.de/img/pdf/tourist_information_inner_pages.pdf |date=6 February 2013 }}, accessed 3 November 2012</ref>
Upon the dissolution of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1806, the [[Free imperial city|Free Imperial City]] of Hamburg was not incorporated into a larger administrative area while retaining special privileges ([[German mediatisation|mediatised]]), but became a [[sovereignty|sovereign]] state with the official title of the ''Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg''. Hamburg was briefly annexed by [[Napoleon I]] to the [[First French Empire]] (1804–1814/1815). Russian forces under [[Levin August, Count von Bennigsen|General Bennigsen]] finally freed the city in 1814. Hamburg re-assumed its pre-1811 status as a city-state in 1814. The [[Congress of Vienna|Vienna Congress]] of 1815 confirmed Hamburg's independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of the [[German Confederation]] (1815–1866).
In 1842, about a quarter of the inner city was destroyed in the "[[Great Fire of Hamburg|Great Fire]]". The fire started on the night of 4 May and was not extinguished until 8 May. It destroyed three churches, the town hall, and many other buildings, killing 51 people and leaving an estimated 20,000 homeless. Reconstruction took more than 40 years.
[[File:Jmdavid hamburg.jpg|thumb|Hamburg in 1811]]
After periodic political unrest, particularly in [[Revolutions of 1848|1848]], Hamburg adopted in 1860 a semidemocratic constitution that provided for the election of the Senate, the governing body of the city-state, by adult taxpaying males. Other innovations included the separation of powers, the separation of Church and State, freedom of the press, of assembly and association. Hamburg became a member of the [[North German Confederation]] (1866–1871) and of the [[German Empire]] (1871–1918), and maintained its self-ruling status during the [[Weimar Republic]] (1919–1933). [[Accession of Hamburg to the German Customs Union (Zollverein)|Hamburg acceded to the German Customs Union or Zollverein]] in 1888, the last (along with Bremen) of the German states to join. The city experienced its fastest growth during the second half of the 19th century when its population more than quadrupled to 800,000 as the growth of the city's [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] trade helped make it Europe's second-largest port.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%202011.pdf|website=aapa-ports.org|department=American Association of Port Authorities
|title=World Port Ranking 2011}}</ref> The [[Hamburg America Line|Hamburg-America Line]], with [[Albert Ballin]] as its director, became the world's largest [[Atlantic Ocean|transatlantic]] shipping company around the start of the 20th century. Shipping companies sailing to [[South America]], [[Africa]], [[India]] and [[East Asia]] were based in the city. Hamburg was the departure port for many Germans and [[Eastern Europe]]ans to emigrate to the [[United States]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Trading communities from all over the world established themselves there.
A major outbreak of [[cholera]] in 1892 was badly handled by the city government, which retained an unusual degree of independence for a German city. About 8,600 died in the largest German epidemic of the late 19th century, and the last major cholera epidemic in a major city of the Western world.
===Second World War===
[[File:Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945. CL3400.jpg|thumb|Hamburg [[Eilbek]] after the [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II|1943 bombing]]]]
[[File:Hamburg Medienbunker 01 KMJ.jpg|thumb|[[Flak tower]] on the Heiligengeistfeld in Hamburg – one of four enormous fortress-like bunkers in Hamburg]]
Hamburg was a ''Gau'' within the [[administrative division of Nazi Germany]] from 1934 until 1945. During the [[Second World War]], the [[bombing of Hamburg in World War II|Allied bombing of Hamburg]] devastated much of the city and the harbour. On 23 July 1943, the [[Royal Air Force]] and [[United States Army Air Force]] firebombing created a [[firestorm]] which spread from the ''Hauptbahnhof'' (main railway station) and quickly moved south-east, completely destroying entire boroughs such as [[Hammerbrook]], [[Billbrook]] and [[Hamm, Hamburg|Hamm South]]. Thousands of people perished in these densely populated working class boroughs. The raids, codenamed [[Operation Gomorrah]] by the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]], killed at least 42,600 civilians; the precise number is not known. About one million civilians were evacuated in the aftermath of the raids. While some of the boroughs destroyed were rebuilt as residential districts after the war, others such as Hammerbrook were entirely developed into office, retail and limited residential or industrial districts.
The [[Hamburg Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery]] is in the greater [[Ohlsdorf Cemetery]] in the north of Hamburg.
At least 42,900 people are thought to have perished<ref name="kz-neuengamme">{{cite web|url=http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de |title=Gedenkstätte Konzentrationslager Neuengamme |publisher=Kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de |access-date=14 September 2013}}</ref> in the [[Neuengamme concentration camp]] (about {{convert|25|km|0|abbr=on}} outside the city in the marshlands), mostly from epidemics and in the [[SS Cap Arcona (1927)|bombing of Kriegsmarine evacuation vessels]] by the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] at the end of the war{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}.
Systematic [[Deportation#Deportation during World War II|deportations of Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent]] started on 18 October 1941. These were all directed to [[ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe]] or to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]]. Most deported persons perished in [[the Holocaust]]. By the end of 1942 the ''Jüdischer Religionsverband in Hamburg'' was dissolved as an independent legal entity and its remaining assets and staff were assumed by the [[Reich Association of Jews in Germany]] (District Northwest). On 10 June 1943 the [[Reich Security Main Office]] dissolved the association by a decree.<ref>Cf. 'Schreiben der Geheimen Staatspolizei – Staatspolizeileitstelle Hamburg – an den Oberfinanzpräsidenten, Vermögensverwaltungsstelle vom 1. Juni 1943', Staatsarchiv Hamburg, Bestand Oberfinanzpräsident, Arb. Sign. 31/1 A, here after: ''Vierhundert Jahre Juden in Hamburg: eine Ausstellung des Museums für Hamburgische Geschichte vom 8. November 1991 bis 29. März 1992'', Ulrich Bauche (ed.), Hamburg: Dölling und Galitz, 1991, (Die Geschichte der Juden in Hamburg; vol. 1), p. 492, {{ISBN|3-926174-31-5}}</ref> The few remaining employees not somewhat protected by a [[Anti-miscegenation laws#Nazi Germany|mixed marriage]] were deported from Hamburg on 23 June to [[Theresienstadt]], where most of them perished.
===Post-war history===
[[File:Phb dt 8107 CTA.jpg|thumb|Container Terminal at the [[Port of Hamburg]]]]
The city was surrendered to [[British Armed Forces|British Forces]] on 3 May 1945, in the [[Battle of Hamburg (1945)|Battle of Hamburg]],<ref>
Ortwin Pelc, Kriegsende in Hamburg, Hamburg 2005</ref> three days after [[Adolf Hitler]]'s death. After the [[Second World War]], Hamburg formed part of the [[Allied-occupied Germany|British Zone of Occupation]]; it became a state of what was then [[West Germany]] in 1949.
On 16 February 1962, a [[North Sea flood of 1962|North Sea flood]] caused the Elbe to rise to an all-time high, inundating one-fifth of Hamburg and killing more than 300 people.
The [[inner German border]] – only {{convert|50|km|mi|-1}} east of Hamburg – separated the city from most of its hinterland and reduced Hamburg's global trade. Since [[German reunification]] in 1990, and the accession of several [[Central Europe]]an and [[Baltic region|Baltic]] countries into the [[European Union]] in 2004, the [[Port of Hamburg]] has restarted ambitions for regaining its position as the region's largest deep-sea port for container shipping and its major commercial and trading centre.
==Geography==
Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the [[Jutland Peninsula]], between [[Continental Europe]] to the south and [[Scandinavia]] to the north, with the [[North Sea]] to the west and the [[Baltic Sea]] to the northeast. It is on the [[Elbe|River Elbe]] at its confluence with the [[Alster]] and [[Bille (Elbe)|Bille]]. The city centre is around the [[Binnenalster]] ("Inner Alster") and [[Außenalster]] ("Outer Alster"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of [[Neuwerk]], [[Scharhörn]], and [[Nigehörn]], {{convert|100|km|mi|-1}} away in the [[Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park]], are also part of the city of Hamburg.<ref>Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park Act {{Citation |title=Gesetz über den Nationalpark Hamburgisches Wattenmeer |url=http://www.landesrecht.hamburg.de/jportal/portal/page/bshaprod.psml?doc.id=jlr-WattMGHArahmen&st=lr&showdoccase=1¶mfromHL=true#focuspoint|date=9 April 1990 |access-date=26 February 2011|language=de}}</ref>
The neighbourhoods of [[Neuenfelde]], [[Cranz, Hamburg|Cranz]], Francop and [[Finkenwerder]] are part of the ''[[Altes Land]]'' (old land) region, the largest contiguous fruit-producing region in [[Central Europe]]. [[Neugraben-Fischbek]] has Hamburg's highest elevation, the [[Hasselbrack]] at {{convert|116.2|m|0}} [[Above mean sea level|AMSL]].<ref>{{Citation |author=''Geologisches Landesamt Hamburg'' (Hamburg State Geological Department) |title=Statistisches Jahrbuch 2007/2008 |journal=Statistisches Jahrbuch Hamburg |year=2007 |publisher=Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein |location=Hamburg |issn=1614-8045|language=de}}</ref> Hamburg borders the [[states of Germany|states]] of [[Schleswig-Holstein]] and [[Lower Saxony]].
===Climate===
Hamburg has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb''), influenced by its proximity to the coast and maritime influences that originate over the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The location in the north of [[Germany]] provides extremes greater than typical marine climates, but definitely in the category due to the prevailing westerlies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=74101&cityname=Hamburg,+Hamburg,+Germany&units=metric|title=Hamburg, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref> Nearby wetlands enjoy a maritime temperate climate. The amount of snowfall has varied greatly in recent decades. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, heavy snowfall sometimes occurred,<ref>[http://www.ndr.de/kultur/geschichte/chronologie/197879-Schneekatastrophe-legt-Norden-lahm,schneechaosindex100.html Report] on the snowfall disaster of 1978/1979 in northern Germany, retrieved on 20 July 2016.</ref> the winters of recent years have been less cold, with snowfall just a few days per year.<ref>[http://scienceblogs.de/primaklima/2010/12/07/kalte-winter-in-europa/ Article] on the winters in Germany, retrieved on 20 July 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.winterchronik.de/winter-chronik.jsf;jsessionid=20F25C886A43B1A698DA6B01BB5FCA95 Comparison] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007000947/http://www.winterchronik.de/winter-chronik.jsf%3Bjsessionid%3D20F25C886A43B1A698DA6B01BB5FCA95 |date=7 October 2016 }} of the weather and snowfall in German winters (from 1950 on), retrieved on 20 July 2016.</ref>
The warmest months are June, July, and August, with high temperatures of {{convert|20.1|to|22.5|C|F}}. The coldest are December, January, and February, with low temperatures of {{convert|-0.3|to|1.0|C|F}}.<ref name=WMO/>
{{Weather box
| location = Hamburg-Fuhlsbuttel ([[Hamburg Airport]]), elevation: 15 m, 1981-2010 normals
| metric first = Yes
| single line = yes
| width = 100%
| Jan record high C = 14.4
| Feb record high C = 17.2
| Mar record high C = 23.0
| Apr record high C = 29.7
| May record high C = 33.5
| Jun record high C = 34.6
| Jul record high C = 40.1
| Aug record high C = 37.3
| Sep record high C = 32.3
| Oct record high C = 26.1
| Nov record high C = 20.2
| Dec record high C = 15.7
| year record high C =
| Jan high C = 3.5
| Feb high C = 4.4
| Mar high C = 8.0
| Apr high C = 12.3
| May high C = 17.5
| Jun high C = 19.9
| Jul high C = 22.1
| Aug high C = 22.2
| Sep high C = 17.9
| Oct high C = 13.0
| Nov high C = 7.5
| Dec high C = 4.6
| year high C = 13.2
| Jan mean C = 1.0
| Feb mean C = 1.6
| Mar mean C = 4.6
| Apr mean C = 7.8
| May mean C = 12.5
| Jun mean C = 15.2
| Jul mean C = 17.4
| Aug mean C = 17.4
| Sep mean C = 13.7
| Oct mean C = 9.5
| Nov mean C = 4.9
| Dec mean C = 2.3
| year mean C = 9.0
| Jan low C = −1.4
| Feb low C = −1.2
| Mar low C = 1.1
| Apr low C = 3.3
| May low C = 7.4
| Jun low C = 10.5
| Jul low C = 12.7
| Aug low C = 12.5
| Sep low C = 9.6
| Oct low C = 6.0
| Nov low C = 2.4
| Dec low C = 0.0
| year low C = 6.2
| Jan record low C = -22.8
| Feb record low C = -29.1
| Mar record low C = -15.3
| Apr record low C = -7.1
| May record low C = -5.0
| Jun record low C = 0.6
| Jul record low C = 3.4
| Aug record low C = 1.8
| Sep record low C = -1.2
| Oct record low C = -7.1
| Nov record low C = -15.4
| Dec record low C = -18.5
| year record low C = -29.1
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 67.8
| Feb rain mm = 49.9
| Mar rain mm = 67.7
| Apr rain mm = 43.0
| May rain mm = 57.4
| Jun rain mm = 78.6
| Jul rain mm = 76.7
| Aug rain mm = 78.9
| Sep rain mm = 67.4
| Oct rain mm = 67.0
| Nov rain mm = 69.2
| Dec rain mm = 68.9
| year rain mm = 792.6
| unit rain days = 1.0 mm
| Jan rain days = 12.1
| Feb rain days = 9.2
| Mar rain days = 11.3
| Apr rain days = 8.9
| May rain days = 9.6
| Jun rain days = 11.3
| Jul rain days = 11.4
| Aug rain days = 10.2
| Sep rain days = 10.8
| Oct rain days = 10.5
| Nov rain days = 11.7
| Dec rain days = 12.4
| Jan sun = 46.9
| Feb sun = 69.0
| Mar sun = 108.8
| Apr sun = 171.6
| May sun = 223.4
| Jun sun = 198.7
| Jul sun = 217.5
| Aug sun = 203.1
| Sep sun = 144.6
| Oct sun = 107.9
| Nov sun = 53.0
| Dec sun = 37.4
| Jan uv =0
| Feb uv =1
| Mar uv =2
| Apr uv =4
| May uv =5
| Jun uv =6
| Jul uv =6
| Aug uv =5
| Sep uv =4
| Oct uv =2
| Nov uv =1
| Dec uv =0
| source = [[World Meteorological Organisation|WMO]] ([[United Nations|UN]]),<ref name=WMO>{{cite web |url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/016/c00055.htm
| title = World Weather Information Service – Hamburg
| access-date = 6 April 2012
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
}}</ref> [[Deutscher Wetterdienst|DWD]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue
| title = Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte
| url-status = dead
| access-date = 24 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140612043121/http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue
| archive-date = 12 June 2014
}}</ref> and Weather Atlas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/germany/hamburg-climate|title=Hamburg, Germany - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast|publisher=Yu Media Group|website=Weather Atlas|language=en|access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref>
''View climate chart [[:File:Climate chart Hamburg 1986-2016.png|1986-2016]] or [[:File:Climatediagram-metric-english-HamburgFuhlsbuettel-Germany-1961-1990.png|1960-1990]]''
}}
{{Weather box
| width = 100% <!-- 77% if there is a template or image next to it -->
| collapsed = y <!-- y, if you have normal updates -->
| open =
| metric first = y <!-- always, except UK or US cities -->
| single line = y
| location = Hamburg-Fuhlsbuttel ([[Hamburg Airport]]), elevation: 15 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes
<!--in the order as it appears in the table, not all of the following data may be available, especially records and days of precipitation -->
| Jan mean C =0.5
| Feb mean C =1.1
| Mar mean C =3.7
| Apr mean C =7.3
| May mean C =12.2
| Jun mean C =15.5
| Jul mean C =16.8
| Aug mean C =16.6
| Sep mean C =13.5
| Oct mean C =9.7
| Nov mean C =5.1
| Dec mean C =1.9
| Jan high C =2.7
| Feb high C =3.8
| Mar high C =7.2
| Apr high C =11.9
| May high C =17.0
| Jun high C =20.2
| Jul high C =21.4
| Aug high C =21.6
| Sep high C =18.0
| Oct high C =13.3
| Nov high C =7.6
| Dec high C =4.0
| Jan record high C =12.8
| Feb record high C =16.7
| Mar record high C =23.0
| Apr record high C =29.7
| May record high C =29.2
| Jun record high C =32.7
| Jul record high C =33.2
| Aug record high C =34.8
| Sep record high C =30.3
| Oct record high C =24.0
| Nov record high C =20.2
| Dec record high C =15.7
| Jan low C =-2.2
| Feb low C =-1.8
| Mar low C =0.4
| Apr low C =3.0
| May low C =7.2
| Jun low C =10.4
| Jul low C =12.2
| Aug low C =11.9
| Sep low C =9.4
| Oct low C =6.3
| Nov low C =2.5
| Dec low C =-0.7
| Jan record low C =-20.8
| Feb record low C =-18.7
| Mar record low C =-13.8
| Apr record low C =-6.5
| May record low C =-2.2
| Jun record low C =0.6
| Jul record low C =4.2
| Aug record low C =1.8
| Sep record low C =-0.6
| Oct record low C =-3.3
| Nov record low C =-15.4
| Dec record low C =-18.5
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm =61.0
| Feb precipitation mm =41.0
| Mar precipitation mm =56.0
| Apr precipitation mm =51.0
| May precipitation mm =57.0
| Jun precipitation mm =74.0
| Jul precipitation mm =82.0
| Aug precipitation mm =70.0
| Sep precipitation mm =70.0
| Oct precipitation mm =63.0
| Nov precipitation mm =71.0
| Dec precipitation mm =72.0
| Jan sun =42.2
| Feb sun =67.0
| Mar sun =104.7
| Apr sun =160.7
| May sun =216.8
| Jun sun =221.8
| Jul sun =206.7
| Aug sun =207.3
| Sep sun =141.1
| Oct sun =100.7
| Nov sun =53.0
| Dec sun =35.2
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days =12.0
| Feb precipitation days =9.0
| Mar precipitation days =11.0
| Apr precipitation days =10.0
| May precipitation days =10.0
| Jun precipitation days =11.0
| Jul precipitation days =12.0
| Aug precipitation days =11.0
| Sep precipitation days =11.0
| Oct precipitation days =10.0
| Nov precipitation days =12.0
| Dec precipitation days =12.0
| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name = noaa>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10147.TXT
| title = Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel (10147) - WMO Weather Station
| access-date = 7 February 2019
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]}}</ref>
}}
==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Hamburg}}
[[File:Hamburg population pyramid in 2022.svg|thumb|Hamburg population pyramid in 2022]]
{{historical populations
|950|500
|1430|16000
|1840|136956
|1900|705738
|1910|931035
|1920|1026989
|1930|1145124
|1940|1725500
|1945|1350278
|1950|1605606
|1961|1840543
|1970|1793640
|1975|1717383
|1980|1645095
|1985|1579884
|1990|1652363
|2000|1715392
|2010|1786448
|2012|1734272
|2013|1746342
|2014|1762791
|2015|1787408
|2016|1810438
|2018|1841179
|2020|1852478
|footnote=Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" | ''' Largest groups of foreign residents'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/995591/umfrage/auslaender-in-hamburg-nach-herkunftslaendern/ | title=Ausländer in Hamburg nach Herkunftsländern 2021 }}</ref>
|-
! Nationality || Population (31 December 2021)
|-
| {{flag|Turkey}} ||44,280
|-
| {{flag|Afghanistan}} ||24,635
|-
| {{flag|Poland}} ||23,310
|-
| {{flag|Syria}} ||17,725
|-
| {{flag|Russia}} ||10,375
|-
| {{flag|Romania}} ||10,010
|-
| {{flag|Iran}} || 9,725
|-
| {{flag|Portugal}} ||9,065
|-
| {{flag|Bulgaria}} ||8,830
|-
| {{flag|North Macedonia}} ||7,770
|-
| {{flag|Italy}} ||7,570
|-
| {{flag|Ghana}} ||7,550
|-
| {{flag|Serbia}} ||7,405
|-
| {{flag|Croatia}} ||6,685
|-
| {{flag|China}} ||6,335
|-
| {{flag|India}} ||6,100
|-
| {{flag|Greece}} ||6,095
|-
| {{flag|Spain}} ||6,040
|-
| {{flag|Iraq}} ||5,400
|-
|}
On 31 December 2016, there were 1,860,759 people registered as living in Hamburg in an area of {{convert|755.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The [[population density]] was {{convert|2464|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Hamburger Melderegister">{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Statistical office Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein (Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein) |title=Hamburger Melderegister|year=2016 |url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistische_Berichte/bevoelkerung/A_I_S_1_j_H/A_I_S1_j16.pdf |language=de}}</ref> The metropolitan area of the Hamburg region ([[Hamburg Metropolitan Region]]) is home to 5,107,429 living on {{convert|196|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Tabellen%2C_Tabellenb%C3%A4nde%2C_Brosch%C3%BCren/Metropolregion_Hamburg/T01_Bev%C3%B6lkerung.xlsx |format=PDF|title=Hamburg Metropolitan Area fact sheet |publisher=Office of Statistics for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein (Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein) |access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref>
There were 915,319 women and 945,440 men in Hamburg. For every 1,000 females, there were 1,033 males. In 2015, there were 19,768 births in Hamburg (of which 38.3% were to unmarried women); 6422 marriages and 3190 divorces, and 17,565 deaths. In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.1% under the age of 18, and 18.3% were 65 years of age or older. 356 people in Hamburg were over the age of 100.<ref name="Statistikamt Nord">https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistische_Berichte/bevoelkerung/A_I_S_1_j_H/A_I_S1_j16.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
According to the Statistical Office for Hamburg and [[Schleswig-Holstein|Schleswig Holstein]], the number of people with a migrant background is at 34% (631,246).<ref name="statistik-nord.de">https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistik_informiert_SPEZIAL/SI_SPEZIAL_V_2017_Korrektur.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> Immigrants come from 200 countries. 5,891 people have acquired German cititzenship in 2016.<ref name="statistik-nord.de1">https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Jahrb%C3%BCcher/Hamburg/JB16HH_Gesamt_Internet_min.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
In 2016, there were 1,021,666 households, of which 17.8% had children under the age of 18; 54.4% of all households were made up of singles. 25.6% of all households were single parent households. The average household size was 1.8.<ref name="Haushalte nach Stadtteilen in Hamburg am 31.12.2016">Selectable data base: {{Citation |author=Source: Residents registration office |publisher=Statistical office Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein |url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistik_informiert_SPEZIAL/SI_SPEZIAL_VI_2017_Korrektur.pdf |title=Regionalergebnisse |access-date=25 July 2016|language=de}}</ref>
===Foreign citizens in Hamburg===
Hamburg residents with a foreign citizenship as of 31 December 2016 is as follows<ref name="statistik-nord.de1"/>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"|Citizenship
! style="background:#efefef;"|Number
! style="background:#efefef;"|%
|-
|Total||288,338||100%
|-
|[[Europe]]||193,812||67.2%
|-
|[[European Union]]||109,496||38%
|-
|[[Asian people|Asian]]||59,292||20.6%
|-
|[[African people|African]]||18,996||6.6%
|-
|[[Americas|American]]||11,315||3.9%
|-
|[[Australians|Australian]] and [[Oceanian]]||1,234||0.4%
|}
===Language===
{{See also|Hamburgisch dialect}}
As elsewhere in Germany, [[Standard German]] is spoken in Hamburg, but as typical for northern Germany, the original language of Hamburg is [[Low German]], usually referred to as ''Hamborger Platt'' (German ''Hamburger Platt'') or ''[[Hamburgisch|Hamborgsch]]''. Since large-scale [[Standard language|standardisation]] of the German language beginning in earnest in the 18th century, various Low German-coloured dialects have developed (contact-varieties of German on Low Saxon substrates). Originally, there was a range of such [[Missingsch]] varieties, the best-known being the low-prestige ones of the working classes and the somewhat more bourgeois ''Hanseatendeutsch'' (Hanseatic German), although the term is used in appreciation.<ref>{{Citation |contribution=Die deutsche Sprache—eine Dialektlandschaft |title=Nationalatlas Bundesrepublik Deutschland |last=Bausch |first=Karl-Heinz |url=http://www.ifl-nationalatlas.de/download/bsppdf/Band_6_bsp.pdf |year=2007 |access-date=24 September 2008 |publisher=Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde |location=Leipzig |isbn=978-3-8274-0947-8 |pages=94–95 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719043439/http://www.ifl-nationalatlas.de/download/bsppdf/Band_6_bsp.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011|language=de}}</ref> All of these are now moribund due to the influences of Standard German used by education and media. However, the former importance of Low German is indicated by several songs, such as the famous [[sea shanty]] [[Hamborger Veermaster]], written in the 19th century when Low German was used more frequently. Many toponyms and street names reflect Low Saxon vocabulary, partially even in Low Saxon spelling, which is not standardised, and to some part in forms adapted to Standard German.<ref>Several places are named ...brook (Billbrook, Brooktor, Grasbrook, Hammerbrook, Hellbrook, Iserbrook) rather than Standard German ...bruch (neutr.; =brook riverscape), Bullenhusen rather than Bullenhausen, Lohbrügge rather than Lohbrücke, several localities starting with Nien... (Niendorf, Nienstedten) rather than Neuen..., or ending ...hude (Dockenhuden, Harvestehude, Winterhude) rather than ...hut[ung] (fem.; =pasture), Uhlenhorst rather than Eulenhorst, several places and water bodies are named ...bek (Barmbek, Eilbek, Fischbek, Flottbek, Goldbek, Isebek, Kirchsteinbek, Langenbek, Osterbek, Pepermölenbek, Wandsbek) rather than ...bach, several places and water bodies are called ...fleet (Alsterfleet, Bleichenfleet, Moorfleet) rather than ...fließ (=brook, stream). Further toponyms with no close Standard German correspondents appear, such as ...büttel (=inhabited place; Eimsbüttel, Fuhlsbüttel, Hummelsbüttel, Poppenbüttel, Wellingsbüttel) or Twiete (=alley wedged between buildings). Like in other parts of Northern Germany ...stedt (Bergstedt, Billstedt, Duvenstedt, Eidelstedt, Lokstedt, Mellingstedt, Nienstedten, Ohlstedt, Rahlstedt) prevails over ...stadt (=town, originally simply stead).</ref>
===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Hamburg – 2018
|left1=religion
|right1=percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|None]] or other|SlateGray|65.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Evangelical Church in Germany|EKD Protestants]]|DodgerBlue|24.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]]|DarkOrchid|9.9}}
}}
65.2% of the population is not religious or adherent other religions than the Evangelical Church or Catholicism.<ref>[https://www.ekd.de/ekd_de/ds_doc/Ber_Kirchenmitglieder_2018.pdf Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland – Kirchemitgliederzahlen Stand 31. Dezember 2018] EKD, January 2020</ref>
In 2018, 24.9% of the population belonged to the [[North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church]], the largest religious body, and 9.9% to the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]]. Hamburg is seat of one of the [[List of bishops of Hamburg#Bishops of Hamburg and Lübeck (as of 2008)|three]] bishops of the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany]] and seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg]].
According to the publication {{lang|de|text= Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland|italic= yes}} ("''Muslim life in Germany''"), an estimated 141,900 Muslim migrants (from nearly 50 countries of origin) lived in Hamburg in 2008.<ref>Sonja Haug et al.: Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland, Nuremberg, 2009</ref> About three years later (May 2011) calculations based on census data for 21 countries of origin resulted in a figure of about 143,200 Muslim migrants in Hamburg, making up 8.4% percent of the population.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kartenseite.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/brd_muslime_in_den_landkreisen_beim_zensus2011_sortiert_nach_regionalschluessel1.pdf |title=Kartenseite: Muslime in den Landkreisen beim Zensus 2011 |access-date=30 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823025135/https://kartenseite.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/brd_muslime_in_den_landkreisen_beim_zensus2011_sortiert_nach_regionalschluessel1.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, there were more than 50 [[mosque]]s in the city,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hamburg.de/branchenbuch/hamburg/10280938/n0/ | title=Moschee in Hamburg | publisher=Hamburg.de | access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> including the [[Ahmadiyya]] run [[Fazle Omar Mosque]], which is the oldest in the city,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/article473742/Deutschlands-aelteste-Moschee-wurde-50.html | title=Deutschlands älteste Moschee wurde 50 | date=19 June 2007 | access-date=8 June 2014}}</ref> and which hosts the [[Islamic Centre Hamburg]].
A [[Jewish]] community exists.<ref>{{Citation |first=Dovid |last=Zaklikowski |url=http://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/561998/jewish/School-Returns-to-Hamburg-Building-Left-Judenrein.htm |title=Jewish School Returns to Hamburg Building Left Judenrein by Nazis |date=30 August 2007 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=chabad.org}}</ref>
==Government==
{{Further|Government of Hamburg|List of mayors of Hamburg}}
[[File:Hamburg Rathausmarkt und Rathaus.jpg|thumb|right|Hamburg City Hall (front view)]]
The city of Hamburg is one of 16 [[States of Germany|German states]], therefore the [[Government of Hamburg|Mayor of Hamburg]]'s office corresponds more to the role of a [[minister-president]] than to the one of a city mayor. As a [[States of Germany#Politics|German state government]], it is responsible for public education, correctional institutions and public safety; as a municipality, it is additionally responsible for libraries, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services.
Since 1897, the seat of the government has been the [[Hamburg Rathaus]] (Hamburg City Hall), with the office of the mayor, the meeting room for the Senate and the floor for the [[Hamburg Parliament]].<ref name=rathaus>{{Citation |title=Kleiner Rathausführer |location=Hamburg |publisher=[[Government of Hamburg#Ministries|State Chancellery]] |year=2006|language=de}}</ref> From 2001 until 2010, the mayor of Hamburg was [[Ole von Beust]],<ref name=usatoday2008>{{Citation |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-02-24-Germany-elections_N.htm |title=German conservatives win most votes |access-date=13 August 2008 |work=USA Today |date=24 February 2008}}</ref> who governed in Germany's first statewide "black-green" coalition, consisting of the conservative [[CDU Hamburg]] and the alternative GAL, which are Hamburg's regional wing of the [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Alliance 90/The Greens]] party.<ref>{{Citation
|last=Kopp
|first=Martin
|title=Geheime Absprachen zwischen CDU und Grünen
|year=2007
|location=Hamburg
|publisher=[[Die Welt]]
|url=https://www.welt.de/hamburg/arti2318261/Geheime_Absprachen_zwischen_CDU_und_Gruenen.html
|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090629204340/http://www.welt.de/hamburg/arti2318261/Geheime_Absprachen_zwischen_CDU_und_Gruenen.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=29 June 2009
|access-date=13 August 2008 |language=de
}}</ref> Von Beust was briefly succeeded by [[Christoph Ahlhaus]] in 2010, but the coalition broke apart on 28 November 2010.<ref>[http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2010-11/cdu-gruene-hamburg Schwarz-Grün in Hamburg am Ende] in [[Die Zeit]] – online, revisited on November, 28. 2010.</ref> On 7 March 2011 [[Olaf Scholz]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]) became mayor. After the 2015 election the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] and the [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Alliance 90/The Greens]] formed a coalition.
===Boroughs===
{{Main|Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg}}
[[File:Hamburg Subdivisions.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|The 7 boroughs and 104 quarters of Hamburg]]
Hamburg is made up of seven boroughs (German: ''Bezirke'') and subdivided into 104 quarters (German: ''Stadtteile''). There are 181 localities (German: ''Ortsteile''). The urban organisation is regulated by the Constitution of Hamburg and several laws.<ref name=constitution/><ref name=borough>Borough Administration Act {{Citation |title=Bezirksverwaltungsgesetz (BezVG) |url=http://hh.juris.de/hh/gesamt/BezVwG_HA_2006.htm |access-date=21 September 2008 |date=6 July 2006 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070813163835/http://hh.juris.de/hh/gesamt/BezVwG_HA_2006.htm |archive-date=13 August 2007 }}</ref> Most of the quarters were former independent cities, towns or villages annexed into Hamburg proper. The last large annexation was done through the [[Greater Hamburg Act]] of 1937, when the cities [[Altona, Hamburg|Altona]], [[Harburg, Hamburg|Harburg]] and [[Hamburg-Wandsbek|Wandsbek]] were merged into the state of Hamburg.<ref name=greateract>[[Greater Hamburg Act]] {{Citation |title=Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz |url=http://www.verfassungen.de/de/hh/hamburg37.htm |date=26 January 1937 |access-date=24 September 2008 |language=de |archive-date=17 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117155225/http://www.verfassungen.de/de/hh/hamburg37.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ''Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg'' established Hamburg as a state and a municipality.<ref name=reichconst>Reich Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg {{Citation |title=Reichsgesetz über die Verfassung und Verwaltung der Hansestadt Hamburg |url=http://www.verfassungen.de/de/hh/hamburg37-1.htm |date=9 December 1937 |access-date=24 September 2008 |language=de |archive-date=27 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227082432/http://www.verfassungen.de/de/hh/hamburg37-1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the boroughs and quarters have been rearranged several times.
Each borough is governed by a Borough Council (German: ''Bezirksversammlung'') and administered by a Municipal Administrator (German: ''Bezirksamtsleiter''). The boroughs are not independent municipalities: their power is limited and subordinate to the [[Mayor of Hamburg|Senate of Hamburg]]. The borough administrator is elected by the Borough Council and thereafter requires confirmation and appointment by Hamburg's Senate.<ref name=borough/> The quarters have no governing bodies of their own.
[[File:Germany (2), Neuwerk, Scharhörn, Nigehörn.jpg|thumb|The part of the North Sea in this aerial picture is called the [[Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park]] and belongs administratively to the borough of [[Hamburg-Mitte]]. Some 50 people live here on the island [[Neuwerk]] (visible just above the centre).]]
Since the latest territorial reform of March 2008, the boroughs are [[Hamburg-Mitte]], [[Altona, Hamburg|Altona]], [[Eimsbüttel]], [[Hamburg-Nord]], [[Wandsbek]], [[Bergedorf]] and [[Harburg, Hamburg|Harburg]].<ref name=actareal>{{Cite web|title=Gesetz über die räumliche Gliederung der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (RäumGiG) |date=6 July 2006 |url=https://www.landesrecht-hamburg.de/bsha/document/jlr-RGlGHArahmen |access-date=26 November 2022 |language=de |trans-title=Hamburg Act of Areal Organization }}</ref><ref>[https://www.hamburg.de/bezirke/24312/startseite-bezirke/ Gebietsreform Bezirke], Stadtportal hamburg.de. Retrieved 26 November 2022.</ref>
''[[Hamburg-Mitte]]'' ("Hamburg Centre") covers mostly the urban centre of the city and consists of the quarters [[Billbrook]], [[Billstedt]], [[Borgfelde]], [[Finkenwerder]], [[HafenCity]], [[Hamm, Hamburg|Hamm]], [[Hammerbrook]], [[Horn, Hamburg|Horn]], [[Kleiner Grasbrook]], [[Neuwerk]], [[Rothenburgsort]], [[St. Georg, Hamburg|St. Georg]], [[St. Pauli]], [[Steinwerder]], [[Veddel]], [[Waltershof]] and [[Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg|Wilhelmsburg]].<ref name=actareal/> The quarters [[Hamburg-Altstadt]] ("old town") and [[Neustadt, Hamburg|Neustadt]] ("new town") are the historical origin of Hamburg.
''[[Altona, Hamburg|Altona]]'' is the westernmost urban borough, on the right bank of the Elbe river. From 1640 to 1864, Altona was under the administration of the [[Monarchy of Denmark|Danish monarchy]]. Altona was an independent city until 1937. Politically, the following quarters are part of Altona: [[Altona-Altstadt]], [[Altona-Nord]], [[Bahrenfeld]], [[Ottensen]], [[Othmarschen]], [[Groß Flottbek]], [[Osdorf, Hamburg|Osdorf]], [[Lurup]], [[Nienstedten]], [[Blankenese]], [[Iserbrook]], [[Sülldorf]], [[Rissen]], [[Sternschanze]].<ref name=actareal/>
''[[Bergedorf]]'' consists of the quarters [[Allermöhe]], [[Altengamme]], [[Bergedorf (quarter)|Bergedorf]]—the centre of the former independent town, [[Billwerder]], [[Curslack]], [[Kirchwerder]], [[Lohbrügge]], [[Moorfleet]], [[Neuengamme, Hamburg|Neuengamme]], [[Neuallermöhe]], [[Ochsenwerder]], [[Reitbrook]], [[Spadenland]] and [[Tatenberg]].<ref name=actareal/>
''[[Eimsbüttel]]'' is split into nine-quarters: [[Eidelstedt]], [[Eimsbüttel (quarter)|Eimsbüttel]], [[Harvestehude]], [[Hoheluft-West]], [[Lokstedt]], [[Niendorf, Hamburg|Niendorf]], [[Rotherbaum]], [[Schnelsen]] and [[Stellingen]].<ref name=actareal/> Located within this borough is former Jewish neighbourhood Grindel.
''[[Hamburg-Nord]]'' contains the quarters [[Alsterdorf]], [[Barmbek-Nord]], [[Barmbek-Süd]], [[Dulsberg]], [[Eppendorf, Hamburg|Eppendorf]], [[Fuhlsbüttel]], [[Groß Borstel]], [[Hoheluft-Ost]], [[Hohenfelde, Hamburg|Hohenfelde]], [[Langenhorn, Hamburg|Langenhorn]], [[Ohlsdorf, Hamburg|Ohlsdorf]] with [[Friedhof Ohlsdorf|Ohlsdorf cemetery]], [[Uhlenhorst]] and [[Winterhude]].<ref name=actareal/>
''[[Harburg, Hamburg|Harburg]]'' lies on the southern shores of the river Elbe and covers parts of the port of Hamburg, residential and rural areas, and some research institutes. The quarters are [[Altenwerder]], [[Cranz, Hamburg|Cranz]], [[Eißendorf]], [[Francop]], [[Gut Moor]], [[Harburg (quarter)|Harburg]], [[Hausbruch]], [[Heimfeld]], [[Langenbek]], [[Marmstorf]], [[Moorburg]], [[Neuenfelde]], [[Neugraben-Fischbek]], [[Neuland, Hamburg|Neuland]], [[Rönneburg]], [[Sinstorf]] and [[Wilstorf]].<ref name=actareal/>
''[[Wandsbek]]'' is divided into the quarters [[Bergstedt]], [[Bramfeld]], [[Duvenstedt]], [[Eilbek]], [[Farmsen-Berne]], [[Hummelsbüttel]], [[Jenfeld]], [[Lemsahl-Mellingstedt]], [[Marienthal, Hamburg|Marienthal]], [[Poppenbüttel]], [[Rahlstedt]], [[Sasel]], [[Steilshoop]], [[Tonndorf, Hamburg|Tonndorf]], [[Volksdorf]], [[Wandsbek (quarter)|Wandsbek]], [[Wellingsbüttel]] and [[Wohldorf-Ohlstedt]].<ref name=actareal/>
==Cityscape==
{{wide image|AlsterPanorama.jpg|900px|Panoramic view of the Hamburg skyline of the [[Binnenalster]] taken from [[Lombardsbrücke]]}}
===Architecture===
[[File:Palmaille 126 126b.JPG|thumb|Historicist Palmaille, [[Altona, Hamburg|Altona]]]]
[[File:Marco-Polo-Center und Unilever Haus am Strandhafen der Norderelbe in Hamburg Foto Wolfgang Pehlemann P1270870.jpg|thumb|The Marco-Polo-Centre (left) and Unilever HQ Germany]]
Hamburg has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles and no [[skyscraper]]s (see [[List of tallest buildings in Hamburg]]). Churches are important landmarks, such as [[St. Nikolai, Hamburg|St Nicholas']], which for a short time in the 19th century was the world's tallest building. The skyline features the tall spires of the most important churches (''Hauptkirchen'') [[St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg|St Michael's]] (nicknamed "Michel"), [[St. Peter's Church, Hamburg|St Peter's]], [[St. Jacobi, Hamburg|St James's]] (''St. Jacobi'') and [[St. Catherine's Church, Hamburg|St. Catherine's]] covered with copper plates, and the [[Heinrich-Hertz-Turm]], the radio and television tower (no longer publicly accessible).
[[File:Chilehaus - Hamburg.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Chilehaus]] with a typical [[Brick Expressionism|brick expressionist]] façade]]
The many [[List of rivers of Hamburg|streams, rivers and canals]] are crossed by [[List of bridges in Hamburg|some 2,500 bridges]], more than [[London]], [[Amsterdam]] and [[Venice]] put together.<ref>{{Citation |title=Hamburg – Grüne Metropole am Wasser |url=http://www.hamburg.de/umwelt/wasser/150782/stadt-am-wasser.html |date=1 July 2007 |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=[[Government of Hamburg#Ministries|Behörde für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt]] |location=Hamburg |access-date=24 September 2008|language=de}}</ref> Hamburg has more bridges inside its city limits than any other city in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeupclose.com/article/hamburg-germanys-window-to-the-world/#.T4dDRoHXhwQ |title=Hamburg: Germany's Window to the World |publisher=EuropeUpClose.com |date=18 April 2012 |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> The [[Köhlbrandbrücke]], Freihafen Elbbrücken, and [[Lombardsbrücke]] and Kennedybrücke dividing Binnenalster from Aussenalster are important roadways.
The [[Hamburg Rathaus|town hall]] is a richly decorated Neo-Renaissance building finished in 1897.
The tower is {{convert|112|m|0}} high. Its façade, {{convert|111|m|0|abbr=on}} long, depicts the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, since Hamburg was, as a Free Imperial City, only under the sovereignty of the emperor.<ref>{{Citation | first = Eike Manfred | last = Buba | url = http://fhh1.hamburg.de/fhh/internetausstellungen/rathausfuehrung/rathausmarkt.htm | title = Auf dem Rathausmarkt | year = 1998 | publisher = Hamburg website | access-date = 13 August 2008 | language = de | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081010030120/http://fhh1.hamburg.de/fhh/internetausstellungen/rathausfuehrung/rathausmarkt.htm | archive-date = 10 October 2008 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Chilehaus]], a [[Brick Expressionism|brick expressionist]] office building built in 1922 and designed by architect [[Johann Friedrich Höger|Fritz Höger]], is shaped like an ocean liner.
Europe's largest urban development since 2008, the [[HafenCity]], will house about 15,000 inhabitants and 45,000 workers.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Facts & figures Tunes: HafenCity |url=https://www.hafencity.com/en/overview/facts-figures |date=19 July 2022 |access-date=23 August 2008 |publisher=ArchNewsNow.com}}</ref> The plan includes designs by [[Rem Koolhaas]] and [[Renzo Piano]]. The [[Elbphilharmonie]] ''(Elbe Philharmonic Hall)'', opened in January 2017, houses concerts in a sail-shaped building on top of an old warehouse, designed by architects ''[[Herzog & de Meuron]]''.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=River Tunes: Elbe Philharmonic Hall by Herzog & de Meuron |url=http://www.archnewsnow.com/features/Feature223.htm |date=5 April 2007 |access-date=23 August 2008 |publisher=ArchNewsNow.com}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Jaeger |first=Falk |title=Waterfront Living and Working: Hamburg's HafenCity |url=http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/dos/dos/sls/en3356905.htm |publisher=[[Goethe-Institut]] |date=May 2008 |access-date=23 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602083717/http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/dos/dos/sls/en3356905.htm |archive-date=2 June 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The many parks are distributed over the whole city, which makes Hamburg a very verdant city. The biggest parks are the ''[[Hamburg Stadtpark|Stadtpark]]'', the [[Ohlsdorf Cemetery]] and [[Planten un Blomen]]. The ''[[Hamburg Stadtpark|Stadtpark]]'', Hamburg's "Central Park", has a great lawn and a huge water tower, which houses one of Europe's biggest [[planetarium|planetaria]]. The park and its buildings were designed by [[Fritz Schumacher (architect)|Fritz Schumacher]] in the 1910s.
===Parks and gardens===
{{See also|List of parks and gardens in Hamburg}}
[[File:Wasserlichtkonzert 3.jpg|thumb|A water-light concert at ''[[Planten un Blomen]]'' park]]
The lavish and spacious ''[[Planten un Blomen]]'' park (Low German dialect for "plants and flowers") located in the centre of Hamburg is the green heart of the city. Within the park are various thematic gardens, the biggest Japanese garden in Germany, and the ''[[Alter Botanischer Garten Hamburg]]'', which is a historic [[botanical garden]] that now consists primarily of [[greenhouse]]s.
The ''[[Botanischer Garten Hamburg]]'' is a modern [[botanical garden]] maintained by the [[University of Hamburg]]. Besides these, there are many more parks of various sizes. In 2014 Hamburg celebrated a birthday of park culture, where many parks were reconstructed and cleaned up. Moreover, every year there are the famous water-light-concerts in the ''[[Planten un Blomen]]'' park from May to early October.
==Culture==
Hamburg has more than 40 theatres, 60 museums and 100 music venues and clubs. With 6.6 music venues per 100,000 inhabitants, Hamburg has the second-highest density of music venues of Germany's largest cities, after Munich and ahead of Cologne and Berlin.<ref name="fazemag_20210920">{{Cite web |url=https://www.fazemag.de/clubstudie-2021-initiative-musik-legt-einzelauswertungen-der-bundeslaender-vor/ |title=Clubstudie 2021: Initiative Musik legt Einzelauswertungen der Bundesländer vor |trans-title=Club Study 2021: Initiative Musik presents individual evaluations of the German federal states |work=Faze Magazin |language=German |date=20 September 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="clubstudy_2021">{{Cite web |url=https://www.initiative-musik.de/clubstudie/clubstudie-bundeslaender/ |title=Clubstudie 2021: Einzelauswertungen der Bundesländer |trans-title=Club Study 2021: Individual evaluations of the German federal states |work=Initiative Musik |language=German |date=20 September 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref> In 2005, more than 18 million people visited concerts, exhibitions, theatres, cinemas, museums, and cultural events, and 8,552 taxable companies (average size 3.16 employees) were engaged in the culture sector, which includes music, performing arts and literature.<ref>{{Citation |author=Institut für Kultur- und Medienmanagement |url=http://www.hamburg.de/servlet/contentblob/182046/kwb-hh-2006-neu/data.pdf |title=Kulturwirtschaftsbericht 2006 |date= August 2006|publisher=Behörde für Kultur, Sport und Medien |location=Hamburg |access-date=13 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109014826/http://www.hamburg.de/servlet/contentblob/182046/kwb-hh-2006-neu/data.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2008|language=de}}</ref> The creative industries represent almost one fifth of all companies in Hamburg.<ref name="creative industry_report_2016">{{Cite web |url=https://kreativgesellschaft.org/uber-uns/kreativwirtschaft/kreativwirtschaftsbericht-fur-hamburg/ |title=2. Kreativwirtschaftsbericht für Hamburg |trans-title=2nd Creative Industries Report for Hamburg |work=Hamburg Kreativ Gesellschaft |language=German |date=December 2016 |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
Hamburg has entered the [[European Green Capital Award]] scheme, and was awarded the title of European Green Capital for 2011.
===Theatres===
{{See also|List of theatres in Hamburg}}
[[File:Deutsches Schauspielhaus at Hamburg.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Deutsches Schauspielhaus]]'' in the St. Georg quarter]]
The state-owned ''[[Deutsches Schauspielhaus]]'', the [[Thalia Theatre (Hamburg)|Thalia Theatre]], [[Ohnsorg-Theater|Ohnsorg Theatre]], "Schmidts Tivoli" and the ''[[Kampnagel]]'' are well-known theatres.<ref>{{Citation |author=Kulturstiftung des Bundes |url=http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/main.jsp?applicationID=203&languageID=2&articleID=3076 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120628230655/http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/main.jsp?applicationID=203&languageID=2&articleID=3076 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=Bayreuth Was Yesterday – New Opera at Kampnagel |access-date=13 August 2008 }}</ref>
[[The English Theatre of Hamburg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.englishtheatre.de/ |title=''The English Theatre'' of Hamburg |publisher=Englishtheatre.de |access-date=14 September 2013}}</ref> near [[U3 (Hamburg U-Bahn)|U3]] Mundsburg station was established in 1976 and is the oldest professional English-speaking theatre in Germany, and has exclusively English native-speaking actors in its company.
===Museums===
{{See also|List of museums in Hamburg}}
Hamburg has several large museums and galleries showing classical and contemporary art, for example the [[Kunsthalle Hamburg]] with its contemporary art gallery (''Galerie der Gegenwart''), the ''[[Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg|Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe]]'' (Museum of Art and Design) and the [[Deichtorhallen]] (with the House of Photography and Hall of Contemporary Art). The [[Internationales Maritimes Museum Hamburg]] opened in the HafenCity quarter in 2008. There are various specialised museums in Hamburg, such as the ''[[Archäologisches Museum Hamburg]]'' (Hamburg Archaeological Museum) in the [[Hamburg-Harburg|Harburg]] borough, the [[Hamburg Museum of Work]] (''Museum der Arbeit''), and several museums of local history, such as the {{ill|Kiekeberg Open Air Museum|de|Freilichtmuseum am Kiekeberg}} (''Freilichtmuseum am Kiekeberg'') at [[Kiekeberg]] in the [[Harburg Hills]] just outside of Hamburg in [[Rosengarten, Lower Saxony|Rosengarten]]. Two [[museum ship]]s near [[St. Pauli Piers]] (''Landungsbrücken'') bear witness to the freight ship (''[[Cap San Diego]]'') and cargo sailing ship era (''[[Rickmer Rickmers]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museen-in-hamburg.de/ |title=Museums in Hamburg |access-date=29 December 2009}}</ref> In 2017 the Hamburg-built iron-hulled sailing ship ''[[Peking (ship)|Peking]]'' returned to the city and was installed in the [[German Port Museum]] in 2020. The world's largest model railway museum [[Miniatur Wunderland]] with {{convert|15.4|km|2|abbr=on}} total railway length is also situated near St. Pauli Piers in a former warehouse.
[[BallinStadt]], a memorial park and former emigration station, is dedicated to the millions of Europeans who emigrated to North and South America between 1850 and 1939. Visitors descending from those overseas emigrants may search for their ancestors at computer terminals.
===Music===
[[File:Hamburg-Elbphilharmonie.jpg|thumb|The {{convert|110|m|ft|0|abbr=off|adj=mid|-high}} [[Elbphilharmonie]] concert hall]]
[[Hamburg State Opera]] is a leading opera company. Its orchestra is the [[Philharmoniker Hamburg]]. The city's other well-known orchestra is the [[NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra]]. The main concert venue is the new concert hall [[Elbphilharmonie]]. Before it was the [[Laeiszhalle]], ''Musikhalle Hamburg''. The Laeiszhalle also houses a third orchestra, the [[Hamburger Symphoniker]]. [[György Ligeti]] and [[Alfred Schnittke]] taught at the [[Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Transcript of the John Tusa Interview with Gyorgy Ligeti |author=<!--Not stated--> |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/johntusainterview/ligeti_transcript.shtml |year=1999 |publisher=BBC |access-date=24 September 2008 |archive-date=20 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720230923/www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/johntusainterview/ligeti_transcript.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Alfred Schnittke |author=<!--Not stated--> |url=http://www.boosey.com/pages/cr/composer/composer_main.asp?composerid=2731&ttype=BIOGRAPHY&ttitle=Biography/ |publisher=[[Boosey & Hawkes]] |access-date=24 September 2008}}</ref>
Hamburg is the birthplace of [[Johannes Brahms]], who spent his formative early years in the city, and the birthplace and home of the famous waltz composer [[Oscar Fetrás]], who wrote the well-known "Mondnacht auf der Alster" waltz.
Since the German premiere of ''[[Cats (musical)|Cats]]'' in 1986, there have always been [[musical theatre|musicals]] running, including ''[[The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)|The Phantom of the Opera]]'', ''[[The Lion King (musical)|The Lion King]]'', ''[[Dirty Dancing#Stage version|Dirty Dancing]]'' and ''[[Dance of the Vampires (musical)]]''. This density, the highest in Germany, is partly due to the major musical production company ''[[Stage Entertainment]]'' being based in the city.
In addition to musicals, opera houses, concert halls and theatres, the cityscape is characterised by a large music scene. This includes, among other things, over 100 music venues, several annual festivals and over 50 event organisers based in Hamburg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clubkombinat.de/presse/|title=Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit}}</ref> Larger venues include the [[Barclaycard Arena (Hamburg)|Barclaycard Arena]], the [[Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld|Bahrenfeld harness racing track]] and [[Hamburg Stadtpark|Hamburg City Park]].
Hamburg was an important centre of rock music in the early 1960s. [[The Beatles]] lived and played in Hamburg from August 1960 to December 1962. They proved popular and gained local acclaim. Prior to the group's initial recording and widespread fame, Hamburg provided residency and performing venues for the band during the time they performed there. One of the venues they performed at was the [[Star-Club|Star Club]] on St. Pauli.
Hamburg has produced a number of successful (pop) musicians. Among the best known are [[Udo Lindenberg]], [[Deichkind]] and [[Jan Delay]]. The singer [[Annett Louisan]] lives in Hamburg.
An important meeting place for Hamburg musicians from the 1970s to the mid-80s was the jazz pub [[Onkel Pö]], which was originally founded in the Pöseldorf neighbourhood and later moved to Eppendorf. Many musicians who were counted as part of the "{{ill|Hamburg scene|de|Hamburger_Szene|vertical-align=sup}}" met here. In addition to Udo Lindenberg, these included [[Otto Waalkes]], Hans Scheibner and groups such as [[Torfrock]] and [[Frumpy]]. One of the members of the band Frumpy was the Hamburg-born singer and composer [[Inga Rumpf]].
Hamburg is famous for a special kind of German alternative music, the "[[Hamburger Schule]]", a term used for bands like [[Tocotronic]], [[Blumfeld]], [[Tomte (band)|Tomte]] or Kante. The meeting point of the Hamburg School was long considered to be the {{ill|Golden Pudel Club|de|Golden_Pudel_Club|vertical-align=sup}} in Altona's old town near the Fischmarkt. Alongside clubs such as the Pal, the Moondoo or the Waagenbau, today the Pudel is a central location of the Hamburg electro scene. Well-known artists of this scene include the DJ duo [[Moonbootica]], Mladen Solomun and [[Helena Hauff]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Elektronische Musik - Vom Kult am Mischpult|url=https://www.hamburg-tourism.de/das-ist-hamburg/musikmetropole/musik-live-in-hamburg/elektronische-musik/|website=Hamburg Tourismus}}</ref>
Hamburg is also home to many music labels, music distributors and publishers. These include [[Warner Music Group|Warner Music]], [[Kontor Records]], [[PIAS Recordings|PIAS]], [[Edel SE & Co. KGaA]], Believe Digital and Indigo. The high proportion of independent labels in the city, which include [[Audiolith Records|Audiolith]], Dial Records, [[Grand Hotel van Cleef]], among others, is striking. Before its closure, the label [[L'Age D'Or]] also belonged to these.
In addition, Hamburg has a considerable [[alternative rock|alternative]] and [[punk rock|punk]] scene, which gathers around the [[Rote Flora]], a [[squatting|squatted]] former theatre located in the [[Sternschanze]]
The city was a major centre for [[heavy metal music]] in the 1980s. [[Helloween]], [[Gamma Ray (band)|Gamma Ray]], [[Running Wild (band)|Running Wild]] and [[Grave Digger (band)|Grave Digger]] started in Hamburg.<ref>{{Citation|last=Rivadavia|first=Eduardo|title=allmusic (((Helloween> Biography )))|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p4471|pure_url=yes}}|publisher=allmusic|access-date=24 September 2008}}</ref> The [[industrial rock]] band [[KMFDM]] was also formed in Hamburg, initially as a performance art project. The influences of these and other bands from the area helped establish the subgenre of [[power metal]].
In the late 90s, Hamburg was considered one of the strongholds of the German hip-hop scene. Bands like [[Beginner (band)|Beginner]] shaped Hamburg's hip-hop style and made the city a serious location for the hip-hop scene through songs like "Hamburg City Blues." In addition to Beginner, several successful German hip-hop acts hail from Hamburg, such as [[Fünf Sterne deluxe|Fünf Sterne Deluxe]], [[Samy Deluxe]], [[Fettes Brot]] and [[187 Strassenbande]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marketing.hamburg.de/hamburg-die-pulsierende-hip-hop-metropole.html|title=Hamburg - die pulsierende Hip-Hop Metropole - Hamburg Marketing|website=marketing.hamburg.de}}</ref>
Hamburg has a vibrant psychedelic trance community, with record labels such as [[Spirit Zone Records|Spirit Zone]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Spirit Zone Recordings |author=<!--Not stated--> |url=http://www.discogs.com/label/Spirit+Zone+Recordings |publisher=discogs.com |access-date=24 September 2008}}</ref>
===Festivals and regular events===
[[File:Hamburger Hafengeburtstag.jpg|thumb|Annual ''[[Hafengeburtstag]]'' (Port Anniversary)]]
Hamburg is noted for several festivals and regular events. Some of them are street festivals, such as the [[gay pride]] ''[[Hamburg Pride]]'' festival<ref>{{cite web |title=Hamburg Pride |url=http://www.hamburg-pride.de/ |access-date=5 October 2008|language=de}}</ref> or the Alster fair (German: ''[[Alstervergnügen]]''),<ref>{{cite web |title=Alstervergnügen Hamburg |url=http://www.alstervergnuegen.net/ |access-date=5 October 2008|language=de}}</ref> held at the ''[[Binnenalster]]''. The ''[[Hamburger DOM]]'' is northern Germany's biggest funfair, held three times a year.<ref>{{cite web | title = Wann ist DOM | url = http://www.hamburger-dom.de/wann_ist_dom.html | access-date = 5 October 2008 | language = de }}</ref> ''[[Hafengeburtstag]]'' is a [[funfair]] to honour the birthday of the port of Hamburg with a party and a ship parade.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hafengeburtstag Hamburg |url=http://english.hamburg.de/hamburg-events/290988/hafengeburtstag-hamburg-english.html |access-date=5 October 2008}}</ref> The annual biker's service in [[St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg|Saint Michael's Church]] attracts tens of thousands of [[Motorcycle|bikers]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Zehntausende Biker und ein schwerer Unfall |url=http://www.spiegel.de/auto/aktuell/0,1518,565599,00.html |date=13 July 2008 |magazine=[[Der Spiegel|Spiegel online]] |access-date=5 October 2008|language=de}}</ref> Christmas markets in December are held at the [[Hamburg Rathaus]] square, among other places.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hamburg.de/weihnachtsmaerkte/ |title=Weihnachtsmärkte in Hamburg-Mitte 2008 |publisher=[[Hamburg-Mitte|Bezirk Hamburg-Mitte]] |access-date=30 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918144638/http://www.hamburg.de/weihnachtsmaerkte/ |archive-date= 18 September 2009|language=de}}</ref> The ''long night of museums'' (German: ''Lange Nacht der Museen'') offers one entrance fee for about 40 museums until midnight.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lange Nacht der Museen |url=http://www.hamburg.de/lange-nacht-der-museen-hamburg/ |access-date=5 October 2008|language=de}}</ref> The sixth ''Festival of Cultures'' was held in September 2008, celebrating multi-cultural life.<ref>{{cite web |title=6. Festival der Kulturen Hamburg |url=http://www.karneval-kulturen-hamburg.de/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020613150718/http://www.karneval-kulturen-hamburg.de/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2002 |access-date=5 October 2008 }}</ref> The [[Filmfest Hamburg]] — a film festival originating from the 1950s ''Film Days'' (German: ''Film Tage'') — presents a wide range of films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfest-hamburg.de/en/index.php |title=Filmfest Hamburg |access-date=5 October 2008 |archive-date=21 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121031422/http://www.filmfest-hamburg.de/en/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ''[[Hamburg Messe und Congress|Hamburg Messe and Congress]]'' offers a venue for trade shows, such ''hanseboot'', an international boat show, or ''Du und deine Welt'', a large consumer products show.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hamburg-messe.de/hmc/content/hmc/en/start.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201212334/http://www.hamburg-messe.de/hmc/content/hmc/en/start.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2005 |title=Welcoming the world |access-date=5 October 2008 }}</ref> Regular sports events—some open to pro and amateur participants—are the cycling competition [[EuroEyes Cyclassics]], the [[Hamburg Marathon]], the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid=44599.html |title=Mandago, Timofeyeva impress at Hamburg Marathon |date=27 April 2008 |access-date=5 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020094424/http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid%3D44599.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the tennis tournament [[International German Open|Hamburg Masters]] and equestrian events like the [[Deutsches Derby]].
Hamburg is also known for its music and festival culture. For example, the Reeperbahn alone has between 25 - 30 million visitors every year. In addition, there are over a million visitors to the annual festivals and major music events.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2014|title=Standpunktepapier Musikstadt Hamburg|url=https://www.hk24.de/blueprint/servlet/resource/blob/1153140/1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f/standpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf|publisher=Handelskammer Hamburg|pages=35–36|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420084312/https://www.hk24.de/blueprint/servlet/resource/blob/1153140/1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f/standpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hamburg's festivals include the [https://www.elbjazz.de/de/pressekit?file=files/pdf%20downloads/ELBJAZZ_2020_Presseinfo_Basistext.pdf Elbjazz Festival], which takes place 2 days a year (usually on the Whitsun weekend) in Hamburg's harbour and HafenCity.
For contemporary and experimental music, the "[https://www.vamh.de/index.php?what=blurred_edges&year=2020&sub=concerts blurred edges] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420084311/https://www.vamh.de/index.php?what=blurred_edges&year=2020&sub=concerts |date=20 April 2021 }}" festival usually follows in May at various venues within Hamburg. In mid-August, the [[Dockville|MS Dockville]] music and arts festival has run annually since 2007 in the [[Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg|Wilhelmsburg]] district.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dockville|url=http://www.dockville.de|access-date=19 June 2009}}</ref> This is followed at the end of September by the {{ill|Reeperbahn Festival|de|Reeperbahn_Festival|vertical-align=sup}}, which has been running since 2006. As Europe's largest club festival, it offers several hundred program points around the Reeperbahn in Hamburg over four days and is one of the most important meeting places for the music industry worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reeperbahnfestival.com/de/info/ueber-uns|title=Über uns - Reeperbahn Festival|website=Über Uns}}</ref> In November, the ÜBERJAZZ Festival, which aims to expand the stylistic boundaries of the concept of jazz, starts every year at Kampnagel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hamburg-tourism.de/sehen-erleben/veranstaltungen/ueberjazz/|title=Überjazz – Jazzfestival auf Kampnagel | Hamburg Tourismus|website=www.hamburg-tourism.de}}</ref>
===Cuisine===
{{Main|Cuisine of Hamburg}}
[[File:2017-05-01 Scholle Finkenwerder Art.JPG|thumb|Fried [[plaice]], [[Finkenwerder]] style]]
Original Hamburg dishes are ''[[Birnen, Bohnen und Speck]]'' (green beans cooked with pears and bacon),<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/07/05/43504.html |title=Birnen, Bohnen, Speck – Schmeckt vorzüglich |date=5 July 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> ''Aalsuppe'' ([[Hamburgisch dialect|Hamburgisch]] ''Oolsupp'') is often mistaken to be German for "eel soup" (''Aal''/''Ool'' translated 'eel'), but the name probably comes from the Low Saxon ''allns'' {{IPA|[aˑlns]}}, meaning "all", "everything and the kitchen sink", not necessarily eel. Today eel is often included to meet the expectations of unsuspecting diners.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/06/25/39651.html |title=Aalsuppe – Frage des Geschmacks |date=25 June 2002|access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> There is ''Bratkartoffeln'' ([[Home fries|pan-fried potato slices]]), ''Finkenwerder Scholle'' (Low Saxon ''Finkwarder Scholl'', pan-fried plaice), ''Pannfisch'' (pan-fried fish with mustard sauce),<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/06/25/39713.html |title=Maischollen – Zart gebraten |date=25 June 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> ''[[Rødgrød|Rote Grütze]]'' (Low Saxon ''Rode Grütt'', related to Danish ''[[rødgrød]]'', a type of summer pudding made mostly from berries and usually served with cream, like Danish ''rødgrød med fløde'')<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendbla |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/06/25/39656.html |title=Grütze – Mit kalter Milch |date=25 June 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> and ''[[Labskaus]]'' (a mixture of corned beef, mashed potatoes and beetroot, a cousin of the Norwegian ''lapskaus'' and [[Liverpool]]'s [[Scouse (food)|lobscouse]], all offshoots off an old-time one-pot meal that used to be the main component of the common sailor's humdrum diet on the high seas).<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/06/25/39664.html |title=Labskaus – Essen der Matrosen |date=25 June 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref>
''Alsterwasser'' (in reference to the city's river, the [[Alster]]) is the local name for a type of [[shandy]], a concoction of equal parts of beer and carbonated lemonade (''Zitronenlimonade''), the lemonade being added to the beer.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/08/01/52867.html |title=Alsterwasser – Bier und Limonade |date=10 August 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref>
There is the curious regional dessert pastry called [[Franzbrötchen]]. Looking rather like a flattened croissant, it is similar in preparation but includes a cinnamon and sugar filling, often with raisins or brown sugar [[streusel]]. The name may also reflect to the roll's [[croissant]]-like appearance – ''franz'' appears to be a shortening of ''französisch'', meaning "French", which would make a ''Franzbrötchen'' a "French roll".
Ordinary bread rolls tend to be oval-shaped and of the French bread variety. The local name is ''Schrippe'' (scored lengthways) for the oval kind and, for the round kind, ''Rundstück'' ("round piece" rather than mainstream German ''[[Brötchen]]'', diminutive form of ''Brot'' "bread"),<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/08/05/53895.html |title=Rundstück – Hamburger Brötchen |date=5 August 2002 |access-date=6 June 2008|language=de}}</ref> a relative of Denmark's ''rundstykke''. In fact, while by no means identical, the cuisines of Hamburg and [[Denmark]], especially of [[Copenhagen]], have a lot in common. This also includes a predilection for open-faced sandwiches of all sorts, especially topped with cold-smoked or pickled fish.
The American [[hamburger]] may have developed from Hamburg's ''[[Frikadeller]]'': a pan-fried patty (usually larger and thicker than its American counterpart) made from a mixture of ground beef, soaked [[staling|stale bread]], egg, chopped onion, salt and pepper, usually served with potatoes and vegetables like any other piece of meat, not usually on a bun. The Oxford Dictionary defined a ''Hamburger steak'' in 1802: a sometimes-smoked and -salted piece of meat, that, according to some sources, came from Hamburg to America.<ref>{{Citation |last=Stradley |first=Linda |title=History of Hamburgers |url=http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/HamburgerHistory.htm |year=2004 |access-date=23 August 2008}}</ref> The name and food, "hamburger", has entered all English-speaking countries, and derivative words in non-English speaking countries.
There are restaurants which offer most of these dishes, especially in the [[HafenCity]].
===Main sights===
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Hamburg Elbphilharmonie 2016.jpg|''[[Elbphilharmonie]]'' ("Elphi")
File:Hamburger Hafen-St. Michaelis.jpg|[[Port of Hamburg]]
File:Freedom-of-the-Seas--in-Hamburg.jpg|[[St. Pauli Piers]] and [[MS Freedom of the Seas|cruise ship]]
File:Speicherstadt abends.jpg|''[[Speicherstadt]]'' (Warehouse district)
File:Rathaus Hamburg bei Nacht.jpg|[[Hamburg City Hall]]
File:St. Michaelis.jpg|[[St. Michael's Church, Hamburg|St. Michael's Church]] ("Michel")
File:Reeperbahn.jpg|''[[Reeperbahn]]'', nightlife district of [[St. Pauli]]
File:Miniatur wunderland.jpg|''[[Miniatur Wunderland]]'' (Miniature Wonderland)
File:Grosse Freiheit Hamburg.jpg|''[[Große Freiheit]]'' ("Great Freedom")
File:St. Nikolai Memorial Church.jpg|[[St. Nicholas' Church, Hamburg|Nikolai Memorial]]
File:Sandtorpark 2013-05-24 12-03-35 Germany Hamburg-HafenCity 2h.jpg|[[HafenCity]]
File:Dockland by Night.jpg|Dockland at night
File:Alstereisvergnügen 11-02-2012 09.jpg|View over frozen [[Alster]] towards [[Radisson Blu Hotel Hamburg|Radisson Hotel]] and [[Heinrich-Hertz-Turm|Hertz-Turm]]
File:Hamburg Wallanlagen Brunnen.jpg|''[[Planten un Blomen]]''
File:DE Hamburg Centerview.JPG|[[Jungfernstieg]] Boulevard
File:Hamburg-Blankenese(01).JPG|Hills and mansions in [[Blankenese]]
File:Laeisz-Halle (Hamburg-Neustadt).1.29179.ajb.jpg|''[[Laeiszhalle]]'' concert venue
File:2013-06-08 Highflyer HP L4729.JPG|[[Hamburg Hauptbahnhof]], the busiest railway station in Germany
File:Hamburg OLG 1.jpg|Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht ("HansOLG"), upper court
File:Neue Skyline Hamburg.JPG|[[List of tallest buildings in Hamburg|Highrises]] in St. Pauli (''Hafenkrone'')
File:Köhlbrandbrücke 2010.jpg|[[Köhlbrand Bridge]]
File:Heinrich-Hertz-Turm - PHB.jpg|[[Heinrich-Hertz-Turm|TV Tower]]
File:HafenCity Traditionsschiffhafen Sandtorkai Hamburg 3943 v3.jpg|Traditional sailing ships at Sandtorkai in HafenCity
File:HP_L4224.JPG|View over Hamburg and the [[Alster]]
</gallery>
[[File:Rote Flora Sternschanze.jpg|alt=Rote Flora|thumb|''[[Rote Flora]]'' in the [[Sternschanze]] neighbourhood, Hamburg]]
===Alternative culture===
Hamburg has long been a centre of alternative music and counter-culture movements. The boroughs of [[St. Pauli]], [[Sternschanze]] and [[Altona, Hamburg|Altona]] are known for being home to many radical left-wing and anarchist groups, culminating every year during the traditional May Day demonstrations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/1-mai-demo-in-hamburg-was-soll-der-krawall-auf-der-schanze-noch-a-1090104.html |title=1. Mai-Demo in Hamburg: Was soll der Krawall auf der Schanze noch? |newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=30 April 2016 |access-date= 9 February 2017|publisher=spiegel.de|last1=Weßling |first1=Kathrin }}</ref>
During the [[2017 G20 Hamburg summit|2017 G20 summit]], which took place in Hamburg from 7–8 July that year, protestors clashed violently with the police in the [[Sternschanze]] area and particularly around the Rote Flora. On 7 July, several cars were set on fire and street barricades were erected to prevent the police from entering the area. In response to that, the police made heavy use of water cannons and tear gas in order to scatter the protestors. However, this was met with strong resistance by protestors, resulting in a total of 160 injured police and 75 arrested participants in the protests.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/video/g20-gipfel-in-hamburg-randalierer-setzen-autos-in-brand-video-1780686.html |title=Raid of "Krawalle beim G20-Gipfel - Randalierer setzen Autos in Brand |newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=7 July 2017 |access-date= 11 July 2017|publisher=spiegel.de}}</ref>
After the summit, however, the Rote Flora issued a statement, in which it condemns the arbitrary acts of violence that were committed by some of the protestors whilst generally defending the right to use violence as a means of self-defence against police oppression. In particular, the spokesperson of the Rote Flora said that the autonomous cultural centre had a traditionally good relationship with its neighbours and local residents, since they were united in their fight against gentrification in that neighbourhood.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rp-online.de/politik/deutschland/g20-gipfel-rote-flora-distanziert-sich-von-gewaltausbruechen-aid-1.6935697 |title=Krawalle in Hamburg beim G20-Gipfel - Rote Flora distanziert sich von Gewaltausbrüchen |date=8 July 2017 |access-date= 11 July 2017|publisher=rp-online.de}}</ref>
=== British culture ===
[[File:Hammonia-Bad 01.jpg|thumb|The English Theatre of Hamburg at Lerchenfeld 14]]
There are several English-speaking communities, such as the Caledonian Society of Hamburg, The British Club Hamburg, British and Commonwealth Luncheon Club, Anglo-German Club [[eingetragener Verein|e.V.]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anglo-german-club.de/ |title=Website of the Anglo-German Club |access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref> Professional Women's Forum,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britaininhamburg.de/ |title=Britain in Hamburg |access-date=13 September 2009 |publisher=ning.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718203909/http://www.britaininhamburg.de/ |archive-date=18 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The British Decorative and Fine Arts Society, The English Speaking Union of the Commonwealth, The Scottish Country Dancers of Hamburg, The Hamburg Players e.V. English Language Theatre Group, The [[Hamburg Exiles RFC|Hamburg Exiles Rugby Club]], several cricket clubs, and The Morris Minor Register of Hamburg. Furthermore, the Anglo-Hanseatic Lodge No. 850<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gl-bfg.com/850/index.htm |title=Anglo-Hanseatic Lodge 850 |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=gl-bfg.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428001221/http://gl-bfg.com/850/index.htm |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> within the Grand Lodge of British Freemasons of Germany<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gl-bfg.com/ |title=Grand Lodge of British Freemasons in Germany |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=gl-bfg.com}}</ref> under the United Grand Lodges of Germany<ref>{{cite web |url=http://freimaurer.org/ |title=United Grand Lodges of Germany |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=freimaurer.org}}</ref> works in Hamburg, and has a diverse expat membership. There is also a 400-year-old Anglican church community worshipping at ''{{ill|St Thomas Becket Church|de|Englische Kirche (Hamburg)|vertical-align=sup}}''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anglican-church-hamburg.de|title=The Anglican Church of St Thomas Becket – A welcoming, active and inclusive church, growing in our relationship with God and the wider community|work=anglican-church-hamburg.de}}</ref>
American and international English-speaking organisations include The American Club of Hamburg [[eingetragener Verein|e.V.]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanclub.de |title=Website of the American Club of Hamburg |access-date=13 September 2009}}</ref> the American Women's Club of Hamburg,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awchamburg.org |title=Website of the American Women's Club of Hamburg |access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> the English Speaking Union, the German-American Women's Club,<ref>Hamburg Führer Verlag GmbH: ''Hamburg Guide'', May 2009, p. 61</ref> and The International Women's Club of Hamburg e.V. ''The American Chamber of Commerce'' handles matters related to business affairs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amcham.de|title=American Chamber of Commerce in Germany|first=AmCham|last=Germany|work=amcham.de}}</ref> The [[International School of Hamburg]] serves school children.
[[William Wordsworth]], [[Dorothy Wordsworth]] and [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]] spent the last two weeks of September 1798 at Hamburg.
Dorothy wrote a detailed journal of their stay, labelled "The Hamburg Journal (1798) by noted Wordsworth scholar [[Edward de Selincourt]]."<ref>Journals of Dorothy Wordsworth, Macmillan 1959.</ref>
A Hamburg saying, referring to its anglophile nature, is: "Wenn es in London anfängt zu regnen, spannen die Hamburger den Schirm auf." ... "When it starts raining in London, people in Hamburg open their umbrellas."
=== Memorials ===
A memorial for successful English engineer [[William Lindley]],<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Lindley, William |volume= 16 | page = 719 |short= 1}}</ref> who, beginning in 1842, reorganised the drinking water and sewerage system and thus helped to fight against cholera, is near Baumwall railway station in Vorsetzen street.
In 2009, more than 2,500 "stumbling blocks" ''([[Stolpersteine]])'' were laid, engraved with the names of deported and murdered citizens. Inserted into the pavement in front of their former houses, the blocks draw attention to the victims of Nazi persecution.<ref>{{citation |title=Die Orte bleibe |last1=Behling |first1=Heidburg |last2=Garbe |first2=Detlef |newspaper=Mittelungen des Freundeskreises KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme |date= January 2009|page=3 |issue=11|language=de}}</ref>
==Economy==
The [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) of Hamburg was 119.0 billion € in 2018, accounting for 3.6% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €59,600 or 197% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 132% of the EU average.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58|title=Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018|website=Eurostat}}</ref> The city has a relatively high employment rate, at 88 percent of the working-age population, employed in over 160,000 businesses. The median gross salary in 2021 was €47,544, which is 9.29% higher than the median gross salary in Germany overall.<ref>{{Cite web |last=gral |title=Der Medianlohn in Hamburg ist fast 10 % höher als in Westdeutschland. {{!}} Elbe Wochenblatt |url=https://www.elbe-wochenblatt.de/2022/08/22/der-medianlohn-in-hamburg-ist-fast-10-hoeher-als-in-westdeutschland/ |access-date=2022-08-28 |language=de-DE}}</ref>
The unemployment rate stood at 6.1% in October 2018 and was higher than the German average.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/|title=Arbeitslosenquote nach Bundesländern in Deutschland 2018 {{!}} Statista|website=Statista|language=de|access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online/data;sid=8605C2647C4C92D731CC1EC4BAC5AF53.GO_1_3?operation=ergebnistabelleUmfang&levelindex=3&levelid=1542098063701&downloadname=13211-0007|title=Federal Statistical Office Germany - GENESIS-Online|last=(Destatis)|first=Statistisches Bundesamt|date=13 November 2018|website=www-genesis.destatis.de|language=en|access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref>
!2000
!2001
!2002
!2003
!2004
!2005
!2006
!2007
!2008
!2009
!2010
!2011
!2012
!2013
!2014
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
|-
|Unemployment rate in %
|8.9
|8.3
|9.0
|9.9
|9.7
|11.3
|11.0
|9.1
|8.1
|8.6
|8.2
|7.8
|7.5
|7.4
|7.6
|7.4
|7.1
|6.8
|6.3
|6.1
|}
[[File:Hh-boerse.jpg|thumb|The [[Hamburg Stock Exchange]]]]
===Banking===
Hamburg has for centuries been a commercial centre of Northern Europe, and is the most important [[banking]] city of [[Northern Germany]]. The city is the seat of [[History of banking|Germany's oldest bank]], the [[Berenberg Bank]], [[M.M.Warburg & CO]] and [[Hamburg Commercial Bank]]. The [[Hamburg Stock Exchange]] is the oldest of its kind in Germany.
===Port===
{{Main|Port of Hamburg}}
[[File:Ankunft der Queen Mary 2 in Hamburg - panoramio - Arnold Schott (3).jpg|thumb|right|[[RMS Queen Mary 2|Queen Mary 2]] at the [[Port of Hamburg]]]]
The most significant economic unit is the Port of Hamburg, which ranks third to [[Rotterdam]] and [[Antwerp]]en in Europe and 17th-largest worldwide with transshipments of {{TEU|8.9 million|first=yes}} of cargo and 138.2 million tons of goods in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hafen-hamburg.de/en/statistics|title=Welcome to the Port of Hamburg|website=The official website of the Port of Hamburg.|language=en|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> International trade is also the reason for the large number of consulates in the city. Although situated {{convert|110|km|mi|-1}} up the Elbe, it is considered a sea port due to its ability to handle large ocean-going vessels.<ref>M. Ramesh: {{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/12/25/stories/092559vq.htm |title=Making Hamburg Europe's preferred port |author=M. Ramesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720060759/http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/12/25/stories/092559vq.htm |archive-date=20 July 2009 |date=25 December 2000 |access-date=11 August 2008 |url-status=dead |publisher=Hinduonnet.com}}</ref>
===Industrial production===
Heavy industry of Hamburg includes the making of steel, aluminium, copper and various large shipyards such as [[Blohm + Voss]].<ref>*{{Citation |url=http://www.mittalsteel.com/Facilities/Europe/Hamburg/ |title=ArcelorMittal Website / Hamburg |access-date=26 February 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Citation |url=http://www.trimet.de/hamburg0.html |title=Trimet Website / Hamburg |access-date=26 February 2011 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719095348/http://www.trimet.de/hamburg0.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{Citation |url=http://www.aurubis.com/en/corporate-group/group-structure/sites/ |title=Aurubis Website / Hamburg |access-date=26 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308182802/http://www.aurubis.com/en/corporate-group/group-structure/sites/ |archive-date=8 March 2011 }}
* {{Citation |url=http://www.blohmvossyachts.com/index.php?level=2&CatID=2.8&inhalt_id=8 |title=Blohm + Voss Website / Hamburg |access-date=26 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328081957/http://www.blohmvossyachts.com/index.php?level=2&CatID=2.8&inhalt_id=8 |archive-date=28 March 2012 }}</ref>
Hamburg, along with [[Seattle]] and [[Toulouse]], is an important location of the civil [[aerospace]] industry. [[Airbus]], which operates the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder|Hamburg-Finkenwerder assembly plant]] in [[Finkenwerder]], employs over 13,000 people.<ref>{{Citation |publisher=[[Spiegel online]] |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,428905,00.html |title=Past Cost-Cutting and Layoffs Haunt Airbus in Germany |date=28 July 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008}}</ref>
===HafenCity===
{{Main|HafenCity}}
[[File:Projekt Heißluftballon - Highflyer -IMG-1414.jpg|thumb|Western HafenCity area and [[Speicherstadt]]]]
The [[HafenCity]] is Europe's largest urban development project and is located in the [[Hamburg-Mitte]] district. It consists of the area of the Great Grasbrook, the northern part of the former Elbe island [[Grasbrook]], and the warehouse district on the former Elbe island Kehrwieder and Wandrahm. It is bordered to the north, separated by the customs channel to Hamburg's city centre, west and south by the Elbe and to the east, bounded by the upper harbour, [[Rothenburgsort]]. The district is full of rivers and streams and is surrounded by channels, and has a total area of about 2.2 square-kilometres.
HafenCity has 155 hectares in the area formerly belonging to the free port north of the Great Grasbrook. Residential units for up to 12,000 people are planned to be built on the site by around the mid-2020s, and jobs for up to 40,000 people, mainly in the office sector, should be created. It is the largest ongoing urban development project in Hamburg.
Construction work started in 2003, and in 2009 the first part of the urban development project was finished with the completion of the Dalmannkai / Sandtorkai neighbourhood – which is the first stage of the HafenCity project. According to the person responsible for the development and commercialisation of HafenCity, ''HafenCity Hamburg GmbH'', half of the master plan underlying structural construction is already completed, whereas the other half is either under construction or is in the construction preparation stages.
===Tourism===
[[File:Hamburg-logo.svg|thumb|City logo of Hamburg]]
[[File:HH Neuer Wall Dezember 2012.jpg|thumb|[[Neuer Wall]], one of Europe's most luxurious shopping streets]]
In 2017, more than 6,783,000 visitors with 13,822,000 overnight stays visited the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Presseinformationen/SI18_032.pdf|title=Tourismus in Hamburg 2017 [in German]|date=21 February 2018|work=Statistik informiert ...|access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref> The tourism sector employs more than 175,000 people full-time and brings in [[revenue]] of almost €9 billion, making the tourism industry a major economic force in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. Hamburg has one of the fastest-growing tourism industries in Germany. From 2001 to 2007, the overnight stays in the city increased by 55.2% (Berlin +52.7%, [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] +33%).<ref>{{Citation |publisher=[[Politics of Hamburg#Ministries|Behörde für Kultur, Sport und Medien]] |url=http://www.hamburg.de/daten-fakten/349180/aktuelles.html |title=Umsatzbringer und Jobmotor Tourismus |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=11 July 2008 |access-date=13 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809030041/http://www.hamburg.de/daten-fakten/349180/aktuelles.html |archive-date=9 August 2010|language=de}}</ref>
A typical Hamburg visit includes a tour of the city hall and the grand church [[St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg|St. Michaelis]] (called the ''Michel''), and visiting the old warehouse district (''[[Speicherstadt]]'') and the [[Landungsbrücken|harbour promenade]] (''Landungsbrücken''). Sightseeing buses connect these points of interest. As Hamburg is one of the world's largest harbours many visitors take one of the harbour and/or canal boat tours (''Große Hafenrundfahrt'', ''Fleetfahrt'') which start from the ''Landungsbrücken''. Major destinations also include [[museum]]s.
The area of [[Reeperbahn]] in the quarter [[St. Pauli]] is Europe's largest red light district and home of strip clubs, brothels, bars and nightclubs. The singer and actor [[Hans Albers]] is strongly associated with St. Pauli, and wrote the neighbourhood's unofficial anthem, "Auf der Reeperbahn Nachts um Halb Eins" ("[[On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight (song)|On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight]]") in the 1940s. [[The Beatles]] had stints on the Reeperbahn early in their careers. Others prefer the laid-back neighbourhood ''Schanze'' with its street cafés, or a barbecue on one of the beaches along the river Elbe. Hamburg's famous zoo, the [[Tierpark Hagenbeck]], was founded in 1907 by [[Carl Hagenbeck]] as the first zoo with moated, barless enclosures.<ref>{{Cite news |publisher=[[National Audubon Society]] |work=Audubon Magazine |title=The New Zoo |url=http://audubonmagazine.org/features0111/newzoo.html |author=Rene S. Ebersole |date=November 2001 |access-date=1 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906144905/http://www.audubonmagazine.org/features0111/newzoo.html |archive-date=6 September 2007 }}</ref>
In 2016, the average visitor spent two nights in Hamburg.<ref name="statistik-nord1">{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/zahlen-fakten/handel-tourismus-dienstleistungen/tourismus/dokumentenansicht/tourismus-in-hamburg-im-dezember-und-im-gesamten-jahr-2016-59350/|title=Tourismus in Hamburg im Dezember und im gesamten Jahr 2016 - Statistikamt Nord|website=www.statistik-nord.de|language=de-DE|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> The majority of visitors come from Germany. Most foreigners are European, especially from [[Denmark]] (395,681 overnight stays), the [[United Kingdom]] (301,000 overnight stays), [[Switzerland]] (340,156 overnight stays), [[Austria]] (about 252,397 overnight stays) and the [[Netherlands]] (about 182,610 overnight stays).<ref name="statistik-nord1"/> The largest group from outside Europe comes from the [[United States]] (206,614 overnight stays).<ref name="statistik-nord1"/>
The ''[[RMS Queen Mary 2|Queen Mary 2]]'' has docked regularly since 2004, and there were six departures planned from 2010 onwards.<ref>"Hamburg wird heimlicher Heimathafen der ''Queen Mary 2''" (in English: Hamburg nearly a home port for ''Queen Mary 2''). In: ''Hamburger Abendblatt'' from 15 January 2010, p. 13</ref>
===Creative industries===
[[File:Spiegel building Hamburg, Ericusspitze, at night.jpg|thumb|''[[Der Spiegel]]'' headquarters]]
Media businesses employ over 70,000 people.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |url=http://www.hamburg.de/medien-hamburg/nofl/8930/arbeiten-in-hamburg.html |title=Von der Faszination, in Hamburg zu arbeiten |access-date=6 August 2008 |publisher=hamburg.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309015715/http://www.hamburg.de/medien-hamburg/nofl/8930/arbeiten-in-hamburg.html |archive-date=9 March 2012|language=de}}</ref> The [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] which includes the television station [[NDR Fernsehen]] is based in Hamburg, including the very popular news program ''[[Tagesschau (German TV series)|Tagesschau]]'', as are the commercial television station ''[[Hamburg 1]]'', the Christian television station ''[[Bibel TV]]'' and the civil media outlet ''[[Tide TV]]''. There are regional radio stations such as [[Radio Hamburg]]. Some of Germany's largest publishing companies, [[Axel Springer AG]], [[Gruner + Jahr]], [[Bauer Media Group]] are located in the city. Many national newspapers and magazines such as ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' and ''[[Die Zeit]]'' are produced in Hamburg, as well as some special-interest newspapers such as ''[[Financial Times Deutschland]]''. ''[[Hamburger Abendblatt]]'' and ''[[Hamburger Morgenpost]]'' are daily regional newspapers with a large circulation. There are music publishers, such as [[Warner Bros. Records]] Germany, and [[Information and communication technologies|ICT]] firms such as [[Adobe Systems]] and [[Google]] Germany.
A total of about 2,000 companies are located in Hamburg that are active in the music industry. With over 17,000 employees and a gross value added of around 640 million euros, this industry is one of the strongest in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2014|title=Standpunktepapier Musikstadt Hamburg|url=https://www.hk24.de/blueprint/servlet/resource/blob/1153140/1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f/standpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf|publisher=Handelskammer Hamburg|pages=20–22|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420084312/https://www.hk24.de/blueprint/servlet/resource/blob/1153140/1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f/standpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The {{ill|Interessengemeinschaft Hamburger Musikwirtschaft|de|Interessengemeinschaft_Hamburger_Musikwirtschaft|vertical-align=sup}} and the [https://clubkombinat.de/ Clubkombinat] represent the companies in the industry. The interests of Hamburg musicians* are represented, for example, by [https://www.rockcity.de/rockcity/vision/ RockCity Hamburg e.V.].
Hamburg was one of the locations for the [[James Bond (film series)|James Bond series]] film ''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]]''. The ''[[Reeperbahn]]'' has been the location for many scenes, including the 1994 Beatles film ''[[Backbeat (film)|Backbeat]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Backbeat filming locations |url=http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/b/backbeat.html |publisher=movielocations.com |access-date=1 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829233007/http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/b/backbeat.html |archive-date=29 August 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film ''[[A Most Wanted Man (film)|A Most Wanted Man]]'' was set in and filmed in Hamburg. Hamburg was also shown in ''[[An American Tail]]'' where Fievel Mousekewitz and his family immigrate to America in the hopes to escape cats.
==Infrastructure==
===Health systems===
Hamburg has 54 hospitals. The [[University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf|University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf]], with about 1,736 beds, houses a large medical school. There are also smaller private hospitals. On 1 January 2011 there were about 12,507 hospital beds.<ref>{{Citation|title=Krankenhausplan 2020 der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (Hospital plan of Hamburg)|date=1 January 2016|url=http://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/792064/5776e214fe3612a2ceca034996473029/data/krankenhausstandorte.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019202856/http://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/792064/5776e214fe3612a2ceca034996473029/data/krankenhausstandorte.pdf|url-status=dead|language=de|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> The city had 5,663 physicians in private practice and 456 pharmacies in 2010.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/regional/regional.php |title=Statistik Nord (statistics for Northern Germany) |date=June 2011 |access-date=30 August 2012 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617222809/http://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/regional/regional.php |archive-date=17 June 2008 }}</ref>
===Transport===
{{Main|Transport in Hamburg}}
[[File:CTB-CTW Port of Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg|thumb|The [[Port of Hamburg]] on the [[Elbe|river Elbe]]]]
[[File:U-Bahnhof Baumwall 2015 01.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Baumwall (Hamburg U-Bahn station)|Baumwall]] station of the [[Hamburg U-Bahn]]]]
[[File:Hamburg.NorderElbbrücken.2.wmt.jpg|thumb|Neue and Freihafen-Elbbrücke]]
Hamburg is a major transportation hub, connected to four [[Autobahn]]en (motorways) and the most important railway junction on the route to Scandinavia.
Bridges and tunnels connect the northern and southern parts of the city, such as the [[Elbe Tunnel (1911)|old Elbe Tunnel]] (''Alter Elbtunnel'') or St. Pauli Elbtunnel (official name) which opened in 1911, now is major tourist sight, and the [[Elbe Tunnel (1975)|Elbe Tunnel]] (''Elbtunnel'') the crossing of a [[Bundesautobahn 7|motorway]].<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/09/10/67509.html |title=Elbe ohne e – Buchstaben fallen weg |date=10 August 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref>
[[Hamburg Airport]] is the oldest airport in Germany still in operation.<ref>{{Citation |title=Handelskammer Hamburg – Hamburg Airport: Facts, figures, and the Chamber's viewpoint |url=http://www.hk24.de/servicemarken/englische_website/location_politics/airport.jsp |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=28 March 2008 |publisher=Handelskammer Hamburg (Hamburg chamber of commerce) |access-date=25 September 2008 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20070609023119/http://www.hk24.de/servicemarken/englische_website/location_politics/airport.jsp |archive-date= 9 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=Press release |title=The airport celebrates its 90th anniversary |url=http://www.ham.airport.de/en/pressearchiv.phtml?start=0&year=&month=&searchterm=oldest&showdetail=4 |publisher=[[Hamburg Airport]] |date=8 January 2001 |access-date=25 September 2008}}</ref> There is also the smaller [[Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport]], used only as a company airport for [[Airbus]]. Some airlines market [[Lübeck Airport]] in [[Lübeck]] as serving Hamburg.<ref>{{Citation |title=Hamburg Lübeck Airport Guide |url=http://www.travel-library.com/airports/europe/Germany/hamburg/hamburg_lubeck_airport.html |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=travel-library.com |access-date=27 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915005003/http://www.travel-library.com/airports/europe/germany/hamburg/hamburg_lubeck_airport.html |archive-date=15 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Hamburg's [[Vehicle registration plates of Germany|licence plate]] prefix was "HH" (Hansestadt Hamburg; English: Hanseatic City of Hamburg) between 1906 and 1945 and from 1956 onwards, rather than the single letter normally used for large cities since the federal registration reform in 1956, such as B for Berlin or M for Munich. "H" was Hamburg's prefix in the years between 1945 and 1947 (used by [[Hanover]] since 1956).<ref>other prefixes used between 1945 and 1956 were "MGH" (Military Government, Hamburg: 1945 only), "HG" (1947 only) and "BH" (British Zone, Hamburg) between 1948 and 1956.</ref>
=== Public transport ===
[[File:Bahnlinien im HVV.png|thumb|A map of the transit rail lines in Hamburg]] [[Public transport]] by rail, bus and ship is organised by the ''[[Hamburger Verkehrsverbund]]'' ("Hamburg transit authority") (HVV). Tickets sold by one company are valid on all other HVV companies' services. The HVV was the first organisation of this kind worldwide.<ref>{{Citation |title=HVV – Mehr als ein Ziel – Historie |url=http://www.hvv.de/ueber-uns/historie/ |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Verkehrsverbund |access-date=25 September 2008|language=de}}</ref>
33 mass transit rail lines across the city are the backbone of public transport.<ref name="Zahlen {{!}} HVV-Verbundbericht">{{cite web|url=http://www.hvv-verbundbericht.de/zahlen/#zahlen|title=Zahlen {{!}} HVV-Verbundbericht|website=www.hvv-verbundbericht.de|language=en-US|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> The [[Hamburg S-Bahn|S-Bahn]] (commuter train system) comprises six lines and the [[Hamburg U-Bahn|U-Bahn]] four lines – ''U-Bahn'' is short for ''Untergrundbahn'' (underground railway). Approximately {{convert|41|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of {{convert|101|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of the U-Bahn is underground; most is on embankments or viaduct or at ground level. Older residents still speak of the system as ''Hochbahn'' (elevated railway), also because the operating company of the subway is the ''[[Hamburger Hochbahn]]''. The [[AKN Eisenbahn|AKN railway]] connects satellite towns in Schleswig-Holstein to the city. On some routes regional trains of Germany's major railway company [[Deutsche Bahn|Deutsche Bahn AG]] and the regional ''[[metronom Eisenbahngesellschaft|metronom]]'' trains may be used with an HVV ticket. Except at the four bigger stations of the city, [[Hamburg Hauptbahnhof|Hauptbahnhof]], [[Hamburg Dammtor station|Dammtor]], [[Hamburg-Altona station|Altona]] and [[Hamburg-Harburg station|Harburg]] regional trains do not stop inside the city. The [[Trams in Hamburg|tram system]] was opened in 1866 and shut down in 1978.<ref name=tramway-atlas-germany-1996>{{cite book|title=Tramway & Light Railway Atlas – Germany 1996|year=1995|publisher=[[Light Rail Transit Association]]|location=London|isbn=0-948106-18-2|page=262}}</ref>
Gaps in the rail network are filled by more than 669 bus routes, operated by single-deck two-, three- and four-axle diesel buses.<ref name="Zahlen {{!}} HVV-Verbundbericht"/> Hamburg has no [[tram]]s or [[trolleybus]]es, but has hydrogen-fuelled buses. The buses run frequently during working hours, with buses on some so-called MetroBus routes as often as every 2 minutes.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} On special weekday night lines the intervals can be 30 minutes or longer, on normal days (Monday-Friday) the normal buses stop running at night. (MetroBuses run all around the clock, every day at the year at least every half-hour.)
There are eight ferry lines along the [[River Elbe]], operated by ''[[HADAG Seetouristik und Fährdienst|HADAG]]'', that fall under the aegis of the HVV. While mainly used by citizens and dock workers, they can also be used for sightseeing tours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hvv-verbundbericht.de/zahlen/|title=Zahlen {{!}} HVV-Verbundbericht|website=www.hvv-verbundbericht.de|language=en-US|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref>
[[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant]]
The international airport serving Hamburg, [[Hamburg Airport|Hamburg Airport Helmut Schmidt]] ([[International Air Transport Association|IATA]]: HAM, [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]]: EDDH) is the fifth biggest and oldest airport in Germany, having been established in 1912 and located about {{convert|5|mi|0|abbr=off}} from the city centre. About 60 airlines provide service to 125 destination airports, including some long-distance destinations like [[Newark, New Jersey]] on [[United Airlines]], [[Dubai]] on [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]], and [[Tehran]] on [[Iran Air]]. Hamburg is a secondary hub for [[Lufthansa]], which is the largest carrier at the airport, and the airline also operates one of its biggest [[Lufthansa Technik]] maintenance facilities there. The second airport is located in [[Hamburg-Finkenwerder]], officially named [[Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association|IATA]]: XFW, [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]]: EDHI). It is about {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}} from the city centre and is a nonpublic airport for the [[Airbus Operations GmbH|Airbus]] plant. It is the second biggest Airbus plant, after [[Toulouse]], and the third biggest aviation manufacturing plant after [[Seattle]] and Toulouse; the plant houses the final assembly lines for [[Airbus A320 family|A318, A319, A320, A321]] and [[Airbus A380|A380]] aircraft.<ref>{{Citation |title=Airbus in Germany |url=http://www.airbus.com/company/worldwide-presence/airbus-in-germany/ |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Airbus |access-date=27 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123102122/http://www.airbus.com/company/worldwide-presence/airbus-in-germany/ |archive-date=23 January 2012 }}</ref>
;Public transportation statistics
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Hamburg, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 58 min. 16% of public transit riders, ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 11 min, while 11% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8.9 km, while 21% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Germany_Hamburg-3300|title=Hamburg Public Transportation Statistics|publisher=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit|access-date=19 June 2017}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50x50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].</ref>
===Utilities===
<!--- overpictured: [[File:Kraftwerk HafenCity01.jpg|thumb|Fuel cell power plant in the [[HafenCity]] quarter.]] --->
Electricity for Hamburg and Northern Germany is largely provided by ''[[Vattenfall|Vattenfall Europe]]'', formerly the state-owned ''Hamburgische Electricitäts-Werke''. Vattenfall Europe used to operate the [[Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant]] and [[Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant]], both taken out of service as part of the [[Nuclear power in Germany#Closures and phase-out|nuclear power phase-out]]. In addition, [[E.ON]] operates the [[Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant]] near Hamburg.
There are also the coal-fired [[Wedel Power Station|Wedel]], [[Tiefstack Power Station|Tiefstack]] and Moorburg [[Combined Heat And Power|CHP]] Plant, and the fuel-cell power plant in the HafenCity quarter. ''VERA Klärschlammverbrennung'' uses the [[biosolids]] of the Hamburg wastewater treatment plant; the ''Pumpspeicherwerk Geesthacht'' is a pump storage power plant and a solid waste combustion power station is ''Müllverwertung Borsigstraße''.<ref>{{Citation | title = MVB | author=<!--Not stated--> | url = http://www.mvb-hh.de | date = 30 June 2017 | publisher = {{ill|Müllverwertung Borsigstraße Hamburg|de|lt=MVB}} | access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref>
In June 2019 City of Hamburg introduced a law governing the phasing out of coal based thermal and electric energy production ("Kohleausstiegsgesetz").<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 June 2019|title=Kohleausstieg für die Hamburger Fernwärme|url=https://www.buergerschaft-hh.de/parldok/vorgaenge/66861/1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613091141/https://www.buergerschaft-hh.de/parldok/vorgaenge/66861/1|archive-date=13 June 2020|access-date=13 June 2020|website=Hamburgische Bürgerschaft|language=de}}</ref> This move was the result of negotiations between parliamentary parties and representatives of the popular petition ''[https://www.tschuess-kohle.de/ Tschuess Kohle] ("Goodbye Coal").'' Hamburg Ministry for Environment and Energy in 2020 announced a partnership with [[Namibia]], which is a potential supplier of woody biomass from [[Bush encroachment|encroacher bush]] as replacement of coal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2020|title=Klimapartnerschaft - Hamburg und Namibia prüfen nachhaltige Verwertung von Biomasse|url=https://www.hamburg.de/pressearchiv-fhh/13910588/2020-05-12-bue-verwertung-biomasse/|access-date=12 June 2020|website=Stadtportal Hansestadt Hamburg|language=de}}</ref>
==Sports==
{{Main|Sport in Hamburg}}
[[File:Hamburg City Man 2007.jpg|left|thumb|''Hamburg City Man'' 2007 at the Binnenalster]]
[[File:Barclaycard-Arena-Hamburg-Aussendarstellung.JPG|thumb|[[Barclaycard Arena (Hamburg)|Barclaycard Arena]]]]
[[File:HH imtech arena.jpg|thumb|[[Volksparkstadion]]]]
[[Hamburger SV]] is a [[Association football|football]] team playing in the [[2. Bundesliga]] (as of 2023). The HSV was the oldest team of the Bundesliga, playing in the league since its beginning in 1963 until a change of results saw them relegated from the [[Bundesliga]] in 2018. HSV is a six-time German champion, a three-time German cup winner and triumphed in the European Cup in 1983, and has played in the group stages of the [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] twice: in 2000–01 and in 2006–07. They play at the [[Volksparkstadion]] (average attendance in the [[2012–13 Bundesliga|12–13 season]] was 52,916). In addition, [[FC St. Pauli]] was a [[2. Bundesliga|second division]] football club that came in second place in the [[2009–10 Bundesliga|2009–10 season]] and qualified to play alongside [[Hamburger SV]] in the [[Bundesliga|first division]] for the first time since the [[2001–02 Bundesliga|2001–02 season]]. St. Pauli's home games take place at the [[Millerntor-Stadion]].
The [[Hamburg Freezers]] represented Hamburg until 2016 in the [[Deutsche Eishockey Liga|DEL]], the premier [[ice hockey]] league in Germany.
[[HSV Hamburg|HSV Handball]] represented Hamburg until 2016 in the German [[Bundesliga (handball)|handball league]]. In 2007, HSV Handball won the European Cupwinners Cup. The Club won the league in the 2010–11 season and had an average attendance of 10.690 in the [[O2 World Hamburg]] the same year. The most recent success for the team was the [[EHF Champions League]] win in 2013. Since 2014, the club has suffered from economic problems and was almost not allowed the playing licence for the 2014–15 season. But due to economic support from the former club president/sponsor Andreas Rudolf the club was allowed the licence in the last minute. On 20 January 2016 however, their licence was removed due to violations following the continued economic struggles. In 2016–17, they were not allowed to play in the first or second league. The team lives on through their former second team (now their main team) in the third division (2016-2018) and in second division (since 2018).
The ''BCJ Hamburg'' played in the [[Basketball Bundesliga]] from 1999 to 2001. Later, the [[Hamburg Towers]] became the city's prime team. The Towers promoted to Germany's top division in 2019. In 2022, they already reached the playoffs. The Towers play their home games at the [[Edel-optics.de Arena]] in [[Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg|Wilhelmsburg]].
Hamburg is the nation's [[field hockey]] capital and dominates the men's as well as the women's Bundesliga. Hamburg hosts many top teams such as Uhlenhorster Hockey Club, Harvesterhuder Hockey Club and Club An Der Alster.
The [[Hamburg Warriors]] are one of Germany's top lacrosse clubs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hamburgwarriors.com/ |title=HTHC Hamburg Warriors |publisher=Hamburgwarriors.com |access-date=25 January 2010}}</ref> The club has grown immensely in the last several years and includes at least one youth team, three men's, and two women's teams. The team participates in the Deutsch Lacrosse Verein. The Hamburg Warriors are part of the Harvestehuder Tennis- und Hockey-Club e.V (HTHC).<ref>{{Citation |first=Ross |last=Forman |publisher=Outsports.com |url=http://www.outsports.com/os/index.php/2008032471/People/2008-People/Out-lacrosse-coach-lands-in-Germany.html |title=Out lacrosse coach lands in Germany |date=10 June 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-date=4 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604121143/http://www.outsports.com/os/index.php/2008032471/People/2008-People/Out-lacrosse-coach-lands-in-Germany.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[Hamburg Blue Devils]] was one of the prominent [[American Football]] teams playing in [[German Football League]] before its exit in 2017.<ref>[http://www.gfl.info/text.php?Inhalt=newsmeldung&ID=8409 Hamburg Blue Devils ziehen sich zuruck] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226153225/http://www.gfl.info/text.php?Inhalt=newsmeldung&ID=8409 |date=26 February 2014 }} {{in lang|de}} GFL website, published: 18 January 2014, accessed: 14 May 2014</ref> [[Hamburg Sea Devils (ELF)|Hamburg Sea Devils]] is a team of [[European League of Football]] (ELF) which is a planned professional league, that is set to become the first fully professional league in Europe since the demise of [[NFL Europe]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Football-Comeback des Jahres: Hamburg Sea Devils und Frankfurt Galaxy starten in der ELF |url=https://www.ran.de/american-football/elf/elf-news/football-comeback-des-jahres-hamburg-sea-devils-und-frankfurt-galaxy-starten-in-der-elf-116073|access-date=9 March 2021 |date=9 March 2021|website=ran.de|language=German}}</ref> The Sea Devils will start playing games in June 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neues Hamburger Footballteam spielt im Stadion Hoheluft |url=https://www.abendblatt.de/sport/article231587759/Neues-Hamburger-Footballteam-spielt-im-Stadion-Hoheluft.html |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt|access-date=17 February 2021 |language=German|date=17 February 2021}}</ref>
There are also the [[Hamburg Dockers]], an [[Australian rules football]] club.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2005/07/18/460404.html |title=Australian Football im Stadtpark |date=18 July 2005 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> The FC St. Pauli team dominates women's rugby in Germany. Other first-league teams include VT Aurubis Hamburg (Volleyball) and Hamburger Polo Club.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2008/08/11/920015.html |title=Hamburg Blue Devils vor Einzug in die Play-offs |date=11 August 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> [[Eimsbütteler TV]] plays in the [[German Women's 2 Volleyball Bundesliga]]. There are also several minority sports clubs, including four [[cricket]] clubs.
[[File:Tennis am Rothenbaum.jpg|thumb|[[Am Rothenbaum]] is the main tennis stadium of the [[International German Open]].]]
The Centre Court of the Tennis [[Am Rothenbaum]] venue, with a capacity of 13,200 people, is the largest in Germany.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Center Court / Rothenbaum Stadion |url=http://www.dtb-tennis.de/AmRothenbaum/9695.php?selected=9115 |access-date=16 August 2008 |publisher=[[Deutscher Tennis Bund]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201061029/http://dtb-tennis.de/AmRothenbaum/9695.php?selected=9115 |archive-date=1 February 2009|language=de}}</ref>
Hamburg also hosts [[equestrianism|equestrian]] events at ''Reitstadion [[Klein Flottbek]]'' (Deutsches Derby in jumping and dressage) and ''[[Horner Rennbahn]]'' ([[Deutsches Derby]] [[flat racing]]).<ref>{{Citation |first=Jack |last=Shinar |url=http://news.bloodhorse.com/article/46018.htm |title=Kamsin Easily Wins Deutsches Derby |date=9 July 2008 |publisher=news.bloodhorse.com |access-date=11 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709165240/http://news.bloodhorse.com/article/46018.htm |archive-date=9 July 2008 }}</ref> Besides Hamburg owns the famous [[harness racing]] track "[[Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld]]". The Hamburg Marathon is the biggest [[marathon]] in Germany after Berlin's. In 2008 23,230 participants were registered.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=[[International Association of Athletics Federations|IAAF]] |url=http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid=44599.html |title=Mandago, Timofeyeva impress at Hamburg Marathon |date=27 April 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020094424/http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid%3D44599.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> World Cup events in cycling, the UCI ProTour competition [[EuroEyes Cyclassics]], and the [[triathlon]] [[International Triathlon Union|ITU]] World Cup event ''Hamburg City Man'' are also held in here.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2006/02/02/529362.html |title=Hamburg City Man 2006 als WM-Generalprobe |date=2 February 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref>
Volksparkstadion was used as a site for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 World Cup]]. In 2010 UEFA held the final of the [[UEFA Europa League]] in the arena.<ref>{{Citation |first=Ahmed |last=Bilal |url=http://soccerlens.com/2010-champions-league-final-in-madrid-2010-uefa-cup-final-in-hamburg/6864/ |title=2010 Champions League Final in Madrid, 2010 UEFA Cup final in Hamburg |date=29 March 2008|access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Soccerlens.com}}</ref>
Hamburg made a bid for the [[2024 Olympic Games]], but 51.7 percent of those city residents participating in a [[referendum]] in November 2015 voted against continuing Hamburg's bid to host the games. Meanwhile, Hamburg's partner city [[Kiel]] voted in favour of hosting the event, with almost 66 percent of all participants supporting the bid. Opponents of the bid had argued that hosting the 33rd Olympic Games would cost the city too much in public funds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fpolitik%2F2015-11%2Folympia-bewerbung-hamburg-referendum|title=ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl.|website=www.zeit.de}}</ref>
==Education==
{{See also|Education in Hamburg|Education in Germany}}
[[File:2013-06-08 Projekt Heißluftballon DSCF0784.jpg|thumb|The main building of the [[University of Hamburg]]]]
[[File:Hh-budgepalais.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg|University of Music and Theatre]]]]
The school system is managed by the Ministry of Schools and Vocational Training (''Behörde für Schule und Berufsbildung''). The system had approximately 191,148 students in 221 [[primary education|primary schools]] and 188 [[secondary education|secondary schools]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hamburg.de/schuljahr-in-zahlen/4661914/schulen/|title=Wie viele Schulen gibt es?|website=hamburg.de|language=de|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> There are 32 public libraries in Hamburg.<ref>{{Citation|title=Wir über uns (Hamburg Libraries about us)|url=http://www.buecherhallen.de/aw/home/~cf/ueber_uns/|publisher=Bücherhallen Hamburg|language=de|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629095558/http://www.buecherhallen.de/aw/home/~cf/ueber_uns/|archive-date=29 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Nineteen universities are located in Hamburg, with about 100,589 university students in total, including 9,000 resident students.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/article208791261/Hamburg-hat-so-viele-Studenten-wie-nie-zuvor.html|title=Hamburg hat so viele Studenten wie nie zuvor|last=Hamburg|first=Hamburger Abendblatt -|access-date=1 November 2017|language=de-DE}}</ref> Six universities are public, including the largest, the [[University of Hamburg]] (Universität Hamburg) with the [[University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf]], the [[Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg|University of Music and Theatre]], the [[Hamburg University of Applied Sciences]], the [[HafenCity University Hamburg]] and the [[Technical University of Hamburg|Hamburg University of Technology]]. Seven universities are private, like the [[Bucerius Law School]], the [[Kühne Logistics University]] and the [[HSBA Hamburg School of Business Administration]]. The city has also smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as the [[Helmut Schmidt University]] (formerly the University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg).<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |url=http://www.wissenschaft.hamburg.de/index.php/article/detail/1383 |title=Science Portal Hamburg |publisher=[[Government of Hamburg#Ministries|Ministry of Science and Research (Behörde für Wissenschaft und Forschung)]] |access-date=5 August 2008 |language=de |archive-date=10 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810210626/http://www.wissenschaft.hamburg.de/index.php/article/detail/1383 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Hamburg is home to one of the oldest international schools in Germany, the [[International School of Hamburg]].
==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}}
Hamburg is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnerstädte|url=https://www.hamburg.de/partnerstaedte/|website=hamburg.de|publisher=Hamburg|language=de|access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia (1957)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Marseille]], France (1958)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shanghai]], China (1986)
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Dresden]], Germany (1987)
* {{flagicon|NIC}} [[León, Nicaragua|León]], Nicaragua (1989)
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Osaka]], Japan (1989)
* {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Prague]], Czech Republic (1990)
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Chicago]], United States (1994)
* {{flagicon|TZA}} [[Dar Es Salaam]], Tanzania (2010)
{{div col end}}
==Notable people==
{{See|Category:People from Hamburg}}
{{Quotation|text=In Hamburg it's hard to find a native Hamburger. A hurried and superficial search turns up only crayfish, people from [[Pinneberg]], and those from [[Bergedorf]]. One accompanies the contented little kippers of a striving society; mackerels from [[Stade]], sole from [[Finkenwerder]], herrings from [[Cuxhaven]] swim in expectant throngs through the streets of my city and lobsters patrol the stock exchange with open claws.... The first so-called unguarded glance always lands on the bottom of the sea and falls into twilight of the aquarium. [[Heinrich Heine]] must have had the same experience when he tried, with his cultivated scorn and gifted melancholy, to find the people of Hamburg.|author=[[Siegfried Lenz]]|source=in ''Leute von Hamburg'' (People of Hamburg) {{ISBN|978-3-423-11538-4}}.<ref>{{Citation |first=Jennifer |last=Jenkins |title=Provincial modernity: local culture and liberal politics in fin-de-siècle Hamburg |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-8014-4025-4}}</ref>}}
The list below originated with a ref to the [[1911 Encyclopædia Britannica]], including entries said to be "born at Hamburg".
[[File:Barthold Heinrich Brockes.jpg|thumb|140px|Portrait of [[Barthold Heinrich Brockes]]]]
[[File:Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy.jpg|thumb|140px|Painting of [[Felix Mendelssohn]] Bartholdy, 1833]]
[[File:JohannesBrahms.jpg|thumb|140px|Portrait of [[Johannes Brahms]], 1899]]
* [[Lucas Holstenius]] (1596–1661), German Catholic humanist, geographer, historian and librarian<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Holstenius, Lucas |volume= 13 | page = 619 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Andreas Schlüter]] ({{Circa|1659|1714}}) a German baroque sculptor and architect<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Schlüter, Andreas |volume= 24 | page = 343 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Barthold Heinrich Brockes]] (1680–1747) a German poet<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Brockes, Barthold Heinrich |volume= 4 | page = 624 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Hermann Samuel Reimarus]] (1694–1768), a German philosopher and writer of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Reimarus, Hermann Samuel |volume= 23 | page = 53 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Konrad Ekhof]] (1720–1778) the foremost German actor of the 18th century<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Ekhof, Konrad |volume= 9 | pages = 139–140 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Johann Bernhard Basedow]] (1724–1790) a German educational reformer, teacher and writer<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Basedow, Johann Bernhard |volume= 3 | pages = 461–462 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Meta Klopstock]] (1728-1758), writer<ref>{{cite book | last=Wilson | first=K.M. | title=An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers | publisher=Garland Pub. | series=An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers | issue=v. 1 | year=1991 | isbn=978-0-8240-8547-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wf1SVbGFg8C&pg=PA641 | access-date=3 Mar 2023 | page=641}}</ref>
* [[Johann Joachim Eschenburg]] (1743–1820) a German critic and literary historian<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Eschenburg, Johann Joachim |volume= 9 | page = 764 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Johann Elert Bode]] (1747–1826) an astronomer, he named and determined the orbit of [[Uranus]]<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bode, Johann Elert |volume= 4 | page = 108 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Johann Dominicus Fiorillo]] (1748–1821) a German painter and historian of art<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Fiorillo, Johann Dominicus |volume= 10 | page = 394 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Christian of Stolberg-Stolberg|Christian, Count of Stolberg-Stolberg]] (1748–1821) poet, brother of [[Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg|Frederick Leopold]]<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Stolberg, Friedrich Leopold, Graf zu |volume= 25 | page = 953;see para 2|quote=Stolberg's brother, Christian, Graf zu Stolberg (1748-1821).....|short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg|Friedrich Leopold Graf zu Stolberg-Stolberg]] (1750–1819), a German lawyer and translator<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Stolberg, Friedrich Leopold, Graf zu |volume= 25 | page = 953 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Georg Friedrich von Martens]] (1756–1821) a German jurist and diplomat<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Martens, Georg Friedrich von |volume= 17 | pages = 786–787 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Ludwig Erdwin Seyler]] (1758-1836) banker and politician
* [[Johann Franz Encke]] (1791–1865) astronomer, measured the distance from Earth to the Sun<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Encke, Johann Franz |volume= 9 |last= Clerke |first= Agnes Mary |author-link= Agnes Mary Clerke | page = 369 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Ami Boué]] (1794–1881) a geologist of French Huguenot origin<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Boué, Ami|volume= 4 | page = 315 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Gustav Friedrich Waagen]] (1794–1868) a German art historian<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Waagen, Gustav Friedrich |volume= 28 | pages = 223–224 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Johann Christian Poggendorff]] (1796–1877), a physicist, dealt with electricity and magnetism<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Poggendorff, Johann Christian |volume= 21 | page = 890 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Matthias Jakob Schleiden]] (1804–1881) a German botanist, co-founder of [[cell theory]]<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Schleiden, Matthias Jakob |volume= 24 | page = 330 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Samson Raphael Hirsch]] (1808–1888) Orthodox rabbi, founded the ''[[Torah im Derech Eretz]]''<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hirsch, Samson Raphael |volume= 13 |last= Abrahams |first= Israel |author-link= Israel Abrahams | page = 525 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Felix Mendelssohn]] (1809–1847), a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Jakob Ludwig Felix |volume= 18 |last1= Rockstro |first1= William Smyth |author1-link= William Smyth Rockstro |last2= Tovey |first2= Donald Francis |author2-link= Donald Francis Tovey | pages = 123–124 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Ludwig Preller]] (1809–1861) a German philologist and antiquarian<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Preller, Ludwig |volume= 22 | page = 278 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Friedrich Gerstäcker]] (1816–1872) a German travel writer and novelist<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Gerstäcker, Friedrich |volume= 11 | pages = 906–907 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Justus Ludwig Adolf Roth]] (1818–1892) a German geologist and mineralogist<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Roth, Justus Ludwig Adolf |volume= 23 | page = 756 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Heinrich Barth]] (1821–1865) a German explorer of Africa and a scholar<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Barth, Heinrich |volume= 3 | page = 447 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Jacob Bernays]] (1824–1881) a German philologist and philosophical writer<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bernays, Jakob |volume= 3 | page = 800 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Julius Oppert]] (1825–1905) a French-German [[Assyria|Assyriologist]]<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Oppert, Julius |volume= 20 | page = 140 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Thérèse Tietjens]] (1831–1877) a leading opera and oratorio soprano<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Tietjens, Thérèse Johanne Alexandra |volume= 26 | page = 966 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Johannes Brahms]] (1833–1897) a German composer, pianist and conductor<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Brahms, Johannes |volume= 4 |last= Maitland |first= John Alexander Fuller | author-link= John Alexander Fuller Maitland | pages = 389–390 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Michael Bernays]] (1834–1897) German literary historian, scholar of Goethe and Shakespeare<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bernays, Jakob |volume= 3 | page = 800; see para 2|quote=His brother, Michael Bernays (1834–1897).....|short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig]] (1835–1910) German chemist, discovered the [[pinacol coupling reaction]]<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Fittig, Rudolf |volume= 10 | page = 440 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Wilhelm Kühne]] (1837–1900) a German physiologist, coined the word [[enzyme]] in 1878<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Kühne, Willy |volume= 15 | page = 942 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Carl Rosa]] (1842–1889) musical impresario, founded the [[Carl Rosa Opera Company]] in London<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Rosa, Carl August Nicholas |volume= 23 | page = 720 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Carl Hagenbeck]] (1844–1913) a merchant of wild animals who supplied many European zoos<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hagenbeck, Carl |volume= 12 | page = 814 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Hans Hinrich Wendt]] (1853–1928) a German Protestant theologian<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Wendt, Hans Hinrich |volume= 28 | page = 518 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Hans von Bartels]] (1856–1913) a German painter<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bartels, Hans von |volume= 3 | page = 447 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Heinrich Hertz]] (1857–1894) physicist who first proved the existence of [[Electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic waves]]<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf |volume= 13 | pages = 400–401 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Helmut Schmidt]] (1918–2015) politician and [[chancellor of West Germany]] from 1974 to 1982
* [[Angela Merkel]] (born 1954) a retired politician and scientist, [[chancellor of Germany]] from 2005 to 2021
==See also==
{{portal|Hamburg|Germany|Europe|Geography}}
* [[Novo Hamburgo]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Hamburg }}
* {{Official website|1=https://www.hamburg.com/}}
* {{curlie|Regional/Europe/Germany/States/Hamburg/}}
* {{Osmrelation-inline|62782}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Hamburg (city)}}
* [http://hamburg-von-oben.de/ Hamburg Panorama-View]
{{Geographic location
|Center =Hamburg
|North =[[Kiel]]
|Northeast= [[Lübeck]]
|East =[[Schwerin]]
|Southeast= [[Lüneburg]], [[Berlin]]
|South =[[Hanover]]
|Southwest= [[Bremen]]
|West =[[Bremerhaven]], [[Stade]]
|Northwest= [[Cuxhaven]]
}}
{{Hamburg}}
{{Boroughs of Hamburg}}
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}}
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|title=Hamburg in history
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{{Hanseatic League}}
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{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Hamburg| ]]<!--leave the empty space as for standard-->
[[Category:City-states]]
[[Category:German state capitals]]
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[[Category:Members of the Hanseatic League]]
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[[Category:States of Germany]]' |
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republic [[constitutional monarchy|headed constitutionally]] by a class of hereditary [[grand burgher]]s or {{lang|de|[[Hanseaten (class)|Hanseaten]]}}. Beset by disasters such as the [[Great Fire of Hamburg]], [[North Sea flood of 1962]] and military conflicts including [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II|World War II bombing raids]], the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe.
Hamburg is Europe's [[List of busiest ports in Europe|third largest port]], after [[Rotterdam]] and [[Antwerp]]. Major regional broadcaster [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk|NDR]], the printing and publishing firm {{lang|de|[[Gruner + Jahr]]|italic=no}} and the newspapers {{lang|de|[[Der Spiegel]]|italic=yes}} and {{lang|de|[[Die Zeit]]|italic=yes}} are based in the city. Hamburg is the seat of Germany's oldest [[Hamburg Stock Exchange|stock exchange]] and the [[list of oldest banks in continuous operation|world's oldest merchant bank]], [[Berenberg Bank]]. Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals [[Airbus]], {{lang|de|[[Blohm + Voss]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|de|[[Aurubis]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|de|[[Beiersdorf]]|italic=no}}, [[Lufthansa Technik|Lufthansa]] and [[Unilever]]. Hamburg is also a major European [[education in Hamburg|science, research, and education hub]], with several universities and institutions. The city enjoys a very high quality of living, being ranked 19th in the 2019 Mercer Quality of Living Survey.<ref name="mercer2019">{{cite web |title=Quality of Living City Ranking |url=https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/Insights/quality-of-living-rankings |website=mercer.com |publisher=Mercer |access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref>
Hamburg hosts specialists in world economics and international law, including [[list of diplomatic missions in Hamburg|consular and diplomatic missions]] as the [[International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea]], the [[EU-LAC Foundation]], and the [[UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning]], multipartite international political conferences and summits such as [[Hamburg Summit: China meets Europe|Europe and China]] and the [[2017 G20 Hamburg summit|G20]]. Former German chancellors [[Helmut Schmidt]] and [[Angela Merkel]] were both born in Hamburg. The former [[List of mayors of Hamburg|Mayor of Hamburg]], [[Olaf Scholz]], has been the current German chancellor since December 2021.
Hamburg is a major international and domestic [[#Tourism|tourist destination]]. The {{lang|de|[[Speicherstadt]]}} and {{lang|de|[[Kontorhaus District|Kontorhausviertel]]}} were declared [[World Heritage Site]]s by [[UNESCO]] in 2015.<ref>[https://marketing.hamburg.de/unesco-welterbe.html Media release] on the website of Hamburg Marketing, retrieved on 19 March 2016.</ref> Hamburg's rivers and canals are crossed by around 2,500 bridges, making it the city with the highest number of bridges in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/719519/umfrage/europaeische-staedte-mit-den-meisten-bruecken/ |title=Anzahl der Brücken in Städten Europas |website=Statista|language=de |access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Aside from its rich architectural heritage, the city is also home to notable cultural venues such as the {{lang|de|[[Elbphilharmonie]]|italic=no}} and {{lang|de|[[Laeiszhalle]]|italic=no}} concert halls. It gave birth to movements like {{lang|de|[[Hamburger Schule]]}} and paved the way for bands including [[The Beatles in Hamburg|the Beatles]]. Hamburg is also known for several [[list of theatres in Hamburg|theatres]] and a variety of musical shows. [[St. Pauli]]'s {{lang|de|[[Reeperbahn]]|italic=no}} is among the best-known European entertainment districts.
==History==
{{Main|History of Hamburg}}
{{For timeline}}
===Origins===
[[Claudius Ptolemy]] (2nd century AD) reported the first name for the vicinity as [[Treva]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/mapping-ancient-germania-berlin-researchers-crack-the-ptolemy-code-a-720513-2.html|title=Mapping Ancient Germania: Berlin Researchers Crack the Ptolemy Code|first=Matthias|last=Schulz|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=1 October 2010|via=Spiegel Online}}</ref>
===Etymology===
The name Hamburg comes from the first permanent building on the site, a [[castle]] which the Emperor [[Charlemagne]] ordered constructed in AD 808. It rose on rocky terrain in a marsh between the [[Alster|River Alster]] and the [[Elbe|River Elbe]] as a defence against [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] incursion, and acquired the name ''Hammaburg'', ''burg'' meaning castle or fort. The origin of the ''Hamma'' term remains uncertain,<ref>{{Citation|ref=Verg |last1=Verg |first1=Erich |last2=Verg|first2=Martin|year=2007 |title=Das Abenteuer das Hamburg heißt |edition=4th |location=Hamburg |publisher=Ellert&Richter |isbn=978-3-8319-0137-1 |page=8|language=de}}
</ref> but its location is estimated to be at the site of today's [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Hamburg|Domplatz]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gretzschel|first=Sven Kummereincke und Matthias|date=24 January 2014|title=Sensation: Wissenschaftler entdecken die Hammaburg|url=https://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/article124212644/Sensation-Wissenschaftler-entdecken-die-Hammaburg.html|access-date=20 December 2020|website=www.abendblatt.de|language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hammaburg – der große Irrtum |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2007/12/12/826430.html |date=12 December 2007 |publisher=Hamburg Abendblatt |access-date=30 September 2008|language=de}}</ref>
===Medieval Hamburg===
[[File:Hamburg in 1150.jpg|thumb|left|Hamburg in 1150]]
In 834, Hamburg was designated as the seat of a [[Prince-Bishop|bishopric]]. The first bishop, [[Ansgar]], became known as the Apostle of the North. Two years later, Hamburg was united with [[Archdiocese of Bremen|Bremen]] as the [[List of administrators, archbishops, bishops, and prince-archbishops of Bremen|Bishopric of Hamburg-Bremen]].<ref name=verg15>[[#Verg|Verg (2007)]], p.15</ref>
Hamburg was destroyed and occupied several times. In 845, 600 [[Viking]] ships sailed up the [[Elbe|River Elbe]] and destroyed Hamburg, at that time a town of around 500 inhabitants.<ref name="verg15"/> In 1030, King [[Mieszko II Lambert]] of [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Poland]] burned down the city. [[Valdemar II of Denmark]] raided and occupied Hamburg in 1201 and in 1214. The [[Black Death]] killed at least 60% of the population in 1350.<ref>{{citation |last=Snell |first=Melissa |url=http://historymedren.about.com/od/theblackdeath/a/greatmortality_2.htm |title=The Great Mortality |publisher=Historymedren.about.com |access-date=19 April 2009 |year=2006 |archive-date=10 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310140601/http://historymedren.about.com/od/theblackdeath/a/greatmortality_2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Hamburg experienced several great fires in the medieval period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wtcf.org.cn/MemberCities/Overview/Introduction/201407308185.html|title=Hamburg - Introduction - WTCF-Better City Life through Tourism|website=en.wtcf.org.cn|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref>
In 1189, by imperial charter, [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I "Barbarossa"]] granted Hamburg the status of a [[Free Imperial City]] and tax-free access (or [[free-trade zone]]) up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea. In 1265, an allegedly forged letter was presented to or by the Rath of Hamburg.<ref name=verg26>[[#Verg|Verg (2007)]], p. 26</ref> This charter, along with Hamburg's proximity to the main trade routes of the [[North Sea]] and [[Baltic Sea]], quickly made it a major port in [[Northern Europe]]. Its trade alliance with [[Lübeck]] in 1241 marks the origin and core of the powerful Hanseatic League of trading cities. On 8 November 1266, a contract between [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] and Hamburg's traders allowed them to establish a ''hanse'' in London. This was the first time in history that the word ''hanse'' was used for the trading guild of the [[Hanseatic League]].<ref name=verg30>[[#Verg|Verg (2007)]], p. 30
</ref>
In 1270, the solicitor of the [[senate of Hamburg]], ''Jordan von [[Boitzenburger Land|Boitzenburg]]'', wrote the first description of civil, criminal and procedural law for a city in Germany in the German language, the ''Ordeelbook'' (''Ordeel'': sentence).<ref>
{{Citation |title=The Medieval Origins of Modern Legal Education: Between Church and State |first=David S. |last=Clark |journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law |volume=35 |year=1987 |pages=653–719 |publisher=American Society of Comparative Law |doi=10.2307/840129 |issue=4 |jstor=840129|doi-access=free }}
</ref> On 10 August 1410, civil unrest forced a compromise (German: ''Rezeß'', literally meaning: withdrawal). This is considered the first [[constitution of Hamburg]].<ref>[[#Verg|Verg (2007)]], p. 39</ref>
In 1356 was celebrated for the first time the ''Matthiae-Mahl'' feast dinner for [[Hanseatic League]] cities on 25 February, the first day of spring in medieval times. It continues today as the world's oldest ceremonial meal.<ref name="mattmahl">{{cite news |title=The Matthiae meal |url=https://www.euscreen.eu/item.html?id=EUS_0065DB52E4BF42279013651EE15AE220 |agency=EU Screen |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=2003}}</ref>
===Early modern period===
[[File:Hamburg um 1600 Brook.jpg|thumb|Hamburg, {{circa|1600}}]]
In 1529, the city embraced [[Lutheranism]], and it received [[Continental Reformed church|Reformed]] refugees from the [[Netherlands]] and [[France]].
When [[Jan van Valckenborgh]] introduced a second layer to the fortifications to protect against the [[Thirty Years' War]] in the seventeenth century, he extended Hamburg and created a "New Town" (''Neustadt'') whose street names still date from the grid system of roads he introduced.<ref>[http://www.carltoepferstiftung.de/img/pdf/tourist_information_inner_pages.pdf History of the area] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206104950/http://www.carltoepferstiftung.de/img/pdf/tourist_information_inner_pages.pdf |date=6 February 2013 }}, accessed 3 November 2012</ref>
Upon the dissolution of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1806, the [[Free imperial city|Free Imperial City]] of Hamburg was not incorporated into a larger administrative area while retaining special privileges ([[German mediatisation|mediatised]]), but became a [[sovereignty|sovereign]] state with the official title of the ''Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg''. Hamburg was briefly annexed by [[Napoleon I]] to the [[First French Empire]] (1804–1814/1815). Russian forces under [[Levin August, Count von Bennigsen|General Bennigsen]] finally freed the city in 1814. Hamburg re-assumed its pre-1811 status as a city-state in 1814. The [[Congress of Vienna|Vienna Congress]] of 1815 confirmed Hamburg's independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of the [[German Confederation]] (1815–1866).
In 1842, about a quarter of the inner city was destroyed in the "[[Great Fire of Hamburg|Great Fire]]". The fire started on the night of 4 May and was not extinguished until 8 May. It destroyed three churches, the town hall, and many other buildings, killing 51 people and leaving an estimated 20,000 homeless. Reconstruction took more than 40 years.
[[File:Jmdavid hamburg.jpg|thumb|Hamburg in 1811]]
After periodic political unrest, particularly in [[Revolutions of 1848|1848]], Hamburg adopted in 1860 a semidemocratic constitution that provided for the election of the Senate, the governing body of the city-state, by adult taxpaying males. Other innovations included the separation of powers, the separation of Church and State, freedom of the press, of assembly and association. Hamburg became a member of the [[North German Confederation]] (1866–1871) and of the [[German Empire]] (1871–1918), and maintained its self-ruling status during the [[Weimar Republic]] (1919–1933). [[Accession of Hamburg to the German Customs Union (Zollverein)|Hamburg acceded to the German Customs Union or Zollverein]] in 1888, the last (along with Bremen) of the German states to join. The city experienced its fastest growth during the second half of the 19th century when its population more than quadrupled to 800,000 as the growth of the city's [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] trade helped make it Europe's second-largest port.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%202011.pdf|website=aapa-ports.org|department=American Association of Port Authorities
|title=World Port Ranking 2011}}</ref> The [[Hamburg America Line|Hamburg-America Line]], with [[Albert Ballin]] as its director, became the world's largest [[Atlantic Ocean|transatlantic]] shipping company around the start of the 20th century. Shipping companies sailing to [[South America]], [[Africa]], [[India]] and [[East Asia]] were based in the city. Hamburg was the departure port for many Germans and [[Eastern Europe]]ans to emigrate to the [[United States]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Trading communities from all over the world established themselves there.
A major outbreak of [[cholera]] in 1892 was badly handled by the city government, which retained an unusual degree of independence for a German city. About 8,600 died in the largest German epidemic of the late 19th century, and the last major cholera epidemic in a major city of the Western world.
===Second World War===
[[File:Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945. CL3400.jpg|thumb|Hamburg [[Eilbek]] after the [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II|1943 bombing]]]]
[[File:Hamburg Medienbunker 01 KMJ.jpg|thumb|[[Flak tower]] on the Heiligengeistfeld in Hamburg – one of four enormous fortress-like bunkers in Hamburg]]
Hamburg was a ''Gau'' within the [[administrative division of Nazi Germany]] from 1934 until 1945. During the [[Second World War]], the [[bombing of Hamburg in World War II|Allied bombing of Hamburg]] devastated much of the city and the harbour. On 23 July 1943, the [[Royal Air Force]] and [[United States Army Air Force]] firebombing created a [[firestorm]] which spread from the ''Hauptbahnhof'' (main railway station) and quickly moved south-east, completely destroying entire boroughs such as [[Hammerbrook]], [[Billbrook]] and [[Hamm, Hamburg|Hamm South]]. Thousands of people perished in these densely populated working class boroughs. The raids, codenamed [[Operation Gomorrah]] by the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]], killed at least 42,600 civilians; the precise number is not known. About one million civilians were evacuated in the aftermath of the raids. While some of the boroughs destroyed were rebuilt as residential districts after the war, others such as Hammerbrook were entirely developed into office, retail and limited residential or industrial districts.
The [[Hamburg Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery]] is in the greater [[Ohlsdorf Cemetery]] in the north of Hamburg.
At least 42,900 people are thought to have perished<ref name="kz-neuengamme">{{cite web|url=http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de |title=Gedenkstätte Konzentrationslager Neuengamme |publisher=Kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de |access-date=14 September 2013}}</ref> in the [[Neuengamme concentration camp]] (about {{convert|25|km|0|abbr=on}} outside the city in the marshlands), mostly from epidemics and in the [[SS Cap Arcona (1927)|bombing of Kriegsmarine evacuation vessels]] by the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] at the end of the war{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}.
Systematic [[Deportation#Deportation during World War II|deportations of Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent]] started on 18 October 1941. These were all directed to [[ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe]] or to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]]. Most deported persons perished in [[the Holocaust]]. By the end of 1942 the ''Jüdischer Religionsverband in Hamburg'' was dissolved as an independent legal entity and its remaining assets and staff were assumed by the [[Reich Association of Jews in Germany]] (District Northwest). On 10 June 1943 the [[Reich Security Main Office]] dissolved the association by a decree.<ref>Cf. 'Schreiben der Geheimen Staatspolizei – Staatspolizeileitstelle Hamburg – an den Oberfinanzpräsidenten, Vermögensverwaltungsstelle vom 1. Juni 1943', Staatsarchiv Hamburg, Bestand Oberfinanzpräsident, Arb. Sign. 31/1 A, here after: ''Vierhundert Jahre Juden in Hamburg: eine Ausstellung des Museums für Hamburgische Geschichte vom 8. November 1991 bis 29. März 1992'', Ulrich Bauche (ed.), Hamburg: Dölling und Galitz, 1991, (Die Geschichte der Juden in Hamburg; vol. 1), p. 492, {{ISBN|3-926174-31-5}}</ref> The few remaining employees not somewhat protected by a [[Anti-miscegenation laws#Nazi Germany|mixed marriage]] were deported from Hamburg on 23 June to [[Theresienstadt]], where most of them perished.
===Post-war history===
[[File:Phb dt 8107 CTA.jpg|thumb|Container Terminal at the [[Port of Hamburg]]]]
The city was surrendered to [[British Armed Forces|British Forces]] on 3 May 1945, in the [[Battle of Hamburg (1945)|Battle of Hamburg]],<ref>
Ortwin Pelc, Kriegsende in Hamburg, Hamburg 2005</ref> three days after [[Adolf Hitler]]'s death. After the [[Second World War]], Hamburg formed part of the [[Allied-occupied Germany|British Zone of Occupation]]; it became a state of what was then [[West Germany]] in 1949.
On 16 February 1962, a [[North Sea flood of 1962|North Sea flood]] caused the Elbe to rise to an all-time high, inundating one-fifth of Hamburg and killing more than 300 people.
The [[inner German border]] – only {{convert|50|km|mi|-1}} east of Hamburg – separated the city from most of its hinterland and reduced Hamburg's global trade. Since [[German reunification]] in 1990, and the accession of several [[Central Europe]]an and [[Baltic region|Baltic]] countries into the [[European Union]] in 2004, the [[Port of Hamburg]] has restarted ambitions for regaining its position as the region's largest deep-sea port for container shipping and its major commercial and trading centre.
==Geography==
Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the [[Jutland Peninsula]], between [[Continental Europe]] to the south and [[Scandinavia]] to the north, with the [[North Sea]] to the west and the [[Baltic Sea]] to the northeast. It is on the [[Elbe|River Elbe]] at its confluence with the [[Alster]] and [[Bille (Elbe)|Bille]]. The city centre is around the [[Binnenalster]] ("Inner Alster") and [[Außenalster]] ("Outer Alster"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of [[Neuwerk]], [[Scharhörn]], and [[Nigehörn]], {{convert|100|km|mi|-1}} away in the [[Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park]], are also part of the city of Hamburg.<ref>Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park Act {{Citation |title=Gesetz über den Nationalpark Hamburgisches Wattenmeer |url=http://www.landesrecht.hamburg.de/jportal/portal/page/bshaprod.psml?doc.id=jlr-WattMGHArahmen&st=lr&showdoccase=1¶mfromHL=true#focuspoint|date=9 April 1990 |access-date=26 February 2011|language=de}}</ref>
The neighbourhoods of [[Neuenfelde]], [[Cranz, Hamburg|Cranz]], Francop and [[Finkenwerder]] are part of the ''[[Altes Land]]'' (old land) region, the largest contiguous fruit-producing region in [[Central Europe]]. [[Neugraben-Fischbek]] has Hamburg's highest elevation, the [[Hasselbrack]] at {{convert|116.2|m|0}} [[Above mean sea level|AMSL]].<ref>{{Citation |author=''Geologisches Landesamt Hamburg'' (Hamburg State Geological Department) |title=Statistisches Jahrbuch 2007/2008 |journal=Statistisches Jahrbuch Hamburg |year=2007 |publisher=Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein |location=Hamburg |issn=1614-8045|language=de}}</ref> Hamburg borders the [[states of Germany|states]] of [[Schleswig-Holstein]] and [[Lower Saxony]].
===Climate===
Hamburg has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb''), influenced by its proximity to the coast and maritime influences that originate over the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The location in the north of [[Germany]] provides extremes greater than typical marine climates, but definitely in the category due to the prevailing westerlies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=74101&cityname=Hamburg,+Hamburg,+Germany&units=metric|title=Hamburg, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref> Nearby wetlands enjoy a maritime temperate climate. The amount of snowfall has varied greatly in recent decades. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, heavy snowfall sometimes occurred,<ref>[http://www.ndr.de/kultur/geschichte/chronologie/197879-Schneekatastrophe-legt-Norden-lahm,schneechaosindex100.html Report] on the snowfall disaster of 1978/1979 in northern Germany, retrieved on 20 July 2016.</ref> the winters of recent years have been less cold, with snowfall just a few days per year.<ref>[http://scienceblogs.de/primaklima/2010/12/07/kalte-winter-in-europa/ Article] on the winters in Germany, retrieved on 20 July 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.winterchronik.de/winter-chronik.jsf;jsessionid=20F25C886A43B1A698DA6B01BB5FCA95 Comparison] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007000947/http://www.winterchronik.de/winter-chronik.jsf%3Bjsessionid%3D20F25C886A43B1A698DA6B01BB5FCA95 |date=7 October 2016 }} of the weather and snowfall in German winters (from 1950 on), retrieved on 20 July 2016.</ref>
The warmest months are June, July, and August, with high temperatures of {{convert|20.1|to|22.5|C|F}}. The coldest are December, January, and February, with low temperatures of {{convert|-0.3|to|1.0|C|F}}.<ref name=WMO/>
{{Weather box
| location = Hamburg-Fuhlsbuttel ([[Hamburg Airport]]), elevation: 15 m, 1981-2010 normals
| metric first = Yes
| single line = yes
| width = 100%
| Jan record high C = 14.4
| Feb record high C = 17.2
| Mar record high C = 23.0
| Apr record high C = 29.7
| May record high C = 33.5
| Jun record high C = 34.6
| Jul record high C = 40.1
| Aug record high C = 37.3
| Sep record high C = 32.3
| Oct record high C = 26.1
| Nov record high C = 20.2
| Dec record high C = 15.7
| year record high C =
| Jan high C = 3.5
| Feb high C = 4.4
| Mar high C = 8.0
| Apr high C = 12.3
| May high C = 17.5
| Jun high C = 19.9
| Jul high C = 22.1
| Aug high C = 22.2
| Sep high C = 17.9
| Oct high C = 13.0
| Nov high C = 7.5
| Dec high C = 4.6
| year high C = 13.2
| Jan mean C = 1.0
| Feb mean C = 1.6
| Mar mean C = 4.6
| Apr mean C = 7.8
| May mean C = 12.5
| Jun mean C = 15.2
| Jul mean C = 17.4
| Aug mean C = 17.4
| Sep mean C = 13.7
| Oct mean C = 9.5
| Nov mean C = 4.9
| Dec mean C = 2.3
| year mean C = 9.0
| Jan low C = −1.4
| Feb low C = −1.2
| Mar low C = 1.1
| Apr low C = 3.3
| May low C = 7.4
| Jun low C = 10.5
| Jul low C = 12.7
| Aug low C = 12.5
| Sep low C = 9.6
| Oct low C = 6.0
| Nov low C = 2.4
| Dec low C = 0.0
| year low C = 6.2
| Jan record low C = -22.8
| Feb record low C = -29.1
| Mar record low C = -15.3
| Apr record low C = -7.1
| May record low C = -5.0
| Jun record low C = 0.6
| Jul record low C = 3.4
| Aug record low C = 1.8
| Sep record low C = -1.2
| Oct record low C = -7.1
| Nov record low C = -15.4
| Dec record low C = -18.5
| year record low C = -29.1
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 67.8
| Feb rain mm = 49.9
| Mar rain mm = 67.7
| Apr rain mm = 43.0
| May rain mm = 57.4
| Jun rain mm = 78.6
| Jul rain mm = 76.7
| Aug rain mm = 78.9
| Sep rain mm = 67.4
| Oct rain mm = 67.0
| Nov rain mm = 69.2
| Dec rain mm = 68.9
| year rain mm = 792.6
| unit rain days = 1.0 mm
| Jan rain days = 12.1
| Feb rain days = 9.2
| Mar rain days = 11.3
| Apr rain days = 8.9
| May rain days = 9.6
| Jun rain days = 11.3
| Jul rain days = 11.4
| Aug rain days = 10.2
| Sep rain days = 10.8
| Oct rain days = 10.5
| Nov rain days = 11.7
| Dec rain days = 12.4
| Jan sun = 46.9
| Feb sun = 69.0
| Mar sun = 108.8
| Apr sun = 171.6
| May sun = 223.4
| Jun sun = 198.7
| Jul sun = 217.5
| Aug sun = 203.1
| Sep sun = 144.6
| Oct sun = 107.9
| Nov sun = 53.0
| Dec sun = 37.4
| Jan uv =0
| Feb uv =1
| Mar uv =2
| Apr uv =4
| May uv =5
| Jun uv =6
| Jul uv =6
| Aug uv =5
| Sep uv =4
| Oct uv =2
| Nov uv =1
| Dec uv =0
| source = [[World Meteorological Organisation|WMO]] ([[United Nations|UN]]),<ref name=WMO>{{cite web |url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/016/c00055.htm
| title = World Weather Information Service – Hamburg
| access-date = 6 April 2012
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
}}</ref> [[Deutscher Wetterdienst|DWD]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue
| title = Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte
| url-status = dead
| access-date = 24 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140612043121/http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue
| archive-date = 12 June 2014
}}</ref> and Weather Atlas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/germany/hamburg-climate|title=Hamburg, Germany - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast|publisher=Yu Media Group|website=Weather Atlas|language=en|access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref>
''View climate chart [[:File:Climate chart Hamburg 1986-2016.png|1986-2016]] or [[:File:Climatediagram-metric-english-HamburgFuhlsbuettel-Germany-1961-1990.png|1960-1990]]''
}}
{{Weather box
| width = 100% <!-- 77% if there is a template or image next to it -->
| collapsed = y <!-- y, if you have normal updates -->
| open =
| metric first = y <!-- always, except UK or US cities -->
| single line = y
| location = Hamburg-Fuhlsbuttel ([[Hamburg Airport]]), elevation: 15 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes
<!--in the order as it appears in the table, not all of the following data may be available, especially records and days of precipitation -->
| Jan mean C =0.5
| Feb mean C =1.1
| Mar mean C =3.7
| Apr mean C =7.3
| May mean C =12.2
| Jun mean C =15.5
| Jul mean C =16.8
| Aug mean C =16.6
| Sep mean C =13.5
| Oct mean C =9.7
| Nov mean C =5.1
| Dec mean C =1.9
| Jan high C =2.7
| Feb high C =3.8
| Mar high C =7.2
| Apr high C =11.9
| May high C =17.0
| Jun high C =20.2
| Jul high C =21.4
| Aug high C =21.6
| Sep high C =18.0
| Oct high C =13.3
| Nov high C =7.6
| Dec high C =4.0
| Jan record high C =12.8
| Feb record high C =16.7
| Mar record high C =23.0
| Apr record high C =29.7
| May record high C =29.2
| Jun record high C =32.7
| Jul record high C =33.2
| Aug record high C =34.8
| Sep record high C =30.3
| Oct record high C =24.0
| Nov record high C =20.2
| Dec record high C =15.7
| Jan low C =-2.2
| Feb low C =-1.8
| Mar low C =0.4
| Apr low C =3.0
| May low C =7.2
| Jun low C =10.4
| Jul low C =12.2
| Aug low C =11.9
| Sep low C =9.4
| Oct low C =6.3
| Nov low C =2.5
| Dec low C =-0.7
| Jan record low C =-20.8
| Feb record low C =-18.7
| Mar record low C =-13.8
| Apr record low C =-6.5
| May record low C =-2.2
| Jun record low C =0.6
| Jul record low C =4.2
| Aug record low C =1.8
| Sep record low C =-0.6
| Oct record low C =-3.3
| Nov record low C =-15.4
| Dec record low C =-18.5
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm =61.0
| Feb precipitation mm =41.0
| Mar precipitation mm =56.0
| Apr precipitation mm =51.0
| May precipitation mm =57.0
| Jun precipitation mm =74.0
| Jul precipitation mm =82.0
| Aug precipitation mm =70.0
| Sep precipitation mm =70.0
| Oct precipitation mm =63.0
| Nov precipitation mm =71.0
| Dec precipitation mm =72.0
| Jan sun =42.2
| Feb sun =67.0
| Mar sun =104.7
| Apr sun =160.7
| May sun =216.8
| Jun sun =221.8
| Jul sun =206.7
| Aug sun =207.3
| Sep sun =141.1
| Oct sun =100.7
| Nov sun =53.0
| Dec sun =35.2
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days =12.0
| Feb precipitation days =9.0
| Mar precipitation days =11.0
| Apr precipitation days =10.0
| May precipitation days =10.0
| Jun precipitation days =11.0
| Jul precipitation days =12.0
| Aug precipitation days =11.0
| Sep precipitation days =11.0
| Oct precipitation days =10.0
| Nov precipitation days =12.0
| Dec precipitation days =12.0
| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name = noaa>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10147.TXT
| title = Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel (10147) - WMO Weather Station
| access-date = 7 February 2019
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]}}</ref>
}}
==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Hamburg}}
[[File:Hamburg population pyramid in 2022.svg|thumb|Hamburg population pyramid in 2022]]
{{historical populations
|950|500
|1430|16000
|1840|136956
|1900|705738
|1910|931035
|1920|1026989
|1930|1145124
|1940|1725500
|1945|1350278
|1950|1605606
|1961|1840543
|1970|1793640
|1975|1717383
|1980|1645095
|1985|1579884
|1990|1652363
|2000|1715392
|2010|1786448
|2012|1734272
|2013|1746342
|2014|1762791
|2015|1787408
|2016|1810438
|2018|1841179
|2020|1852478
|footnote=Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" | ''' Largest groups of foreign residents'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/995591/umfrage/auslaender-in-hamburg-nach-herkunftslaendern/ | title=Ausländer in Hamburg nach Herkunftsländern 2021 }}</ref>
|-
! Nationality || Population (31 December 2021)
|-
| {{flag|Turkey}} ||44,280
|-
| {{flag|Afghanistan}} ||24,635
|-
| {{flag|Poland}} ||23,310
|-
| {{flag|Syria}} ||17,725
|-
| {{flag|Russia}} ||10,375
|-
| {{flag|Romania}} ||10,010
|-
| {{flag|Iran}} || 9,725
|-
| {{flag|Portugal}} ||9,065
|-
| {{flag|Bulgaria}} ||8,830
|-
| {{flag|North Macedonia}} ||7,770
|-
| {{flag|Italy}} ||7,570
|-
| {{flag|Ghana}} ||7,550
|-
| {{flag|Serbia}} ||7,405
|-
| {{flag|Croatia}} ||6,685
|-
| {{flag|China}} ||6,335
|-
| {{flag|India}} ||6,100
|-
| {{flag|Greece}} ||6,095
|-
| {{flag|Spain}} ||6,040
|-
| {{flag|Iraq}} ||5,400
|-
|}
On 31 December 2016, there were 1,860,759 people registered as living in Hamburg in an area of {{convert|755.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The [[population density]] was {{convert|2464|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Hamburger Melderegister">{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Statistical office Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein (Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein) |title=Hamburger Melderegister|year=2016 |url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistische_Berichte/bevoelkerung/A_I_S_1_j_H/A_I_S1_j16.pdf |language=de}}</ref> The metropolitan area of the Hamburg region ([[Hamburg Metropolitan Region]]) is home to 5,107,429 living on {{convert|196|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Tabellen%2C_Tabellenb%C3%A4nde%2C_Brosch%C3%BCren/Metropolregion_Hamburg/T01_Bev%C3%B6lkerung.xlsx |format=PDF|title=Hamburg Metropolitan Area fact sheet |publisher=Office of Statistics for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein (Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein) |access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref>
There were 915,319 women and 945,440 men in Hamburg. For every 1,000 females, there were 1,033 males. In 2015, there were 19,768 births in Hamburg (of which 38.3% were to unmarried women); 6422 marriages and 3190 divorces, and 17,565 deaths. In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.1% under the age of 18, and 18.3% were 65 years of age or older. 356 people in Hamburg were over the age of 100.<ref name="Statistikamt Nord">https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistische_Berichte/bevoelkerung/A_I_S_1_j_H/A_I_S1_j16.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
According to the Statistical Office for Hamburg and [[Schleswig-Holstein|Schleswig Holstein]], the number of people with a migrant background is at 34% (631,246).<ref name="statistik-nord.de">https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistik_informiert_SPEZIAL/SI_SPEZIAL_V_2017_Korrektur.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> Immigrants come from 200 countries. 5,891 people have acquired German cititzenship in 2016.<ref name="statistik-nord.de1">https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Jahrb%C3%BCcher/Hamburg/JB16HH_Gesamt_Internet_min.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
In 2016, there were 1,021,666 households, of which 17.8% had children under the age of 18; 54.4% of all households were made up of singles. 25.6% of all households were single parent households. The average household size was 1.8.<ref name="Haushalte nach Stadtteilen in Hamburg am 31.12.2016">Selectable data base: {{Citation |author=Source: Residents registration office |publisher=Statistical office Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein |url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistik_informiert_SPEZIAL/SI_SPEZIAL_VI_2017_Korrektur.pdf |title=Regionalergebnisse |access-date=25 July 2016|language=de}}</ref>
===Foreign citizens in Hamburg===
Hamburg residents with a foreign citizenship as of 31 December 2016 is as follows<ref name="statistik-nord.de1"/>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"|Citizenship
! style="background:#efefef;"|Number
! style="background:#efefef;"|%
|-
|Total||288,338||100%
|-
|[[Europe]]||193,812||67.2%
|-
|[[European Union]]||109,496||38%
|-
|[[Asian people|Asian]]||59,292||20.6%
|-
|[[African people|African]]||18,996||6.6%
|-
|[[Americas|American]]||11,315||3.9%
|-
|[[Australians|Australian]] and [[Oceanian]]||1,234||0.4%
|}
===Language===
{{See also|Hamburgisch dialect}}
As elsewhere in Germany, [[Standard German]] is spoken in Hamburg, but as typical for northern Germany, the original language of Hamburg is [[Low German]], usually referred to as ''Hamborger Platt'' (German ''Hamburger Platt'') or ''[[Hamburgisch|Hamborgsch]]''. Since large-scale [[Standard language|standardisation]] of the German language beginning in earnest in the 18th century, various Low German-coloured dialects have developed (contact-varieties of German on Low Saxon substrates). Originally, there was a range of such [[Missingsch]] varieties, the best-known being the low-prestige ones of the working classes and the somewhat more bourgeois ''Hanseatendeutsch'' (Hanseatic German), although the term is used in appreciation.<ref>{{Citation |contribution=Die deutsche Sprache—eine Dialektlandschaft |title=Nationalatlas Bundesrepublik Deutschland |last=Bausch |first=Karl-Heinz |url=http://www.ifl-nationalatlas.de/download/bsppdf/Band_6_bsp.pdf |year=2007 |access-date=24 September 2008 |publisher=Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde |location=Leipzig |isbn=978-3-8274-0947-8 |pages=94–95 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719043439/http://www.ifl-nationalatlas.de/download/bsppdf/Band_6_bsp.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011|language=de}}</ref> All of these are now moribund due to the influences of Standard German used by education and media. However, the former importance of Low German is indicated by several songs, such as the famous [[sea shanty]] [[Hamborger Veermaster]], written in the 19th century when Low German was used more frequently. Many toponyms and street names reflect Low Saxon vocabulary, partially even in Low Saxon spelling, which is not standardised, and to some part in forms adapted to Standard German.<ref>Several places are named ...brook (Billbrook, Brooktor, Grasbrook, Hammerbrook, Hellbrook, Iserbrook) rather than Standard German ...bruch (neutr.; =brook riverscape), Bullenhusen rather than Bullenhausen, Lohbrügge rather than Lohbrücke, several localities starting with Nien... (Niendorf, Nienstedten) rather than Neuen..., or ending ...hude (Dockenhuden, Harvestehude, Winterhude) rather than ...hut[ung] (fem.; =pasture), Uhlenhorst rather than Eulenhorst, several places and water bodies are named ...bek (Barmbek, Eilbek, Fischbek, Flottbek, Goldbek, Isebek, Kirchsteinbek, Langenbek, Osterbek, Pepermölenbek, Wandsbek) rather than ...bach, several places and water bodies are called ...fleet (Alsterfleet, Bleichenfleet, Moorfleet) rather than ...fließ (=brook, stream). Further toponyms with no close Standard German correspondents appear, such as ...büttel (=inhabited place; Eimsbüttel, Fuhlsbüttel, Hummelsbüttel, Poppenbüttel, Wellingsbüttel) or Twiete (=alley wedged between buildings). Like in other parts of Northern Germany ...stedt (Bergstedt, Billstedt, Duvenstedt, Eidelstedt, Lokstedt, Mellingstedt, Nienstedten, Ohlstedt, Rahlstedt) prevails over ...stadt (=town, originally simply stead).</ref>
===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Hamburg – 2018
|left1=religion
|right1=percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|None]] or other|SlateGray|65.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Evangelical Church in Germany|EKD Protestants]]|DodgerBlue|24.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]]|DarkOrchid|9.9}}
}}
65.2% of the population is not religious or adherent other religions than the Evangelical Church or Catholicism.<ref>[https://www.ekd.de/ekd_de/ds_doc/Ber_Kirchenmitglieder_2018.pdf Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland – Kirchemitgliederzahlen Stand 31. Dezember 2018] EKD, January 2020</ref>
In 2018, 24.9% of the population belonged to the [[North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church]], the largest religious body, and 9.9% to the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]]. Hamburg is seat of one of the [[List of bishops of Hamburg#Bishops of Hamburg and Lübeck (as of 2008)|three]] bishops of the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany]] and seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg]].
According to the publication {{lang|de|text= Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland|italic= yes}} ("''Muslim life in Germany''"), an estimated 141,900 Muslim migrants (from nearly 50 countries of origin) lived in Hamburg in 2008.<ref>Sonja Haug et al.: Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland, Nuremberg, 2009</ref> About three years later (May 2011) calculations based on census data for 21 countries of origin resulted in a figure of about 143,200 Muslim migrants in Hamburg, making up 8.4% percent of the population.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kartenseite.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/brd_muslime_in_den_landkreisen_beim_zensus2011_sortiert_nach_regionalschluessel1.pdf |title=Kartenseite: Muslime in den Landkreisen beim Zensus 2011 |access-date=30 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823025135/https://kartenseite.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/brd_muslime_in_den_landkreisen_beim_zensus2011_sortiert_nach_regionalschluessel1.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, there were more than 50 [[mosque]]s in the city,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hamburg.de/branchenbuch/hamburg/10280938/n0/ | title=Moschee in Hamburg | publisher=Hamburg.de | access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> including the [[Ahmadiyya]] run [[Fazle Omar Mosque]], which is the oldest in the city,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/article473742/Deutschlands-aelteste-Moschee-wurde-50.html | title=Deutschlands älteste Moschee wurde 50 | date=19 June 2007 | access-date=8 June 2014}}</ref> and which hosts the [[Islamic Centre Hamburg]].
A [[Jewish]] community exists.<ref>{{Citation |first=Dovid |last=Zaklikowski |url=http://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/561998/jewish/School-Returns-to-Hamburg-Building-Left-Judenrein.htm |title=Jewish School Returns to Hamburg Building Left Judenrein by Nazis |date=30 August 2007 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=chabad.org}}</ref>
==Government==
{{Further|Government of Hamburg|List of mayors of Hamburg}}
[[File:Hamburg Rathausmarkt und Rathaus.jpg|thumb|right|Hamburg City Hall (front view)]]
The city of Hamburg is one of 16 [[States of Germany|German states]], therefore the [[Government of Hamburg|Mayor of Hamburg]]'s office corresponds more to the role of a [[minister-president]] than to the one of a city mayor. As a [[States of Germany#Politics|German state government]], it is responsible for public education, correctional institutions and public safety; as a municipality, it is additionally responsible for libraries, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services.
Since 1897, the seat of the government has been the [[Hamburg Rathaus]] (Hamburg City Hall), with the office of the mayor, the meeting room for the Senate and the floor for the [[Hamburg Parliament]].<ref name=rathaus>{{Citation |title=Kleiner Rathausführer |location=Hamburg |publisher=[[Government of Hamburg#Ministries|State Chancellery]] |year=2006|language=de}}</ref> From 2001 until 2010, the mayor of Hamburg was [[Ole von Beust]],<ref name=usatoday2008>{{Citation |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-02-24-Germany-elections_N.htm |title=German conservatives win most votes |access-date=13 August 2008 |work=USA Today |date=24 February 2008}}</ref> who governed in Germany's first statewide "black-green" coalition, consisting of the conservative [[CDU Hamburg]] and the alternative GAL, which are Hamburg's regional wing of the [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Alliance 90/The Greens]] party.<ref>{{Citation
|last=Kopp
|first=Martin
|title=Geheime Absprachen zwischen CDU und Grünen
|year=2007
|location=Hamburg
|publisher=[[Die Welt]]
|url=https://www.welt.de/hamburg/arti2318261/Geheime_Absprachen_zwischen_CDU_und_Gruenen.html
|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090629204340/http://www.welt.de/hamburg/arti2318261/Geheime_Absprachen_zwischen_CDU_und_Gruenen.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=29 June 2009
|access-date=13 August 2008 |language=de
}}</ref> Von Beust was briefly succeeded by [[Christoph Ahlhaus]] in 2010, but the coalition broke apart on 28 November 2010.<ref>[http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2010-11/cdu-gruene-hamburg Schwarz-Grün in Hamburg am Ende] in [[Die Zeit]] – online, revisited on November, 28. 2010.</ref> On 7 March 2011 [[Olaf Scholz]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]) became mayor. After the 2015 election the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] and the [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Alliance 90/The Greens]] formed a coalition.
===Boroughs===
{{Main|Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg}}
[[File:Hamburg Subdivisions.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|The 7 boroughs and 104 quarters of Hamburg]]
Hamburg is made up of seven boroughs (German: ''Bezirke'') and subdivided into 104 quarters (German: ''Stadtteile''). There are 181 localities (German: ''Ortsteile''). The urban organisation is regulated by the Constitution of Hamburg and several laws.<ref name=constitution/><ref name=borough>Borough Administration Act {{Citation |title=Bezirksverwaltungsgesetz (BezVG) |url=http://hh.juris.de/hh/gesamt/BezVwG_HA_2006.htm |access-date=21 September 2008 |date=6 July 2006 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070813163835/http://hh.juris.de/hh/gesamt/BezVwG_HA_2006.htm |archive-date=13 August 2007 }}</ref> Most of the quarters were former independent cities, towns or villages annexed into Hamburg proper. The last large annexation was done through the [[Greater Hamburg Act]] of 1937, when the cities [[Altona, Hamburg|Altona]], [[Harburg, Hamburg|Harburg]] and [[Hamburg-Wandsbek|Wandsbek]] were merged into the state of Hamburg.<ref name=greateract>[[Greater Hamburg Act]] {{Citation |title=Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz |url=http://www.verfassungen.de/de/hh/hamburg37.htm |date=26 January 1937 |access-date=24 September 2008 |language=de |archive-date=17 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117155225/http://www.verfassungen.de/de/hh/hamburg37.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ''Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg'' established Hamburg as a state and a municipality.<ref name=reichconst>Reich Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg {{Citation |title=Reichsgesetz über die Verfassung und Verwaltung der Hansestadt Hamburg |url=http://www.verfassungen.de/de/hh/hamburg37-1.htm |date=9 December 1937 |access-date=24 September 2008 |language=de |archive-date=27 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227082432/http://www.verfassungen.de/de/hh/hamburg37-1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the boroughs and quarters have been rearranged several times.
Each borough is governed by a Borough Council (German: ''Bezirksversammlung'') and administered by a Municipal Administrator (German: ''Bezirksamtsleiter''). The boroughs are not independent municipalities: their power is limited and subordinate to the [[Mayor of Hamburg|Senate of Hamburg]]. The borough administrator is elected by the Borough Council and thereafter requires confirmation and appointment by Hamburg's Senate.<ref name=borough/> The quarters have no governing bodies of their own.
[[File:Germany (2), Neuwerk, Scharhörn, Nigehörn.jpg|thumb|The part of the North Sea in this aerial picture is called the [[Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park]] and belongs administratively to the borough of [[Hamburg-Mitte]]. Some 50 people live here on the island [[Neuwerk]] (visible just above the centre).]]
Since the latest territorial reform of March 2008, the boroughs are [[Hamburg-Mitte]], [[Altona, Hamburg|Altona]], [[Eimsbüttel]], [[Hamburg-Nord]], [[Wandsbek]], [[Bergedorf]] and [[Harburg, Hamburg|Harburg]].<ref name=actareal>{{Cite web|title=Gesetz über die räumliche Gliederung der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (RäumGiG) |date=6 July 2006 |url=https://www.landesrecht-hamburg.de/bsha/document/jlr-RGlGHArahmen |access-date=26 November 2022 |language=de |trans-title=Hamburg Act of Areal Organization }}</ref><ref>[https://www.hamburg.de/bezirke/24312/startseite-bezirke/ Gebietsreform Bezirke], Stadtportal hamburg.de. Retrieved 26 November 2022.</ref>
''[[Hamburg-Mitte]]'' ("Hamburg Centre") covers mostly the urban centre of the city and consists of the quarters [[Billbrook]], [[Billstedt]], [[Borgfelde]], [[Finkenwerder]], [[HafenCity]], [[Hamm, Hamburg|Hamm]], [[Hammerbrook]], [[Horn, Hamburg|Horn]], [[Kleiner Grasbrook]], [[Neuwerk]], [[Rothenburgsort]], [[St. Georg, Hamburg|St. Georg]], [[St. Pauli]], [[Steinwerder]], [[Veddel]], [[Waltershof]] and [[Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg|Wilhelmsburg]].<ref name=actareal/> The quarters [[Hamburg-Altstadt]] ("old town") and [[Neustadt, Hamburg|Neustadt]] ("new town") are the historical origin of Hamburg.
''[[Altona, Hamburg|Altona]]'' is the westernmost urban borough, on the right bank of the Elbe river. From 1640 to 1864, Altona was under the administration of the [[Monarchy of Denmark|Danish monarchy]]. Altona was an independent city until 1937. Politically, the following quarters are part of Altona: [[Altona-Altstadt]], [[Altona-Nord]], [[Bahrenfeld]], [[Ottensen]], [[Othmarschen]], [[Groß Flottbek]], [[Osdorf, Hamburg|Osdorf]], [[Lurup]], [[Nienstedten]], [[Blankenese]], [[Iserbrook]], [[Sülldorf]], [[Rissen]], [[Sternschanze]].<ref name=actareal/>
''[[Bergedorf]]'' consists of the quarters [[Allermöhe]], [[Altengamme]], [[Bergedorf (quarter)|Bergedorf]]—the centre of the former independent town, [[Billwerder]], [[Curslack]], [[Kirchwerder]], [[Lohbrügge]], [[Moorfleet]], [[Neuengamme, Hamburg|Neuengamme]], [[Neuallermöhe]], [[Ochsenwerder]], [[Reitbrook]], [[Spadenland]] and [[Tatenberg]].<ref name=actareal/>
''[[Eimsbüttel]]'' is split into nine-quarters: [[Eidelstedt]], [[Eimsbüttel (quarter)|Eimsbüttel]], [[Harvestehude]], [[Hoheluft-West]], [[Lokstedt]], [[Niendorf, Hamburg|Niendorf]], [[Rotherbaum]], [[Schnelsen]] and [[Stellingen]].<ref name=actareal/> Located within this borough is former Jewish neighbourhood Grindel.
''[[Hamburg-Nord]]'' contains the quarters [[Alsterdorf]], [[Barmbek-Nord]], [[Barmbek-Süd]], [[Dulsberg]], [[Eppendorf, Hamburg|Eppendorf]], [[Fuhlsbüttel]], [[Groß Borstel]], [[Hoheluft-Ost]], [[Hohenfelde, Hamburg|Hohenfelde]], [[Langenhorn, Hamburg|Langenhorn]], [[Ohlsdorf, Hamburg|Ohlsdorf]] with [[Friedhof Ohlsdorf|Ohlsdorf cemetery]], [[Uhlenhorst]] and [[Winterhude]].<ref name=actareal/>
''[[Harburg, Hamburg|Harburg]]'' lies on the southern shores of the river Elbe and covers parts of the port of Hamburg, residential and rural areas, and some research institutes. The quarters are [[Altenwerder]], [[Cranz, Hamburg|Cranz]], [[Eißendorf]], [[Francop]], [[Gut Moor]], [[Harburg (quarter)|Harburg]], [[Hausbruch]], [[Heimfeld]], [[Langenbek]], [[Marmstorf]], [[Moorburg]], [[Neuenfelde]], [[Neugraben-Fischbek]], [[Neuland, Hamburg|Neuland]], [[Rönneburg]], [[Sinstorf]] and [[Wilstorf]].<ref name=actareal/>
''[[Wandsbek]]'' is divided into the quarters [[Bergstedt]], [[Bramfeld]], [[Duvenstedt]], [[Eilbek]], [[Farmsen-Berne]], [[Hummelsbüttel]], [[Jenfeld]], [[Lemsahl-Mellingstedt]], [[Marienthal, Hamburg|Marienthal]], [[Poppenbüttel]], [[Rahlstedt]], [[Sasel]], [[Steilshoop]], [[Tonndorf, Hamburg|Tonndorf]], [[Volksdorf]], [[Wandsbek (quarter)|Wandsbek]], [[Wellingsbüttel]] and [[Wohldorf-Ohlstedt]].<ref name=actareal/>
==Cityscape==
{{wide image|AlsterPanorama.jpg|900px|Panoramic view of the Hamburg skyline of the [[Binnenalster]] taken from [[Lombardsbrücke]]}}
===Architecture===
[[File:Palmaille 126 126b.JPG|thumb|Historicist Palmaille, [[Altona, Hamburg|Altona]]]]
[[File:Marco-Polo-Center und Unilever Haus am Strandhafen der Norderelbe in Hamburg Foto Wolfgang Pehlemann P1270870.jpg|thumb|The Marco-Polo-Centre (left) and Unilever HQ Germany]]
Hamburg has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles and no [[skyscraper]]s (see [[List of tallest buildings in Hamburg]]). Churches are important landmarks, such as [[St. Nikolai, Hamburg|St Nicholas']], which for a short time in the 19th century was the world's tallest building. The skyline features the tall spires of the most important churches (''Hauptkirchen'') [[St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg|St Michael's]] (nicknamed "Michel"), [[St. Peter's Church, Hamburg|St Peter's]], [[St. Jacobi, Hamburg|St James's]] (''St. Jacobi'') and [[St. Catherine's Church, Hamburg|St. Catherine's]] covered with copper plates, and the [[Heinrich-Hertz-Turm]], the radio and television tower (no longer publicly accessible).
[[File:Chilehaus - Hamburg.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Chilehaus]] with a typical [[Brick Expressionism|brick expressionist]] façade]]
The many [[List of rivers of Hamburg|streams, rivers and canals]] are crossed by [[List of bridges in Hamburg|some 2,500 bridges]], more than [[London]], [[Amsterdam]] and [[Venice]] put together.<ref>{{Citation |title=Hamburg – Grüne Metropole am Wasser |url=http://www.hamburg.de/umwelt/wasser/150782/stadt-am-wasser.html |date=1 July 2007 |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=[[Government of Hamburg#Ministries|Behörde für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt]] |location=Hamburg |access-date=24 September 2008|language=de}}</ref> Hamburg has more bridges inside its city limits than any other city in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeupclose.com/article/hamburg-germanys-window-to-the-world/#.T4dDRoHXhwQ |title=Hamburg: Germany's Window to the World |publisher=EuropeUpClose.com |date=18 April 2012 |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> The [[Köhlbrandbrücke]], Freihafen Elbbrücken, and [[Lombardsbrücke]] and Kennedybrücke dividing Binnenalster from Aussenalster are important roadways.
The [[Hamburg Rathaus|town hall]] is a richly decorated Neo-Renaissance building finished in 1897.
The tower is {{convert|112|m|0}} high. Its façade, {{convert|111|m|0|abbr=on}} long, depicts the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, since Hamburg was, as a Free Imperial City, only under the sovereignty of the emperor.<ref>{{Citation | first = Eike Manfred | last = Buba | url = http://fhh1.hamburg.de/fhh/internetausstellungen/rathausfuehrung/rathausmarkt.htm | title = Auf dem Rathausmarkt | year = 1998 | publisher = Hamburg website | access-date = 13 August 2008 | language = de | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081010030120/http://fhh1.hamburg.de/fhh/internetausstellungen/rathausfuehrung/rathausmarkt.htm | archive-date = 10 October 2008 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Chilehaus]], a [[Brick Expressionism|brick expressionist]] office building built in 1922 and designed by architect [[Johann Friedrich Höger|Fritz Höger]], is shaped like an ocean liner.
Europe's largest urban development since 2008, the [[HafenCity]], will house about 15,000 inhabitants and 45,000 workers.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Facts & figures Tunes: HafenCity |url=https://www.hafencity.com/en/overview/facts-figures |date=19 July 2022 |access-date=23 August 2008 |publisher=ArchNewsNow.com}}</ref> The plan includes designs by [[Rem Koolhaas]] and [[Renzo Piano]]. The [[Elbphilharmonie]] ''(Elbe Philharmonic Hall)'', opened in January 2017, houses concerts in a sail-shaped building on top of an old warehouse, designed by architects ''[[Herzog & de Meuron]]''.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=River Tunes: Elbe Philharmonic Hall by Herzog & de Meuron |url=http://www.archnewsnow.com/features/Feature223.htm |date=5 April 2007 |access-date=23 August 2008 |publisher=ArchNewsNow.com}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Jaeger |first=Falk |title=Waterfront Living and Working: Hamburg's HafenCity |url=http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/dos/dos/sls/en3356905.htm |publisher=[[Goethe-Institut]] |date=May 2008 |access-date=23 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602083717/http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/dos/dos/sls/en3356905.htm |archive-date=2 June 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The many parks are distributed over the whole city, which makes Hamburg a very verdant city. The biggest parks are the ''[[Hamburg Stadtpark|Stadtpark]]'', the [[Ohlsdorf Cemetery]] and [[Planten un Blomen]]. The ''[[Hamburg Stadtpark|Stadtpark]]'', Hamburg's "Central Park", has a great lawn and a huge water tower, which houses one of Europe's biggest [[planetarium|planetaria]]. The park and its buildings were designed by [[Fritz Schumacher (architect)|Fritz Schumacher]] in the 1910s.
===Parks and gardens===
{{See also|List of parks and gardens in Hamburg}}
[[File:Wasserlichtkonzert 3.jpg|thumb|A water-light concert at ''[[Planten un Blomen]]'' park]]
The lavish and spacious ''[[Planten un Blomen]]'' park (Low German dialect for "plants and flowers") located in the centre of Hamburg is the green heart of the city. Within the park are various thematic gardens, the biggest Japanese garden in Germany, and the ''[[Alter Botanischer Garten Hamburg]]'', which is a historic [[botanical garden]] that now consists primarily of [[greenhouse]]s.
The ''[[Botanischer Garten Hamburg]]'' is a modern [[botanical garden]] maintained by the [[University of Hamburg]]. Besides these, there are many more parks of various sizes. In 2014 Hamburg celebrated a birthday of park culture, where many parks were reconstructed and cleaned up. Moreover, every year there are the famous water-light-concerts in the ''[[Planten un Blomen]]'' park from May to early October.
==Culture==
Hamburg has more than 40 theatres, 60 museums and 100 music venues and clubs. With 6.6 music venues per 100,000 inhabitants, Hamburg has the second-highest density of music venues of Germany's largest cities, after Munich and ahead of Cologne and Berlin.<ref name="fazemag_20210920">{{Cite web |url=https://www.fazemag.de/clubstudie-2021-initiative-musik-legt-einzelauswertungen-der-bundeslaender-vor/ |title=Clubstudie 2021: Initiative Musik legt Einzelauswertungen der Bundesländer vor |trans-title=Club Study 2021: Initiative Musik presents individual evaluations of the German federal states |work=Faze Magazin |language=German |date=20 September 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="clubstudy_2021">{{Cite web |url=https://www.initiative-musik.de/clubstudie/clubstudie-bundeslaender/ |title=Clubstudie 2021: Einzelauswertungen der Bundesländer |trans-title=Club Study 2021: Individual evaluations of the German federal states |work=Initiative Musik |language=German |date=20 September 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref> In 2005, more than 18 million people visited concerts, exhibitions, theatres, cinemas, museums, and cultural events, and 8,552 taxable companies (average size 3.16 employees) were engaged in the culture sector, which includes music, performing arts and literature.<ref>{{Citation |author=Institut für Kultur- und Medienmanagement |url=http://www.hamburg.de/servlet/contentblob/182046/kwb-hh-2006-neu/data.pdf |title=Kulturwirtschaftsbericht 2006 |date= August 2006|publisher=Behörde für Kultur, Sport und Medien |location=Hamburg |access-date=13 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109014826/http://www.hamburg.de/servlet/contentblob/182046/kwb-hh-2006-neu/data.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2008|language=de}}</ref> The creative industries represent almost one fifth of all companies in Hamburg.<ref name="creative industry_report_2016">{{Cite web |url=https://kreativgesellschaft.org/uber-uns/kreativwirtschaft/kreativwirtschaftsbericht-fur-hamburg/ |title=2. Kreativwirtschaftsbericht für Hamburg |trans-title=2nd Creative Industries Report for Hamburg |work=Hamburg Kreativ Gesellschaft |language=German |date=December 2016 |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
Hamburg has entered the [[European Green Capital Award]] scheme, and was awarded the title of European Green Capital for 2011.
===Theatres===
{{See also|List of theatres in Hamburg}}
[[File:Deutsches Schauspielhaus at Hamburg.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Deutsches Schauspielhaus]]'' in the St. Georg quarter]]
The state-owned ''[[Deutsches Schauspielhaus]]'', the [[Thalia Theatre (Hamburg)|Thalia Theatre]], [[Ohnsorg-Theater|Ohnsorg Theatre]], "Schmidts Tivoli" and the ''[[Kampnagel]]'' are well-known theatres.<ref>{{Citation |author=Kulturstiftung des Bundes |url=http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/main.jsp?applicationID=203&languageID=2&articleID=3076 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120628230655/http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/main.jsp?applicationID=203&languageID=2&articleID=3076 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=Bayreuth Was Yesterday – New Opera at Kampnagel |access-date=13 August 2008 }}</ref>
[[The English Theatre of Hamburg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.englishtheatre.de/ |title=''The English Theatre'' of Hamburg |publisher=Englishtheatre.de |access-date=14 September 2013}}</ref> near [[U3 (Hamburg U-Bahn)|U3]] Mundsburg station was established in 1976 and is the oldest professional English-speaking theatre in Germany, and has exclusively English native-speaking actors in its company.
===Museums===
{{See also|List of museums in Hamburg}}
Hamburg has several large museums and galleries showing classical and contemporary art, for example the [[Kunsthalle Hamburg]] with its contemporary art gallery (''Galerie der Gegenwart''), the ''[[Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg|Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe]]'' (Museum of Art and Design) and the [[Deichtorhallen]] (with the House of Photography and Hall of Contemporary Art). The [[Internationales Maritimes Museum Hamburg]] opened in the HafenCity quarter in 2008. There are various specialised museums in Hamburg, such as the ''[[Archäologisches Museum Hamburg]]'' (Hamburg Archaeological Museum) in the [[Hamburg-Harburg|Harburg]] borough, the [[Hamburg Museum of Work]] (''Museum der Arbeit''), and several museums of local history, such as the {{ill|Kiekeberg Open Air Museum|de|Freilichtmuseum am Kiekeberg}} (''Freilichtmuseum am Kiekeberg'') at [[Kiekeberg]] in the [[Harburg Hills]] just outside of Hamburg in [[Rosengarten, Lower Saxony|Rosengarten]]. Two [[museum ship]]s near [[St. Pauli Piers]] (''Landungsbrücken'') bear witness to the freight ship (''[[Cap San Diego]]'') and cargo sailing ship era (''[[Rickmer Rickmers]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museen-in-hamburg.de/ |title=Museums in Hamburg |access-date=29 December 2009}}</ref> In 2017 the Hamburg-built iron-hulled sailing ship ''[[Peking (ship)|Peking]]'' returned to the city and was installed in the [[German Port Museum]] in 2020. The world's largest model railway museum [[Miniatur Wunderland]] with {{convert|15.4|km|2|abbr=on}} total railway length is also situated near St. Pauli Piers in a former warehouse.
[[BallinStadt]], a memorial park and former emigration station, is dedicated to the millions of Europeans who emigrated to North and South America between 1850 and 1939. Visitors descending from those overseas emigrants may search for their ancestors at computer terminals.
===Music===
[[File:Hamburg-Elbphilharmonie.jpg|thumb|The {{convert|110|m|ft|0|abbr=off|adj=mid|-high}} [[Elbphilharmonie]] concert hall]]
[[Hamburg State Opera]] is a leading opera company. Its orchestra is the [[Philharmoniker Hamburg]]. The city's other well-known orchestra is the [[NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra]]. The main concert venue is the new concert hall [[Elbphilharmonie]]. Before it was the [[Laeiszhalle]], ''Musikhalle Hamburg''. The Laeiszhalle also houses a third orchestra, the [[Hamburger Symphoniker]]. [[György Ligeti]] and [[Alfred Schnittke]] taught at the [[Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Transcript of the John Tusa Interview with Gyorgy Ligeti |author=<!--Not stated--> |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/johntusainterview/ligeti_transcript.shtml |year=1999 |publisher=BBC |access-date=24 September 2008 |archive-date=20 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720230923/www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/johntusainterview/ligeti_transcript.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Alfred Schnittke |author=<!--Not stated--> |url=http://www.boosey.com/pages/cr/composer/composer_main.asp?composerid=2731&ttype=BIOGRAPHY&ttitle=Biography/ |publisher=[[Boosey & Hawkes]] |access-date=24 September 2008}}</ref>
Hamburg is the birthplace of [[Johannes Brahms]], who spent his formative early years in the city, and the birthplace and home of the famous waltz composer [[Oscar Fetrás]], who wrote the well-known "Mondnacht auf der Alster" waltz.
Since the German premiere of ''[[Cats (musical)|Cats]]'' in 1986, there have always been [[musical theatre|musicals]] running, including ''[[The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)|The Phantom of the Opera]]'', ''[[The Lion King (musical)|The Lion King]]'', ''[[Dirty Dancing#Stage version|Dirty Dancing]]'' and ''[[Dance of the Vampires (musical)]]''. This density, the highest in Germany, is partly due to the major musical production company ''[[Stage Entertainment]]'' being based in the city.
In addition to musicals, opera houses, concert halls and theatres, the cityscape is characterised by a large music scene. This includes, among other things, over 100 music venues, several annual festivals and over 50 event organisers based in Hamburg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clubkombinat.de/presse/|title=Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit}}</ref> Larger venues include the [[Barclaycard Arena (Hamburg)|Barclaycard Arena]], the [[Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld|Bahrenfeld harness racing track]] and [[Hamburg Stadtpark|Hamburg City Park]].
Hamburg was an important centre of rock music in the early 1960s. [[The Beatles]] lived and played in Hamburg from August 1960 to December 1962. They proved popular and gained local acclaim. Prior to the group's initial recording and widespread fame, Hamburg provided residency and performing venues for the band during the time they performed there. One of the venues they performed at was the [[Star-Club|Star Club]] on St. Pauli.
Hamburg has produced a number of successful (pop) musicians. Among the best known are [[Udo Lindenberg]], [[Deichkind]] and [[Jan Delay]]. The singer [[Annett Louisan]] lives in Hamburg.
An important meeting place for Hamburg musicians from the 1970s to the mid-80s was the jazz pub [[Onkel Pö]], which was originally founded in the Pöseldorf neighbourhood and later moved to Eppendorf. Many musicians who were counted as part of the "{{ill|Hamburg scene|de|Hamburger_Szene|vertical-align=sup}}" met here. In addition to Udo Lindenberg, these included [[Otto Waalkes]], Hans Scheibner and groups such as [[Torfrock]] and [[Frumpy]]. One of the members of the band Frumpy was the Hamburg-born singer and composer [[Inga Rumpf]].
Hamburg is famous for a special kind of German alternative music, the "[[Hamburger Schule]]", a term used for bands like [[Tocotronic]], [[Blumfeld]], [[Tomte (band)|Tomte]] or Kante. The meeting point of the Hamburg School was long considered to be the {{ill|Golden Pudel Club|de|Golden_Pudel_Club|vertical-align=sup}} in Altona's old town near the Fischmarkt. Alongside clubs such as the Pal, the Moondoo or the Waagenbau, today the Pudel is a central location of the Hamburg electro scene. Well-known artists of this scene include the DJ duo [[Moonbootica]], Mladen Solomun and [[Helena Hauff]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Elektronische Musik - Vom Kult am Mischpult|url=https://www.hamburg-tourism.de/das-ist-hamburg/musikmetropole/musik-live-in-hamburg/elektronische-musik/|website=Hamburg Tourismus}}</ref>
Hamburg is also home to many music labels, music distributors and publishers. These include [[Warner Music Group|Warner Music]], [[Kontor Records]], [[PIAS Recordings|PIAS]], [[Edel SE & Co. KGaA]], Believe Digital and Indigo. The high proportion of independent labels in the city, which include [[Audiolith Records|Audiolith]], Dial Records, [[Grand Hotel van Cleef]], among others, is striking. Before its closure, the label [[L'Age D'Or]] also belonged to these.
In addition, Hamburg has a considerable [[alternative rock|alternative]] and [[punk rock|punk]] scene, which gathers around the [[Rote Flora]], a [[squatting|squatted]] former theatre located in the [[Sternschanze]]
The city was a major centre for [[heavy metal music]] in the 1980s. [[Helloween]], [[Gamma Ray (band)|Gamma Ray]], [[Running Wild (band)|Running Wild]] and [[Grave Digger (band)|Grave Digger]] started in Hamburg.<ref>{{Citation|last=Rivadavia|first=Eduardo|title=allmusic (((Helloween> Biography )))|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p4471|pure_url=yes}}|publisher=allmusic|access-date=24 September 2008}}</ref> The [[industrial rock]] band [[KMFDM]] was also formed in Hamburg, initially as a performance art project. The influences of these and other bands from the area helped establish the subgenre of [[power metal]].
In the late 90s, Hamburg was considered one of the strongholds of the German hip-hop scene. Bands like [[Beginner (band)|Beginner]] shaped Hamburg's hip-hop style and made the city a serious location for the hip-hop scene through songs like "Hamburg City Blues." In addition to Beginner, several successful German hip-hop acts hail from Hamburg, such as [[Fünf Sterne deluxe|Fünf Sterne Deluxe]], [[Samy Deluxe]], [[Fettes Brot]] and [[187 Strassenbande]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marketing.hamburg.de/hamburg-die-pulsierende-hip-hop-metropole.html|title=Hamburg - die pulsierende Hip-Hop Metropole - Hamburg Marketing|website=marketing.hamburg.de}}</ref>
Hamburg has a vibrant psychedelic trance community, with record labels such as [[Spirit Zone Records|Spirit Zone]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Spirit Zone Recordings |author=<!--Not stated--> |url=http://www.discogs.com/label/Spirit+Zone+Recordings |publisher=discogs.com |access-date=24 September 2008}}</ref>
===Festivals and regular events===
[[File:Hamburger Hafengeburtstag.jpg|thumb|Annual ''[[Hafengeburtstag]]'' (Port Anniversary)]]
Hamburg is noted for several festivals and regular events. Some of them are street festivals, such as the [[gay pride]] ''[[Hamburg Pride]]'' festival<ref>{{cite web |title=Hamburg Pride |url=http://www.hamburg-pride.de/ |access-date=5 October 2008|language=de}}</ref> or the Alster fair (German: ''[[Alstervergnügen]]''),<ref>{{cite web |title=Alstervergnügen Hamburg |url=http://www.alstervergnuegen.net/ |access-date=5 October 2008|language=de}}</ref> held at the ''[[Binnenalster]]''. The ''[[Hamburger DOM]]'' is northern Germany's biggest funfair, held three times a year.<ref>{{cite web | title = Wann ist DOM | url = http://www.hamburger-dom.de/wann_ist_dom.html | access-date = 5 October 2008 | language = de }}</ref> ''[[Hafengeburtstag]]'' is a [[funfair]] to honour the birthday of the port of Hamburg with a party and a ship parade.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hafengeburtstag Hamburg |url=http://english.hamburg.de/hamburg-events/290988/hafengeburtstag-hamburg-english.html |access-date=5 October 2008}}</ref> The annual biker's service in [[St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg|Saint Michael's Church]] attracts tens of thousands of [[Motorcycle|bikers]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Zehntausende Biker und ein schwerer Unfall |url=http://www.spiegel.de/auto/aktuell/0,1518,565599,00.html |date=13 July 2008 |magazine=[[Der Spiegel|Spiegel online]] |access-date=5 October 2008|language=de}}</ref> Christmas markets in December are held at the [[Hamburg Rathaus]] square, among other places.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hamburg.de/weihnachtsmaerkte/ |title=Weihnachtsmärkte in Hamburg-Mitte 2008 |publisher=[[Hamburg-Mitte|Bezirk Hamburg-Mitte]] |access-date=30 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918144638/http://www.hamburg.de/weihnachtsmaerkte/ |archive-date= 18 September 2009|language=de}}</ref> The ''long night of museums'' (German: ''Lange Nacht der Museen'') offers one entrance fee for about 40 museums until midnight.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lange Nacht der Museen |url=http://www.hamburg.de/lange-nacht-der-museen-hamburg/ |access-date=5 October 2008|language=de}}</ref> The sixth ''Festival of Cultures'' was held in September 2008, celebrating multi-cultural life.<ref>{{cite web |title=6. Festival der Kulturen Hamburg |url=http://www.karneval-kulturen-hamburg.de/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020613150718/http://www.karneval-kulturen-hamburg.de/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2002 |access-date=5 October 2008 }}</ref> The [[Filmfest Hamburg]] — a film festival originating from the 1950s ''Film Days'' (German: ''Film Tage'') — presents a wide range of films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfest-hamburg.de/en/index.php |title=Filmfest Hamburg |access-date=5 October 2008 |archive-date=21 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121031422/http://www.filmfest-hamburg.de/en/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ''[[Hamburg Messe und Congress|Hamburg Messe and Congress]]'' offers a venue for trade shows, such ''hanseboot'', an international boat show, or ''Du und deine Welt'', a large consumer products show.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hamburg-messe.de/hmc/content/hmc/en/start.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201212334/http://www.hamburg-messe.de/hmc/content/hmc/en/start.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2005 |title=Welcoming the world |access-date=5 October 2008 }}</ref> Regular sports events—some open to pro and amateur participants—are the cycling competition [[EuroEyes Cyclassics]], the [[Hamburg Marathon]], the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid=44599.html |title=Mandago, Timofeyeva impress at Hamburg Marathon |date=27 April 2008 |access-date=5 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020094424/http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid%3D44599.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the tennis tournament [[International German Open|Hamburg Masters]] and equestrian events like the [[Deutsches Derby]].
Hamburg is also known for its music and festival culture. For example, the Reeperbahn alone has between 25 - 30 million visitors every year. In addition, there are over a million visitors to the annual festivals and major music events.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2014|title=Standpunktepapier Musikstadt Hamburg|url=https://www.hk24.de/blueprint/servlet/resource/blob/1153140/1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f/standpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf|publisher=Handelskammer Hamburg|pages=35–36|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420084312/https://www.hk24.de/blueprint/servlet/resource/blob/1153140/1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f/standpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hamburg's festivals include the [https://www.elbjazz.de/de/pressekit?file=files/pdf%20downloads/ELBJAZZ_2020_Presseinfo_Basistext.pdf Elbjazz Festival], which takes place 2 days a year (usually on the Whitsun weekend) in Hamburg's harbour and HafenCity.
For contemporary and experimental music, the "[https://www.vamh.de/index.php?what=blurred_edges&year=2020&sub=concerts blurred edges] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420084311/https://www.vamh.de/index.php?what=blurred_edges&year=2020&sub=concerts |date=20 April 2021 }}" festival usually follows in May at various venues within Hamburg. In mid-August, the [[Dockville|MS Dockville]] music and arts festival has run annually since 2007 in the [[Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg|Wilhelmsburg]] district.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dockville|url=http://www.dockville.de|access-date=19 June 2009}}</ref> This is followed at the end of September by the {{ill|Reeperbahn Festival|de|Reeperbahn_Festival|vertical-align=sup}}, which has been running since 2006. As Europe's largest club festival, it offers several hundred program points around the Reeperbahn in Hamburg over four days and is one of the most important meeting places for the music industry worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reeperbahnfestival.com/de/info/ueber-uns|title=Über uns - Reeperbahn Festival|website=Über Uns}}</ref> In November, the ÜBERJAZZ Festival, which aims to expand the stylistic boundaries of the concept of jazz, starts every year at Kampnagel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hamburg-tourism.de/sehen-erleben/veranstaltungen/ueberjazz/|title=Überjazz – Jazzfestival auf Kampnagel | Hamburg Tourismus|website=www.hamburg-tourism.de}}</ref>
===Cuisine===
{{Main|Cuisine of Hamburg}}
[[File:2017-05-01 Scholle Finkenwerder Art.JPG|thumb|Fried [[plaice]], [[Finkenwerder]] style]]
Original Hamburg dishes are ''[[Birnen, Bohnen und Speck]]'' (green beans cooked with pears and bacon),<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/07/05/43504.html |title=Birnen, Bohnen, Speck – Schmeckt vorzüglich |date=5 July 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> ''Aalsuppe'' ([[Hamburgisch dialect|Hamburgisch]] ''Oolsupp'') is often mistaken to be German for "eel soup" (''Aal''/''Ool'' translated 'eel'), but the name probably comes from the Low Saxon ''allns'' {{IPA|[aˑlns]}}, meaning "all", "everything and the kitchen sink", not necessarily eel. Today eel is often included to meet the expectations of unsuspecting diners.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/06/25/39651.html |title=Aalsuppe – Frage des Geschmacks |date=25 June 2002|access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> There is ''Bratkartoffeln'' ([[Home fries|pan-fried potato slices]]), ''Finkenwerder Scholle'' (Low Saxon ''Finkwarder Scholl'', pan-fried plaice), ''Pannfisch'' (pan-fried fish with mustard sauce),<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/06/25/39713.html |title=Maischollen – Zart gebraten |date=25 June 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> ''[[Rødgrød|Rote Grütze]]'' (Low Saxon ''Rode Grütt'', related to Danish ''[[rødgrød]]'', a type of summer pudding made mostly from berries and usually served with cream, like Danish ''rødgrød med fløde'')<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendbla |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/06/25/39656.html |title=Grütze – Mit kalter Milch |date=25 June 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> and ''[[Labskaus]]'' (a mixture of corned beef, mashed potatoes and beetroot, a cousin of the Norwegian ''lapskaus'' and [[Liverpool]]'s [[Scouse (food)|lobscouse]], all offshoots off an old-time one-pot meal that used to be the main component of the common sailor's humdrum diet on the high seas).<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/06/25/39664.html |title=Labskaus – Essen der Matrosen |date=25 June 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref>
''Alsterwasser'' (in reference to the city's river, the [[Alster]]) is the local name for a type of [[shandy]], a concoction of equal parts of beer and carbonated lemonade (''Zitronenlimonade''), the lemonade being added to the beer.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/08/01/52867.html |title=Alsterwasser – Bier und Limonade |date=10 August 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref>
There is the curious regional dessert pastry called [[Franzbrötchen]]. Looking rather like a flattened croissant, it is similar in preparation but includes a cinnamon and sugar filling, often with raisins or brown sugar [[streusel]]. The name may also reflect to the roll's [[croissant]]-like appearance – ''franz'' appears to be a shortening of ''französisch'', meaning "French", which would make a ''Franzbrötchen'' a "French roll".
Ordinary bread rolls tend to be oval-shaped and of the French bread variety. The local name is ''Schrippe'' (scored lengthways) for the oval kind and, for the round kind, ''Rundstück'' ("round piece" rather than mainstream German ''[[Brötchen]]'', diminutive form of ''Brot'' "bread"),<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/08/05/53895.html |title=Rundstück – Hamburger Brötchen |date=5 August 2002 |access-date=6 June 2008|language=de}}</ref> a relative of Denmark's ''rundstykke''. In fact, while by no means identical, the cuisines of Hamburg and [[Denmark]], especially of [[Copenhagen]], have a lot in common. This also includes a predilection for open-faced sandwiches of all sorts, especially topped with cold-smoked or pickled fish.
The American [[hamburger]] may have developed from Hamburg's ''[[Frikadeller]]'': a pan-fried patty (usually larger and thicker than its American counterpart) made from a mixture of ground beef, soaked [[staling|stale bread]], egg, chopped onion, salt and pepper, usually served with potatoes and vegetables like any other piece of meat, not usually on a bun. The Oxford Dictionary defined a ''Hamburger steak'' in 1802: a sometimes-smoked and -salted piece of meat, that, according to some sources, came from Hamburg to America.<ref>{{Citation |last=Stradley |first=Linda |title=History of Hamburgers |url=http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/HamburgerHistory.htm |year=2004 |access-date=23 August 2008}}</ref> The name and food, "hamburger", has entered all English-speaking countries, and derivative words in non-English speaking countries.
There are restaurants which offer most of these dishes, especially in the [[HafenCity]].
===Main sights===
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Hamburg Elbphilharmonie 2016.jpg|''[[Elbphilharmonie]]'' ("Elphi")
File:Hamburger Hafen-St. Michaelis.jpg|[[Port of Hamburg]]
File:Freedom-of-the-Seas--in-Hamburg.jpg|[[St. Pauli Piers]] and [[MS Freedom of the Seas|cruise ship]]
File:Speicherstadt abends.jpg|''[[Speicherstadt]]'' (Warehouse district)
File:Rathaus Hamburg bei Nacht.jpg|[[Hamburg City Hall]]
File:St. Michaelis.jpg|[[St. Michael's Church, Hamburg|St. Michael's Church]] ("Michel")
File:Reeperbahn.jpg|''[[Reeperbahn]]'', nightlife district of [[St. Pauli]]
File:Miniatur wunderland.jpg|''[[Miniatur Wunderland]]'' (Miniature Wonderland)
File:Grosse Freiheit Hamburg.jpg|''[[Große Freiheit]]'' ("Great Freedom")
File:St. Nikolai Memorial Church.jpg|[[St. Nicholas' Church, Hamburg|Nikolai Memorial]]
File:Sandtorpark 2013-05-24 12-03-35 Germany Hamburg-HafenCity 2h.jpg|[[HafenCity]]
File:Dockland by Night.jpg|Dockland at night
File:Alstereisvergnügen 11-02-2012 09.jpg|View over frozen [[Alster]] towards [[Radisson Blu Hotel Hamburg|Radisson Hotel]] and [[Heinrich-Hertz-Turm|Hertz-Turm]]
File:Hamburg Wallanlagen Brunnen.jpg|''[[Planten un Blomen]]''
File:DE Hamburg Centerview.JPG|[[Jungfernstieg]] Boulevard
File:Hamburg-Blankenese(01).JPG|Hills and mansions in [[Blankenese]]
File:Laeisz-Halle (Hamburg-Neustadt).1.29179.ajb.jpg|''[[Laeiszhalle]]'' concert venue
File:2013-06-08 Highflyer HP L4729.JPG|[[Hamburg Hauptbahnhof]], the busiest railway station in Germany
File:Hamburg OLG 1.jpg|Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht ("HansOLG"), upper court
File:Neue Skyline Hamburg.JPG|[[List of tallest buildings in Hamburg|Highrises]] in St. Pauli (''Hafenkrone'')
File:Köhlbrandbrücke 2010.jpg|[[Köhlbrand Bridge]]
File:Heinrich-Hertz-Turm - PHB.jpg|[[Heinrich-Hertz-Turm|TV Tower]]
File:HafenCity Traditionsschiffhafen Sandtorkai Hamburg 3943 v3.jpg|Traditional sailing ships at Sandtorkai in HafenCity
File:HP_L4224.JPG|View over Hamburg and the [[Alster]]
</gallery>
[[File:Rote Flora Sternschanze.jpg|alt=Rote Flora|thumb|''[[Rote Flora]]'' in the [[Sternschanze]] neighbourhood, Hamburg]]
===Alternative culture===
Hamburg has long been a centre of alternative music and counter-culture movements. The boroughs of [[St. Pauli]], [[Sternschanze]] and [[Altona, Hamburg|Altona]] are known for being home to many radical left-wing and anarchist groups, culminating every year during the traditional May Day demonstrations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/1-mai-demo-in-hamburg-was-soll-der-krawall-auf-der-schanze-noch-a-1090104.html |title=1. Mai-Demo in Hamburg: Was soll der Krawall auf der Schanze noch? |newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=30 April 2016 |access-date= 9 February 2017|publisher=spiegel.de|last1=Weßling |first1=Kathrin }}</ref>
During the [[2017 G20 Hamburg summit|2017 G20 summit]], which took place in Hamburg from 7–8 July that year, protestors clashed violently with the police in the [[Sternschanze]] area and particularly around the Rote Flora. On 7 July, several cars were set on fire and street barricades were erected to prevent the police from entering the area. In response to that, the police made heavy use of water cannons and tear gas in order to scatter the protestors. However, this was met with strong resistance by protestors, resulting in a total of 160 injured police and 75 arrested participants in the protests.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/video/g20-gipfel-in-hamburg-randalierer-setzen-autos-in-brand-video-1780686.html |title=Raid of "Krawalle beim G20-Gipfel - Randalierer setzen Autos in Brand |newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=7 July 2017 |access-date= 11 July 2017|publisher=spiegel.de}}</ref>
After the summit, however, the Rote Flora issued a statement, in which it condemns the arbitrary acts of violence that were committed by some of the protestors whilst generally defending the right to use violence as a means of self-defence against police oppression. In particular, the spokesperson of the Rote Flora said that the autonomous cultural centre had a traditionally good relationship with its neighbours and local residents, since they were united in their fight against gentrification in that neighbourhood.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rp-online.de/politik/deutschland/g20-gipfel-rote-flora-distanziert-sich-von-gewaltausbruechen-aid-1.6935697 |title=Krawalle in Hamburg beim G20-Gipfel - Rote Flora distanziert sich von Gewaltausbrüchen |date=8 July 2017 |access-date= 11 July 2017|publisher=rp-online.de}}</ref>
=== British culture ===
[[File:Hammonia-Bad 01.jpg|thumb|The English Theatre of Hamburg at Lerchenfeld 14]]
There are several English-speaking communities, such as the Caledonian Society of Hamburg, The British Club Hamburg, British and Commonwealth Luncheon Club, Anglo-German Club [[eingetragener Verein|e.V.]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anglo-german-club.de/ |title=Website of the Anglo-German Club |access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref> Professional Women's Forum,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britaininhamburg.de/ |title=Britain in Hamburg |access-date=13 September 2009 |publisher=ning.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718203909/http://www.britaininhamburg.de/ |archive-date=18 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The British Decorative and Fine Arts Society, The English Speaking Union of the Commonwealth, The Scottish Country Dancers of Hamburg, The Hamburg Players e.V. English Language Theatre Group, The [[Hamburg Exiles RFC|Hamburg Exiles Rugby Club]], several cricket clubs, and The Morris Minor Register of Hamburg. Furthermore, the Anglo-Hanseatic Lodge No. 850<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gl-bfg.com/850/index.htm |title=Anglo-Hanseatic Lodge 850 |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=gl-bfg.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428001221/http://gl-bfg.com/850/index.htm |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> within the Grand Lodge of British Freemasons of Germany<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gl-bfg.com/ |title=Grand Lodge of British Freemasons in Germany |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=gl-bfg.com}}</ref> under the United Grand Lodges of Germany<ref>{{cite web |url=http://freimaurer.org/ |title=United Grand Lodges of Germany |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=freimaurer.org}}</ref> works in Hamburg, and has a diverse expat membership. There is also a 400-year-old Anglican church community worshipping at ''{{ill|St Thomas Becket Church|de|Englische Kirche (Hamburg)|vertical-align=sup}}''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anglican-church-hamburg.de|title=The Anglican Church of St Thomas Becket – A welcoming, active and inclusive church, growing in our relationship with God and the wider community|work=anglican-church-hamburg.de}}</ref>
American and international English-speaking organisations include The American Club of Hamburg [[eingetragener Verein|e.V.]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanclub.de |title=Website of the American Club of Hamburg |access-date=13 September 2009}}</ref> the American Women's Club of Hamburg,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awchamburg.org |title=Website of the American Women's Club of Hamburg |access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> the English Speaking Union, the German-American Women's Club,<ref>Hamburg Führer Verlag GmbH: ''Hamburg Guide'', May 2009, p. 61</ref> and The International Women's Club of Hamburg e.V. ''The American Chamber of Commerce'' handles matters related to business affairs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amcham.de|title=American Chamber of Commerce in Germany|first=AmCham|last=Germany|work=amcham.de}}</ref> The [[International School of Hamburg]] serves school children.
[[William Wordsworth]], [[Dorothy Wordsworth]] and [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]] spent the last two weeks of September 1798 at Hamburg.
Dorothy wrote a detailed journal of their stay, labelled "The Hamburg Journal (1798) by noted Wordsworth scholar [[Edward de Selincourt]]."<ref>Journals of Dorothy Wordsworth, Macmillan 1959.</ref>
A Hamburg saying, referring to its anglophile nature, is: "Wenn es in London anfängt zu regnen, spannen die Hamburger den Schirm auf." ... "When it starts raining in London, people in Hamburg open their umbrellas."
=== Memorials ===
A memorial for successful English engineer [[William Lindley]],<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Lindley, William |volume= 16 | page = 719 |short= 1}}</ref> who, beginning in 1842, reorganised the drinking water and sewerage system and thus helped to fight against cholera, is near Baumwall railway station in Vorsetzen street.
In 2009, more than 2,500 "stumbling blocks" ''([[Stolpersteine]])'' were laid, engraved with the names of deported and murdered citizens. Inserted into the pavement in front of their former houses, the blocks draw attention to the victims of Nazi persecution.<ref>{{citation |title=Die Orte bleibe |last1=Behling |first1=Heidburg |last2=Garbe |first2=Detlef |newspaper=Mittelungen des Freundeskreises KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme |date= January 2009|page=3 |issue=11|language=de}}</ref>
==Economy==
The [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) of Hamburg was 119.0 billion € in 2018, accounting for 3.6% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €59,600 or 197% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 132% of the EU average.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58|title=Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018|website=Eurostat}}</ref> The city has a relatively high employment rate, at 88 percent of the working-age population, employed in over 160,000 businesses. The median gross salary in 2021 was €47,544, which is 9.29% higher than the median gross salary in Germany overall.<ref>{{Cite web |last=gral |title=Der Medianlohn in Hamburg ist fast 10 % höher als in Westdeutschland. {{!}} Elbe Wochenblatt |url=https://www.elbe-wochenblatt.de/2022/08/22/der-medianlohn-in-hamburg-ist-fast-10-hoeher-als-in-westdeutschland/ |access-date=2022-08-28 |language=de-DE}}</ref>
The unemployment rate stood at 6.1% in October 2018 and was higher than the German average.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/|title=Arbeitslosenquote nach Bundesländern in Deutschland 2018 {{!}} Statista|website=Statista|language=de|access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online/data;sid=8605C2647C4C92D731CC1EC4BAC5AF53.GO_1_3?operation=ergebnistabelleUmfang&levelindex=3&levelid=1542098063701&downloadname=13211-0007|title=Federal Statistical Office Germany - GENESIS-Online|last=(Destatis)|first=Statistisches Bundesamt|date=13 November 2018|website=www-genesis.destatis.de|language=en|access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref>
!2000
!2001
!2002
!2003
!2004
!2005
!2006
!2007
!2008
!2009
!2010
!2011
!2012
!2013
!2014
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
|-
|Unemployment rate in %
|8.9
|8.3
|9.0
|9.9
|9.7
|11.3
|11.0
|9.1
|8.1
|8.6
|8.2
|7.8
|7.5
|7.4
|7.6
|7.4
|7.1
|6.8
|6.3
|6.1
|}
[[File:Hh-boerse.jpg|thumb|The [[Hamburg Stock Exchange]]]]
===Banking===
Hamburg has for centuries been a commercial centre of Northern Europe, and is the most important [[banking]] city of [[Northern Germany]]. The city is the seat of [[History of banking|Germany's oldest bank]], the [[Berenberg Bank]], [[M.M.Warburg & CO]] and [[Hamburg Commercial Bank]]. The [[Hamburg Stock Exchange]] is the oldest of its kind in Germany.
===Port===
{{Main|Port of Hamburg}}
[[File:Ankunft der Queen Mary 2 in Hamburg - panoramio - Arnold Schott (3).jpg|thumb|right|[[RMS Queen Mary 2|Queen Mary 2]] at the [[Port of Hamburg]]]]
The most significant economic unit is the Port of Hamburg, which ranks third to [[Rotterdam]] and [[Antwerp]]en in Europe and 17th-largest worldwide with transshipments of {{TEU|8.9 million|first=yes}} of cargo and 138.2 million tons of goods in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hafen-hamburg.de/en/statistics|title=Welcome to the Port of Hamburg|website=The official website of the Port of Hamburg.|language=en|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> International trade is also the reason for the large number of consulates in the city. Although situated {{convert|110|km|mi|-1}} up the Elbe, it is considered a sea port due to its ability to handle large ocean-going vessels.<ref>M. Ramesh: {{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/12/25/stories/092559vq.htm |title=Making Hamburg Europe's preferred port |author=M. Ramesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720060759/http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/12/25/stories/092559vq.htm |archive-date=20 July 2009 |date=25 December 2000 |access-date=11 August 2008 |url-status=dead |publisher=Hinduonnet.com}}</ref>
===Industrial production===
Heavy industry of Hamburg includes the making of steel, aluminium, copper and various large shipyards such as [[Blohm + Voss]].<ref>*{{Citation |url=http://www.mittalsteel.com/Facilities/Europe/Hamburg/ |title=ArcelorMittal Website / Hamburg |access-date=26 February 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Citation |url=http://www.trimet.de/hamburg0.html |title=Trimet Website / Hamburg |access-date=26 February 2011 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719095348/http://www.trimet.de/hamburg0.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{Citation |url=http://www.aurubis.com/en/corporate-group/group-structure/sites/ |title=Aurubis Website / Hamburg |access-date=26 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308182802/http://www.aurubis.com/en/corporate-group/group-structure/sites/ |archive-date=8 March 2011 }}
* {{Citation |url=http://www.blohmvossyachts.com/index.php?level=2&CatID=2.8&inhalt_id=8 |title=Blohm + Voss Website / Hamburg |access-date=26 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328081957/http://www.blohmvossyachts.com/index.php?level=2&CatID=2.8&inhalt_id=8 |archive-date=28 March 2012 }}</ref>
Hamburg, along with [[Seattle]] and [[Toulouse]], is an important location of the civil [[aerospace]] industry. [[Airbus]], which operates the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder|Hamburg-Finkenwerder assembly plant]] in [[Finkenwerder]], employs over 13,000 people.<ref>{{Citation |publisher=[[Spiegel online]] |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,428905,00.html |title=Past Cost-Cutting and Layoffs Haunt Airbus in Germany |date=28 July 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008}}</ref>
===HafenCity===
{{Main|HafenCity}}
[[File:Projekt Heißluftballon - Highflyer -IMG-1414.jpg|thumb|Western HafenCity area and [[Speicherstadt]]]]
The [[HafenCity]] is Europe's largest urban development project and is located in the [[Hamburg-Mitte]] district. It consists of the area of the Great Grasbrook, the northern part of the former Elbe island [[Grasbrook]], and the warehouse district on the former Elbe island Kehrwieder and Wandrahm. It is bordered to the north, separated by the customs channel to Hamburg's city centre, west and south by the Elbe and to the east, bounded by the upper harbour, [[Rothenburgsort]]. The district is full of rivers and streams and is surrounded by channels, and has a total area of about 2.2 square-kilometres.
HafenCity has 155 hectares in the area formerly belonging to the free port north of the Great Grasbrook. Residential units for up to 12,000 people are planned to be built on the site by around the mid-2020s, and jobs for up to 40,000 people, mainly in the office sector, should be created. It is the largest ongoing urban development project in Hamburg.
Construction work started in 2003, and in 2009 the first part of the urban development project was finished with the completion of the Dalmannkai / Sandtorkai neighbourhood – which is the first stage of the HafenCity project. According to the person responsible for the development and commercialisation of HafenCity, ''HafenCity Hamburg GmbH'', half of the master plan underlying structural construction is already completed, whereas the other half is either under construction or is in the construction preparation stages.
===Tourism===
[[File:Hamburg-logo.svg|thumb|City logo of Hamburg]]
[[File:HH Neuer Wall Dezember 2012.jpg|thumb|[[Neuer Wall]], one of Europe's most luxurious shopping streets]]
In 2017, more than 6,783,000 visitors with 13,822,000 overnight stays visited the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Presseinformationen/SI18_032.pdf|title=Tourismus in Hamburg 2017 [in German]|date=21 February 2018|work=Statistik informiert ...|access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref> The tourism sector employs more than 175,000 people full-time and brings in [[revenue]] of almost €9 billion, making the tourism industry a major economic force in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. Hamburg has one of the fastest-growing tourism industries in Germany. From 2001 to 2007, the overnight stays in the city increased by 55.2% (Berlin +52.7%, [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] +33%).<ref>{{Citation |publisher=[[Politics of Hamburg#Ministries|Behörde für Kultur, Sport und Medien]] |url=http://www.hamburg.de/daten-fakten/349180/aktuelles.html |title=Umsatzbringer und Jobmotor Tourismus |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=11 July 2008 |access-date=13 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809030041/http://www.hamburg.de/daten-fakten/349180/aktuelles.html |archive-date=9 August 2010|language=de}}</ref>
A typical Hamburg visit includes a tour of the city hall and the grand church [[St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg|St. Michaelis]] (called the ''Michel''), and visiting the old warehouse district (''[[Speicherstadt]]'') and the [[Landungsbrücken|harbour promenade]] (''Landungsbrücken''). Sightseeing buses connect these points of interest. As Hamburg is one of the world's largest harbours many visitors take one of the harbour and/or canal boat tours (''Große Hafenrundfahrt'', ''Fleetfahrt'') which start from the ''Landungsbrücken''. Major destinations also include [[museum]]s.
The area of [[Reeperbahn]] in the quarter [[St. Pauli]] is Europe's largest red light district and home of strip clubs, brothels, bars and nightclubs. The singer and actor [[Hans Albers]] is strongly associated with St. Pauli, and wrote the neighbourhood's unofficial anthem, "Auf der Reeperbahn Nachts um Halb Eins" ("[[On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight (song)|On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight]]") in the 1940s. [[The Beatles]] had stints on the Reeperbahn early in their careers. Others prefer the laid-back neighbourhood ''Schanze'' with its street cafés, or a barbecue on one of the beaches along the river Elbe. Hamburg's famous zoo, the [[Tierpark Hagenbeck]], was founded in 1907 by [[Carl Hagenbeck]] as the first zoo with moated, barless enclosures.<ref>{{Cite news |publisher=[[National Audubon Society]] |work=Audubon Magazine |title=The New Zoo |url=http://audubonmagazine.org/features0111/newzoo.html |author=Rene S. Ebersole |date=November 2001 |access-date=1 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906144905/http://www.audubonmagazine.org/features0111/newzoo.html |archive-date=6 September 2007 }}</ref>
In 2016, the average visitor spent two nights in Hamburg.<ref name="statistik-nord1">{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/zahlen-fakten/handel-tourismus-dienstleistungen/tourismus/dokumentenansicht/tourismus-in-hamburg-im-dezember-und-im-gesamten-jahr-2016-59350/|title=Tourismus in Hamburg im Dezember und im gesamten Jahr 2016 - Statistikamt Nord|website=www.statistik-nord.de|language=de-DE|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> The majority of visitors come from Germany. Most foreigners are European, especially from [[Denmark]] (395,681 overnight stays), the [[United Kingdom]] (301,000 overnight stays), [[Switzerland]] (340,156 overnight stays), [[Austria]] (about 252,397 overnight stays) and the [[Netherlands]] (about 182,610 overnight stays).<ref name="statistik-nord1"/> The largest group from outside Europe comes from the [[United States]] (206,614 overnight stays).<ref name="statistik-nord1"/>
The ''[[RMS Queen Mary 2|Queen Mary 2]]'' has docked regularly since 2004, and there were six departures planned from 2010 onwards.<ref>"Hamburg wird heimlicher Heimathafen der ''Queen Mary 2''" (in English: Hamburg nearly a home port for ''Queen Mary 2''). In: ''Hamburger Abendblatt'' from 15 January 2010, p. 13</ref>
===Creative industries===
[[File:Spiegel building Hamburg, Ericusspitze, at night.jpg|thumb|''[[Der Spiegel]]'' headquarters]]
Media businesses employ over 70,000 people.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |url=http://www.hamburg.de/medien-hamburg/nofl/8930/arbeiten-in-hamburg.html |title=Von der Faszination, in Hamburg zu arbeiten |access-date=6 August 2008 |publisher=hamburg.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309015715/http://www.hamburg.de/medien-hamburg/nofl/8930/arbeiten-in-hamburg.html |archive-date=9 March 2012|language=de}}</ref> The [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] which includes the television station [[NDR Fernsehen]] is based in Hamburg, including the very popular news program ''[[Tagesschau (German TV series)|Tagesschau]]'', as are the commercial television station ''[[Hamburg 1]]'', the Christian television station ''[[Bibel TV]]'' and the civil media outlet ''[[Tide TV]]''. There are regional radio stations such as [[Radio Hamburg]]. Some of Germany's largest publishing companies, [[Axel Springer AG]], [[Gruner + Jahr]], [[Bauer Media Group]] are located in the city. Many national newspapers and magazines such as ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' and ''[[Die Zeit]]'' are produced in Hamburg, as well as some special-interest newspapers such as ''[[Financial Times Deutschland]]''. ''[[Hamburger Abendblatt]]'' and ''[[Hamburger Morgenpost]]'' are daily regional newspapers with a large circulation. There are music publishers, such as [[Warner Bros. Records]] Germany, and [[Information and communication technologies|ICT]] firms such as [[Adobe Systems]] and [[Google]] Germany.
A total of about 2,000 companies are located in Hamburg that are active in the music industry. With over 17,000 employees and a gross value added of around 640 million euros, this industry is one of the strongest in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2014|title=Standpunktepapier Musikstadt Hamburg|url=https://www.hk24.de/blueprint/servlet/resource/blob/1153140/1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f/standpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf|publisher=Handelskammer Hamburg|pages=20–22|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420084312/https://www.hk24.de/blueprint/servlet/resource/blob/1153140/1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f/standpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The {{ill|Interessengemeinschaft Hamburger Musikwirtschaft|de|Interessengemeinschaft_Hamburger_Musikwirtschaft|vertical-align=sup}} and the [https://clubkombinat.de/ Clubkombinat] represent the companies in the industry. The interests of Hamburg musicians* are represented, for example, by [https://www.rockcity.de/rockcity/vision/ RockCity Hamburg e.V.].
Hamburg was one of the locations for the [[James Bond (film series)|James Bond series]] film ''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]]''. The ''[[Reeperbahn]]'' has been the location for many scenes, including the 1994 Beatles film ''[[Backbeat (film)|Backbeat]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Backbeat filming locations |url=http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/b/backbeat.html |publisher=movielocations.com |access-date=1 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829233007/http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/b/backbeat.html |archive-date=29 August 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film ''[[A Most Wanted Man (film)|A Most Wanted Man]]'' was set in and filmed in Hamburg. Hamburg was also shown in ''[[An American Tail]]'' where Fievel Mousekewitz and his family immigrate to America in the hopes to escape cats.
==Infrastructure==
===Health systems===
Hamburg has 54 hospitals. The [[University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf|University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf]], with about 1,736 beds, houses a large medical school. There are also smaller private hospitals. On 1 January 2011 there were about 12,507 hospital beds.<ref>{{Citation|title=Krankenhausplan 2020 der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (Hospital plan of Hamburg)|date=1 January 2016|url=http://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/792064/5776e214fe3612a2ceca034996473029/data/krankenhausstandorte.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019202856/http://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/792064/5776e214fe3612a2ceca034996473029/data/krankenhausstandorte.pdf|url-status=dead|language=de|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> The city had 5,663 physicians in private practice and 456 pharmacies in 2010.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/regional/regional.php |title=Statistik Nord (statistics for Northern Germany) |date=June 2011 |access-date=30 August 2012 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617222809/http://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/regional/regional.php |archive-date=17 June 2008 }}</ref>
===Transport===
{{Main|Transport in Hamburg}}
[[File:CTB-CTW Port of Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg|thumb|The [[Port of Hamburg]] on the [[Elbe|river Elbe]]]]
[[File:U-Bahnhof Baumwall 2015 01.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Baumwall (Hamburg U-Bahn station)|Baumwall]] station of the [[Hamburg U-Bahn]]]]
[[File:Hamburg.NorderElbbrücken.2.wmt.jpg|thumb|Neue and Freihafen-Elbbrücke]]
Hamburg is a major transportation hub, connected to four [[Autobahn]]en (motorways) and the most important railway junction on the route to Scandinavia.
Bridges and tunnels connect the northern and southern parts of the city, such as the [[Elbe Tunnel (1911)|old Elbe Tunnel]] (''Alter Elbtunnel'') or St. Pauli Elbtunnel (official name) which opened in 1911, now is major tourist sight, and the [[Elbe Tunnel (1975)|Elbe Tunnel]] (''Elbtunnel'') the crossing of a [[Bundesautobahn 7|motorway]].<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/09/10/67509.html |title=Elbe ohne e – Buchstaben fallen weg |date=10 August 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref>
[[Hamburg Airport]] is the oldest airport in Germany still in operation.<ref>{{Citation |title=Handelskammer Hamburg – Hamburg Airport: Facts, figures, and the Chamber's viewpoint |url=http://www.hk24.de/servicemarken/englische_website/location_politics/airport.jsp |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=28 March 2008 |publisher=Handelskammer Hamburg (Hamburg chamber of commerce) |access-date=25 September 2008 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20070609023119/http://www.hk24.de/servicemarken/englische_website/location_politics/airport.jsp |archive-date= 9 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=Press release |title=The airport celebrates its 90th anniversary |url=http://www.ham.airport.de/en/pressearchiv.phtml?start=0&year=&month=&searchterm=oldest&showdetail=4 |publisher=[[Hamburg Airport]] |date=8 January 2001 |access-date=25 September 2008}}</ref> There is also the smaller [[Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport]], used only as a company airport for [[Airbus]]. Some airlines market [[Lübeck Airport]] in [[Lübeck]] as serving Hamburg.<ref>{{Citation |title=Hamburg Lübeck Airport Guide |url=http://www.travel-library.com/airports/europe/Germany/hamburg/hamburg_lubeck_airport.html |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=travel-library.com |access-date=27 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915005003/http://www.travel-library.com/airports/europe/germany/hamburg/hamburg_lubeck_airport.html |archive-date=15 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Hamburg's [[Vehicle registration plates of Germany|licence plate]] prefix was "HH" (Hansestadt Hamburg; English: Hanseatic City of Hamburg) between 1906 and 1945 and from 1956 onwards, rather than the single letter normally used for large cities since the federal registration reform in 1956, such as B for Berlin or M for Munich. "H" was Hamburg's prefix in the years between 1945 and 1947 (used by [[Hanover]] since 1956).<ref>other prefixes used between 1945 and 1956 were "MGH" (Military Government, Hamburg: 1945 only), "HG" (1947 only) and "BH" (British Zone, Hamburg) between 1948 and 1956.</ref>
=== Public transport ===
[[File:Bahnlinien im HVV.png|thumb|A map of the transit rail lines in Hamburg]] [[Public transport]] by rail, bus and ship is organised by the ''[[Hamburger Verkehrsverbund]]'' ("Hamburg transit authority") (HVV). Tickets sold by one company are valid on all other HVV companies' services. The HVV was the first organisation of this kind worldwide.<ref>{{Citation |title=HVV – Mehr als ein Ziel – Historie |url=http://www.hvv.de/ueber-uns/historie/ |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Verkehrsverbund |access-date=25 September 2008|language=de}}</ref>
33 mass transit rail lines across the city are the backbone of public transport.<ref name="Zahlen {{!}} HVV-Verbundbericht">{{cite web|url=http://www.hvv-verbundbericht.de/zahlen/#zahlen|title=Zahlen {{!}} HVV-Verbundbericht|website=www.hvv-verbundbericht.de|language=en-US|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> The [[Hamburg S-Bahn|S-Bahn]] (commuter train system) comprises six lines and the [[Hamburg U-Bahn|U-Bahn]] four lines – ''U-Bahn'' is short for ''Untergrundbahn'' (underground railway). Approximately {{convert|41|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of {{convert|101|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of the U-Bahn is underground; most is on embankments or viaduct or at ground level. Older residents still speak of the system as ''Hochbahn'' (elevated railway), also because the operating company of the subway is the ''[[Hamburger Hochbahn]]''. The [[AKN Eisenbahn|AKN railway]] connects satellite towns in Schleswig-Holstein to the city. On some routes regional trains of Germany's major railway company [[Deutsche Bahn|Deutsche Bahn AG]] and the regional ''[[metronom Eisenbahngesellschaft|metronom]]'' trains may be used with an HVV ticket. Except at the four bigger stations of the city, [[Hamburg Hauptbahnhof|Hauptbahnhof]], [[Hamburg Dammtor station|Dammtor]], [[Hamburg-Altona station|Altona]] and [[Hamburg-Harburg station|Harburg]] regional trains do not stop inside the city. The [[Trams in Hamburg|tram system]] was opened in 1866 and shut down in 1978.<ref name=tramway-atlas-germany-1996>{{cite book|title=Tramway & Light Railway Atlas – Germany 1996|year=1995|publisher=[[Light Rail Transit Association]]|location=London|isbn=0-948106-18-2|page=262}}</ref>
Gaps in the rail network are filled by more than 669 bus routes, operated by single-deck two-, three- and four-axle diesel buses.<ref name="Zahlen {{!}} HVV-Verbundbericht"/> Hamburg has no [[tram]]s or [[trolleybus]]es, but has hydrogen-fuelled buses. The buses run frequently during working hours, with buses on some so-called MetroBus routes as often as every 2 minutes.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} On special weekday night lines the intervals can be 30 minutes or longer, on normal days (Monday-Friday) the normal buses stop running at night. (MetroBuses run all around the clock, every day at the year at least every half-hour.)
There are eight ferry lines along the [[River Elbe]], operated by ''[[HADAG Seetouristik und Fährdienst|HADAG]]'', that fall under the aegis of the HVV. While mainly used by citizens and dock workers, they can also be used for sightseeing tours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hvv-verbundbericht.de/zahlen/|title=Zahlen {{!}} HVV-Verbundbericht|website=www.hvv-verbundbericht.de|language=en-US|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref>
[[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant]]
The international airport serving Hamburg, [[Hamburg Airport|Hamburg Airport Helmut Schmidt]] ([[International Air Transport Association|IATA]]: HAM, [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]]: EDDH) is the fifth biggest and oldest airport in Germany, having been established in 1912 and located about {{convert|5|mi|0|abbr=off}} from the city centre. About 60 airlines provide service to 125 destination airports, including some long-distance destinations like [[Newark, New Jersey]] on [[United Airlines]], [[Dubai]] on [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]], and [[Tehran]] on [[Iran Air]]. Hamburg is a secondary hub for [[Lufthansa]], which is the largest carrier at the airport, and the airline also operates one of its biggest [[Lufthansa Technik]] maintenance facilities there. The second airport is located in [[Hamburg-Finkenwerder]], officially named [[Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association|IATA]]: XFW, [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]]: EDHI). It is about {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}} from the city centre and is a nonpublic airport for the [[Airbus Operations GmbH|Airbus]] plant. It is the second biggest Airbus plant, after [[Toulouse]], and the third biggest aviation manufacturing plant after [[Seattle]] and Toulouse; the plant houses the final assembly lines for [[Airbus A320 family|A318, A319, A320, A321]] and [[Airbus A380|A380]] aircraft.<ref>{{Citation |title=Airbus in Germany |url=http://www.airbus.com/company/worldwide-presence/airbus-in-germany/ |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Airbus |access-date=27 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123102122/http://www.airbus.com/company/worldwide-presence/airbus-in-germany/ |archive-date=23 January 2012 }}</ref>
;Public transportation statistics
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Hamburg, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 58 min. 16% of public transit riders, ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 11 min, while 11% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8.9 km, while 21% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Germany_Hamburg-3300|title=Hamburg Public Transportation Statistics|publisher=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit|access-date=19 June 2017}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50x50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].</ref>
===Utilities===
<!--- overpictured: [[File:Kraftwerk HafenCity01.jpg|thumb|Fuel cell power plant in the [[HafenCity]] quarter.]] --->
Electricity for Hamburg and Northern Germany is largely provided by ''[[Vattenfall|Vattenfall Europe]]'', formerly the state-owned ''Hamburgische Electricitäts-Werke''. Vattenfall Europe used to operate the [[Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant]] and [[Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant]], both taken out of service as part of the [[Nuclear power in Germany#Closures and phase-out|nuclear power phase-out]]. In addition, [[E.ON]] operates the [[Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant]] near Hamburg.
There are also the coal-fired [[Wedel Power Station|Wedel]], [[Tiefstack Power Station|Tiefstack]] and Moorburg [[Combined Heat And Power|CHP]] Plant, and the fuel-cell power plant in the HafenCity quarter. ''VERA Klärschlammverbrennung'' uses the [[biosolids]] of the Hamburg wastewater treatment plant; the ''Pumpspeicherwerk Geesthacht'' is a pump storage power plant and a solid waste combustion power station is ''Müllverwertung Borsigstraße''.<ref>{{Citation | title = MVB | author=<!--Not stated--> | url = http://www.mvb-hh.de | date = 30 June 2017 | publisher = {{ill|Müllverwertung Borsigstraße Hamburg|de|lt=MVB}} | access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref>
In June 2019 City of Hamburg introduced a law governing the phasing out of coal based thermal and electric energy production ("Kohleausstiegsgesetz").<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 June 2019|title=Kohleausstieg für die Hamburger Fernwärme|url=https://www.buergerschaft-hh.de/parldok/vorgaenge/66861/1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613091141/https://www.buergerschaft-hh.de/parldok/vorgaenge/66861/1|archive-date=13 June 2020|access-date=13 June 2020|website=Hamburgische Bürgerschaft|language=de}}</ref> This move was the result of negotiations between parliamentary parties and representatives of the popular petition ''[https://www.tschuess-kohle.de/ Tschuess Kohle] ("Goodbye Coal").'' Hamburg Ministry for Environment and Energy in 2020 announced a partnership with [[Namibia]], which is a potential supplier of woody biomass from [[Bush encroachment|encroacher bush]] as replacement of coal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2020|title=Klimapartnerschaft - Hamburg und Namibia prüfen nachhaltige Verwertung von Biomasse|url=https://www.hamburg.de/pressearchiv-fhh/13910588/2020-05-12-bue-verwertung-biomasse/|access-date=12 June 2020|website=Stadtportal Hansestadt Hamburg|language=de}}</ref>
==Sports==
{{Main|Sport in Hamburg}}
[[File:Hamburg City Man 2007.jpg|left|thumb|''Hamburg City Man'' 2007 at the Binnenalster]]
[[File:Barclaycard-Arena-Hamburg-Aussendarstellung.JPG|thumb|[[Barclaycard Arena (Hamburg)|Barclaycard Arena]]]]
[[File:HH imtech arena.jpg|thumb|[[Volksparkstadion]]]]
[[Hamburger SV]] is a [[Association football|football]] team playing in the [[2. Bundesliga]] (as of 2023). The HSV was the oldest team of the Bundesliga, playing in the league since its beginning in 1963 until a change of results saw them relegated from the [[Bundesliga]] in 2018. HSV is a six-time German champion, a three-time German cup winner and triumphed in the European Cup in 1983, and has played in the group stages of the [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] twice: in 2000–01 and in 2006–07. They play at the [[Volksparkstadion]] (average attendance in the [[2012–13 Bundesliga|12–13 season]] was 52,916). In addition, [[FC St. Pauli]] was a [[2. Bundesliga|second division]] football club that came in second place in the [[2009–10 Bundesliga|2009–10 season]] and qualified to play alongside [[Hamburger SV]] in the [[Bundesliga|first division]] for the first time since the [[2001–02 Bundesliga|2001–02 season]]. St. Pauli's home games take place at the [[Millerntor-Stadion]].
The [[Hamburg Freezers]] represented Hamburg until 2016 in the [[Deutsche Eishockey Liga|DEL]], the premier [[ice hockey]] league in Germany.
[[HSV Hamburg|HSV Handball]] represented Hamburg until 2016 in the German [[Bundesliga (handball)|handball league]]. In 2007, HSV Handball won the European Cupwinners Cup. The Club won the league in the 2010–11 season and had an average attendance of 10.690 in the [[O2 World Hamburg]] the same year. The most recent success for the team was the [[EHF Champions League]] win in 2013. Since 2014, the club has suffered from economic problems and was almost not allowed the playing licence for the 2014–15 season. But due to economic support from the former club president/sponsor Andreas Rudolf the club was allowed the licence in the last minute. On 20 January 2016 however, their licence was removed due to violations following the continued economic struggles. In 2016–17, they were not allowed to play in the first or second league. The team lives on through their former second team (now their main team) in the third division (2016-2018) and in second division (since 2018).
The ''BCJ Hamburg'' played in the [[Basketball Bundesliga]] from 1999 to 2001. Later, the [[Hamburg Towers]] became the city's prime team. The Towers promoted to Germany's top division in 2019. In 2022, they already reached the playoffs. The Towers play their home games at the [[Edel-optics.de Arena]] in [[Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg|Wilhelmsburg]].
Hamburg is the nation's [[field hockey]] capital and dominates the men's as well as the women's Bundesliga. Hamburg hosts many top teams such as Uhlenhorster Hockey Club, Harvesterhuder Hockey Club and Club An Der Alster.
The [[Hamburg Warriors]] are one of Germany's top lacrosse clubs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hamburgwarriors.com/ |title=HTHC Hamburg Warriors |publisher=Hamburgwarriors.com |access-date=25 January 2010}}</ref> The club has grown immensely in the last several years and includes at least one youth team, three men's, and two women's teams. The team participates in the Deutsch Lacrosse Verein. The Hamburg Warriors are part of the Harvestehuder Tennis- und Hockey-Club e.V (HTHC).<ref>{{Citation |first=Ross |last=Forman |publisher=Outsports.com |url=http://www.outsports.com/os/index.php/2008032471/People/2008-People/Out-lacrosse-coach-lands-in-Germany.html |title=Out lacrosse coach lands in Germany |date=10 June 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-date=4 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604121143/http://www.outsports.com/os/index.php/2008032471/People/2008-People/Out-lacrosse-coach-lands-in-Germany.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[Hamburg Blue Devils]] was one of the prominent [[American Football]] teams playing in [[German Football League]] before its exit in 2017.<ref>[http://www.gfl.info/text.php?Inhalt=newsmeldung&ID=8409 Hamburg Blue Devils ziehen sich zuruck] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226153225/http://www.gfl.info/text.php?Inhalt=newsmeldung&ID=8409 |date=26 February 2014 }} {{in lang|de}} GFL website, published: 18 January 2014, accessed: 14 May 2014</ref> [[Hamburg Sea Devils (ELF)|Hamburg Sea Devils]] is a team of [[European League of Football]] (ELF) which is a planned professional league, that is set to become the first fully professional league in Europe since the demise of [[NFL Europe]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Football-Comeback des Jahres: Hamburg Sea Devils und Frankfurt Galaxy starten in der ELF |url=https://www.ran.de/american-football/elf/elf-news/football-comeback-des-jahres-hamburg-sea-devils-und-frankfurt-galaxy-starten-in-der-elf-116073|access-date=9 March 2021 |date=9 March 2021|website=ran.de|language=German}}</ref> The Sea Devils will start playing games in June 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neues Hamburger Footballteam spielt im Stadion Hoheluft |url=https://www.abendblatt.de/sport/article231587759/Neues-Hamburger-Footballteam-spielt-im-Stadion-Hoheluft.html |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt|access-date=17 February 2021 |language=German|date=17 February 2021}}</ref>
There are also the [[Hamburg Dockers]], an [[Australian rules football]] club.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2005/07/18/460404.html |title=Australian Football im Stadtpark |date=18 July 2005 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> The FC St. Pauli team dominates women's rugby in Germany. Other first-league teams include VT Aurubis Hamburg (Volleyball) and Hamburger Polo Club.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2008/08/11/920015.html |title=Hamburg Blue Devils vor Einzug in die Play-offs |date=11 August 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> [[Eimsbütteler TV]] plays in the [[German Women's 2 Volleyball Bundesliga]]. There are also several minority sports clubs, including four [[cricket]] clubs.
[[File:Tennis am Rothenbaum.jpg|thumb|[[Am Rothenbaum]] is the main tennis stadium of the [[International German Open]].]]
The Centre Court of the Tennis [[Am Rothenbaum]] venue, with a capacity of 13,200 people, is the largest in Germany.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Center Court / Rothenbaum Stadion |url=http://www.dtb-tennis.de/AmRothenbaum/9695.php?selected=9115 |access-date=16 August 2008 |publisher=[[Deutscher Tennis Bund]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201061029/http://dtb-tennis.de/AmRothenbaum/9695.php?selected=9115 |archive-date=1 February 2009|language=de}}</ref>
Hamburg also hosts [[equestrianism|equestrian]] events at ''Reitstadion [[Klein Flottbek]]'' (Deutsches Derby in jumping and dressage) and ''[[Horner Rennbahn]]'' ([[Deutsches Derby]] [[flat racing]]).<ref>{{Citation |first=Jack |last=Shinar |url=http://news.bloodhorse.com/article/46018.htm |title=Kamsin Easily Wins Deutsches Derby |date=9 July 2008 |publisher=news.bloodhorse.com |access-date=11 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709165240/http://news.bloodhorse.com/article/46018.htm |archive-date=9 July 2008 }}</ref> Besides Hamburg owns the famous [[harness racing]] track "[[Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld]]". The Hamburg Marathon is the biggest [[marathon]] in Germany after Berlin's. In 2008 23,230 participants were registered.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=[[International Association of Athletics Federations|IAAF]] |url=http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid=44599.html |title=Mandago, Timofeyeva impress at Hamburg Marathon |date=27 April 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020094424/http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid%3D44599.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> World Cup events in cycling, the UCI ProTour competition [[EuroEyes Cyclassics]], and the [[triathlon]] [[International Triathlon Union|ITU]] World Cup event ''Hamburg City Man'' are also held in here.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2006/02/02/529362.html |title=Hamburg City Man 2006 als WM-Generalprobe |date=2 February 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref>
Volksparkstadion was used as a site for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 World Cup]]. In 2010 UEFA held the final of the [[UEFA Europa League]] in the arena.<ref>{{Citation |first=Ahmed |last=Bilal |url=http://soccerlens.com/2010-champions-league-final-in-madrid-2010-uefa-cup-final-in-hamburg/6864/ |title=2010 Champions League Final in Madrid, 2010 UEFA Cup final in Hamburg |date=29 March 2008|access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Soccerlens.com}}</ref>
Hamburg made a bid for the [[2024 Olympic Games]], but 51.7 percent of those city residents participating in a [[referendum]] in November 2015 voted against continuing Hamburg's bid to host the games. Meanwhile, Hamburg's partner city [[Kiel]] voted in favour of hosting the event, with almost 66 percent of all participants supporting the bid. Opponents of the bid had argued that hosting the 33rd Olympic Games would cost the city too much in public funds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fpolitik%2F2015-11%2Folympia-bewerbung-hamburg-referendum|title=ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl.|website=www.zeit.de}}</ref>
==Education==
{{See also|Education in Hamburg|Education in Germany}}
[[File:2013-06-08 Projekt Heißluftballon DSCF0784.jpg|thumb|The main building of the [[University of Hamburg]]]]
[[File:Hh-budgepalais.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg|University of Music and Theatre]]]]
The school system is managed by the Ministry of Schools and Vocational Training (''Behörde für Schule und Berufsbildung''). The system had approximately 191,148 students in 221 [[primary education|primary schools]] and 188 [[secondary education|secondary schools]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hamburg.de/schuljahr-in-zahlen/4661914/schulen/|title=Wie viele Schulen gibt es?|website=hamburg.de|language=de|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> There are 32 public libraries in Hamburg.<ref>{{Citation|title=Wir über uns (Hamburg Libraries about us)|url=http://www.buecherhallen.de/aw/home/~cf/ueber_uns/|publisher=Bücherhallen Hamburg|language=de|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629095558/http://www.buecherhallen.de/aw/home/~cf/ueber_uns/|archive-date=29 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Nineteen universities are located in Hamburg, with about 100,589 university students in total, including 9,000 resident students.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/article208791261/Hamburg-hat-so-viele-Studenten-wie-nie-zuvor.html|title=Hamburg hat so viele Studenten wie nie zuvor|last=Hamburg|first=Hamburger Abendblatt -|access-date=1 November 2017|language=de-DE}}</ref> Six universities are public, including the largest, the [[University of Hamburg]] (Universität Hamburg) with the [[University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf]], the [[Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg|University of Music and Theatre]], the [[Hamburg University of Applied Sciences]], the [[HafenCity University Hamburg]] and the [[Technical University of Hamburg|Hamburg University of Technology]]. Seven universities are private, like the [[Bucerius Law School]], the [[Kühne Logistics University]] and the [[HSBA Hamburg School of Business Administration]]. The city has also smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as the [[Helmut Schmidt University]] (formerly the University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg).<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |url=http://www.wissenschaft.hamburg.de/index.php/article/detail/1383 |title=Science Portal Hamburg |publisher=[[Government of Hamburg#Ministries|Ministry of Science and Research (Behörde für Wissenschaft und Forschung)]] |access-date=5 August 2008 |language=de |archive-date=10 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810210626/http://www.wissenschaft.hamburg.de/index.php/article/detail/1383 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Hamburg is home to one of the oldest international schools in Germany, the [[International School of Hamburg]].
==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}}
Hamburg is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnerstädte|url=https://www.hamburg.de/partnerstaedte/|website=hamburg.de|publisher=Hamburg|language=de|access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia (1957)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Marseille]], France (1958)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shanghai]], China (1986)
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Dresden]], Germany (1987)
* {{flagicon|NIC}} [[León, Nicaragua|León]], Nicaragua (1989)
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Osaka]], Japan (1989)
* {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Prague]], Czech Republic (1990)
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Chicago]], United States (1994)
* {{flagicon|TZA}} [[Dar Es Salaam]], Tanzania (2010)
{{div col end}}
==Notable people==
{{See|Category:People from Hamburg}}
{{Quotation|text=In Hamburg it's hard to find a native Hamburger. A hurried and superficial search turns up only crayfish, people from [[Pinneberg]], and those from [[Bergedorf]]. One accompanies the contented little kippers of a striving society; mackerels from [[Stade]], sole from [[Finkenwerder]], herrings from [[Cuxhaven]] swim in expectant throngs through the streets of my city and lobsters patrol the stock exchange with open claws.... The first so-called unguarded glance always lands on the bottom of the sea and falls into twilight of the aquarium. [[Heinrich Heine]] must have had the same experience when he tried, with his cultivated scorn and gifted melancholy, to find the people of Hamburg.|author=[[Siegfried Lenz]]|source=in ''Leute von Hamburg'' (People of Hamburg) {{ISBN|978-3-423-11538-4}}.<ref>{{Citation |first=Jennifer |last=Jenkins |title=Provincial modernity: local culture and liberal politics in fin-de-siècle Hamburg |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-8014-4025-4}}</ref>}}
The list below originated with a ref to the [[1911 Encyclopædia Britannica]], including entries said to be "born at Hamburg".
[[File:Barthold Heinrich Brockes.jpg|thumb|140px|Portrait of [[Barthold Heinrich Brockes]]]]
[[File:Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy.jpg|thumb|140px|Painting of [[Felix Mendelssohn]] Bartholdy, 1833]]
[[File:JohannesBrahms.jpg|thumb|140px|Portrait of [[Johannes Brahms]], 1899]]
* [[Lucas Holstenius]] (1596–1661), German Catholic humanist, geographer, historian and librarian<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Holstenius, Lucas |volume= 13 | page = 619 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Andreas Schlüter]] ({{Circa|1659|1714}}) a German baroque sculptor and architect<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Schlüter, Andreas |volume= 24 | page = 343 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Barthold Heinrich Brockes]] (1680–1747) a German poet<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Brockes, Barthold Heinrich |volume= 4 | page = 624 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Hermann Samuel Reimarus]] (1694–1768), a German philosopher and writer of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Reimarus, Hermann Samuel |volume= 23 | page = 53 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Konrad Ekhof]] (1720–1778) the foremost German actor of the 18th century<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Ekhof, Konrad |volume= 9 | pages = 139–140 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Johann Bernhard Basedow]] (1724–1790) a German educational reformer, teacher and writer<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Basedow, Johann Bernhard |volume= 3 | pages = 461–462 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Meta Klopstock]] (1728-1758), writer<ref>{{cite book | last=Wilson | first=K.M. | title=An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers | publisher=Garland Pub. | series=An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers | issue=v. 1 | year=1991 | isbn=978-0-8240-8547-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wf1SVbGFg8C&pg=PA641 | access-date=3 Mar 2023 | page=641}}</ref>
* [[Johann Joachim Eschenburg]] (1743–1820) a German critic and literary historian<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Eschenburg, Johann Joachim |volume= 9 | page = 764 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Johann Elert Bode]] (1747–1826) an astronomer, he named and determined the orbit of [[Uranus]]<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bode, Johann Elert |volume= 4 | page = 108 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Johann Dominicus Fiorillo]] (1748–1821) a German painter and historian of art<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Fiorillo, Johann Dominicus |volume= 10 | page = 394 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Christian of Stolberg-Stolberg|Christian, Count of Stolberg-Stolberg]] (1748–1821) poet, brother of [[Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg|Frederick Leopold]]<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Stolberg, Friedrich Leopold, Graf zu |volume= 25 | page = 953;see para 2|quote=Stolberg's brother, Christian, Graf zu Stolberg (1748-1821).....|short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg|Friedrich Leopold Graf zu Stolberg-Stolberg]] (1750–1819), a German lawyer and translator<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Stolberg, Friedrich Leopold, Graf zu |volume= 25 | page = 953 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Georg Friedrich von Martens]] (1756–1821) a German jurist and diplomat<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Martens, Georg Friedrich von |volume= 17 | pages = 786–787 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Ludwig Erdwin Seyler]] (1758-1836) banker and politician
* [[Johann Franz Encke]] (1791–1865) astronomer, measured the distance from Earth to the Sun<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Encke, Johann Franz |volume= 9 |last= Clerke |first= Agnes Mary |author-link= Agnes Mary Clerke | page = 369 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Ami Boué]] (1794–1881) a geologist of French Huguenot origin<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Boué, Ami|volume= 4 | page = 315 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Gustav Friedrich Waagen]] (1794–1868) a German art historian<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Waagen, Gustav Friedrich |volume= 28 | pages = 223–224 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Johann Christian Poggendorff]] (1796–1877), a physicist, dealt with electricity and magnetism<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Poggendorff, Johann Christian |volume= 21 | page = 890 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Matthias Jakob Schleiden]] (1804–1881) a German botanist, co-founder of [[cell theory]]<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Schleiden, Matthias Jakob |volume= 24 | page = 330 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Samson Raphael Hirsch]] (1808–1888) Orthodox rabbi, founded the ''[[Torah im Derech Eretz]]''<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hirsch, Samson Raphael |volume= 13 |last= Abrahams |first= Israel |author-link= Israel Abrahams | page = 525 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Felix Mendelssohn]] (1809–1847), a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Jakob Ludwig Felix |volume= 18 |last1= Rockstro |first1= William Smyth |author1-link= William Smyth Rockstro |last2= Tovey |first2= Donald Francis |author2-link= Donald Francis Tovey | pages = 123–124 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Ludwig Preller]] (1809–1861) a German philologist and antiquarian<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Preller, Ludwig |volume= 22 | page = 278 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Friedrich Gerstäcker]] (1816–1872) a German travel writer and novelist<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Gerstäcker, Friedrich |volume= 11 | pages = 906–907 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Justus Ludwig Adolf Roth]] (1818–1892) a German geologist and mineralogist<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Roth, Justus Ludwig Adolf |volume= 23 | page = 756 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Heinrich Barth]] (1821–1865) a German explorer of Africa and a scholar<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Barth, Heinrich |volume= 3 | page = 447 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Jacob Bernays]] (1824–1881) a German philologist and philosophical writer<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bernays, Jakob |volume= 3 | page = 800 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Julius Oppert]] (1825–1905) a French-German [[Assyria|Assyriologist]]<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Oppert, Julius |volume= 20 | page = 140 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Thérèse Tietjens]] (1831–1877) a leading opera and oratorio soprano<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Tietjens, Thérèse Johanne Alexandra |volume= 26 | page = 966 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Johannes Brahms]] (1833–1897) a German composer, pianist and conductor<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Brahms, Johannes |volume= 4 |last= Maitland |first= John Alexander Fuller | author-link= John Alexander Fuller Maitland | pages = 389–390 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Michael Bernays]] (1834–1897) German literary historian, scholar of Goethe and Shakespeare<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bernays, Jakob |volume= 3 | page = 800; see para 2|quote=His brother, Michael Bernays (1834–1897).....|short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig]] (1835–1910) German chemist, discovered the [[pinacol coupling reaction]]<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Fittig, Rudolf |volume= 10 | page = 440 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Wilhelm Kühne]] (1837–1900) a German physiologist, coined the word [[enzyme]] in 1878<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Kühne, Willy |volume= 15 | page = 942 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Carl Rosa]] (1842–1889) musical impresario, founded the [[Carl Rosa Opera Company]] in London<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Rosa, Carl August Nicholas |volume= 23 | page = 720 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Carl Hagenbeck]] (1844–1913) a merchant of wild animals who supplied many European zoos<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hagenbeck, Carl |volume= 12 | page = 814 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Hans Hinrich Wendt]] (1853–1928) a German Protestant theologian<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Wendt, Hans Hinrich |volume= 28 | page = 518 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Hans von Bartels]] (1856–1913) a German painter<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bartels, Hans von |volume= 3 | page = 447 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Heinrich Hertz]] (1857–1894) physicist who first proved the existence of [[Electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic waves]]<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf |volume= 13 | pages = 400–401 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Helmut Schmidt]] (1918–2015) politician and [[chancellor of West Germany]] from 1974 to 1982
* [[Angela Merkel]] (born 1954) a retired politician and scientist, [[chancellor of Germany]] from 2005 to 2021
==See also==
{{portal|Hamburg|Germany|Europe|Geography}}
* [[Novo Hamburgo]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Hamburg }}
* {{Official website|1=https://www.hamburg.com/}}
* {{curlie|Regional/Europe/Germany/States/Hamburg/}}
* {{Osmrelation-inline|62782}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Hamburg (city)}}
* [http://hamburg-von-oben.de/ Hamburg Panorama-View]
{{Geographic location
|Center =Hamburg
|North =[[Kiel]]
|Northeast= [[Lübeck]]
|East =[[Schwerin]]
|Southeast= [[Lüneburg]], [[Berlin]]
|South =[[Hanover]]
|Southwest= [[Bremen]]
|West =[[Bremerhaven]], [[Stade]]
|Northwest= [[Cuxhaven]]
}}
{{Hamburg}}
{{Boroughs of Hamburg}}
{{Navboxes
|list=
{{States of the Federal Republic of Germany}}
{{Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany}}
{{List of European capitals by region}}
{{Cities in Germany}}
{{Hamburg rail}}
}}
{{Navboxes
|title=Hamburg in history
|list=
{{Hanseatic League}}
{{Free Imperial Cities}}
{{Lower Saxon Circle}}
{{States of the German Confederation}}
{{States of the North German Confederation}}
{{States of the German Empire}}
{{States of the Weimar Republic}}
{{Nazi Gaue}}
{{WWII city bombing}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Hamburg| ]]<!--leave the empty space as for standard-->
[[Category:City-states]]
[[Category:German state capitals]]
[[Category:Free imperial cities]]
[[Category:Members of the Hanseatic League]]
[[Category:NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Germany]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the North Sea]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 9th century]]
[[Category:States of the German Confederation]]
[[Category:States of the German Empire]]
[[Category:States of the North German Confederation]]
[[Category:States of the Weimar Republic]]
[[Category:Populated riverside places in Germany]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Elbe]]
[[Category:Hanseatic Cities]]
[[Category:States of Germany]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,107 +1,6 @@
-{{short description|City and state in Germany}}
-{{About|the German city}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
-{{use British English|date=April 2023}}
-{{Infobox settlement
-| official_name = Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg
-| native_name = <small>{{native name|nds|Hamborg}}</small>
-| native_name_lang =
-| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Germany|Municipality]] and [[States in Germany|state]]
-| image_skyline = {{multiple image
- | total_width = 280
- | border = infobox
- | perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
- | caption_align = center
- | image1 = Alster Hd pano a.jpg
- | alt1 = View of the Binnenalster
- | caption1 = View of the {{lang|de|[[Binnenalster]]|italic=no}}
- | image2 = Elbphilharmonie zum Sonnenaufgang.jpg
- | alt2 = Elbphilharmonie
- | caption2 = {{lang|de|[[Elbphilharmonie]]|italic=no}}
- | image3 = Projekt Heißluftballon - Highflyer -IMG-1407.jpg
- | alt3 = St Catherine's Church
- | caption3 = [[St. Catherine's Church, Hamburg|St Catherine's Church]]
- | image4 = 1106 Hamburg.JPG
- | alt4 = Hafencity
- | caption4 = {{lang|de|[[Hafencity]]|italic=no}}
- | image5 = HamburgSpeicherstadt.jpg
- | alt5 = Speicherstadt
- | caption5 = {{lang|de|[[Speicherstadt]]|italic=no}}
- | image6 = Rathaus Hbg.jpg
- | alt6 = Hamburg City Hall
- | caption6 = [[Hamburg City Hall]]
- | image7 = CTB-CTW Port of Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg
- | alt7 = Port of Hamburg
- | caption7 = [[Port of Hamburg]]
- }}
-| image_flag = Flag of Hamburg.svg
-| flag_size = 120px
-| image_shield = Wappen der Hamburgischen Bürgerschaft.svg
-| shield_size = 70
-| pushpin_map = Germany#Europe
-| pushpin_mapsize = 250
-| pushpin_relief =
-| pushpin_label = <big>'''Hamburg'''</big>
-| coordinates = {{coord|53|33|N|10|00|E|display=inline,title}}
-| subdivision_type = Country
-| subdivision_name = [[Germany]]
-| seat_type = Capital
-| seat =
-| governing_body = [[Bürgerschaft of Hamburg]]
-| leader_party = {{Polparty|Germany|SPD}}
-| leader_title = [[List of mayors of Hamburg|First Mayor]]
-| leader_name = [[Peter Tschentscher]]
-| leader_title1 = [[List of mayors of Hamburg|Second Mayor]]
-| leader_name1 = [[Katharina Fegebank]]
-| leader_title2 = Governing parties
-| leader_name2 = {{Polparty|Germany|SPD}} / {{Polparty|Germany|Greens}}
-| leader_title3 = [[Bundesrat of Germany|Bundesrat votes]]
-| leader_name3 = 3 (of 69)
-| leader_title4 = [[Bundestag|Bundestag seats]]
-| leader_name4 = [[Results of the 2021 German federal election#Hamburg|16 (of 736)]]
-| total_type = City
-| area_footnotes =
-| area_total_km2 = 755.22
-| elevation_m =
-| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Population Germany|key=02000000|datref=QUELLE}}</ref>
-| population_total = {{Population Germany|key=02000000}}
-| population_as_of = {{Population Germany|key=02000000|datref=STAND}}
-| population_density_km2 = auto
-| population_urban = 2484800<ref name="citypopulation_urban"/>
-| population_metro = 5425628
-| population_demonym = {{lang-de|Hamburger|links=no}} (male), {{lang|de|Hamburgerin}} (female)<br />{{lang-en|Hamburger(s),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of HAMBURG |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Hamburg |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref>
-<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are Hamburg people called? – SidmartinBio |url=https://www.sidmartinbio.org/what-are-hamburg-people-called/ |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=www.sidmartinbio.org}}</ref> Hamburgian(s)}}
-| timezone1 = [[Central European Time|Central (CET)]]
-| utc_offset1 = +1
-| timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|Central (CEST)]]
-| utc_offset1_DST = +2
-| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Germany|Postal code(s)]]
-| postal_code = 20001–21149, 22001–22769
-| area_code_type = [[Area codes in Germany|Area code(s)]]
-| area_code = 040
-| registration_plate = {{Plainlist|
-* HH {{small|(1906–1945; again since 1956) }}
-* MGH {{small|(1945) }}
-* H {{small|(1945–1947) }}
-* HG {{small|(1947) }}
-* BH {{small|(1948–1956) }}
-}}
-| blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross regional product|GRP (nominal)]]
-| blank_info_sec1 = €123 billion (2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-bw.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp|title=Bruttoinlandsprodukt – in jeweiligen Preisen – in Deutschland 1991 bis 2019 nach Bundesländern (WZ 2008) – VGR dL|website=www.vgrdl.de|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625204722/https://www.statistik-bw.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp|archive-date=25 June 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-| blank1_name_sec1 = GRP per capita
-| blank1_info_sec1 = €67,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statistik-bw.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp|title=Bruttoinlandsprodukt – in jeweiligen Preisen – in Deutschland 1991 bis 2019 nach Bundesländern (WZ 2008) – VGR dL|website=www.statistik-bw.de|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625204722/https://www.statistik-bw.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp|archive-date=25 June 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> (2019)
-| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2021)
-| blank1_info_sec2 = 0.972<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref><br />{{color|green|very high}} · [[List of German states by Human Development Index|1st of 16]]
-| iso_code = DE-HH
-| blank_name_sec2 = [[First level NUTS of the European Union#Germany|NUTS Region]]
-| blank_info_sec2 = DE6
-| website = [https://www.hamburg.com/ hamburg.com]
-| footnotes =
-| name = Hamburg
-}}
-'''Hamburg''' ({{IPA-de|ˈhambʊʁk|lang|GeoTrinity Hamburg.ogg}}, {{IPA-dedia|ˈhambʊɪ̯ç|locally also|GeoTrinity Hamburch.ogg}}; {{lang-nds|label=[[Hamburg German|Low Saxon]]|Hamborg}} {{IPA-nds|ˈhambɔːç||GT Hamborch.ogg}}), officially the '''Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg''' ({{lang-de|Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg}}; {{lang-nds|label=Low Saxon|Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg}}),<ref name=constitution>{{Citation |trans-title=[[Constitution of Hamburg]] |title=Verfassung der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg |url=http://hh.juris.de/hh/gesamt/Verf_HA.htm#Verf_HA_rahmen |date=6 June 1952 |edition=11th |access-date=21 September 2008 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610050056/http://hh.juris.de/hh/gesamt/Verf_HA.htm#Verf_HA_rahmen |archive-date=10 June 2007 }}.</ref> is the [[List of cities in Germany by population|second-largest city]] in [[Germany]] after [[Berlin]], as well as the overall [[List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits|7th largest city]] and largest non-[[capital city]] in the [[European Union]] with a population of over 1.85 million.<ref>{{Cite news|author1=Jacqueline Brinkwirth|author2=Sophie von Wirth|author3=Gero Berndt|date=31 May 2019|title=Ranking 2019: Die zehn größten Städte Deutschlands|trans-title=The Ten Largest German Cities|newspaper=Handelsblatt|url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/ranking-2019-die-zehn-groessten-staedte-deutschlands/24407466.html|language=de}}</ref> Hamburg is 941 km<sup>2</sup> in area. Hamburg's urban area has a population of around 2.5 million<ref name="citypopulation_urban">{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/en/germany/urbanareas/|author=citypopulation.de quoting Federal Statistics Office|title=Germany: Urban Areas|access-date=6 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603133151/http://citypopulation.de/en/germany/urbanareas/|archive-date=3 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> and is part of the [[Hamburg Metropolitan Region]], which has a population of over 5.1 million people in total. The city lies on the [[River Elbe]] and two of its [[tributaries]], the [[River Alster]] and the [[Bille (Elbe)|River Bille]]. One of Germany's 16 [[States of Germany|federated states]], Hamburg is surrounded by [[Schleswig-Holstein]] to the north and [[Lower Saxony]] to the south.
+
-The official name reflects [[History of Hamburg|Hamburg's history]] as a member of the medieval [[Hanseatic League]] and a [[free imperial city]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Before the 1871 [[unification of Germany]], it was a fully [[sovereignty|sovereign]] [[city state]], and before 1919 formed a civic republic [[constitutional monarchy|headed constitutionally]] by a class of hereditary [[grand burgher]]s or {{lang|de|[[Hanseaten (class)|Hanseaten]]}}. Beset by disasters such as the [[Great Fire of Hamburg]], [[North Sea flood of 1962]] and military conflicts including [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II|World War II bombing raids]], the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe.
+republic [[constitutional monarchy|headed constitutionally]] by a class of hereditary [[grand burgher]]s or {{lang|de|[[Hanseaten (class)|Hanseaten]]}}. Beset by disasters such as the [[Great Fire of Hamburg]], [[North Sea flood of 1962]] and military conflicts including [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II|World War II bombing raids]], the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe.
Hamburg is Europe's [[List of busiest ports in Europe|third largest port]], after [[Rotterdam]] and [[Antwerp]]. Major regional broadcaster [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk|NDR]], the printing and publishing firm {{lang|de|[[Gruner + Jahr]]|italic=no}} and the newspapers {{lang|de|[[Der Spiegel]]|italic=yes}} and {{lang|de|[[Die Zeit]]|italic=yes}} are based in the city. Hamburg is the seat of Germany's oldest [[Hamburg Stock Exchange|stock exchange]] and the [[list of oldest banks in continuous operation|world's oldest merchant bank]], [[Berenberg Bank]]. Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals [[Airbus]], {{lang|de|[[Blohm + Voss]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|de|[[Aurubis]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|de|[[Beiersdorf]]|italic=no}}, [[Lufthansa Technik|Lufthansa]] and [[Unilever]]. Hamburg is also a major European [[education in Hamburg|science, research, and education hub]], with several universities and institutions. The city enjoys a very high quality of living, being ranked 19th in the 2019 Mercer Quality of Living Survey.<ref name="mercer2019">{{cite web |title=Quality of Living City Ranking |url=https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/Insights/quality-of-living-rankings |website=mercer.com |publisher=Mercer |access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref>
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1 => '{{About|the German city}}',
2 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}',
3 => '{{use British English|date=April 2023}}',
4 => '{{Infobox settlement',
5 => '| official_name = Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg',
6 => '| native_name = <small>{{native name|nds|Hamborg}}</small>',
7 => '| native_name_lang =',
8 => '| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Germany|Municipality]] and [[States in Germany|state]]',
9 => '| image_skyline = {{multiple image',
10 => ' | total_width = 280',
11 => ' | border = infobox',
12 => ' | perrow = 1/2/2/2/1',
13 => ' | caption_align = center',
14 => ' | image1 = Alster Hd pano a.jpg',
15 => ' | alt1 = View of the Binnenalster',
16 => ' | caption1 = View of the {{lang|de|[[Binnenalster]]|italic=no}}',
17 => ' | image2 = Elbphilharmonie zum Sonnenaufgang.jpg',
18 => ' | alt2 = Elbphilharmonie',
19 => ' | caption2 = {{lang|de|[[Elbphilharmonie]]|italic=no}}',
20 => ' | image3 = Projekt Heißluftballon - Highflyer -IMG-1407.jpg',
21 => ' | alt3 = St Catherine's Church',
22 => ' | caption3 = [[St. Catherine's Church, Hamburg|St Catherine's Church]]',
23 => ' | image4 = 1106 Hamburg.JPG',
24 => ' | alt4 = Hafencity',
25 => ' | caption4 = {{lang|de|[[Hafencity]]|italic=no}}',
26 => ' | image5 = HamburgSpeicherstadt.jpg',
27 => ' | alt5 = Speicherstadt',
28 => ' | caption5 = {{lang|de|[[Speicherstadt]]|italic=no}}',
29 => ' | image6 = Rathaus Hbg.jpg',
30 => ' | alt6 = Hamburg City Hall',
31 => ' | caption6 = [[Hamburg City Hall]]',
32 => ' | image7 = CTB-CTW Port of Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg',
33 => ' | alt7 = Port of Hamburg',
34 => ' | caption7 = [[Port of Hamburg]]',
35 => ' }}',
36 => '| image_flag = Flag of Hamburg.svg',
37 => '| flag_size = 120px',
38 => '| image_shield = Wappen der Hamburgischen Bürgerschaft.svg',
39 => '| shield_size = 70',
40 => '| pushpin_map = Germany#Europe',
41 => '| pushpin_mapsize = 250',
42 => '| pushpin_relief =',
43 => '| pushpin_label = <big>'''Hamburg'''</big>',
44 => '| coordinates = {{coord|53|33|N|10|00|E|display=inline,title}}',
45 => '| subdivision_type = Country',
46 => '| subdivision_name = [[Germany]]',
47 => '| seat_type = Capital',
48 => '| seat =',
49 => '| governing_body = [[Bürgerschaft of Hamburg]]',
50 => '| leader_party = {{Polparty|Germany|SPD}}',
51 => '| leader_title = [[List of mayors of Hamburg|First Mayor]]',
52 => '| leader_name = [[Peter Tschentscher]]',
53 => '| leader_title1 = [[List of mayors of Hamburg|Second Mayor]]',
54 => '| leader_name1 = [[Katharina Fegebank]]',
55 => '| leader_title2 = Governing parties',
56 => '| leader_name2 = {{Polparty|Germany|SPD}} / {{Polparty|Germany|Greens}}',
57 => '| leader_title3 = [[Bundesrat of Germany|Bundesrat votes]]',
58 => '| leader_name3 = 3 (of 69)',
59 => '| leader_title4 = [[Bundestag|Bundestag seats]]',
60 => '| leader_name4 = [[Results of the 2021 German federal election#Hamburg|16 (of 736)]]',
61 => '| total_type = City',
62 => '| area_footnotes =',
63 => '| area_total_km2 = 755.22',
64 => '| elevation_m =',
65 => '| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Population Germany|key=02000000|datref=QUELLE}}</ref>',
66 => '| population_total = {{Population Germany|key=02000000}}',
67 => '| population_as_of = {{Population Germany|key=02000000|datref=STAND}}',
68 => '| population_density_km2 = auto',
69 => '| population_urban = 2484800<ref name="citypopulation_urban"/>',
70 => '| population_metro = 5425628',
71 => '| population_demonym = {{lang-de|Hamburger|links=no}} (male), {{lang|de|Hamburgerin}} (female)<br />{{lang-en|Hamburger(s),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of HAMBURG |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Hamburg |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref>',
72 => '<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are Hamburg people called? – SidmartinBio |url=https://www.sidmartinbio.org/what-are-hamburg-people-called/ |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=www.sidmartinbio.org}}</ref> Hamburgian(s)}}',
73 => '| timezone1 = [[Central European Time|Central (CET)]]',
74 => '| utc_offset1 = +1',
75 => '| timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|Central (CEST)]]',
76 => '| utc_offset1_DST = +2',
77 => '| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Germany|Postal code(s)]]',
78 => '| postal_code = 20001–21149, 22001–22769',
79 => '| area_code_type = [[Area codes in Germany|Area code(s)]]',
80 => '| area_code = 040',
81 => '| registration_plate = {{Plainlist|',
82 => '* HH {{small|(1906–1945; again since 1956) }}',
83 => '* MGH {{small|(1945) }}',
84 => '* H {{small|(1945–1947) }}',
85 => '* HG {{small|(1947) }}',
86 => '* BH {{small|(1948–1956) }}',
87 => '}}',
88 => '| blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross regional product|GRP (nominal)]]',
89 => '| blank_info_sec1 = €123 billion (2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-bw.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp|title=Bruttoinlandsprodukt – in jeweiligen Preisen – in Deutschland 1991 bis 2019 nach Bundesländern (WZ 2008) – VGR dL|website=www.vgrdl.de|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625204722/https://www.statistik-bw.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp|archive-date=25 June 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>',
90 => '| blank1_name_sec1 = GRP per capita',
91 => '| blank1_info_sec1 = €67,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statistik-bw.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp|title=Bruttoinlandsprodukt – in jeweiligen Preisen – in Deutschland 1991 bis 2019 nach Bundesländern (WZ 2008) – VGR dL|website=www.statistik-bw.de|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625204722/https://www.statistik-bw.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp|archive-date=25 June 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> (2019)',
92 => '| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2021)',
93 => '| blank1_info_sec2 = 0.972<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref><br />{{color|green|very high}} · [[List of German states by Human Development Index|1st of 16]]',
94 => '| iso_code = DE-HH',
95 => '| blank_name_sec2 = [[First level NUTS of the European Union#Germany|NUTS Region]]',
96 => '| blank_info_sec2 = DE6',
97 => '| website = [https://www.hamburg.com/ hamburg.com]',
98 => '| footnotes =',
99 => '| name = Hamburg',
100 => '}}',
101 => ''''Hamburg''' ({{IPA-de|ˈhambʊʁk|lang|GeoTrinity Hamburg.ogg}}, {{IPA-dedia|ˈhambʊɪ̯ç|locally also|GeoTrinity Hamburch.ogg}}; {{lang-nds|label=[[Hamburg German|Low Saxon]]|Hamborg}} {{IPA-nds|ˈhambɔːç||GT Hamborch.ogg}}), officially the '''Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg''' ({{lang-de|Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg}}; {{lang-nds|label=Low Saxon|Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg}}),<ref name=constitution>{{Citation |trans-title=[[Constitution of Hamburg]] |title=Verfassung der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg |url=http://hh.juris.de/hh/gesamt/Verf_HA.htm#Verf_HA_rahmen |date=6 June 1952 |edition=11th |access-date=21 September 2008 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610050056/http://hh.juris.de/hh/gesamt/Verf_HA.htm#Verf_HA_rahmen |archive-date=10 June 2007 }}.</ref> is the [[List of cities in Germany by population|second-largest city]] in [[Germany]] after [[Berlin]], as well as the overall [[List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits|7th largest city]] and largest non-[[capital city]] in the [[European Union]] with a population of over 1.85 million.<ref>{{Cite news|author1=Jacqueline Brinkwirth|author2=Sophie von Wirth|author3=Gero Berndt|date=31 May 2019|title=Ranking 2019: Die zehn größten Städte Deutschlands|trans-title=The Ten Largest German Cities|newspaper=Handelsblatt|url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/ranking-2019-die-zehn-groessten-staedte-deutschlands/24407466.html|language=de}}</ref> Hamburg is 941 km<sup>2</sup> in area. Hamburg's urban area has a population of around 2.5 million<ref name="citypopulation_urban">{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/en/germany/urbanareas/|author=citypopulation.de quoting Federal Statistics Office|title=Germany: Urban Areas|access-date=6 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603133151/http://citypopulation.de/en/germany/urbanareas/|archive-date=3 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> and is part of the [[Hamburg Metropolitan Region]], which has a population of over 5.1 million people in total. The city lies on the [[River Elbe]] and two of its [[tributaries]], the [[River Alster]] and the [[Bille (Elbe)|River Bille]]. One of Germany's 16 [[States of Germany|federated states]], Hamburg is surrounded by [[Schleswig-Holstein]] to the north and [[Lower Saxony]] to the south.',
102 => 'The official name reflects [[History of Hamburg|Hamburg's history]] as a member of the medieval [[Hanseatic League]] and a [[free imperial city]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Before the 1871 [[unification of Germany]], it was a fully [[sovereignty|sovereign]] [[city state]], and before 1919 formed a civic republic [[constitutional monarchy|headed constitutionally]] by a class of hereditary [[grand burgher]]s or {{lang|de|[[Hanseaten (class)|Hanseaten]]}}. Beset by disasters such as the [[Great Fire of Hamburg]], [[North Sea flood of 1962]] and military conflicts including [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II|World War II bombing raids]], the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe.'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
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</p><p>republic <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">headed constitutionally</a> by a class of hereditary <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_burgher" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand burgher">grand burghers</a> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></i></span>. Beset by disasters such as the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Fire of Hamburg">Great Fire of Hamburg</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1962" title="North Sea flood of 1962">North Sea flood of 1962</a> and military conflicts including <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">World War II bombing raids</a>, the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe.
</p><p>Hamburg is Europe's <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_ports_in_Europe" title="List of busiest ports in Europe">third largest port</a>, after <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>. Major regional broadcaster <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Norddeutscher Rundfunk">NDR</a>, the printing and publishing firm <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruner_%2B_Jahr" title="Gruner + Jahr">Gruner + Jahr</a></span></span> and the newspapers <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i></span> are based in the city. Hamburg is the seat of Germany's oldest <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Stock_Exchange" title="Hamburg Stock Exchange">stock exchange</a> and the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_banks_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest banks in continuous operation">world's oldest merchant bank</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berenberg_Bank" title="Berenberg Bank">Berenberg Bank</a>. Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blohm_%2B_Voss" class="mw-redirect" title="Blohm + Voss">Blohm + Voss</a></span></span>, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurubis" title="Aurubis">Aurubis</a></span></span>, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiersdorf" title="Beiersdorf">Beiersdorf</a></span></span>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthansa_Technik" title="Lufthansa Technik">Lufthansa</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a>. Hamburg is also a major European <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Hamburg" title="Education in Hamburg">science, research, and education hub</a>, with several universities and institutions. The city enjoys a very high quality of living, being ranked 19th in the 2019 Mercer Quality of Living Survey.<sup id="cite_ref-mercer2019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mercer2019-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>Hamburg hosts specialists in world economics and international law, including <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Hamburg" title="List of diplomatic missions in Hamburg">consular and diplomatic missions</a> as the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tribunal_for_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea">International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea</a>, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU-LAC_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="EU-LAC Foundation">EU-LAC Foundation</a>, and the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Institute_for_Lifelong_Learning" title="UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning">UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning</a>, multipartite international political conferences and summits such as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Summit:_China_meets_Europe" title="Hamburg Summit: China meets Europe">Europe and China</a> and the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_G20_Hamburg_summit" title="2017 G20 Hamburg summit">G20</a>. Former German chancellors <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> were both born in Hamburg. The former <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Hamburg" title="List of mayors of Hamburg">Mayor of Hamburg</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a>, has been the current German chancellor since December 2021.
</p><p>Hamburg is a major international and domestic <a href="#Tourism">tourist destination</a>. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speicherstadt" title="Speicherstadt">Speicherstadt</a></i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontorhaus_District" title="Kontorhaus District">Kontorhausviertel</a></i></span> were declared <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> Hamburg's rivers and canals are crossed by around 2,500 bridges, making it the city with the highest number of bridges in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> Aside from its rich architectural heritage, the city is also home to notable cultural venues such as the <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbphilharmonie" title="Elbphilharmonie">Elbphilharmonie</a></span></span> and <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laeiszhalle" title="Laeiszhalle">Laeiszhalle</a></span></span> concert halls. It gave birth to movements like <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_Schule" title="Hamburger Schule">Hamburger Schule</a></i></span> and paved the way for bands including <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles_in_Hamburg" title="The Beatles in Hamburg">the Beatles</a>. Hamburg is also known for several <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Hamburg" title="List of theatres in Hamburg">theatres</a> and a variety of musical shows. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Pauli" title="St. Pauli">St. Pauli</a>'s <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeperbahn" title="Reeperbahn">Reeperbahn</a></span></span> is among the best-known European entertainment districts.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Medieval_Hamburg"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Medieval Hamburg</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Early_modern_period"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Early modern period</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Second_World_War"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Second World War</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Post-war_history"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Post-war history</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Foreign_citizens_in_Hamburg"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Foreign citizens in Hamburg</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Language"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Language</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Government"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Government</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Boroughs"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Boroughs</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Cityscape"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Cityscape</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Architecture"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Architecture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Parks_and_gardens"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Parks and gardens</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Theatres"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Theatres</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Museums"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Museums</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Festivals_and_regular_events"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Festivals and regular events</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Cuisine"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Cuisine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Main_sights"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Main sights</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Alternative_culture"><span class="tocnumber">6.7</span> <span class="toctext">Alternative culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#British_culture"><span class="tocnumber">6.8</span> <span class="toctext">British culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Memorials"><span class="tocnumber">6.9</span> <span class="toctext">Memorials</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Banking"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Banking</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Port"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Port</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Industrial_production"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Industrial production</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#HafenCity"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">HafenCity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Tourism"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext">Tourism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Creative_industries"><span class="tocnumber">7.6</span> <span class="toctext">Creative industries</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Infrastructure"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Infrastructure</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Health_systems"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Health systems</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Transport"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Transport</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Public_transport"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Public transport</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Utilities"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Utilities</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Twin towns – sister cities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Notable_people"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Notable people</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Hamburg" title="History of Hamburg">History of Hamburg</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Hamburg" title="Timeline of Hamburg">Timeline of Hamburg</a>.</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins">Origins</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemy</a> (2nd century AD) reported the first name for the vicinity as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treva" title="Treva">Treva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The name Hamburg comes from the first permanent building on the site, a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a> which the Emperor <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> ordered constructed in AD 808. It rose on rocky terrain in a marsh between the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alster" title="Alster">River Alster</a> and the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">River Elbe</a> as a defence against <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> incursion, and acquired the name <i>Hammaburg</i>, <i>burg</i> meaning castle or fort. The origin of the <i>Hamma</i> term remains uncertain,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> but its location is estimated to be at the site of today's <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Hamburg" title="St. Mary's Cathedral, Hamburg">Domplatz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Medieval_Hamburg">Medieval Hamburg</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval Hamburg">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg_in_1150.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hamburg_in_1150.jpg/220px-Hamburg_in_1150.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hamburg_in_1150.jpg/330px-Hamburg_in_1150.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hamburg_in_1150.jpg/440px-Hamburg_in_1150.jpg 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="616" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg_in_1150.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Hamburg in 1150</div></div></div>
<p>In 834, Hamburg was designated as the seat of a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-Bishop">bishopric</a>. The first bishop, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansgar" title="Ansgar">Ansgar</a>, became known as the Apostle of the North. Two years later, Hamburg was united with <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Bremen">Bremen</a> as the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_administrators,_archbishops,_bishops,_and_prince-archbishops_of_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators, archbishops, bishops, and prince-archbishops of Bremen">Bishopric of Hamburg-Bremen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-verg15_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verg15-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>Hamburg was destroyed and occupied several times. In 845, 600 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> ships sailed up the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">River Elbe</a> and destroyed Hamburg, at that time a town of around 500 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-verg15_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verg15-8">[8]</a></sup> In 1030, King <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_II_Lambert" title="Mieszko II Lambert">Mieszko II Lambert</a> of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1025%E2%80%931385)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)">Poland</a> burned down the city. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemar_II_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar II of Denmark">Valdemar II of Denmark</a> raided and occupied Hamburg in 1201 and in 1214. The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> killed at least 60% of the population in 1350.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
Hamburg experienced several great fires in the medieval period.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1189, by imperial charter, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I "Barbarossa"</a> granted Hamburg the status of a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Imperial_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Imperial City">Free Imperial City</a> and tax-free access (or <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">free-trade zone</a>) up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea. In 1265, an allegedly forged letter was presented to or by the Rath of Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-verg26_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verg26-11">[11]</a></sup> This charter, along with Hamburg's proximity to the main trade routes of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, quickly made it a major port in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>. Its trade alliance with <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> in 1241 marks the origin and core of the powerful Hanseatic League of trading cities. On 8 November 1266, a contract between <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> and Hamburg's traders allowed them to establish a <i>hanse</i> in London. This was the first time in history that the word <i>hanse</i> was used for the trading guild of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-verg30_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verg30-12">[12]</a></sup>
In 1270, the solicitor of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Hamburg">senate of Hamburg</a>, <i>Jordan von <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boitzenburger_Land" title="Boitzenburger Land">Boitzenburg</a></i>, wrote the first description of civil, criminal and procedural law for a city in Germany in the German language, the <i>Ordeelbook</i> (<i>Ordeel</i>: sentence).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> On 10 August 1410, civil unrest forced a compromise (German: <i>Rezeß</i>, literally meaning: withdrawal). This is considered the first <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Hamburg" title="Constitution of Hamburg">constitution of Hamburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1356 was celebrated for the first time the <i>Matthiae-Mahl</i> feast dinner for <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> cities on 25 February, the first day of spring in medieval times. It continues today as the world's oldest ceremonial meal.<sup id="cite_ref-mattmahl_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mattmahl-15">[15]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early modern period">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg_um_1600_Brook.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hamburg_um_1600_Brook.jpg/220px-Hamburg_um_1600_Brook.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hamburg_um_1600_Brook.jpg/330px-Hamburg_um_1600_Brook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hamburg_um_1600_Brook.jpg/440px-Hamburg_um_1600_Brook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1404" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg_um_1600_Brook.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Hamburg, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span></div></div></div>
<p>In 1529, the city embraced <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, and it received <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed church">Reformed</a> refugees from the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.
</p><p>When <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Valckenborgh" title="Jan van Valckenborgh">Jan van Valckenborgh</a> introduced a second layer to the fortifications to protect against the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> in the seventeenth century, he extended Hamburg and created a "New Town" (<i>Neustadt</i>) whose street names still date from the grid system of roads he introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>Upon the dissolution of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1806, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial City</a> of Hamburg was not incorporated into a larger administrative area while retaining special privileges (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_mediatisation" title="German mediatisation">mediatised</a>), but became a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> state with the official title of the <i>Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg</i>. Hamburg was briefly annexed by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> to the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> (1804–1814/1815). Russian forces under <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levin_August,_Count_von_Bennigsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Levin August, Count von Bennigsen">General Bennigsen</a> finally freed the city in 1814. Hamburg re-assumed its pre-1811 status as a city-state in 1814. The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Vienna Congress</a> of 1815 confirmed Hamburg's independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (1815–1866).
</p><p>In 1842, about a quarter of the inner city was destroyed in the "<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Fire of Hamburg">Great Fire</a>". The fire started on the night of 4 May and was not extinguished until 8 May. It destroyed three churches, the town hall, and many other buildings, killing 51 people and leaving an estimated 20,000 homeless. Reconstruction took more than 40 years.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jmdavid_hamburg.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jmdavid_hamburg.jpg/220px-Jmdavid_hamburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jmdavid_hamburg.jpg/330px-Jmdavid_hamburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jmdavid_hamburg.jpg/440px-Jmdavid_hamburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3747" data-file-height="2559" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jmdavid_hamburg.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Hamburg in 1811</div></div></div>
<p>After periodic political unrest, particularly in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">1848</a>, Hamburg adopted in 1860 a semidemocratic constitution that provided for the election of the Senate, the governing body of the city-state, by adult taxpaying males. Other innovations included the separation of powers, the separation of Church and State, freedom of the press, of assembly and association. Hamburg became a member of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> (1866–1871) and of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1871–1918), and maintained its self-ruling status during the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> (1919–1933). <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_Hamburg_to_the_German_Customs_Union_(Zollverein)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accession of Hamburg to the German Customs Union (Zollverein)">Hamburg acceded to the German Customs Union or Zollverein</a> in 1888, the last (along with Bremen) of the German states to join. The city experienced its fastest growth during the second half of the 19th century when its population more than quadrupled to 800,000 as the growth of the city's <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> trade helped make it Europe's second-largest port.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_America_Line" title="Hamburg America Line">Hamburg-America Line</a>, with <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Ballin" title="Albert Ballin">Albert Ballin</a> as its director, became the world's largest <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">transatlantic</a> shipping company around the start of the 20th century. Shipping companies sailing to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> were based in the city. Hamburg was the departure port for many Germans and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europeans</a> to emigrate to the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Trading communities from all over the world established themselves there.
</p><p>A major outbreak of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> in 1892 was badly handled by the city government, which retained an unusual degree of independence for a German city. About 8,600 died in the largest German epidemic of the late 19th century, and the last major cholera epidemic in a major city of the Western world.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Second_World_War">Second World War</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command,_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg/220px-Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg/330px-Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg/440px-Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2143" data-file-height="1772" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command,_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Hamburg <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilbek" title="Eilbek">Eilbek</a> after the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">1943 bombing</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg_Medienbunker_01_KMJ.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hamburg_Medienbunker_01_KMJ.jpg/220px-Hamburg_Medienbunker_01_KMJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hamburg_Medienbunker_01_KMJ.jpg/330px-Hamburg_Medienbunker_01_KMJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hamburg_Medienbunker_01_KMJ.jpg/440px-Hamburg_Medienbunker_01_KMJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="478" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg_Medienbunker_01_KMJ.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flak_tower" title="Flak tower">Flak tower</a> on the Heiligengeistfeld in Hamburg – one of four enormous fortress-like bunkers in Hamburg</div></div></div>
<p>Hamburg was a <i>Gau</i> within the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_division_of_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative division of Nazi Germany">administrative division of Nazi Germany</a> from 1934 until 1945. During the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Allied bombing of Hamburg</a> devastated much of the city and the harbour. On 23 July 1943, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Air Force">United States Army Air Force</a> firebombing created a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">firestorm</a> which spread from the <i>Hauptbahnhof</i> (main railway station) and quickly moved south-east, completely destroying entire boroughs such as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerbrook" title="Hammerbrook">Hammerbrook</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billbrook" title="Billbrook">Billbrook</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamm,_Hamburg" title="Hamm, Hamburg">Hamm South</a>. Thousands of people perished in these densely populated working class boroughs. The raids, codenamed <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Gomorrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Gomorrah">Operation Gomorrah</a> by the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a>, killed at least 42,600 civilians; the precise number is not known. About one million civilians were evacuated in the aftermath of the raids. While some of the boroughs destroyed were rebuilt as residential districts after the war, others such as Hammerbrook were entirely developed into office, retail and limited residential or industrial districts.
</p><p>The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Cemetery" title="Hamburg Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery">Hamburg Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery</a> is in the greater <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlsdorf_Cemetery" title="Ohlsdorf Cemetery">Ohlsdorf Cemetery</a> in the north of Hamburg.
</p><p>At least 42,900 people are thought to have perished<sup id="cite_ref-kz-neuengamme_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kz-neuengamme-18">[18]</a></sup> in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme concentration camp</a> (about 25 km (16 mi) outside the city in the marshlands), mostly from epidemics and in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Cap_Arcona_(1927)" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Cap Arcona (1927)">bombing of Kriegsmarine evacuation vessels</a> by the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> at the end of the war<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.
</p><p>Systematic <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation#Deportation_during_World_War_II" title="Deportation">deportations of Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent</a> started on 18 October 1941. These were all directed to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghettos_in_Nazi-occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe">ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe</a> or to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>. Most deported persons perished in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. By the end of 1942 the <i>Jüdischer Religionsverband in Hamburg</i> was dissolved as an independent legal entity and its remaining assets and staff were assumed by the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_Association_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Reich Association of Jews in Germany">Reich Association of Jews in Germany</a> (District Northwest). On 10 June 1943 the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> dissolved the association by a decree.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> The few remaining employees not somewhat protected by a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws#Nazi_Germany" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">mixed marriage</a> were deported from Hamburg on 23 June to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresienstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt">Theresienstadt</a>, where most of them perished.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Post-war_history">Post-war history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-war history">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phb_dt_8107_CTA.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Phb_dt_8107_CTA.jpg/220px-Phb_dt_8107_CTA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Phb_dt_8107_CTA.jpg/330px-Phb_dt_8107_CTA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Phb_dt_8107_CTA.jpg/440px-Phb_dt_8107_CTA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4156" data-file-height="2769" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phb_dt_8107_CTA.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Container Terminal at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">Port of Hamburg</a></div></div></div>
<p>The city was surrendered to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Forces</a> on 3 May 1945, in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hamburg_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hamburg (1945)">Battle of Hamburg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> three days after <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s death. After the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Hamburg formed part of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">British Zone of Occupation</a>; it became a state of what was then <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> in 1949.
</p><p>On 16 February 1962, a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1962" title="North Sea flood of 1962">North Sea flood</a> caused the Elbe to rise to an all-time high, inundating one-fifth of Hamburg and killing more than 300 people.
</p><p>The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_German_border" title="Inner German border">inner German border</a> – only 50 kilometres (30 mi) east of Hamburg – separated the city from most of its hinterland and reduced Hamburg's global trade. Since <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> in 1990, and the accession of several <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central European</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a> countries into the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 2004, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">Port of Hamburg</a> has restarted ambitions for regaining its position as the region's largest deep-sea port for container shipping and its major commercial and trading centre.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutland_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutland Peninsula">Jutland Peninsula</a>, between <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a> to the south and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> to the north, with the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to the west and the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> to the northeast. It is on the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">River Elbe</a> at its confluence with the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alster" title="Alster">Alster</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bille_(Elbe)" title="Bille (Elbe)">Bille</a>. The city centre is around the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnenalster" title="Binnenalster">Binnenalster</a> ("Inner Alster") and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%C3%9Fenalster" title="Außenalster">Außenalster</a> ("Outer Alster"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuwerk" title="Neuwerk">Neuwerk</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scharh%C3%B6rn" title="Scharhörn">Scharhörn</a>, and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeh%C3%B6rn" title="Nigehörn">Nigehörn</a>, 100 kilometres (60 mi) away in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Wadden_Sea_National_Park" title="Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park">Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park</a>, are also part of the city of Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>The neighbourhoods of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuenfelde" title="Neuenfelde">Neuenfelde</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranz,_Hamburg" title="Cranz, Hamburg">Cranz</a>, Francop and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finkenwerder" title="Finkenwerder">Finkenwerder</a> are part of the <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altes_Land" title="Altes Land">Altes Land</a></i> (old land) region, the largest contiguous fruit-producing region in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neugraben-Fischbek" title="Neugraben-Fischbek">Neugraben-Fischbek</a> has Hamburg's highest elevation, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselbrack" title="Hasselbrack">Hasselbrack</a> at 116.2 metres (381 ft) <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">AMSL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> Hamburg borders the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states</a> of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Hamburg has an <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Cfb</i>), influenced by its proximity to the coast and maritime influences that originate over the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. The location in the north of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> provides extremes greater than typical marine climates, but definitely in the category due to the prevailing westerlies.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> Nearby wetlands enjoy a maritime temperate climate. The amount of snowfall has varied greatly in recent decades. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, heavy snowfall sometimes occurred,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> the winters of recent years have been less cold, with snowfall just a few days per year.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>The warmest months are June, July, and August, with high temperatures of 20.1 to 22.5 °C (68.2 to 72.5 °F). The coldest are December, January, and February, with low temperatures of −0.3 to 1.0 °C (31.5 to 33.8 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-WMO_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p>
<div>
<table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height: 1.2em; margin:;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="14">Climate data for Hamburg-Fuhlsbuttel (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Airport" title="Hamburg Airport">Hamburg Airport</a>), elevation: 15 m, 1981-2010 normals
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Month
</th>
<th scope="col">Jan
</th>
<th scope="col">Feb
</th>
<th scope="col">Mar
</th>
<th scope="col">Apr
</th>
<th scope="col">May
</th>
<th scope="col">Jun
</th>
<th scope="col">Jul
</th>
<th scope="col">Aug
</th>
<th scope="col">Sep
</th>
<th scope="col">Oct
</th>
<th scope="col">Nov
</th>
<th scope="col">Dec
</th>
<th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7<br />(85.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5<br />(92.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6<br />(94.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF0900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.1<br />(104.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3<br />(99.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(90.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF0900; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.1<br />(104.2)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average high °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9<br />(40.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average low °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br />(29.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2<br />(29.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(34.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.8<br />(−9.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.1<br />(−20.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.3<br />(4.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.1<br />(19.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0<br />(23.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(33.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2<br />(29.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.1<br />(19.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.4<br />(4.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.5<br />(−1.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−29.1<br />(−20.4)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches)
</th>
<td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.8<br />(2.67)
</td>
<td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.9<br />(1.96)
</td>
<td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.7<br />(2.67)
</td>
<td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.0<br />(1.69)
</td>
<td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.4<br />(2.26)
</td>
<td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.6<br />(3.09)
</td>
<td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.7<br />(3.02)
</td>
<td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.9<br />(3.11)
</td>
<td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.4<br />(2.65)
</td>
<td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.0<br />(2.64)
</td>
<td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.2<br />(2.72)
</td>
<td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.9<br />(2.71)
</td>
<td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">792.6<br />(31.20)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span>
</th>
<td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1
</td>
<td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2
</td>
<td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3
</td>
<td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9
</td>
<td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6
</td>
<td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3
</td>
<td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4
</td>
<td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2
</td>
<td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8
</td>
<td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5
</td>
<td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7
</td>
<td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4
</td>
<td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">129.4
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a>
</th>
<td style="background: #555555; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.9
</td>
<td style="background: #8A8A8A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.0
</td>
<td style="background: #B1B17E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">108.8
</td>
<td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">171.6
</td>
<td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">223.4
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.7
</td>
<td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">217.5
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">203.1
</td>
<td style="background: #C3C30F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">144.6
</td>
<td style="background: #B0B081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">107.9
</td>
<td style="background: #646464; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53.0
</td>
<td style="background: #444444; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.4
</td>
<td style="background: #BCBC38; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,581.9
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a>
</th>
<td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0
</td>
<td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1
</td>
<td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5
</td>
<td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6
</td>
<td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4
</td>
<td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2
</td>
<td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1
</td>
<td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Meteorological Organisation">WMO</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-WMO_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO-27">[27]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">DWD</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> and Weather Atlas<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
<p><i>View climate chart <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Climate_chart_Hamburg_1986-2016.png" title="File:Climate chart Hamburg 1986-2016.png">1986-2016</a> or <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Climatediagram-metric-english-HamburgFuhlsbuettel-Germany-1961-1990.png" title="File:Climatediagram-metric-english-HamburgFuhlsbuettel-Germany-1961-1990.png">1960-1990</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div>
<div>
<table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height: 1.2em; margin:;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="14">Climate data for Hamburg-Fuhlsbuttel (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Airport" title="Hamburg Airport">Hamburg Airport</a>), elevation: 15 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Month
</th>
<th scope="col">Jan
</th>
<th scope="col">Feb
</th>
<th scope="col">Mar
</th>
<th scope="col">Apr
</th>
<th scope="col">May
</th>
<th scope="col">Jun
</th>
<th scope="col">Jul
</th>
<th scope="col">Aug
</th>
<th scope="col">Sep
</th>
<th scope="col">Oct
</th>
<th scope="col">Nov
</th>
<th scope="col">Dec
</th>
<th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7<br />(85.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2<br />(84.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(90.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2<br />(91.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8<br />(94.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3<br />(86.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.8<br />(94.6)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average high °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(34.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.6)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average low °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2<br />(28.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(32.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7<br />(30.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.9<br />(40.8)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.8<br />(−5.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.7<br />(−1.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.8<br />(7.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.5<br />(20.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2<br />(28.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(33.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.4<br />(4.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.5<br />(−1.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−20.8<br />(−5.4)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches)
</th>
<td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.0<br />(2.40)
</td>
<td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.0<br />(1.61)
</td>
<td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.0<br />(2.20)
</td>
<td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.0<br />(2.01)
</td>
<td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.0<br />(2.24)
</td>
<td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.0<br />(2.91)
</td>
<td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.0<br />(3.23)
</td>
<td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.0<br />(2.76)
</td>
<td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.0<br />(2.76)
</td>
<td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.0<br />(2.48)
</td>
<td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.0<br />(2.80)
</td>
<td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.0<br />(2.83)
</td>
<td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">768<br />(30.23)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span>
</th>
<td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0
</td>
<td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0
</td>
<td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0
</td>
<td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0
</td>
<td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0
</td>
<td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0
</td>
<td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0
</td>
<td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0
</td>
<td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0
</td>
<td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0
</td>
<td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.0
</td>
<td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0
</td>
<td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">131
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a>
</th>
<td style="background: #4D4D4D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.2
</td>
<td style="background: #868686; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.0
</td>
<td style="background: #AFAF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">104.7
</td>
<td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">160.7
</td>
<td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">216.8
</td>
<td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">221.8
</td>
<td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">206.7
</td>
<td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">207.3
</td>
<td style="background: #C2C219; color:#000000;" class="notheme">141.1
</td>
<td style="background: #ADAD94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">100.7
</td>
<td style="background: #646464; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53.0
</td>
<td style="background: #404040; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">35.2
</td>
<td style="background: #BBBB3E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,557.2
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-noaa_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaa-30">[30]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Hamburg" title="Demographics of Hamburg">Demographics of Hamburg</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hamburg_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg/220px-Hamburg_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hamburg_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg/330px-Hamburg_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hamburg_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg/440px-Hamburg_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="2104" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Hamburg population pyramid in 2022</div></div></div>
<table class="toccolours" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;border-left:1px #aaa solid;border-right:1px #aaa solid;background-color:lavender;padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1430</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3100.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1840</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">136,956</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+756.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">705,738</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+415.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">931,035</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+31.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1920</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,026,989</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1930</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,145,124</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1940</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,725,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+50.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1945</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,350,278</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−21.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,605,606</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+18.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,840,543</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,793,640</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1975</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,717,383</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,645,095</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1985</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,579,884</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−4.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,652,363</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,715,392</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,786,448</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2012</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,734,272</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2013</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,746,342</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2014</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,762,791</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2015</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,787,408</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2016</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,810,438</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2018</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,841,179</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,852,478</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:left">Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table class="infobox" style="float:right;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><b> Largest groups of foreign residents</b><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Nationality</th>
<th>Population (31 December 2021)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> </span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td>
<td>44,280
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> </span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td>
<td>24,635
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> </span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td>
<td>23,310
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td>
<td>17,725
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td>
<td>10,375
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> </span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td>
<td>10,010
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> </span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td>
<td>9,725
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> </span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td>
<td>9,065
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td>
<td>8,830
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></td>
<td>7,770
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> </span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td>
<td>7,570
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></td>
<td>7,550
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="630" /> </span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td>
<td>7,405
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td>
<td>6,685
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td>
<td>6,335
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> </span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td>
<td>6,100
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> </span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td>
<td>6,095
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> </span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td>
<td>6,040
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td>
<td>5,400
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>On 31 December 2016, there were 1,860,759 people registered as living in Hamburg in an area of 755.3 km<sup>2</sup> (291.6 sq mi). The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> was 2,464/km<sup>2</sup> (6,380/sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Hamburger_Melderegister_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamburger_Melderegister-32">[32]</a></sup> The metropolitan area of the Hamburg region (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Metropolitan_Region" title="Hamburg Metropolitan Region">Hamburg Metropolitan Region</a>) is home to 5,107,429 living on 196/km<sup>2</sup> (510/sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>There were 915,319 women and 945,440 men in Hamburg. For every 1,000 females, there were 1,033 males. In 2015, there were 19,768 births in Hamburg (of which 38.3% were to unmarried women); 6422 marriages and 3190 divorces, and 17,565 deaths. In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.1% under the age of 18, and 18.3% were 65 years of age or older. 356 people in Hamburg were over the age of 100.<sup id="cite_ref-Statistikamt_Nord_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistikamt_Nord-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to the Statistical Office for Hamburg and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig Holstein</a>, the number of people with a migrant background is at 34% (631,246).<sup id="cite_ref-statistik-nord.de_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistik-nord.de-35">[35]</a></sup> Immigrants come from 200 countries. 5,891 people have acquired German cititzenship in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-statistik-nord.de1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistik-nord.de1-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2016, there were 1,021,666 households, of which 17.8% had children under the age of 18; 54.4% of all households were made up of singles. 25.6% of all households were single parent households. The average household size was 1.8.<sup id="cite_ref-Haushalte_nach_Stadtteilen_in_Hamburg_am_31.12.2016_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haushalte_nach_Stadtteilen_in_Hamburg_am_31.12.2016-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_citizens_in_Hamburg">Foreign citizens in Hamburg</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Foreign citizens in Hamburg">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Hamburg residents with a foreign citizenship as of 31 December 2016 is as follows<sup id="cite_ref-statistik-nord.de1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistik-nord.de1-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th style="background:#efefef;">Citizenship
</th>
<th style="background:#efefef;">Number
</th>
<th style="background:#efefef;">%
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Total</td>
<td>288,338</td>
<td>100%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></td>
<td>193,812</td>
<td>67.2%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></td>
<td>109,496</td>
<td>38%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a></td>
<td>59,292</td>
<td>20.6%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_people" class="mw-redirect" title="African people">African</a></td>
<td>18,996</td>
<td>6.6%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">American</a></td>
<td>11,315</td>
<td>3.9%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australian</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanian">Oceanian</a></td>
<td>1,234</td>
<td>0.4%
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Language">Language</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburgisch dialect">Hamburgisch dialect</a></div>
<p>As elsewhere in Germany, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> is spoken in Hamburg, but as typical for northern Germany, the original language of Hamburg is <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>, usually referred to as <i>Hamborger Platt</i> (German <i>Hamburger Platt</i>) or <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburgisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburgisch">Hamborgsch</a></i>. Since large-scale <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardisation</a> of the German language beginning in earnest in the 18th century, various Low German-coloured dialects have developed (contact-varieties of German on Low Saxon substrates). Originally, there was a range of such <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missingsch" title="Missingsch">Missingsch</a> varieties, the best-known being the low-prestige ones of the working classes and the somewhat more bourgeois <i>Hanseatendeutsch</i> (Hanseatic German), although the term is used in appreciation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> All of these are now moribund due to the influences of Standard German used by education and media. However, the former importance of Low German is indicated by several songs, such as the famous <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_shanty" title="Sea shanty">sea shanty</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamborger_Veermaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamborger Veermaster">Hamborger Veermaster</a>, written in the 19th century when Low German was used more frequently. Many toponyms and street names reflect Low Saxon vocabulary, partially even in Low Saxon spelling, which is not standardised, and to some part in forms adapted to Standard German.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="barbox tleft" style="overflow-x: auto;">
<div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white;">
<table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;">
<tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Hamburg – 2018</th></tr>
<tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;">
<td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">religion</td>
<td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">None</a> or other</td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:SlateGray; width:65.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">65.2%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Church in Germany">EKD Protestants</a></td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DodgerBlue; width:24.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">24.9%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholics</a></td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkOrchid; width:9.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9.9%</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<p>65.2% of the population is not religious or adherent other religions than the Evangelical Church or Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2018, 24.9% of the population belonged to the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Elbian_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church">North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church</a>, the largest religious body, and 9.9% to the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. Hamburg is seat of one of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bishops_of_Hamburg#Bishops_of_Hamburg_and_Lübeck_(as_of_2008)" title="List of bishops of Hamburg">three</a> bishops of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Northern_Germany" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany</a> and seat of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Hamburg" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg</a>.
</p><p>According to the publication <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland</i></span> ("<i>Muslim life in Germany</i>"), an estimated 141,900 Muslim migrants (from nearly 50 countries of origin) lived in Hamburg in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> About three years later (May 2011) calculations based on census data for 21 countries of origin resulted in a figure of about 143,200 Muslim migrants in Hamburg, making up 8.4% percent of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were more than 50 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> in the city,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> including the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> run <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazle_Omar_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazle Omar Mosque">Fazle Omar Mosque</a>, which is the oldest in the city,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> and which hosts the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Centre_Hamburg" title="Islamic Centre Hamburg">Islamic Centre Hamburg</a>.
</p><p>A <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> community exists.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Government">Government</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Hamburg" title="Government of Hamburg">Government of Hamburg</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Hamburg" title="List of mayors of Hamburg">List of mayors of Hamburg</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg_Rathausmarkt_und_Rathaus.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hamburg_Rathausmarkt_und_Rathaus.jpg/220px-Hamburg_Rathausmarkt_und_Rathaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hamburg_Rathausmarkt_und_Rathaus.jpg/330px-Hamburg_Rathausmarkt_und_Rathaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hamburg_Rathausmarkt_und_Rathaus.jpg/440px-Hamburg_Rathausmarkt_und_Rathaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3151" data-file-height="3151" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg_Rathausmarkt_und_Rathaus.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Hamburg City Hall (front view)</div></div></div>
<p>The city of Hamburg is one of 16 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German states</a>, therefore the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Hamburg" title="Government of Hamburg">Mayor of Hamburg</a>'s office corresponds more to the role of a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister-president" title="Minister-president">minister-president</a> than to the one of a city mayor. As a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany#Politics" title="States of Germany">German state government</a>, it is responsible for public education, correctional institutions and public safety; as a municipality, it is additionally responsible for libraries, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services.
</p><p>Since 1897, the seat of the government has been the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Rathaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg Rathaus">Hamburg Rathaus</a> (Hamburg City Hall), with the office of the mayor, the meeting room for the Senate and the floor for the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Parliament" title="Hamburg Parliament">Hamburg Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rathaus_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rathaus-46">[46]</a></sup> From 2001 until 2010, the mayor of Hamburg was <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_von_Beust" title="Ole von Beust">Ole von Beust</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-usatoday2008_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usatoday2008-47">[47]</a></sup> who governed in Germany's first statewide "black-green" coalition, consisting of the conservative <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU_Hamburg" title="CDU Hamburg">CDU Hamburg</a> and the alternative GAL, which are Hamburg's regional wing of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_%2790/The_Greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance '90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> Von Beust was briefly succeeded by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Ahlhaus" title="Christoph Ahlhaus">Christoph Ahlhaus</a> in 2010, but the coalition broke apart on 28 November 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> On 7 March 2011 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>) became mayor. After the 2015 election the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> and the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_%2790/The_Greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance '90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> formed a coalition.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Boroughs">Boroughs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Boroughs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_and_quarters_of_Hamburg" title="Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg">Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg_Subdivisions.svg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hamburg_Subdivisions.svg/250px-Hamburg_Subdivisions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="246" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hamburg_Subdivisions.svg/375px-Hamburg_Subdivisions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hamburg_Subdivisions.svg/500px-Hamburg_Subdivisions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1713" data-file-height="1689" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg_Subdivisions.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The 7 boroughs and 104 quarters of Hamburg</div></div></div>
<p>Hamburg is made up of seven boroughs (German: <i>Bezirke</i>) and subdivided into 104 quarters (German: <i>Stadtteile</i>). There are 181 localities (German: <i>Ortsteile</i>). The urban organisation is regulated by the Constitution of Hamburg and several laws.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-50">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-borough_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borough-51">[51]</a></sup> Most of the quarters were former independent cities, towns or villages annexed into Hamburg proper. The last large annexation was done through the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Hamburg_Act" title="Greater Hamburg Act">Greater Hamburg Act</a> of 1937, when the cities <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harburg,_Hamburg" title="Harburg, Hamburg">Harburg</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Wandsbek" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg-Wandsbek">Wandsbek</a> were merged into the state of Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-greateract_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greateract-52">[52]</a></sup> The <i>Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg</i> established Hamburg as a state and a municipality.<sup id="cite_ref-reichconst_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reichconst-53">[53]</a></sup> Some of the boroughs and quarters have been rearranged several times.
</p><p>Each borough is governed by a Borough Council (German: <i>Bezirksversammlung</i>) and administered by a Municipal Administrator (German: <i>Bezirksamtsleiter</i>). The boroughs are not independent municipalities: their power is limited and subordinate to the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Hamburg">Senate of Hamburg</a>. The borough administrator is elected by the Borough Council and thereafter requires confirmation and appointment by Hamburg's Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-borough_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borough-51">[51]</a></sup> The quarters have no governing bodies of their own.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germany_(2),_Neuwerk,_Scharh%C3%B6rn,_Nigeh%C3%B6rn.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Germany_%282%29%2C_Neuwerk%2C_Scharh%C3%B6rn%2C_Nigeh%C3%B6rn.jpg/220px-Germany_%282%29%2C_Neuwerk%2C_Scharh%C3%B6rn%2C_Nigeh%C3%B6rn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Germany_%282%29%2C_Neuwerk%2C_Scharh%C3%B6rn%2C_Nigeh%C3%B6rn.jpg/330px-Germany_%282%29%2C_Neuwerk%2C_Scharh%C3%B6rn%2C_Nigeh%C3%B6rn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Germany_%282%29%2C_Neuwerk%2C_Scharh%C3%B6rn%2C_Nigeh%C3%B6rn.jpg/440px-Germany_%282%29%2C_Neuwerk%2C_Scharh%C3%B6rn%2C_Nigeh%C3%B6rn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1941" data-file-height="1684" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germany_(2),_Neuwerk,_Scharh%C3%B6rn,_Nigeh%C3%B6rn.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The part of the North Sea in this aerial picture is called the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Wadden_Sea_National_Park" title="Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park">Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park</a> and belongs administratively to the borough of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Mitte" title="Hamburg-Mitte">Hamburg-Mitte</a>. Some 50 people live here on the island <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuwerk" title="Neuwerk">Neuwerk</a> (visible just above the centre).</div></div></div>
<p>Since the latest territorial reform of March 2008, the boroughs are <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Mitte" title="Hamburg-Mitte">Hamburg-Mitte</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eimsb%C3%BCttel" title="Eimsbüttel">Eimsbüttel</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Nord" title="Hamburg-Nord">Hamburg-Nord</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsbek" title="Wandsbek">Wandsbek</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergedorf" title="Bergedorf">Bergedorf</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harburg,_Hamburg" title="Harburg, Hamburg">Harburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-actareal_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actareal-54">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup>
</p><p><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Mitte" title="Hamburg-Mitte">Hamburg-Mitte</a></i> ("Hamburg Centre") covers mostly the urban centre of the city and consists of the quarters <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billbrook" title="Billbrook">Billbrook</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billstedt" title="Billstedt">Billstedt</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgfelde" title="Borgfelde">Borgfelde</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finkenwerder" title="Finkenwerder">Finkenwerder</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HafenCity" title="HafenCity">HafenCity</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamm,_Hamburg" title="Hamm, Hamburg">Hamm</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerbrook" title="Hammerbrook">Hammerbrook</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn,_Hamburg" title="Horn, Hamburg">Horn</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiner_Grasbrook" title="Kleiner Grasbrook">Kleiner Grasbrook</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuwerk" title="Neuwerk">Neuwerk</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothenburgsort" title="Rothenburgsort">Rothenburgsort</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Georg,_Hamburg" title="St. Georg, Hamburg">St. Georg</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Pauli" title="St. Pauli">St. Pauli</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinwerder" title="Steinwerder">Steinwerder</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veddel" title="Veddel">Veddel</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltershof" title="Waltershof">Waltershof</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmsburg,_Hamburg" title="Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg">Wilhelmsburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-actareal_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actareal-54">[54]</a></sup> The quarters <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Altstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg-Altstadt">Hamburg-Altstadt</a> ("old town") and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustadt,_Hamburg" title="Neustadt, Hamburg">Neustadt</a> ("new town") are the historical origin of Hamburg.
</p><p><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a></i> is the westernmost urban borough, on the right bank of the Elbe river. From 1640 to 1864, Altona was under the administration of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Danish monarchy</a>. Altona was an independent city until 1937. Politically, the following quarters are part of Altona: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altona-Altstadt" title="Altona-Altstadt">Altona-Altstadt</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altona-Nord" title="Altona-Nord">Altona-Nord</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrenfeld" title="Bahrenfeld">Bahrenfeld</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottensen" title="Ottensen">Ottensen</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othmarschen" title="Othmarschen">Othmarschen</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9F_Flottbek" title="Groß Flottbek">Groß Flottbek</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osdorf,_Hamburg" title="Osdorf, Hamburg">Osdorf</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurup" title="Lurup">Lurup</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nienstedten" title="Nienstedten">Nienstedten</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blankenese" title="Blankenese">Blankenese</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iserbrook" title="Iserbrook">Iserbrook</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BClldorf" title="Sülldorf">Sülldorf</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rissen" title="Rissen">Rissen</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternschanze" title="Sternschanze">Sternschanze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-actareal_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actareal-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p><p><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergedorf" title="Bergedorf">Bergedorf</a></i> consists of the quarters <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allerm%C3%B6he" title="Allermöhe">Allermöhe</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altengamme" title="Altengamme">Altengamme</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergedorf_(quarter)" title="Bergedorf (quarter)">Bergedorf</a>—the centre of the former independent town, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billwerder" title="Billwerder">Billwerder</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curslack" title="Curslack">Curslack</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchwerder" title="Kirchwerder">Kirchwerder</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohbr%C3%BCgge" title="Lohbrügge">Lohbrügge</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorfleet" title="Moorfleet">Moorfleet</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuengamme,_Hamburg" title="Neuengamme, Hamburg">Neuengamme</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuallerm%C3%B6he" title="Neuallermöhe">Neuallermöhe</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochsenwerder" title="Ochsenwerder">Ochsenwerder</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reitbrook" title="Reitbrook">Reitbrook</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spadenland" title="Spadenland">Spadenland</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatenberg" title="Tatenberg">Tatenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-actareal_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actareal-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p><p><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eimsb%C3%BCttel" title="Eimsbüttel">Eimsbüttel</a></i> is split into nine-quarters: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidelstedt" title="Eidelstedt">Eidelstedt</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eimsb%C3%BCttel_(quarter)" title="Eimsbüttel (quarter)">Eimsbüttel</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvestehude" title="Harvestehude">Harvestehude</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoheluft-West" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoheluft-West">Hoheluft-West</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokstedt" title="Lokstedt">Lokstedt</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niendorf,_Hamburg" title="Niendorf, Hamburg">Niendorf</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherbaum" title="Rotherbaum">Rotherbaum</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnelsen" title="Schnelsen">Schnelsen</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellingen">Stellingen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-actareal_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actareal-54">[54]</a></sup> Located within this borough is former Jewish neighbourhood Grindel.
</p><p><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Nord" title="Hamburg-Nord">Hamburg-Nord</a></i> contains the quarters <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsterdorf" title="Alsterdorf">Alsterdorf</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmbek-Nord" title="Barmbek-Nord">Barmbek-Nord</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmbek-S%C3%BCd" title="Barmbek-Süd">Barmbek-Süd</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulsberg" title="Dulsberg">Dulsberg</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eppendorf,_Hamburg" title="Eppendorf, Hamburg">Eppendorf</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuhlsb%C3%BCttel" title="Fuhlsbüttel">Fuhlsbüttel</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9F_Borstel" title="Groß Borstel">Groß Borstel</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoheluft-Ost" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoheluft-Ost">Hoheluft-Ost</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenfelde,_Hamburg" title="Hohenfelde, Hamburg">Hohenfelde</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langenhorn,_Hamburg" title="Langenhorn, Hamburg">Langenhorn</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlsdorf,_Hamburg" title="Ohlsdorf, Hamburg">Ohlsdorf</a> with <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedhof_Ohlsdorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedhof Ohlsdorf">Ohlsdorf cemetery</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhlenhorst" title="Uhlenhorst">Uhlenhorst</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterhude" title="Winterhude">Winterhude</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-actareal_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actareal-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p><p><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harburg,_Hamburg" title="Harburg, Hamburg">Harburg</a></i> lies on the southern shores of the river Elbe and covers parts of the port of Hamburg, residential and rural areas, and some research institutes. The quarters are <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altenwerder" title="Altenwerder">Altenwerder</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranz,_Hamburg" title="Cranz, Hamburg">Cranz</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ei%C3%9Fendorf" title="Eißendorf">Eißendorf</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francop" title="Francop">Francop</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_Moor" title="Gut Moor">Gut Moor</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harburg_(quarter)" title="Harburg (quarter)">Harburg</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausbruch" title="Hausbruch">Hausbruch</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimfeld" title="Heimfeld">Heimfeld</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langenbek" title="Langenbek">Langenbek</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmstorf" title="Marmstorf">Marmstorf</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorburg" title="Moorburg">Moorburg</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuenfelde" title="Neuenfelde">Neuenfelde</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neugraben-Fischbek" title="Neugraben-Fischbek">Neugraben-Fischbek</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuland,_Hamburg" title="Neuland, Hamburg">Neuland</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6nneburg" title="Rönneburg">Rönneburg</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinstorf" title="Sinstorf">Sinstorf</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilstorf" title="Wilstorf">Wilstorf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-actareal_54-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actareal-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p><p><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsbek" title="Wandsbek">Wandsbek</a></i> is divided into the quarters <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergstedt" title="Bergstedt">Bergstedt</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramfeld" title="Bramfeld">Bramfeld</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvenstedt" title="Duvenstedt">Duvenstedt</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilbek" title="Eilbek">Eilbek</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmsen-Berne" title="Farmsen-Berne">Farmsen-Berne</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummelsb%C3%BCttel" title="Hummelsbüttel">Hummelsbüttel</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenfeld" title="Jenfeld">Jenfeld</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemsahl-Mellingstedt" title="Lemsahl-Mellingstedt">Lemsahl-Mellingstedt</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienthal,_Hamburg" title="Marienthal, Hamburg">Marienthal</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppenb%C3%BCttel" title="Poppenbüttel">Poppenbüttel</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahlstedt" title="Rahlstedt">Rahlstedt</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasel" title="Sasel">Sasel</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steilshoop" title="Steilshoop">Steilshoop</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonndorf,_Hamburg" title="Tonndorf, Hamburg">Tonndorf</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksdorf" title="Volksdorf">Volksdorf</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsbek_(quarter)" title="Wandsbek (quarter)">Wandsbek</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellingsb%C3%BCttel" title="Wellingsbüttel">Wellingsbüttel</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wohldorf-Ohlstedt" title="Wohldorf-Ohlstedt">Wohldorf-Ohlstedt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-actareal_54-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actareal-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cityscape">Cityscape</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cityscape">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:908px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AlsterPanorama.jpg" class="image" title="Panoramic view of the Hamburg skyline of the Binnenalster taken from Lombardsbrücke"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AlsterPanorama.jpg/900px-AlsterPanorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="189" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AlsterPanorama.jpg/1350px-AlsterPanorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AlsterPanorama.jpg/1800px-AlsterPanorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="1472" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AlsterPanorama.jpg" title="File:AlsterPanorama.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of the Hamburg skyline of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnenalster" title="Binnenalster">Binnenalster</a> taken from <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardsbr%C3%BCcke" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardsbrücke">Lombardsbrücke</a></div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Architecture">Architecture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palmaille_126_126b.JPG" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Palmaille_126_126b.JPG/220px-Palmaille_126_126b.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Palmaille_126_126b.JPG/330px-Palmaille_126_126b.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Palmaille_126_126b.JPG/440px-Palmaille_126_126b.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2880" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palmaille_126_126b.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Historicist Palmaille, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marco-Polo-Center_und_Unilever_Haus_am_Strandhafen_der_Norderelbe_in_Hamburg_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_P1270870.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Marco-Polo-Center_und_Unilever_Haus_am_Strandhafen_der_Norderelbe_in_Hamburg_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_P1270870.jpg/220px-Marco-Polo-Center_und_Unilever_Haus_am_Strandhafen_der_Norderelbe_in_Hamburg_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_P1270870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Marco-Polo-Center_und_Unilever_Haus_am_Strandhafen_der_Norderelbe_in_Hamburg_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_P1270870.jpg/330px-Marco-Polo-Center_und_Unilever_Haus_am_Strandhafen_der_Norderelbe_in_Hamburg_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_P1270870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Marco-Polo-Center_und_Unilever_Haus_am_Strandhafen_der_Norderelbe_in_Hamburg_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_P1270870.jpg/440px-Marco-Polo-Center_und_Unilever_Haus_am_Strandhafen_der_Norderelbe_in_Hamburg_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_P1270870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marco-Polo-Center_und_Unilever_Haus_am_Strandhafen_der_Norderelbe_in_Hamburg_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_P1270870.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Marco-Polo-Centre (left) and Unilever HQ Germany</div></div></div>
<p>Hamburg has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles and no <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscrapers</a> (see <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Hamburg" title="List of tallest buildings in Hamburg">List of tallest buildings in Hamburg</a>). Churches are important landmarks, such as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nikolai,_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nikolai, Hamburg">St Nicholas'</a>, which for a short time in the 19th century was the world's tallest building. The skyline features the tall spires of the most important churches (<i>Hauptkirchen</i>) <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michaelis_Church,_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg">St Michael's</a> (nicknamed "Michel"), <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church,_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter's Church, Hamburg">St Peter's</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Jacobi,_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Jacobi, Hamburg">St James's</a> (<i>St. Jacobi</i>) and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catherine%27s_Church,_Hamburg" title="St. Catherine's Church, Hamburg">St. Catherine's</a> covered with copper plates, and the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich-Hertz-Turm" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich-Hertz-Turm">Heinrich-Hertz-Turm</a>, the radio and television tower (no longer publicly accessible).
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg/220px-Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg/330px-Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg/440px-Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="3330" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chilehaus_-_Hamburg.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehaus" title="Chilehaus">Chilehaus</a> with a typical <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_Expressionism" title="Brick Expressionism">brick expressionist</a> façade</div></div></div>
<p>The many <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Hamburg" title="List of rivers of Hamburg">streams, rivers and canals</a> are crossed by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Hamburg" title="List of bridges in Hamburg">some 2,500 bridges</a>, more than <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> put together.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> Hamburg has more bridges inside its city limits than any other city in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6hlbrandbr%C3%BCcke" class="mw-redirect" title="Köhlbrandbrücke">Köhlbrandbrücke</a>, Freihafen Elbbrücken, and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardsbr%C3%BCcke" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardsbrücke">Lombardsbrücke</a> and Kennedybrücke dividing Binnenalster from Aussenalster are important roadways.
</p><p>The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Rathaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg Rathaus">town hall</a> is a richly decorated Neo-Renaissance building finished in 1897.
The tower is 112 metres (367 ft) high. Its façade, 111 m (364 ft) long, depicts the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, since Hamburg was, as a Free Imperial City, only under the sovereignty of the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehaus" title="Chilehaus">Chilehaus</a>, a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_Expressionism" title="Brick Expressionism">brick expressionist</a> office building built in 1922 and designed by architect <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_H%C3%B6ger" title="Johann Friedrich Höger">Fritz Höger</a>, is shaped like an ocean liner.
</p><p>Europe's largest urban development since 2008, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HafenCity" title="HafenCity">HafenCity</a>, will house about 15,000 inhabitants and 45,000 workers.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup> The plan includes designs by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rem_Koolhaas" title="Rem Koolhaas">Rem Koolhaas</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzo_Piano" title="Renzo Piano">Renzo Piano</a>. The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbphilharmonie" title="Elbphilharmonie">Elbphilharmonie</a> <i>(Elbe Philharmonic Hall)</i>, opened in January 2017, houses concerts in a sail-shaped building on top of an old warehouse, designed by architects <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzog_%26_de_Meuron" title="Herzog & de Meuron">Herzog & de Meuron</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup>
</p><p>The many parks are distributed over the whole city, which makes Hamburg a very verdant city. The biggest parks are the <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Stadtpark" title="Hamburg Stadtpark">Stadtpark</a></i>, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlsdorf_Cemetery" title="Ohlsdorf Cemetery">Ohlsdorf Cemetery</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planten_un_Blomen" title="Planten un Blomen">Planten un Blomen</a>. The <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Stadtpark" title="Hamburg Stadtpark">Stadtpark</a></i>, Hamburg's "Central Park", has a great lawn and a huge water tower, which houses one of Europe's biggest <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">planetaria</a>. The park and its buildings were designed by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Schumacher_(architect)" title="Fritz Schumacher (architect)">Fritz Schumacher</a> in the 1910s.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Parks_and_gardens">Parks and gardens</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Parks and gardens">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Hamburg" title="List of parks and gardens in Hamburg">List of parks and gardens in Hamburg</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wasserlichtkonzert_3.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Wasserlichtkonzert_3.jpg/220px-Wasserlichtkonzert_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Wasserlichtkonzert_3.jpg/330px-Wasserlichtkonzert_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Wasserlichtkonzert_3.jpg/440px-Wasserlichtkonzert_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3330" data-file-height="2089" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wasserlichtkonzert_3.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A water-light concert at <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planten_un_Blomen" title="Planten un Blomen">Planten un Blomen</a></i> park</div></div></div>
<p>The lavish and spacious <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planten_un_Blomen" title="Planten un Blomen">Planten un Blomen</a></i> park (Low German dialect for "plants and flowers") located in the centre of Hamburg is the green heart of the city. Within the park are various thematic gardens, the biggest Japanese garden in Germany, and the <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alter_Botanischer_Garten_Hamburg" title="Alter Botanischer Garten Hamburg">Alter Botanischer Garten Hamburg</a></i>, which is a historic <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a> that now consists primarily of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a>.
</p><p>The <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanischer_Garten_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanischer Garten Hamburg">Botanischer Garten Hamburg</a></i> is a modern <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a> maintained by the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hamburg" title="University of Hamburg">University of Hamburg</a>. Besides these, there are many more parks of various sizes. In 2014 Hamburg celebrated a birthday of park culture, where many parks were reconstructed and cleaned up. Moreover, every year there are the famous water-light-concerts in the <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planten_un_Blomen" title="Planten un Blomen">Planten un Blomen</a></i> park from May to early October.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Hamburg has more than 40 theatres, 60 museums and 100 music venues and clubs. With 6.6 music venues per 100,000 inhabitants, Hamburg has the second-highest density of music venues of Germany's largest cities, after Munich and ahead of Cologne and Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-fazemag_20210920_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fazemag_20210920-62">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clubstudy_2021_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clubstudy_2021-63">[63]</a></sup> In 2005, more than 18 million people visited concerts, exhibitions, theatres, cinemas, museums, and cultural events, and 8,552 taxable companies (average size 3.16 employees) were engaged in the culture sector, which includes music, performing arts and literature.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup> The creative industries represent almost one fifth of all companies in Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-creative_industry_report_2016_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creative_industry_report_2016-65">[65]</a></sup>
Hamburg has entered the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Green_Capital_Award" title="European Green Capital Award">European Green Capital Award</a> scheme, and was awarded the title of European Green Capital for 2011.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Theatres">Theatres</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Theatres">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Hamburg" title="List of theatres in Hamburg">List of theatres in Hamburg</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deutsches_Schauspielhaus_at_Hamburg.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Deutsches_Schauspielhaus_at_Hamburg.jpg/220px-Deutsches_Schauspielhaus_at_Hamburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Deutsches_Schauspielhaus_at_Hamburg.jpg/330px-Deutsches_Schauspielhaus_at_Hamburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Deutsches_Schauspielhaus_at_Hamburg.jpg/440px-Deutsches_Schauspielhaus_at_Hamburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2780" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deutsches_Schauspielhaus_at_Hamburg.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Schauspielhaus" title="Deutsches Schauspielhaus">Deutsches Schauspielhaus</a></i> in the St. Georg quarter</div></div></div>
<p>The state-owned <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Schauspielhaus" title="Deutsches Schauspielhaus">Deutsches Schauspielhaus</a></i>, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalia_Theatre_(Hamburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalia Theatre (Hamburg)">Thalia Theatre</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohnsorg-Theater" title="Ohnsorg-Theater">Ohnsorg Theatre</a>, "Schmidts Tivoli" and the <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampnagel" title="Kampnagel">Kampnagel</a></i> are well-known theatres.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_English_Theatre_of_Hamburg" title="The English Theatre of Hamburg">The English Theatre of Hamburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup> near <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/U3_(Hamburg_U-Bahn)" title="U3 (Hamburg U-Bahn)">U3</a> Mundsburg station was established in 1976 and is the oldest professional English-speaking theatre in Germany, and has exclusively English native-speaking actors in its company.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Museums">Museums</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Museums">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Hamburg" title="List of museums in Hamburg">List of museums in Hamburg</a></div>
<p>Hamburg has several large museums and galleries showing classical and contemporary art, for example the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthalle_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunsthalle Hamburg">Kunsthalle Hamburg</a> with its contemporary art gallery (<i>Galerie der Gegenwart</i>), the <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Kunst_und_Gewerbe_Hamburg" title="Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg">Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe</a></i> (Museum of Art and Design) and the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deichtorhallen" title="Deichtorhallen">Deichtorhallen</a> (with the House of Photography and Hall of Contemporary Art). The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationales_Maritimes_Museum_Hamburg" title="Internationales Maritimes Museum Hamburg">Internationales Maritimes Museum Hamburg</a> opened in the HafenCity quarter in 2008. There are various specialised museums in Hamburg, such as the <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Museum_Hamburg" title="Archäologisches Museum Hamburg">Archäologisches Museum Hamburg</a></i> (Hamburg Archaeological Museum) in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Harburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg-Harburg">Harburg</a> borough, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Museum_of_Work" title="Hamburg Museum of Work">Hamburg Museum of Work</a> (<i>Museum der Arbeit</i>), and several museums of local history, such as the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiekeberg_Open_Air_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiekeberg Open Air Museum (page does not exist)">Kiekeberg Open Air Museum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freilichtmuseum_am_Kiekeberg" class="extiw" title="de:Freilichtmuseum am Kiekeberg">de</a>]</span> (<i>Freilichtmuseum am Kiekeberg</i>) at <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiekeberg" title="Kiekeberg">Kiekeberg</a> in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harburg_Hills" title="Harburg Hills">Harburg Hills</a> just outside of Hamburg in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosengarten,_Lower_Saxony" title="Rosengarten, Lower Saxony">Rosengarten</a>. Two <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_ship" title="Museum ship">museum ships</a> near <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Pauli_Piers" title="St. Pauli Piers">St. Pauli Piers</a> (<i>Landungsbrücken</i>) bear witness to the freight ship (<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_San_Diego" title="Cap San Diego">Cap San Diego</a></i>) and cargo sailing ship era (<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickmer_Rickmers" title="Rickmer Rickmers">Rickmer Rickmers</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> In 2017 the Hamburg-built iron-hulled sailing ship <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_(ship)" title="Peking (ship)">Peking</a></i> returned to the city and was installed in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Port_Museum" title="German Port Museum">German Port Museum</a> in 2020. The world's largest model railway museum <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniatur_Wunderland" title="Miniatur Wunderland">Miniatur Wunderland</a> with 15.4 km (9.57 mi) total railway length is also situated near St. Pauli Piers in a former warehouse.
</p><p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/BallinStadt" title="BallinStadt">BallinStadt</a>, a memorial park and former emigration station, is dedicated to the millions of Europeans who emigrated to North and South America between 1850 and 1939. Visitors descending from those overseas emigrants may search for their ancestors at computer terminals.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg-Elbphilharmonie.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Hamburg-Elbphilharmonie.jpg/220px-Hamburg-Elbphilharmonie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Hamburg-Elbphilharmonie.jpg/330px-Hamburg-Elbphilharmonie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Hamburg-Elbphilharmonie.jpg/440px-Hamburg-Elbphilharmonie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5379" data-file-height="3589" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg-Elbphilharmonie.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The 110-metre-high (361-foot) <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbphilharmonie" title="Elbphilharmonie">Elbphilharmonie</a> concert hall</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_State_Opera" title="Hamburg State Opera">Hamburg State Opera</a> is a leading opera company. Its orchestra is the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philharmoniker_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Philharmoniker Hamburg">Philharmoniker Hamburg</a>. The city's other well-known orchestra is the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDR_Elbphilharmonie_Orchestra" title="NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra">NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra</a>. The main concert venue is the new concert hall <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbphilharmonie" title="Elbphilharmonie">Elbphilharmonie</a>. Before it was the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laeiszhalle" title="Laeiszhalle">Laeiszhalle</a>, <i>Musikhalle Hamburg</i>. The Laeiszhalle also houses a third orchestra, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_Symphoniker" title="Hamburger Symphoniker">Hamburger Symphoniker</a>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Schnittke" title="Alfred Schnittke">Alfred Schnittke</a> taught at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_und_Theater_Hamburg" title="Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg">Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup>
</p><p>Hamburg is the birthplace of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>, who spent his formative early years in the city, and the birthplace and home of the famous waltz composer <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Fetr%C3%A1s" title="Oscar Fetrás">Oscar Fetrás</a>, who wrote the well-known "Mondnacht auf der Alster" waltz.
</p><p>Since the German premiere of <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats_(musical)" title="Cats (musical)">Cats</a></i> in 1986, there have always been <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musicals</a> running, including <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(1986_musical)" title="The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)">The Phantom of the Opera</a></i>, <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King_(musical)" title="The Lion King (musical)">The Lion King</a></i>, <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Dancing#Stage_version" title="Dirty Dancing">Dirty Dancing</a></i> and <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_of_the_Vampires_(musical)" title="Dance of the Vampires (musical)">Dance of the Vampires (musical)</a></i>. This density, the highest in Germany, is partly due to the major musical production company <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_Entertainment" title="Stage Entertainment">Stage Entertainment</a></i> being based in the city.
</p><p>In addition to musicals, opera houses, concert halls and theatres, the cityscape is characterised by a large music scene. This includes, among other things, over 100 music venues, several annual festivals and over 50 event organisers based in Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup> Larger venues include the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclaycard_Arena_(Hamburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclaycard Arena (Hamburg)">Barclaycard Arena</a>, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabrennbahn_Bahrenfeld" title="Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld">Bahrenfeld harness racing track</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Stadtpark" title="Hamburg Stadtpark">Hamburg City Park</a>.
</p><p>Hamburg was an important centre of rock music in the early 1960s. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> lived and played in Hamburg from August 1960 to December 1962. They proved popular and gained local acclaim. Prior to the group's initial recording and widespread fame, Hamburg provided residency and performing venues for the band during the time they performed there. One of the venues they performed at was the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-Club" title="Star-Club">Star Club</a> on St. Pauli.
</p><p>Hamburg has produced a number of successful (pop) musicians. Among the best known are <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udo_Lindenberg" title="Udo Lindenberg">Udo Lindenberg</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deichkind" title="Deichkind">Deichkind</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Delay" title="Jan Delay">Jan Delay</a>. The singer <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annett_Louisan" title="Annett Louisan">Annett Louisan</a> lives in Hamburg.
</p><p>An important meeting place for Hamburg musicians from the 1970s to the mid-80s was the jazz pub <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkel_P%C3%B6" title="Onkel Pö">Onkel Pö</a>, which was originally founded in the Pöseldorf neighbourhood and later moved to Eppendorf. Many musicians who were counted as part of the "<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg_scene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamburg scene (page does not exist)">Hamburg scene</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_Szene" class="extiw" title="de:Hamburger Szene">de</a>]</sup>" met here. In addition to Udo Lindenberg, these included <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Waalkes" title="Otto Waalkes">Otto Waalkes</a>, Hans Scheibner and groups such as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torfrock" title="Torfrock">Torfrock</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumpy" title="Frumpy">Frumpy</a>. One of the members of the band Frumpy was the Hamburg-born singer and composer <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inga_Rumpf" class="mw-redirect" title="Inga Rumpf">Inga Rumpf</a>.
</p><p>Hamburg is famous for a special kind of German alternative music, the "<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_Schule" title="Hamburger Schule">Hamburger Schule</a>", a term used for bands like <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocotronic" title="Tocotronic">Tocotronic</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blumfeld" title="Blumfeld">Blumfeld</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomte_(band)" title="Tomte (band)">Tomte</a> or Kante. The meeting point of the Hamburg School was long considered to be the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Pudel_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golden Pudel Club (page does not exist)">Golden Pudel Club</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Pudel_Club" class="extiw" title="de:Golden Pudel Club">de</a>]</sup> in Altona's old town near the Fischmarkt. Alongside clubs such as the Pal, the Moondoo or the Waagenbau, today the Pudel is a central location of the Hamburg electro scene. Well-known artists of this scene include the DJ duo <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonbootica" title="Moonbootica">Moonbootica</a>, Mladen Solomun and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Hauff" title="Helena Hauff">Helena Hauff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup>
</p><p>Hamburg is also home to many music labels, music distributors and publishers. These include <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontor_Records" title="Kontor Records">Kontor Records</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIAS_Recordings" title="PIAS Recordings">PIAS</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edel_SE_%26_Co._KGaA" title="Edel SE & Co. KGaA">Edel SE & Co. KGaA</a>, Believe Digital and Indigo. The high proportion of independent labels in the city, which include <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiolith_Records" title="Audiolith Records">Audiolith</a>, Dial Records, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Hotel_van_Cleef" title="Grand Hotel van Cleef">Grand Hotel van Cleef</a>, among others, is striking. Before its closure, the label <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Age_D%27Or" title="L'Age D'Or">L'Age D'Or</a> also belonged to these.
</p><p>In addition, Hamburg has a considerable <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a> scene, which gathers around the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Flora" title="Rote Flora">Rote Flora</a>, a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatted</a> former theatre located in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternschanze" title="Sternschanze">Sternschanze</a>
</p><p>The city was a major centre for <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal music</a> in the 1980s. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helloween" title="Helloween">Helloween</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Ray_(band)" title="Gamma Ray (band)">Gamma Ray</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_Wild_(band)" title="Running Wild (band)">Running Wild</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_Digger_(band)" title="Grave Digger (band)">Grave Digger</a> started in Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">industrial rock</a> band <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMFDM" title="KMFDM">KMFDM</a> was also formed in Hamburg, initially as a performance art project. The influences of these and other bands from the area helped establish the subgenre of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_metal" title="Power metal">power metal</a>.
</p><p>In the late 90s, Hamburg was considered one of the strongholds of the German hip-hop scene. Bands like <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beginner_(band)" title="Beginner (band)">Beginner</a> shaped Hamburg's hip-hop style and made the city a serious location for the hip-hop scene through songs like "Hamburg City Blues." In addition to Beginner, several successful German hip-hop acts hail from Hamburg, such as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCnf_Sterne_deluxe" title="Fünf Sterne deluxe">Fünf Sterne Deluxe</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samy_Deluxe" title="Samy Deluxe">Samy Deluxe</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fettes_Brot" title="Fettes Brot">Fettes Brot</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/187_Strassenbande" title="187 Strassenbande">187 Strassenbande</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup>
</p><p>Hamburg has a vibrant psychedelic trance community, with record labels such as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_Zone_Records" title="Spirit Zone Records">Spirit Zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Festivals_and_regular_events">Festivals and regular events</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Festivals and regular events">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburger_Hafengeburtstag.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hamburger_Hafengeburtstag.jpg/220px-Hamburger_Hafengeburtstag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hamburger_Hafengeburtstag.jpg/330px-Hamburger_Hafengeburtstag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hamburger_Hafengeburtstag.jpg/440px-Hamburger_Hafengeburtstag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4491" data-file-height="2061" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburger_Hafengeburtstag.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Annual <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafengeburtstag" title="Hafengeburtstag">Hafengeburtstag</a></i> (Port Anniversary)</div></div></div>
<p>Hamburg is noted for several festivals and regular events. Some of them are street festivals, such as the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_pride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay pride">gay pride</a> <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Pride" title="Hamburg Pride">Hamburg Pride</a></i> festival<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup> or the Alster fair (German: <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstervergn%C3%BCgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Alstervergnügen">Alstervergnügen</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> held at the <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnenalster" title="Binnenalster">Binnenalster</a></i>. The <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_DOM" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburger DOM">Hamburger DOM</a></i> is northern Germany's biggest funfair, held three times a year.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup> <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafengeburtstag" title="Hafengeburtstag">Hafengeburtstag</a></i> is a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Funfair">funfair</a> to honour the birthday of the port of Hamburg with a party and a ship parade.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup> The annual biker's service in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michaelis_Church,_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg">Saint Michael's Church</a> attracts tens of thousands of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">bikers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> Christmas markets in December are held at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Rathaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg Rathaus">Hamburg Rathaus</a> square, among other places.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> The <i>long night of museums</i> (German: <i>Lange Nacht der Museen</i>) offers one entrance fee for about 40 museums until midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup> The sixth <i>Festival of Cultures</i> was held in September 2008, celebrating multi-cultural life.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup> The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfest_Hamburg" title="Filmfest Hamburg">Filmfest Hamburg</a> — a film festival originating from the 1950s <i>Film Days</i> (German: <i>Film Tage</i>) — presents a wide range of films.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup> The <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Messe_und_Congress" title="Hamburg Messe und Congress">Hamburg Messe and Congress</a></i> offers a venue for trade shows, such <i>hanseboot</i>, an international boat show, or <i>Du und deine Welt</i>, a large consumer products show.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup> Regular sports events—some open to pro and amateur participants—are the cycling competition <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroEyes_Cyclassics" class="mw-redirect" title="EuroEyes Cyclassics">EuroEyes Cyclassics</a>, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Marathon" title="Hamburg Marathon">Hamburg Marathon</a>, the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup> the tennis tournament <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_German_Open" class="mw-redirect" title="International German Open">Hamburg Masters</a> and equestrian events like the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Derby" title="Deutsches Derby">Deutsches Derby</a>.
</p><p>Hamburg is also known for its music and festival culture. For example, the Reeperbahn alone has between 25 - 30 million visitors every year. In addition, there are over a million visitors to the annual festivals and major music events.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup> Hamburg's festivals include the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elbjazz.de/de/pressekit?file=files/pdf%20downloads/ELBJAZZ_2020_Presseinfo_Basistext.pdf">Elbjazz Festival</a>, which takes place 2 days a year (usually on the Whitsun weekend) in Hamburg's harbour and HafenCity.
</p><p>For contemporary and experimental music, the "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vamh.de/index.php?what=blurred_edges&year=2020&sub=concerts">blurred edges</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420084311/https://www.vamh.de/index.php?what=blurred_edges&year=2020&sub=concerts">Archived</a> 20 April 2021 at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" festival usually follows in May at various venues within Hamburg. In mid-August, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dockville" title="Dockville">MS Dockville</a> music and arts festival has run annually since 2007 in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmsburg,_Hamburg" title="Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg">Wilhelmsburg</a> district.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup> This is followed at the end of September by the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reeperbahn_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reeperbahn Festival (page does not exist)">Reeperbahn Festival</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeperbahn_Festival" class="extiw" title="de:Reeperbahn Festival">de</a>]</sup>, which has been running since 2006. As Europe's largest club festival, it offers several hundred program points around the Reeperbahn in Hamburg over four days and is one of the most important meeting places for the music industry worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> In November, the ÜBERJAZZ Festival, which aims to expand the stylistic boundaries of the concept of jazz, starts every year at Kampnagel.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cuisine">Cuisine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hamburg" title="Cuisine of Hamburg">Cuisine of Hamburg</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-05-01_Scholle_Finkenwerder_Art.JPG" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2017-05-01_Scholle_Finkenwerder_Art.JPG/220px-2017-05-01_Scholle_Finkenwerder_Art.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2017-05-01_Scholle_Finkenwerder_Art.JPG/330px-2017-05-01_Scholle_Finkenwerder_Art.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2017-05-01_Scholle_Finkenwerder_Art.JPG/440px-2017-05-01_Scholle_Finkenwerder_Art.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-05-01_Scholle_Finkenwerder_Art.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Fried <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finkenwerder" title="Finkenwerder">Finkenwerder</a> style</div></div></div>
<p>Original Hamburg dishes are <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birnen,_Bohnen_und_Speck" title="Birnen, Bohnen und Speck">Birnen, Bohnen und Speck</a></i> (green beans cooked with pears and bacon),<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup> <i>Aalsuppe</i> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburgisch dialect">Hamburgisch</a> <i>Oolsupp</i>) is often mistaken to be German for "eel soup" (<i>Aal</i>/<i>Ool</i> translated 'eel'), but the name probably comes from the Low Saxon <i>allns</i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">[aˑlns]</span>, meaning "all", "everything and the kitchen sink", not necessarily eel. Today eel is often included to meet the expectations of unsuspecting diners.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup> There is <i>Bratkartoffeln</i> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_fries" title="Home fries">pan-fried potato slices</a>), <i>Finkenwerder Scholle</i> (Low Saxon <i>Finkwarder Scholl</i>, pan-fried plaice), <i>Pannfisch</i> (pan-fried fish with mustard sauce),<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup> <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8dgr%C3%B8d" title="Rødgrød">Rote Grütze</a></i> (Low Saxon <i>Rode Grütt</i>, related to Danish <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8dgr%C3%B8d" title="Rødgrød">rødgrød</a></i>, a type of summer pudding made mostly from berries and usually served with cream, like Danish <i>rødgrød med fløde</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup> and <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labskaus" title="Labskaus">Labskaus</a></i> (a mixture of corned beef, mashed potatoes and beetroot, a cousin of the Norwegian <i>lapskaus</i> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>'s <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouse_(food)" title="Scouse (food)">lobscouse</a>, all offshoots off an old-time one-pot meal that used to be the main component of the common sailor's humdrum diet on the high seas).<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>Alsterwasser</i> (in reference to the city's river, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alster" title="Alster">Alster</a>) is the local name for a type of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandy" title="Shandy">shandy</a>, a concoction of equal parts of beer and carbonated lemonade (<i>Zitronenlimonade</i>), the lemonade being added to the beer.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup>
</p><p>There is the curious regional dessert pastry called <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franzbr%C3%B6tchen" title="Franzbrötchen">Franzbrötchen</a>. Looking rather like a flattened croissant, it is similar in preparation but includes a cinnamon and sugar filling, often with raisins or brown sugar <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streusel" title="Streusel">streusel</a>. The name may also reflect to the roll's <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croissant" title="Croissant">croissant</a>-like appearance – <i>franz</i> appears to be a shortening of <i>französisch</i>, meaning "French", which would make a <i>Franzbrötchen</i> a "French roll".
Ordinary bread rolls tend to be oval-shaped and of the French bread variety. The local name is <i>Schrippe</i> (scored lengthways) for the oval kind and, for the round kind, <i>Rundstück</i> ("round piece" rather than mainstream German <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B6tchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Brötchen">Brötchen</a></i>, diminutive form of <i>Brot</i> "bread"),<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup> a relative of Denmark's <i>rundstykke</i>. In fact, while by no means identical, the cuisines of Hamburg and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, especially of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, have a lot in common. This also includes a predilection for open-faced sandwiches of all sorts, especially topped with cold-smoked or pickled fish.
</p><p>The American <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">hamburger</a> may have developed from Hamburg's <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frikadeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Frikadeller">Frikadeller</a></i>: a pan-fried patty (usually larger and thicker than its American counterpart) made from a mixture of ground beef, soaked <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staling" title="Staling">stale bread</a>, egg, chopped onion, salt and pepper, usually served with potatoes and vegetables like any other piece of meat, not usually on a bun. The Oxford Dictionary defined a <i>Hamburger steak</i> in 1802: a sometimes-smoked and -salted piece of meat, that, according to some sources, came from Hamburg to America.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup> The name and food, "hamburger", has entered all English-speaking countries, and derivative words in non-English speaking countries.
</p><p>There are restaurants which offer most of these dishes, especially in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HafenCity" title="HafenCity">HafenCity</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Main_sights">Main sights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Main sights">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<p><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbphilharmonie" title="Elbphilharmonie">Elbphilharmonie</a></i> ("Elphi")
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</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 248px"><div style="width: 248px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 246px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburger_Hafen-St._Michaelis.jpg" class="image" title="Port of Hamburg"><img alt="Port of Hamburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hamburger_Hafen-St._Michaelis.jpg/369px-Hamburger_Hafen-St._Michaelis.jpg" decoding="async" width="246" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hamburger_Hafen-St._Michaelis.jpg/553px-Hamburger_Hafen-St._Michaelis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hamburger_Hafen-St._Michaelis.jpg/737px-Hamburger_Hafen-St._Michaelis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6081" data-file-height="2974" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">Port of Hamburg</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"><div style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freedom-of-the-Seas--in-Hamburg.jpg" class="image" title="St. Pauli Piers and cruise ship"><img alt="St. Pauli Piers and cruise ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Freedom-of-the-Seas--in-Hamburg.jpg/270px-Freedom-of-the-Seas--in-Hamburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Freedom-of-the-Seas--in-Hamburg.jpg/405px-Freedom-of-the-Seas--in-Hamburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Freedom-of-the-Seas--in-Hamburg.jpg/540px-Freedom-of-the-Seas--in-Hamburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Pauli_Piers" title="St. Pauli Piers">St. Pauli Piers</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Freedom_of_the_Seas" title="MS Freedom of the Seas">cruise ship</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"><div style="width: 203.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Speicherstadt_abends.jpg" class="image" title="Speicherstadt (Warehouse district)"><img alt="Speicherstadt (Warehouse district)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Speicherstadt_abends.jpg/302px-Speicherstadt_abends.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Speicherstadt_abends.jpg/452px-Speicherstadt_abends.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Speicherstadt_abends.jpg/603px-Speicherstadt_abends.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5565" data-file-height="3325" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speicherstadt" title="Speicherstadt">Speicherstadt</a></i> (Warehouse district)
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"><div style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rathaus_Hamburg_bei_Nacht.jpg" class="image" title="Hamburg City Hall"><img alt="Hamburg City Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rathaus_Hamburg_bei_Nacht.jpg/270px-Rathaus_Hamburg_bei_Nacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rathaus_Hamburg_bei_Nacht.jpg/405px-Rathaus_Hamburg_bei_Nacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rathaus_Hamburg_bei_Nacht.jpg/540px-Rathaus_Hamburg_bei_Nacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4866" data-file-height="3248" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_City_Hall" title="Hamburg City Hall">Hamburg City Hall</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"><div style="width: 139.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Michaelis.jpg" class="image" title="St. Michael's Church ("Michel")"><img alt="St. Michael's Church ("Michel")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/St._Michaelis.jpg/206px-St._Michaelis.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/St._Michaelis.jpg/308px-St._Michaelis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/St._Michaelis.jpg/411px-St._Michaelis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1840" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Hamburg" title="St. Michael's Church, Hamburg">St. Michael's Church</a> ("Michel")
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84.666666666667px"><div style="width: 84.666666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 82.666666666667px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reeperbahn.jpg" class="image" title="Reeperbahn, nightlife district of St. Pauli"><img alt="Reeperbahn, nightlife district of St. Pauli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Reeperbahn.jpg/124px-Reeperbahn.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Reeperbahn.jpg/186px-Reeperbahn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Reeperbahn.jpg/249px-Reeperbahn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="800" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeperbahn" title="Reeperbahn">Reeperbahn</a></i>, nightlife district of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Pauli" title="St. Pauli">St. Pauli</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"><div style="width: 186.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miniatur_wunderland.jpg" class="image" title="Miniatur Wunderland (Miniature Wonderland)"><img alt="Miniatur Wunderland (Miniature Wonderland)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Miniatur_wunderland.jpg/277px-Miniatur_wunderland.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Miniatur_wunderland.jpg/416px-Miniatur_wunderland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Miniatur_wunderland.jpg/554px-Miniatur_wunderland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1325" data-file-height="861" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniatur_Wunderland" title="Miniatur Wunderland">Miniatur Wunderland</a></i> (Miniature Wonderland)
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grosse_Freiheit_Hamburg.jpg" class="image" title="Große Freiheit ("Great Freedom")"><img alt="Große Freiheit ("Great Freedom")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Grosse_Freiheit_Hamburg.jpg/240px-Grosse_Freiheit_Hamburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Grosse_Freiheit_Hamburg.jpg/360px-Grosse_Freiheit_Hamburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Grosse_Freiheit_Hamburg.jpg/480px-Grosse_Freiheit_Hamburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Freiheit" title="Große Freiheit">Große Freiheit</a></i> ("Great Freedom")
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 81.333333333333px"><div style="width: 81.333333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 79.333333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Nikolai_Memorial_Church.jpg" class="image" title="Nikolai Memorial"><img alt="Nikolai Memorial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/St._Nikolai_Memorial_Church.jpg/119px-St._Nikolai_Memorial_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/St._Nikolai_Memorial_Church.jpg/178px-St._Nikolai_Memorial_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/St._Nikolai_Memorial_Church.jpg/238px-St._Nikolai_Memorial_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3134" data-file-height="4740" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nicholas%27_Church,_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nicholas' Church, Hamburg">Nikolai Memorial</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 278.66666666667px"><div style="width: 278.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 276.66666666667px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandtorpark_2013-05-24_12-03-35_Germany_Hamburg-HafenCity_2h.jpg" class="image" title="HafenCity"><img alt="HafenCity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sandtorpark_2013-05-24_12-03-35_Germany_Hamburg-HafenCity_2h.jpg/415px-Sandtorpark_2013-05-24_12-03-35_Germany_Hamburg-HafenCity_2h.jpg" decoding="async" width="277" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sandtorpark_2013-05-24_12-03-35_Germany_Hamburg-HafenCity_2h.jpg/622px-Sandtorpark_2013-05-24_12-03-35_Germany_Hamburg-HafenCity_2h.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sandtorpark_2013-05-24_12-03-35_Germany_Hamburg-HafenCity_2h.jpg/829px-Sandtorpark_2013-05-24_12-03-35_Germany_Hamburg-HafenCity_2h.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5908" data-file-height="2568" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HafenCity" title="HafenCity">HafenCity</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"><div style="width: 182.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dockland_by_Night.jpg" class="image" title="Dockland at night"><img alt="Dockland at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dockland_by_Night.jpg/271px-Dockland_by_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dockland_by_Night.jpg/406px-Dockland_by_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dockland_by_Night.jpg/541px-Dockland_by_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1998" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Dockland at night
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alstereisvergn%C3%BCgen_11-02-2012_09.jpg" class="image" title="View over frozen Alster towards Radisson Hotel and Hertz-Turm"><img alt="View over frozen Alster towards Radisson Hotel and Hertz-Turm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Alstereisvergn%C3%BCgen_11-02-2012_09.jpg/240px-Alstereisvergn%C3%BCgen_11-02-2012_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Alstereisvergn%C3%BCgen_11-02-2012_09.jpg/360px-Alstereisvergn%C3%BCgen_11-02-2012_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Alstereisvergn%C3%BCgen_11-02-2012_09.jpg/480px-Alstereisvergn%C3%BCgen_11-02-2012_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>View over frozen <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alster" title="Alster">Alster</a> towards <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radisson_Blu_Hotel_Hamburg" title="Radisson Blu Hotel Hamburg">Radisson Hotel</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich-Hertz-Turm" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich-Hertz-Turm">Hertz-Turm</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg_Wallanlagen_Brunnen.jpg" class="image" title="Planten un Blomen"><img alt="Planten un Blomen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hamburg_Wallanlagen_Brunnen.jpg/240px-Hamburg_Wallanlagen_Brunnen.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hamburg_Wallanlagen_Brunnen.jpg/360px-Hamburg_Wallanlagen_Brunnen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hamburg_Wallanlagen_Brunnen.jpg/480px-Hamburg_Wallanlagen_Brunnen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planten_un_Blomen" title="Planten un Blomen">Planten un Blomen</a></i>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"><div style="width: 153.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DE_Hamburg_Centerview.JPG" class="image" title="Jungfernstieg Boulevard"><img alt="Jungfernstieg Boulevard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/DE_Hamburg_Centerview.JPG/227px-DE_Hamburg_Centerview.JPG" decoding="async" width="152" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/DE_Hamburg_Centerview.JPG/341px-DE_Hamburg_Centerview.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/DE_Hamburg_Centerview.JPG/455px-DE_Hamburg_Centerview.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1900" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungfernstieg" title="Jungfernstieg">Jungfernstieg</a> Boulevard
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"><div style="width: 182.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg-Blankenese(01).JPG" class="image" title="Hills and mansions in Blankenese"><img alt="Hills and mansions in Blankenese" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hamburg-Blankenese%2801%29.JPG/271px-Hamburg-Blankenese%2801%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hamburg-Blankenese%2801%29.JPG/407px-Hamburg-Blankenese%2801%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hamburg-Blankenese%2801%29.JPG/542px-Hamburg-Blankenese%2801%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Hills and mansions in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blankenese" title="Blankenese">Blankenese</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"><div style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laeisz-Halle_(Hamburg-Neustadt).1.29179.ajb.jpg" class="image" title="Laeiszhalle concert venue"><img alt="Laeiszhalle concert venue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Laeisz-Halle_%28Hamburg-Neustadt%29.1.29179.ajb.jpg/270px-Laeisz-Halle_%28Hamburg-Neustadt%29.1.29179.ajb.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Laeisz-Halle_%28Hamburg-Neustadt%29.1.29179.ajb.jpg/405px-Laeisz-Halle_%28Hamburg-Neustadt%29.1.29179.ajb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Laeisz-Halle_%28Hamburg-Neustadt%29.1.29179.ajb.jpg/540px-Laeisz-Halle_%28Hamburg-Neustadt%29.1.29179.ajb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laeiszhalle" title="Laeiszhalle">Laeiszhalle</a></i> concert venue
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"><div style="width: 186.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013-06-08_Highflyer_HP_L4729.JPG" class="image" title="Hamburg Hauptbahnhof, the busiest railway station in Germany"><img alt="Hamburg Hauptbahnhof, the busiest railway station in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2013-06-08_Highflyer_HP_L4729.JPG/277px-2013-06-08_Highflyer_HP_L4729.JPG" decoding="async" width="185" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2013-06-08_Highflyer_HP_L4729.JPG/415px-2013-06-08_Highflyer_HP_L4729.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2013-06-08_Highflyer_HP_L4729.JPG/553px-2013-06-08_Highflyer_HP_L4729.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5647" data-file-height="3676" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Hauptbahnhof" title="Hamburg Hauptbahnhof">Hamburg Hauptbahnhof</a>, the busiest railway station in Germany
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"><div style="width: 149.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg_OLG_1.jpg" class="image" title="Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht ("HansOLG"), upper court"><img alt="Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht ("HansOLG"), upper court" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hamburg_OLG_1.jpg/221px-Hamburg_OLG_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hamburg_OLG_1.jpg/331px-Hamburg_OLG_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hamburg_OLG_1.jpg/442px-Hamburg_OLG_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2956" data-file-height="2410" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht ("HansOLG"), upper court
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"><div style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neue_Skyline_Hamburg.JPG" class="image" title="Highrises in St. Pauli (Hafenkrone)"><img alt="Highrises in St. Pauli (Hafenkrone)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Neue_Skyline_Hamburg.JPG/270px-Neue_Skyline_Hamburg.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Neue_Skyline_Hamburg.JPG/405px-Neue_Skyline_Hamburg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Neue_Skyline_Hamburg.JPG/540px-Neue_Skyline_Hamburg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Hamburg" title="List of tallest buildings in Hamburg">Highrises</a> in St. Pauli (<i>Hafenkrone</i>)
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"><div style="width: 82px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K%C3%B6hlbrandbr%C3%BCcke_2010.jpg" class="image" title="Köhlbrand Bridge"><img alt="Köhlbrand Bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/K%C3%B6hlbrandbr%C3%BCcke_2010.jpg/120px-K%C3%B6hlbrandbr%C3%BCcke_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/K%C3%B6hlbrandbr%C3%BCcke_2010.jpg/180px-K%C3%B6hlbrandbr%C3%BCcke_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/K%C3%B6hlbrandbr%C3%BCcke_2010.jpg/240px-K%C3%B6hlbrandbr%C3%BCcke_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6hlbrand_Bridge" title="Köhlbrand Bridge">Köhlbrand Bridge</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"><div style="width: 82px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heinrich-Hertz-Turm_-_PHB.jpg" class="image" title="TV Tower"><img alt="TV Tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Heinrich-Hertz-Turm_-_PHB.jpg/120px-Heinrich-Hertz-Turm_-_PHB.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Heinrich-Hertz-Turm_-_PHB.jpg/180px-Heinrich-Hertz-Turm_-_PHB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Heinrich-Hertz-Turm_-_PHB.jpg/240px-Heinrich-Hertz-Turm_-_PHB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3351" data-file-height="5026" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich-Hertz-Turm" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich-Hertz-Turm">TV Tower</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"><div style="width: 170px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HafenCity_Traditionsschiffhafen_Sandtorkai_Hamburg_3943_v3.jpg" class="image" title="Traditional sailing ships at Sandtorkai in HafenCity"><img alt="Traditional sailing ships at Sandtorkai in HafenCity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/HafenCity_Traditionsschiffhafen_Sandtorkai_Hamburg_3943_v3.jpg/252px-HafenCity_Traditionsschiffhafen_Sandtorkai_Hamburg_3943_v3.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/HafenCity_Traditionsschiffhafen_Sandtorkai_Hamburg_3943_v3.jpg/378px-HafenCity_Traditionsschiffhafen_Sandtorkai_Hamburg_3943_v3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/HafenCity_Traditionsschiffhafen_Sandtorkai_Hamburg_3943_v3.jpg/504px-HafenCity_Traditionsschiffhafen_Sandtorkai_Hamburg_3943_v3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="864" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Traditional sailing ships at Sandtorkai in HafenCity
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"><div style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HP_L4224.JPG" class="image" title="View over Hamburg and the Alster"><img alt="View over Hamburg and the Alster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HP_L4224.JPG/270px-HP_L4224.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HP_L4224.JPG/405px-HP_L4224.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HP_L4224.JPG/540px-HP_L4224.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>View over Hamburg and the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alster" title="Alster">Alster</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
</ul>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rote_Flora_Sternschanze.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Rote Flora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Rote_Flora_Sternschanze.jpg/220px-Rote_Flora_Sternschanze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Rote_Flora_Sternschanze.jpg/330px-Rote_Flora_Sternschanze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Rote_Flora_Sternschanze.jpg/440px-Rote_Flora_Sternschanze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rote_Flora_Sternschanze.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Flora" title="Rote Flora">Rote Flora</a></i> in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternschanze" title="Sternschanze">Sternschanze</a> neighbourhood, Hamburg</div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Alternative_culture">Alternative culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Alternative culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Hamburg has long been a centre of alternative music and counter-culture movements. The boroughs of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Pauli" title="St. Pauli">St. Pauli</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternschanze" title="Sternschanze">Sternschanze</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a> are known for being home to many radical left-wing and anarchist groups, culminating every year during the traditional May Day demonstrations.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_G20_Hamburg_summit" title="2017 G20 Hamburg summit">2017 G20 summit</a>, which took place in Hamburg from 7–8 July that year, protestors clashed violently with the police in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternschanze" title="Sternschanze">Sternschanze</a> area and particularly around the Rote Flora. On 7 July, several cars were set on fire and street barricades were erected to prevent the police from entering the area. In response to that, the police made heavy use of water cannons and tear gas in order to scatter the protestors. However, this was met with strong resistance by protestors, resulting in a total of 160 injured police and 75 arrested participants in the protests.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup>
</p><p>After the summit, however, the Rote Flora issued a statement, in which it condemns the arbitrary acts of violence that were committed by some of the protestors whilst generally defending the right to use violence as a means of self-defence against police oppression. In particular, the spokesperson of the Rote Flora said that the autonomous cultural centre had a traditionally good relationship with its neighbours and local residents, since they were united in their fight against gentrification in that neighbourhood.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="British_culture">British culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: British culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hammonia-Bad_01.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hammonia-Bad_01.jpg/220px-Hammonia-Bad_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hammonia-Bad_01.jpg/330px-Hammonia-Bad_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hammonia-Bad_01.jpg/440px-Hammonia-Bad_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5080" data-file-height="3932" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hammonia-Bad_01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The English Theatre of Hamburg at Lerchenfeld 14</div></div></div>
<p>There are several English-speaking communities, such as the Caledonian Society of Hamburg, The British Club Hamburg, British and Commonwealth Luncheon Club, Anglo-German Club <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eingetragener_Verein" class="mw-redirect" title="Eingetragener Verein">e.V.</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup> Professional Women's Forum,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup> The British Decorative and Fine Arts Society, The English Speaking Union of the Commonwealth, The Scottish Country Dancers of Hamburg, The Hamburg Players e.V. English Language Theatre Group, The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Exiles_RFC" title="Hamburg Exiles RFC">Hamburg Exiles Rugby Club</a>, several cricket clubs, and The Morris Minor Register of Hamburg. Furthermore, the Anglo-Hanseatic Lodge No. 850<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup> within the Grand Lodge of British Freemasons of Germany<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup> under the United Grand Lodges of Germany<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup> works in Hamburg, and has a diverse expat membership. There is also a 400-year-old Anglican church community worshipping at <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Thomas_Becket_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Thomas Becket Church (page does not exist)">St Thomas Becket Church</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englische_Kirche_(Hamburg)" class="extiw" title="de:Englische Kirche (Hamburg)">de</a>]</sup></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup>
</p><p>American and international English-speaking organisations include The American Club of Hamburg <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eingetragener_Verein" class="mw-redirect" title="Eingetragener Verein">e.V.</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup> the American Women's Club of Hamburg,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup> the English Speaking Union, the German-American Women's Club,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup> and The International Women's Club of Hamburg e.V. <i>The American Chamber of Commerce</i> handles matters related to business affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup> The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_School_of_Hamburg" title="International School of Hamburg">International School of Hamburg</a> serves school children.
</p><p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Wordsworth" title="Dorothy Wordsworth">Dorothy Wordsworth</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a> spent the last two weeks of September 1798 at Hamburg.
Dorothy wrote a detailed journal of their stay, labelled "The Hamburg Journal (1798) by noted Wordsworth scholar <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_de_Selincourt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward de Selincourt (page does not exist)">Edward de Selincourt</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup>
</p><p>A Hamburg saying, referring to its anglophile nature, is: "Wenn es in London anfängt zu regnen, spannen die Hamburger den Schirm auf." ... "When it starts raining in London, people in Hamburg open their umbrellas."
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Memorials">Memorials</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Memorials">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>A memorial for successful English engineer <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lindley" title="William Lindley">William Lindley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup> who, beginning in 1842, reorganised the drinking water and sewerage system and thus helped to fight against cholera, is near Baumwall railway station in Vorsetzen street.
</p><p>In 2009, more than 2,500 "stumbling blocks" <i>(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolpersteine" class="mw-redirect" title="Stolpersteine">Stolpersteine</a>)</i> were laid, engraved with the names of deported and murdered citizens. Inserted into the pavement in front of their former houses, the blocks draw attention to the victims of Nazi persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) of Hamburg was 119.0 billion € in 2018, accounting for 3.6% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €59,600 or 197% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 132% of the EU average.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup> The city has a relatively high employment rate, at 88 percent of the working-age population, employed in over 160,000 businesses. The median gross salary in 2021 was €47,544, which is 9.29% higher than the median gross salary in Germany overall.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup>
</p><p>The unemployment rate stood at 6.1% in October 2018 and was higher than the German average.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Year<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup>
</th>
<th>2000
</th>
<th>2001
</th>
<th>2002
</th>
<th>2003
</th>
<th>2004
</th>
<th>2005
</th>
<th>2006
</th>
<th>2007
</th>
<th>2008
</th>
<th>2009
</th>
<th>2010
</th>
<th>2011
</th>
<th>2012
</th>
<th>2013
</th>
<th>2014
</th>
<th>2015
</th>
<th>2016
</th>
<th>2017
</th>
<th>2018
</th>
<th>2019
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Unemployment rate in %
</td>
<td>8.9
</td>
<td>8.3
</td>
<td>9.0
</td>
<td>9.9
</td>
<td>9.7
</td>
<td>11.3
</td>
<td>11.0
</td>
<td>9.1
</td>
<td>8.1
</td>
<td>8.6
</td>
<td>8.2
</td>
<td>7.8
</td>
<td>7.5
</td>
<td>7.4
</td>
<td>7.6
</td>
<td>7.4
</td>
<td>7.1
</td>
<td>6.8
</td>
<td>6.3
</td>
<td>6.1
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hh-boerse.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hh-boerse.jpg/220px-Hh-boerse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hh-boerse.jpg/330px-Hh-boerse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hh-boerse.jpg/440px-Hh-boerse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hh-boerse.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Stock_Exchange" title="Hamburg Stock Exchange">Hamburg Stock Exchange</a></div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Banking">Banking</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Banking">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Hamburg has for centuries been a commercial centre of Northern Europe, and is the most important <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">banking</a> city of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a>. The city is the seat of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_banking" title="History of banking">Germany's oldest bank</a>, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berenberg_Bank" title="Berenberg Bank">Berenberg Bank</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.M.Warburg_%26_CO" class="mw-redirect" title="M.M.Warburg & CO">M.M.Warburg & CO</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Commercial_Bank" title="Hamburg Commercial Bank">Hamburg Commercial Bank</a>. The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Stock_Exchange" title="Hamburg Stock Exchange">Hamburg Stock Exchange</a> is the oldest of its kind in Germany.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Port">Port</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Port">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">Port of Hamburg</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ankunft_der_Queen_Mary_2_in_Hamburg_-_panoramio_-_Arnold_Schott_(3).jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ankunft_der_Queen_Mary_2_in_Hamburg_-_panoramio_-_Arnold_Schott_%283%29.jpg/220px-Ankunft_der_Queen_Mary_2_in_Hamburg_-_panoramio_-_Arnold_Schott_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ankunft_der_Queen_Mary_2_in_Hamburg_-_panoramio_-_Arnold_Schott_%283%29.jpg/330px-Ankunft_der_Queen_Mary_2_in_Hamburg_-_panoramio_-_Arnold_Schott_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ankunft_der_Queen_Mary_2_in_Hamburg_-_panoramio_-_Arnold_Schott_%283%29.jpg/440px-Ankunft_der_Queen_Mary_2_in_Hamburg_-_panoramio_-_Arnold_Schott_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ankunft_der_Queen_Mary_2_in_Hamburg_-_panoramio_-_Arnold_Schott_(3).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Queen_Mary_2" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Queen Mary 2">Queen Mary 2</a> at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">Port of Hamburg</a></div></div></div>
<p>The most significant economic unit is the Port of Hamburg, which ranks third to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerpen</a> in Europe and 17th-largest worldwide with transshipments of 8.9 million <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">twenty-foot equivalent units</a> (TEU) of cargo and 138.2 million tons of goods in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup> International trade is also the reason for the large number of consulates in the city. Although situated 110 kilometres (70 mi) up the Elbe, it is considered a sea port due to its ability to handle large ocean-going vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Industrial_production">Industrial production</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Industrial production">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Heavy industry of Hamburg includes the making of steel, aluminium, copper and various large shipyards such as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blohm_%2B_Voss" class="mw-redirect" title="Blohm + Voss">Blohm + Voss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></sup>
</p><p>Hamburg, along with <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, is an important location of the civil <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> industry. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>, which operates the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_Hamburg-Finkenwerder" title="Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder">Hamburg-Finkenwerder assembly plant</a> in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finkenwerder" title="Finkenwerder">Finkenwerder</a>, employs over 13,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="HafenCity">HafenCity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: HafenCity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HafenCity" title="HafenCity">HafenCity</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_-_Highflyer_-IMG-1414.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_-_Highflyer_-IMG-1414.jpg/220px-Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_-_Highflyer_-IMG-1414.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_-_Highflyer_-IMG-1414.jpg/330px-Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_-_Highflyer_-IMG-1414.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_-_Highflyer_-IMG-1414.jpg/440px-Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_-_Highflyer_-IMG-1414.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_-_Highflyer_-IMG-1414.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Western HafenCity area and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speicherstadt" title="Speicherstadt">Speicherstadt</a></div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HafenCity" title="HafenCity">HafenCity</a> is Europe's largest urban development project and is located in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Mitte" title="Hamburg-Mitte">Hamburg-Mitte</a> district. It consists of the area of the Great Grasbrook, the northern part of the former Elbe island <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasbrook">Grasbrook</a>, and the warehouse district on the former Elbe island Kehrwieder and Wandrahm. It is bordered to the north, separated by the customs channel to Hamburg's city centre, west and south by the Elbe and to the east, bounded by the upper harbour, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothenburgsort" title="Rothenburgsort">Rothenburgsort</a>. The district is full of rivers and streams and is surrounded by channels, and has a total area of about 2.2 square-kilometres.
</p><p>HafenCity has 155 hectares in the area formerly belonging to the free port north of the Great Grasbrook. Residential units for up to 12,000 people are planned to be built on the site by around the mid-2020s, and jobs for up to 40,000 people, mainly in the office sector, should be created. It is the largest ongoing urban development project in Hamburg.
</p><p>Construction work started in 2003, and in 2009 the first part of the urban development project was finished with the completion of the Dalmannkai / Sandtorkai neighbourhood – which is the first stage of the HafenCity project. According to the person responsible for the development and commercialisation of HafenCity, <i>HafenCity Hamburg GmbH</i>, half of the master plan underlying structural construction is already completed, whereas the other half is either under construction or is in the construction preparation stages.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tourism">Tourism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg-logo.svg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hamburg-logo.svg/220px-Hamburg-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hamburg-logo.svg/330px-Hamburg-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hamburg-logo.svg/440px-Hamburg-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="48" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg-logo.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>City logo of Hamburg</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HH_Neuer_Wall_Dezember_2012.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/HH_Neuer_Wall_Dezember_2012.jpg/220px-HH_Neuer_Wall_Dezember_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/HH_Neuer_Wall_Dezember_2012.jpg/330px-HH_Neuer_Wall_Dezember_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/HH_Neuer_Wall_Dezember_2012.jpg/440px-HH_Neuer_Wall_Dezember_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="1396" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HH_Neuer_Wall_Dezember_2012.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuer_Wall" title="Neuer Wall">Neuer Wall</a>, one of Europe's most luxurious shopping streets</div></div></div>
<p>In 2017, more than 6,783,000 visitors with 13,822,000 overnight stays visited the city.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup> The tourism sector employs more than 175,000 people full-time and brings in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a> of almost €9 billion, making the tourism industry a major economic force in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. Hamburg has one of the fastest-growing tourism industries in Germany. From 2001 to 2007, the overnight stays in the city increased by 55.2% (Berlin +52.7%, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> +33%).<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup>
</p><p>A typical Hamburg visit includes a tour of the city hall and the grand church <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michaelis_Church,_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg">St. Michaelis</a> (called the <i>Michel</i>), and visiting the old warehouse district (<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speicherstadt" title="Speicherstadt">Speicherstadt</a></i>) and the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landungsbr%C3%BCcken" class="mw-redirect" title="Landungsbrücken">harbour promenade</a> (<i>Landungsbrücken</i>). Sightseeing buses connect these points of interest. As Hamburg is one of the world's largest harbours many visitors take one of the harbour and/or canal boat tours (<i>Große Hafenrundfahrt</i>, <i>Fleetfahrt</i>) which start from the <i>Landungsbrücken</i>. Major destinations also include <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museums</a>.
</p><p>The area of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeperbahn" title="Reeperbahn">Reeperbahn</a> in the quarter <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Pauli" title="St. Pauli">St. Pauli</a> is Europe's largest red light district and home of strip clubs, brothels, bars and nightclubs. The singer and actor <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Albers" title="Hans Albers">Hans Albers</a> is strongly associated with St. Pauli, and wrote the neighbourhood's unofficial anthem, "Auf der Reeperbahn Nachts um Halb Eins" ("<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Reeperbahn_at_Half_Past_Midnight_(song)" title="On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight (song)">On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight</a>") in the 1940s. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> had stints on the Reeperbahn early in their careers. Others prefer the laid-back neighbourhood <i>Schanze</i> with its street cafés, or a barbecue on one of the beaches along the river Elbe. Hamburg's famous zoo, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierpark_Hagenbeck" title="Tierpark Hagenbeck">Tierpark Hagenbeck</a>, was founded in 1907 by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Hagenbeck" title="Carl Hagenbeck">Carl Hagenbeck</a> as the first zoo with moated, barless enclosures.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2016, the average visitor spent two nights in Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-statistik-nord1_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistik-nord1-126">[126]</a></sup> The majority of visitors come from Germany. Most foreigners are European, especially from <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (395,681 overnight stays), the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (301,000 overnight stays), <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (340,156 overnight stays), <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (about 252,397 overnight stays) and the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (about 182,610 overnight stays).<sup id="cite_ref-statistik-nord1_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistik-nord1-126">[126]</a></sup> The largest group from outside Europe comes from the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (206,614 overnight stays).<sup id="cite_ref-statistik-nord1_126-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistik-nord1-126">[126]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Queen_Mary_2" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Queen Mary 2">Queen Mary 2</a></i> has docked regularly since 2004, and there were six departures planned from 2010 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Creative_industries">Creative industries</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Creative industries">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spiegel_building_Hamburg,_Ericusspitze,_at_night.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Spiegel_building_Hamburg%2C_Ericusspitze%2C_at_night.jpg/220px-Spiegel_building_Hamburg%2C_Ericusspitze%2C_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Spiegel_building_Hamburg%2C_Ericusspitze%2C_at_night.jpg/330px-Spiegel_building_Hamburg%2C_Ericusspitze%2C_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Spiegel_building_Hamburg%2C_Ericusspitze%2C_at_night.jpg/440px-Spiegel_building_Hamburg%2C_Ericusspitze%2C_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spiegel_building_Hamburg,_Ericusspitze,_at_night.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> headquarters</div></div></div>
<p>Media businesses employ over 70,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup> The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Norddeutscher Rundfunk">Norddeutscher Rundfunk</a> which includes the television station <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDR_Fernsehen" title="NDR Fernsehen">NDR Fernsehen</a> is based in Hamburg, including the very popular news program <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagesschau_(German_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagesschau (German TV series)">Tagesschau</a></i>, as are the commercial television station <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamburg 1 (page does not exist)">Hamburg 1</a></i>, the Christian television station <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibel_TV" title="Bibel TV">Bibel TV</a></i> and the civil media outlet <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tide_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tide TV (page does not exist)">Tide TV</a></i>. There are regional radio stations such as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Hamburg" title="Radio Hamburg">Radio Hamburg</a>. Some of Germany's largest publishing companies, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Axel Springer AG">Axel Springer AG</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruner_%2B_Jahr" title="Gruner + Jahr">Gruner + Jahr</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauer_Media_Group" title="Bauer Media Group">Bauer Media Group</a> are located in the city. Many national newspapers and magazines such as <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> and <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i> are produced in Hamburg, as well as some special-interest newspapers such as <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times_Deutschland" title="Financial Times Deutschland">Financial Times Deutschland</a></i>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_Abendblatt" title="Hamburger Abendblatt">Hamburger Abendblatt</a></i> and <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_Morgenpost" title="Hamburger Morgenpost">Hamburger Morgenpost</a></i> are daily regional newspapers with a large circulation. There are music publishers, such as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Bros. Records">Warner Bros. Records</a> Germany, and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and communication technologies">ICT</a> firms such as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe Systems</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> Germany.
</p><p>A total of about 2,000 companies are located in Hamburg that are active in the music industry. With over 17,000 employees and a gross value added of around 640 million euros, this industry is one of the strongest in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup> The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interessengemeinschaft_Hamburger_Musikwirtschaft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interessengemeinschaft Hamburger Musikwirtschaft (page does not exist)">Interessengemeinschaft Hamburger Musikwirtschaft</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interessengemeinschaft_Hamburger_Musikwirtschaft" class="extiw" title="de:Interessengemeinschaft Hamburger Musikwirtschaft">de</a>]</sup> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clubkombinat.de/">Clubkombinat</a> represent the companies in the industry. The interests of Hamburg musicians* are represented, for example, by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rockcity.de/rockcity/vision/">RockCity Hamburg e.V.</a>.
</p><p>Hamburg was one of the locations for the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bond (film series)">James Bond series</a> film <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_Never_Dies" title="Tomorrow Never Dies">Tomorrow Never Dies</a></i>. The <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeperbahn" title="Reeperbahn">Reeperbahn</a></i> has been the location for many scenes, including the 1994 Beatles film <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbeat_(film)" title="Backbeat (film)">Backbeat</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></sup> The film <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Most_Wanted_Man_(film)" title="A Most Wanted Man (film)">A Most Wanted Man</a></i> was set in and filmed in Hamburg. Hamburg was also shown in <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_American_Tail" title="An American Tail">An American Tail</a></i> where Fievel Mousekewitz and his family immigrate to America in the hopes to escape cats.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Health_systems">Health systems</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Health systems">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Hamburg has 54 hospitals. The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Medical_Center_Hamburg-Eppendorf" title="University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf">University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf</a>, with about 1,736 beds, houses a large medical school. There are also smaller private hospitals. On 1 January 2011 there were about 12,507 hospital beds.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup> The city had 5,663 physicians in private practice and 456 pharmacies in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Transport">Transport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Hamburg" title="Transport in Hamburg">Transport in Hamburg</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CTB-CTW_Port_of_Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CTB-CTW_Port_of_Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg/220px-CTB-CTW_Port_of_Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CTB-CTW_Port_of_Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg/330px-CTB-CTW_Port_of_Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CTB-CTW_Port_of_Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg/440px-CTB-CTW_Port_of_Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CTB-CTW_Port_of_Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">Port of Hamburg</a> on the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">river Elbe</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U-Bahnhof_Baumwall_2015_01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/U-Bahnhof_Baumwall_2015_01.jpg/220px-U-Bahnhof_Baumwall_2015_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/U-Bahnhof_Baumwall_2015_01.jpg/330px-U-Bahnhof_Baumwall_2015_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/U-Bahnhof_Baumwall_2015_01.jpg/440px-U-Bahnhof_Baumwall_2015_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U-Bahnhof_Baumwall_2015_01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baumwall_(Hamburg_U-Bahn_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baumwall (Hamburg U-Bahn station)">Baumwall</a> station of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_U-Bahn" title="Hamburg U-Bahn">Hamburg U-Bahn</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg.NorderElbbr%C3%BCcken.2.wmt.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hamburg.NorderElbbr%C3%BCcken.2.wmt.jpg/220px-Hamburg.NorderElbbr%C3%BCcken.2.wmt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hamburg.NorderElbbr%C3%BCcken.2.wmt.jpg/330px-Hamburg.NorderElbbr%C3%BCcken.2.wmt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hamburg.NorderElbbr%C3%BCcken.2.wmt.jpg/440px-Hamburg.NorderElbbr%C3%BCcken.2.wmt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="545" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg.NorderElbbr%C3%BCcken.2.wmt.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Neue and Freihafen-Elbbrücke</div></div></div>
<p>Hamburg is a major transportation hub, connected to four <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahnen</a> (motorways) and the most important railway junction on the route to Scandinavia.
</p><p>Bridges and tunnels connect the northern and southern parts of the city, such as the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe_Tunnel_(1911)" title="Elbe Tunnel (1911)">old Elbe Tunnel</a> (<i>Alter Elbtunnel</i>) or St. Pauli Elbtunnel (official name) which opened in 1911, now is major tourist sight, and the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe_Tunnel_(1975)" title="Elbe Tunnel (1975)">Elbe Tunnel</a> (<i>Elbtunnel</i>) the crossing of a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn_7" title="Bundesautobahn 7">motorway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Airport" title="Hamburg Airport">Hamburg Airport</a> is the oldest airport in Germany still in operation.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></sup> There is also the smaller <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Finkenwerder_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport">Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport</a>, used only as a company airport for <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>. Some airlines market <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_Airport" title="Lübeck Airport">Lübeck Airport</a> in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> as serving Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup>
</p><p>Hamburg's <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Germany" title="Vehicle registration plates of Germany">licence plate</a> prefix was "HH" (Hansestadt Hamburg; English: Hanseatic City of Hamburg) between 1906 and 1945 and from 1956 onwards, rather than the single letter normally used for large cities since the federal registration reform in 1956, such as B for Berlin or M for Munich. "H" was Hamburg's prefix in the years between 1945 and 1947 (used by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> since 1956).<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Public_transport">Public transport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Public transport">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bahnlinien_im_HVV.png" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bahnlinien_im_HVV.png/220px-Bahnlinien_im_HVV.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bahnlinien_im_HVV.png/330px-Bahnlinien_im_HVV.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bahnlinien_im_HVV.png/440px-Bahnlinien_im_HVV.png 2x" data-file-width="6389" data-file-height="4528" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bahnlinien_im_HVV.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A map of the transit rail lines in Hamburg</div></div></div> <p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a> by rail, bus and ship is organised by the <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_Verkehrsverbund" title="Hamburger Verkehrsverbund">Hamburger Verkehrsverbund</a></i> ("Hamburg transit authority") (HVV). Tickets sold by one company are valid on all other HVV companies' services. The HVV was the first organisation of this kind worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></sup>
</p><p>33 mass transit rail lines across the city are the backbone of public transport.<sup id="cite_ref-Zahlen_{{!}}_HVV-Verbundbericht_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zahlen_{{!}}_HVV-Verbundbericht-139">[139]</a></sup> The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_S-Bahn" title="Hamburg S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a> (commuter train system) comprises six lines and the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_U-Bahn" title="Hamburg U-Bahn">U-Bahn</a> four lines – <i>U-Bahn</i> is short for <i>Untergrundbahn</i> (underground railway). Approximately 41 km (25 mi) of 101 km (63 mi) of the U-Bahn is underground; most is on embankments or viaduct or at ground level. Older residents still speak of the system as <i>Hochbahn</i> (elevated railway), also because the operating company of the subway is the <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_Hochbahn" title="Hamburger Hochbahn">Hamburger Hochbahn</a></i>. The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKN_Eisenbahn" title="AKN Eisenbahn">AKN railway</a> connects satellite towns in Schleswig-Holstein to the city. On some routes regional trains of Germany's major railway company <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn AG</a> and the regional <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronom_Eisenbahngesellschaft" title="Metronom Eisenbahngesellschaft">metronom</a></i> trains may be used with an HVV ticket. Except at the four bigger stations of the city, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Hauptbahnhof" title="Hamburg Hauptbahnhof">Hauptbahnhof</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Dammtor_station" title="Hamburg Dammtor station">Dammtor</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Altona_station" title="Hamburg-Altona station">Altona</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Harburg_station" title="Hamburg-Harburg station">Harburg</a> regional trains do not stop inside the city. The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Hamburg" title="Trams in Hamburg">tram system</a> was opened in 1866 and shut down in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-tramway-atlas-germany-1996_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tramway-atlas-germany-1996-140">[140]</a></sup>
</p><p>Gaps in the rail network are filled by more than 669 bus routes, operated by single-deck two-, three- and four-axle diesel buses.<sup id="cite_ref-Zahlen_{{!}}_HVV-Verbundbericht_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zahlen_{{!}}_HVV-Verbundbericht-139">[139]</a></sup> Hamburg has no <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">trams</a> or <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a>, but has hydrogen-fuelled buses. The buses run frequently during working hours, with buses on some so-called MetroBus routes as often as every 2 minutes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On special weekday night lines the intervals can be 30 minutes or longer, on normal days (Monday-Friday) the normal buses stop running at night. (MetroBuses run all around the clock, every day at the year at least every half-hour.)
</p><p>There are eight ferry lines along the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Elbe" class="mw-redirect" title="River Elbe">River Elbe</a>, operated by <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HADAG_Seetouristik_und_F%C3%A4hrdienst" class="mw-redirect" title="HADAG Seetouristik und Fährdienst">HADAG</a></i>, that fall under the aegis of the HVV. While mainly used by citizens and dock workers, they can also be used for sightseeing tours.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A321_final_assembly_(9351765668).jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/A321_final_assembly_%289351765668%29.jpg/220px-A321_final_assembly_%289351765668%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/A321_final_assembly_%289351765668%29.jpg/330px-A321_final_assembly_%289351765668%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/A321_final_assembly_%289351765668%29.jpg/440px-A321_final_assembly_%289351765668%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A321_final_assembly_(9351765668).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A321" title="Airbus A321">Airbus A321</a> on <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">final assembly line</a> 3 in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_Hamburg-Finkenwerder" title="Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder">Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder</a> plant</div></div></div>
<p>The international airport serving Hamburg, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Airport" title="Hamburg Airport">Hamburg Airport Helmut Schmidt</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">IATA</a>: HAM, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a>: EDDH) is the fifth biggest and oldest airport in Germany, having been established in 1912 and located about 5 miles (8 kilometres) from the city centre. About 60 airlines provide service to 125 destination airports, including some long-distance destinations like <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a> on <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> on <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_(airline)" title="Emirates (airline)">Emirates</a>, and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> on <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air" title="Iran Air">Iran Air</a>. Hamburg is a secondary hub for <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a>, which is the largest carrier at the airport, and the airline also operates one of its biggest <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthansa_Technik" title="Lufthansa Technik">Lufthansa Technik</a> maintenance facilities there. The second airport is located in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Finkenwerder" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg-Finkenwerder">Hamburg-Finkenwerder</a>, officially named <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Finkenwerder_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport">Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">IATA</a>: XFW, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a>: EDHI). It is about 10 km (6 mi) from the city centre and is a nonpublic airport for the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airbus_Operations_GmbH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Airbus Operations GmbH (page does not exist)">Airbus</a> plant. It is the second biggest Airbus plant, after <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, and the third biggest aviation manufacturing plant after <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> and Toulouse; the plant houses the final assembly lines for <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">A318, A319, A320, A321</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">A380</a> aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dt>Public transportation statistics</dt></dl>
<p>The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Hamburg, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 58 min. 16% of public transit riders, ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 11 min, while 11% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8.9 km, while 21% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Utilities">Utilities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Utilities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Electricity for Hamburg and Northern Germany is largely provided by <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattenfall" title="Vattenfall">Vattenfall Europe</a></i>, formerly the state-owned <i>Hamburgische Electricitäts-Werke</i>. Vattenfall Europe used to operate the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunsb%C3%BCttel_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant">Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%BCmmel_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant">Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant</a>, both taken out of service as part of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Germany#Closures_and_phase-out" title="Nuclear power in Germany">nuclear power phase-out</a>. In addition, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.ON" title="E.ON">E.ON</a> operates the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokdorf_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant">Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant</a> near Hamburg.
There are also the coal-fired <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedel_Power_Station" title="Wedel Power Station">Wedel</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiefstack_Power_Station" title="Tiefstack Power Station">Tiefstack</a> and Moorburg <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Heat_And_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined Heat And Power">CHP</a> Plant, and the fuel-cell power plant in the HafenCity quarter. <i>VERA Klärschlammverbrennung</i> uses the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">biosolids</a> of the Hamburg wastewater treatment plant; the <i>Pumpspeicherwerk Geesthacht</i> is a pump storage power plant and a solid waste combustion power station is <i>Müllverwertung Borsigstraße</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></sup>
</p><p>In June 2019 City of Hamburg introduced a law governing the phasing out of coal based thermal and electric energy production ("Kohleausstiegsgesetz").<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></sup> This move was the result of negotiations between parliamentary parties and representatives of the popular petition <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tschuess-kohle.de/">Tschuess Kohle</a> ("Goodbye Coal").</i> Hamburg Ministry for Environment and Energy in 2020 announced a partnership with <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, which is a potential supplier of woody biomass from <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_encroachment" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush encroachment">encroacher bush</a> as replacement of coal.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Hamburg" title="Sport in Hamburg">Sport in Hamburg</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg_City_Man_2007.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hamburg_City_Man_2007.jpg/220px-Hamburg_City_Man_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hamburg_City_Man_2007.jpg/330px-Hamburg_City_Man_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hamburg_City_Man_2007.jpg/440px-Hamburg_City_Man_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg_City_Man_2007.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Hamburg City Man</i> 2007 at the Binnenalster</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barclaycard-Arena-Hamburg-Aussendarstellung.JPG" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Barclaycard-Arena-Hamburg-Aussendarstellung.JPG/220px-Barclaycard-Arena-Hamburg-Aussendarstellung.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Barclaycard-Arena-Hamburg-Aussendarstellung.JPG/330px-Barclaycard-Arena-Hamburg-Aussendarstellung.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Barclaycard-Arena-Hamburg-Aussendarstellung.JPG/440px-Barclaycard-Arena-Hamburg-Aussendarstellung.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="684" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barclaycard-Arena-Hamburg-Aussendarstellung.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclaycard_Arena_(Hamburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclaycard Arena (Hamburg)">Barclaycard Arena</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HH_imtech_arena.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/HH_imtech_arena.jpg/220px-HH_imtech_arena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/HH_imtech_arena.jpg/330px-HH_imtech_arena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/HH_imtech_arena.jpg/440px-HH_imtech_arena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HH_imtech_arena.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksparkstadion" title="Volksparkstadion">Volksparkstadion</a></div></div></div>
<p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_SV" title="Hamburger SV">Hamburger SV</a> is a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> team playing in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga" title="2. Bundesliga">2. Bundesliga</a> (as of 2023). The HSV was the oldest team of the Bundesliga, playing in the league since its beginning in 1963 until a change of results saw them relegated from the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a> in 2018. HSV is a six-time German champion, a three-time German cup winner and triumphed in the European Cup in 1983, and has played in the group stages of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League" title="UEFA Champions League">Champions League</a> twice: in 2000–01 and in 2006–07. They play at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksparkstadion" title="Volksparkstadion">Volksparkstadion</a> (average attendance in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Bundesliga" title="2012–13 Bundesliga">12–13 season</a> was 52,916). In addition, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_St._Pauli" title="FC St. Pauli">FC St. Pauli</a> was a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga" title="2. Bundesliga">second division</a> football club that came in second place in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Bundesliga" title="2009–10 Bundesliga">2009–10 season</a> and qualified to play alongside <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_SV" title="Hamburger SV">Hamburger SV</a> in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">first division</a> for the first time since the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Bundesliga" title="2001–02 Bundesliga">2001–02 season</a>. St. Pauli's home games take place at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millerntor-Stadion" title="Millerntor-Stadion">Millerntor-Stadion</a>.
</p><p>The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Freezers" title="Hamburg Freezers">Hamburg Freezers</a> represented Hamburg until 2016 in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Eishockey_Liga" title="Deutsche Eishockey Liga">DEL</a>, the premier <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> league in Germany.
</p><p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSV_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="HSV Hamburg">HSV Handball</a> represented Hamburg until 2016 in the German <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga_(handball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesliga (handball)">handball league</a>. In 2007, HSV Handball won the European Cupwinners Cup. The Club won the league in the 2010–11 season and had an average attendance of 10.690 in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/O2_World_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="O2 World Hamburg">O2 World Hamburg</a> the same year. The most recent success for the team was the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHF_Champions_League" title="EHF Champions League">EHF Champions League</a> win in 2013. Since 2014, the club has suffered from economic problems and was almost not allowed the playing licence for the 2014–15 season. But due to economic support from the former club president/sponsor Andreas Rudolf the club was allowed the licence in the last minute. On 20 January 2016 however, their licence was removed due to violations following the continued economic struggles. In 2016–17, they were not allowed to play in the first or second league. The team lives on through their former second team (now their main team) in the third division (2016-2018) and in second division (since 2018).
</p><p>The <i>BCJ Hamburg</i> played in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Bundesliga" title="Basketball Bundesliga">Basketball Bundesliga</a> from 1999 to 2001. Later, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Towers" title="Hamburg Towers">Hamburg Towers</a> became the city's prime team. The Towers promoted to Germany's top division in 2019. In 2022, they already reached the playoffs. The Towers play their home games at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edel-optics.de_Arena" title="Edel-optics.de Arena">Edel-optics.de Arena</a> in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmsburg,_Hamburg" title="Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg">Wilhelmsburg</a>.
</p><p>Hamburg is the nation's <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> capital and dominates the men's as well as the women's Bundesliga. Hamburg hosts many top teams such as Uhlenhorster Hockey Club, Harvesterhuder Hockey Club and Club An Der Alster.
</p><p>The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg_Warriors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamburg Warriors (page does not exist)">Hamburg Warriors</a> are one of Germany's top lacrosse clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></sup> The club has grown immensely in the last several years and includes at least one youth team, three men's, and two women's teams. The team participates in the Deutsch Lacrosse Verein. The Hamburg Warriors are part of the Harvestehuder Tennis- und Hockey-Club e.V (HTHC).<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Blue_Devils" title="Hamburg Blue Devils">Hamburg Blue Devils</a> was one of the prominent <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="American Football">American Football</a> teams playing in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Football_League" title="German Football League">German Football League</a> before its exit in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Sea_Devils_(ELF)" title="Hamburg Sea Devils (ELF)">Hamburg Sea Devils</a> is a team of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_League_of_Football" title="European League of Football">European League of Football</a> (ELF) which is a planned professional league, that is set to become the first fully professional league in Europe since the demise of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Europe" title="NFL Europe">NFL Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></sup> The Sea Devils will start playing games in June 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></sup>
</p><p>There are also the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Dockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg Dockers">Hamburg Dockers</a>, an <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> club.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></sup> The FC St. Pauli team dominates women's rugby in Germany. Other first-league teams include VT Aurubis Hamburg (Volleyball) and Hamburger Polo Club.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eimsb%C3%BCtteler_TV" title="Eimsbütteler TV">Eimsbütteler TV</a> plays in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Women%27s_2_Volleyball_Bundesliga" title="German Women's 2 Volleyball Bundesliga">German Women's 2 Volleyball Bundesliga</a>. There are also several minority sports clubs, including four <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> clubs.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tennis_am_Rothenbaum.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tennis_am_Rothenbaum.jpg/220px-Tennis_am_Rothenbaum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tennis_am_Rothenbaum.jpg/330px-Tennis_am_Rothenbaum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tennis_am_Rothenbaum.jpg/440px-Tennis_am_Rothenbaum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="590" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tennis_am_Rothenbaum.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_Rothenbaum" title="Am Rothenbaum">Am Rothenbaum</a> is the main tennis stadium of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_German_Open" class="mw-redirect" title="International German Open">International German Open</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>The Centre Court of the Tennis <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_Rothenbaum" title="Am Rothenbaum">Am Rothenbaum</a> venue, with a capacity of 13,200 people, is the largest in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></sup>
</p><p>Hamburg also hosts <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrian</a> events at <i>Reitstadion <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein_Flottbek" title="Klein Flottbek">Klein Flottbek</a></i> (Deutsches Derby in jumping and dressage) and <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horner_Rennbahn" title="Horner Rennbahn">Horner Rennbahn</a></i> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Derby" title="Deutsches Derby">Deutsches Derby</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat racing">flat racing</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></sup> Besides Hamburg owns the famous <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harness_racing" title="Harness racing">harness racing</a> track "<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabrennbahn_Bahrenfeld" title="Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld">Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld</a>". The Hamburg Marathon is the biggest <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathon</a> in Germany after Berlin's. In 2008 23,230 participants were registered.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></sup> World Cup events in cycling, the UCI ProTour competition <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroEyes_Cyclassics" class="mw-redirect" title="EuroEyes Cyclassics">EuroEyes Cyclassics</a>, and the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">triathlon</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Triathlon_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Triathlon Union">ITU</a> World Cup event <i>Hamburg City Man</i> are also held in here.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></sup>
</p><p>Volksparkstadion was used as a site for the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 World Cup</a>. In 2010 UEFA held the final of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League" title="UEFA Europa League">UEFA Europa League</a> in the arena.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></sup>
</p><p>Hamburg made a bid for the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Olympic Games">2024 Olympic Games</a>, but 51.7 percent of those city residents participating in a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> in November 2015 voted against continuing Hamburg's bid to host the games. Meanwhile, Hamburg's partner city <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> voted in favour of hosting the event, with almost 66 percent of all participants supporting the bid. Opponents of the bid had argued that hosting the 33rd Olympic Games would cost the city too much in public funds.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Hamburg" title="Education in Hamburg">Education in Hamburg</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education in Germany</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013-06-08_Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_DSCF0784.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/2013-06-08_Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_DSCF0784.jpg/220px-2013-06-08_Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_DSCF0784.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/2013-06-08_Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_DSCF0784.jpg/330px-2013-06-08_Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_DSCF0784.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/2013-06-08_Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_DSCF0784.jpg/440px-2013-06-08_Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_DSCF0784.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1673" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013-06-08_Projekt_Hei%C3%9Fluftballon_DSCF0784.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The main building of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hamburg" title="University of Hamburg">University of Hamburg</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hh-budgepalais.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hh-budgepalais.jpg/220px-Hh-budgepalais.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hh-budgepalais.jpg/330px-Hh-budgepalais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hh-budgepalais.jpg/440px-Hh-budgepalais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2572" data-file-height="1368" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hh-budgepalais.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_und_Theater_Hamburg" title="Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg">University of Music and Theatre</a></div></div></div>
<p>The school system is managed by the Ministry of Schools and Vocational Training (<i>Behörde für Schule und Berufsbildung</i>). The system had approximately 191,148 students in 221 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary schools</a> and 188 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary schools</a> in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></sup> There are 32 public libraries in Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></sup>
</p><p>Nineteen universities are located in Hamburg, with about 100,589 university students in total, including 9,000 resident students.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></sup> Six universities are public, including the largest, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hamburg" title="University of Hamburg">University of Hamburg</a> (Universität Hamburg) with the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Medical_Center_Hamburg-Eppendorf" title="University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf">University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf</a>, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_und_Theater_Hamburg" title="Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg">University of Music and Theatre</a>, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Hamburg University of Applied Sciences">Hamburg University of Applied Sciences</a>, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HafenCity_University_Hamburg" title="HafenCity University Hamburg">HafenCity University Hamburg</a> and the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical University of Hamburg">Hamburg University of Technology</a>. Seven universities are private, like the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucerius_Law_School" title="Bucerius Law School">Bucerius Law School</a>, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BChne_Logistics_University" title="Kühne Logistics University">Kühne Logistics University</a> and the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSBA_Hamburg_School_of_Business_Administration" title="HSBA Hamburg School of Business Administration">HSBA Hamburg School of Business Administration</a>. The city has also smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt_University" title="Helmut Schmidt University">Helmut Schmidt University</a> (formerly the University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg).<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></sup>
Hamburg is home to one of the oldest international schools in Germany, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_School_of_Hamburg" title="International School of Hamburg">International School of Hamburg</a>.
</p>
<h2><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germany" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany">List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany</a></div>
<p>Hamburg is <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1147244281">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia (1957)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, France (1958)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China (1986)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Germany (1987)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a>, Nicaragua (1989)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, Japan (1989)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, Czech Republic (1990)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, United States (1994)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_Es_Salaam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dar Es Salaam">Dar Es Salaam</a>, Tanzania (2010)</li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_people">Notable people</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Hamburg" title="Category:People from Hamburg">Category:People from Hamburg</a></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Hamburg it's hard to find a native Hamburger. A hurried and superficial search turns up only crayfish, people from <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinneberg" title="Pinneberg">Pinneberg</a>, and those from <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergedorf" title="Bergedorf">Bergedorf</a>. One accompanies the contented little kippers of a striving society; mackerels from <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade" title="Stade">Stade</a>, sole from <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finkenwerder" title="Finkenwerder">Finkenwerder</a>, herrings from <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuxhaven" title="Cuxhaven">Cuxhaven</a> swim in expectant throngs through the streets of my city and lobsters patrol the stock exchange with open claws.... The first so-called unguarded glance always lands on the bottom of the sea and falls into twilight of the aquarium. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a> must have had the same experience when he tried, with his cultivated scorn and gifted melancholy, to find the people of Hamburg.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Lenz" title="Siegfried Lenz">Siegfried Lenz</a>, in <i>Leute von Hamburg</i> (People of Hamburg) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-423-11538-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-423-11538-4">978-3-423-11538-4</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></sup></cite></div></blockquote>
<p>The list below originated with a ref to the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, including entries said to be "born at Hamburg".
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:142px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes.jpg/140px-Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="193" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes.jpg/210px-Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes.jpg/280px-Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Portrait of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes" title="Barthold Heinrich Brockes">Barthold Heinrich Brockes</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:142px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Felix_Mendelssohn_Bartholdy.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Felix_Mendelssohn_Bartholdy.jpg/140px-Felix_Mendelssohn_Bartholdy.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="180" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Felix_Mendelssohn_Bartholdy.jpg/210px-Felix_Mendelssohn_Bartholdy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Felix_Mendelssohn_Bartholdy.jpg/280px-Felix_Mendelssohn_Bartholdy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="1803" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Felix_Mendelssohn_Bartholdy.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Painting of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> Bartholdy, 1833</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:142px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JohannesBrahms.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JohannesBrahms.jpg/140px-JohannesBrahms.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="181" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JohannesBrahms.jpg/210px-JohannesBrahms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JohannesBrahms.jpg/280px-JohannesBrahms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="480" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JohannesBrahms.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Portrait of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>, 1899</div></div></div>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Holstenius" title="Lucas Holstenius">Lucas Holstenius</a> (1596–1661), German Catholic humanist, geographer, historian and librarian<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Schl%C3%BCter" title="Andreas Schlüter">Andreas Schlüter</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1659</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1714</span>) a German baroque sculptor and architect<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes" title="Barthold Heinrich Brockes">Barthold Heinrich Brockes</a> (1680–1747) a German poet<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Samuel_Reimarus" title="Hermann Samuel Reimarus">Hermann Samuel Reimarus</a> (1694–1768), a German philosopher and writer of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Ekhof" title="Konrad Ekhof">Konrad Ekhof</a> (1720–1778) the foremost German actor of the 18th century<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Bernhard_Basedow" title="Johann Bernhard Basedow">Johann Bernhard Basedow</a> (1724–1790) a German educational reformer, teacher and writer<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Klopstock" title="Meta Klopstock">Meta Klopstock</a> (1728-1758), writer<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Eschenburg" title="Johann Joachim Eschenburg">Johann Joachim Eschenburg</a> (1743–1820) a German critic and literary historian<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Elert_Bode" title="Johann Elert Bode">Johann Elert Bode</a> (1747–1826) an astronomer, he named and determined the orbit of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Dominicus_Fiorillo" title="Johann Dominicus Fiorillo">Johann Dominicus Fiorillo</a> (1748–1821) a German painter and historian of art<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_of_Stolberg-Stolberg" title="Christian of Stolberg-Stolberg">Christian, Count of Stolberg-Stolberg</a> (1748–1821) poet, brother of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Leopold_zu_Stolberg-Stolberg" title="Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg">Frederick Leopold</a><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Leopold_zu_Stolberg-Stolberg" title="Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg">Friedrich Leopold Graf zu Stolberg-Stolberg</a> (1750–1819), a German lawyer and translator<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_von_Martens" title="Georg Friedrich von Martens">Georg Friedrich von Martens</a> (1756–1821) a German jurist and diplomat<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Erdwin_Seyler" title="Ludwig Erdwin Seyler">Ludwig Erdwin Seyler</a> (1758-1836) banker and politician</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Franz_Encke" title="Johann Franz Encke">Johann Franz Encke</a> (1791–1865) astronomer, measured the distance from Earth to the Sun<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami_Bou%C3%A9" title="Ami Boué">Ami Boué</a> (1794–1881) a geologist of French Huguenot origin<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Friedrich_Waagen" title="Gustav Friedrich Waagen">Gustav Friedrich Waagen</a> (1794–1868) a German art historian<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christian_Poggendorff" title="Johann Christian Poggendorff">Johann Christian Poggendorff</a> (1796–1877), a physicist, dealt with electricity and magnetism<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Jakob_Schleiden" title="Matthias Jakob Schleiden">Matthias Jakob Schleiden</a> (1804–1881) a German botanist, co-founder of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_theory" title="Cell theory">cell theory</a><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a> (1808–1888) Orthodox rabbi, founded the <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz" title="Torah im Derech Eretz">Torah im Derech Eretz</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> (1809–1847), a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Preller" title="Ludwig Preller">Ludwig Preller</a> (1809–1861) a German philologist and antiquarian<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Gerst%C3%A4cker" title="Friedrich Gerstäcker">Friedrich Gerstäcker</a> (1816–1872) a German travel writer and novelist<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Ludwig_Adolf_Roth" title="Justus Ludwig Adolf Roth">Justus Ludwig Adolf Roth</a> (1818–1892) a German geologist and mineralogist<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Barth" title="Heinrich Barth">Heinrich Barth</a> (1821–1865) a German explorer of Africa and a scholar<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bernays" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Bernays">Jacob Bernays</a> (1824–1881) a German philologist and philosophical writer<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Oppert" title="Julius Oppert">Julius Oppert</a> (1825–1905) a French-German <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyriologist</a><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Tietjens" title="Thérèse Tietjens">Thérèse Tietjens</a> (1831–1877) a leading opera and oratorio soprano<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a> (1833–1897) a German composer, pianist and conductor<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bernays" title="Michael Bernays">Michael Bernays</a> (1834–1897) German literary historian, scholar of Goethe and Shakespeare<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Rudolph_Fittig" title="Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig">Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig</a> (1835–1910) German chemist, discovered the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinacol_coupling_reaction" title="Pinacol coupling reaction">pinacol coupling reaction</a><sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BChne" title="Wilhelm Kühne">Wilhelm Kühne</a> (1837–1900) a German physiologist, coined the word <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> in 1878<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Rosa" title="Carl Rosa">Carl Rosa</a> (1842–1889) musical impresario, founded the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Rosa_Opera_Company" title="Carl Rosa Opera Company">Carl Rosa Opera Company</a> in London<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Hagenbeck" title="Carl Hagenbeck">Carl Hagenbeck</a> (1844–1913) a merchant of wild animals who supplied many European zoos<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hinrich_Wendt" title="Hans Hinrich Wendt">Hans Hinrich Wendt</a> (1853–1928) a German Protestant theologian<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_von_Bartels" title="Hans von Bartels">Hans von Bartels</a> (1856–1913) a German painter<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a> (1857–1894) physicist who first proved the existence of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic waves</a><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> (1918–2015) politician and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of West Germany">chancellor of West Germany</a> from 1974 to 1982</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (born 1954) a retired politician and scientist, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">chancellor of Germany</a> from 2005 to 2021</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1132942124">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright">
<li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hamburg" title="Portal:Hamburg">Hamburg portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novo_Hamburgo" title="Novo Hamburgo">Novo Hamburgo</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marketing.hamburg.de/unesco-welterbe.html">Media release</a> on the website of Hamburg Marketing, retrieved on 19 March 2016.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/719519/umfrage/europaeische-staedte-mit-den-meisten-bruecken/">"Anzahl der Brücken in Städten Europas"</a>. <i>Statista</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Anzahl+der+Br%C3%BCcken+in+St%C3%A4dten+Europas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fde.statista.com%2Fstatistik%2Fdaten%2Fstudie%2F719519%2Fumfrage%2Feuropaeische-staedte-mit-den-meisten-bruecken%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFSchulz2010" class="citation news cs1">Schulz, Matthias (1 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/mapping-ancient-germania-berlin-researchers-crack-the-ptolemy-code-a-720513-2.html">"Mapping Ancient Germania: Berlin Researchers Crack the Ptolemy Code"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i> – via Spiegel Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Mapping+Ancient+Germania%3A+Berlin+Researchers+Crack+the+Ptolemy+Code&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fzeitgeist%2Fmapping-ancient-germania-berlin-researchers-crack-the-ptolemy-code-a-720513-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="Verg" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Verg, Erich; Verg, Martin (2007), <i>Das Abenteuer das Hamburg heißt</i> (in German) (4th ed.), Hamburg: Ellert&Richter, p. 8, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8319-0137-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8319-0137-1"><bdi>978-3-8319-0137-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Abenteuer+das+Hamburg+hei%C3%9Ft&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Ellert%26Richter&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-8319-0137-1&rft.aulast=Verg&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft.au=Verg%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFGretzschel2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gretzschel, Sven Kummereincke und Matthias (24 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/article124212644/Sensation-Wissenschaftler-entdecken-die-Hammaburg.html">"Sensation: Wissenschaftler entdecken die Hammaburg"</a>. <i>www.abendblatt.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abendblatt.de&rft.atitle=Sensation%3A+Wissenschaftler+entdecken+die+Hammaburg&rft.date=2014-01-24&rft.aulast=Gretzschel&rft.aufirst=Sven+Kummereincke+und+Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.abendblatt.de%2Fhamburg%2Farticle124212644%2FSensation-Wissenschaftler-entdecken-die-Hammaburg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2007/12/12/826430.html">"Hammaburg – der große Irrtum"</a> (in German). Hamburg Abendblatt. 12 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hammaburg+%E2%80%93+der+gro%C3%9Fe+Irrtum&rft.date=2007-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.abendblatt.de%2Fdaten%2F2007%2F12%2F12%2F826430.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-verg15-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-verg15_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-verg15_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Verg">Verg (2007)</a>, p.15</span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFSnell2006" class="citation cs2">Snell, Melissa (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090310140601/http://historymedren.about.com/od/theblackdeath/a/greatmortality_2.htm"><i>The Great Mortality</i></a>, Historymedren.about.com, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historymedren.about.com/od/theblackdeath/a/greatmortality_2.htm">the original</a> on 10 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Mortality&rft.pub=Historymedren.about.com&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Snell&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fhistorymedren.about.com%2Fod%2Ftheblackdeath%2Fa%2Fgreatmortality_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wtcf.org.cn/MemberCities/Overview/Introduction/201407308185.html">"Hamburg - Introduction - WTCF-Better City Life through Tourism"</a>. <i>en.wtcf.org.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wtcf.org.cn&rft.atitle=Hamburg+-+Introduction+-+WTCF-Better+City+Life+through+Tourism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fen.wtcf.org.cn%2FMemberCities%2FOverview%2FIntroduction%2F201407308185.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-verg26-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-verg26_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Verg">Verg (2007)</a>, p. 26</span>
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<li id="cite_note-verg30-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-verg30_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Verg">Verg (2007)</a>, p. 30</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFClark1987" class="citation cs2">Clark, David S. (1987), "The Medieval Origins of Modern Legal Education: Between Church and State", <i>The American Journal of Comparative Law</i>, American Society of Comparative Law, <b>35</b> (4): 653–719, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F840129">10.2307/840129</a></span>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/840129">840129</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Comparative+Law&rft.atitle=The+Medieval+Origins+of+Modern+Legal+Education%3A+Between+Church+and+State&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=653-719&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F840129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F840129%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Verg">Verg (2007)</a>, p. 39</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-mattmahl-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mattmahl_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euscreen.eu/item.html?id=EUS_0065DB52E4BF42279013651EE15AE220">"The Matthiae meal"</a>. Deutsche Welle. EU Screen. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Matthiae+meal&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.euscreen.eu%2Fitem.html%3Fid%3DEUS_0065DB52E4BF42279013651EE15AE220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carltoepferstiftung.de/img/pdf/tourist_information_inner_pages.pdf">History of the area</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130206104950/http://www.carltoepferstiftung.de/img/pdf/tourist_information_inner_pages.pdf">Archived</a> 6 February 2013 at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 3 November 2012</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%202011.pdf">"World Port Ranking 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Association of Port Authorities. <i>aapa-ports.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aapa-ports.org&rft.atitle=World+Port+Ranking+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Faapa.files.cms-plus.com%2FPDFs%2FWORLD%2520PORT%2520RANKINGS%25202011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-kz-neuengamme-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kz-neuengamme_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de">"Gedenkstätte Konzentrationslager Neuengamme"</a>. Kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gedenkst%C3%A4tte+Konzentrationslager+Neuengamme&rft.pub=Kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. 'Schreiben der Geheimen Staatspolizei – Staatspolizeileitstelle Hamburg – an den Oberfinanzpräsidenten, Vermögensverwaltungsstelle vom 1. Juni 1943', Staatsarchiv Hamburg, Bestand Oberfinanzpräsident, Arb. Sign. 31/1 A, here after: <i>Vierhundert Jahre Juden in Hamburg: eine Ausstellung des Museums für Hamburgische Geschichte vom 8. November 1991 bis 29. März 1992</i>, Ulrich Bauche (ed.), Hamburg: Dölling und Galitz, 1991, (Die Geschichte der Juden in Hamburg; vol. 1), p. 492, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-926174-31-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-926174-31-5">3-926174-31-5</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
Ortwin Pelc, Kriegsende in Hamburg, Hamburg 2005</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park Act <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landesrecht.hamburg.de/jportal/portal/page/bshaprod.psml?doc.id=jlr-WattMGHArahmen&st=lr&showdoccase=1&paramfromHL=true#focuspoint"><i>Gesetz über den Nationalpark Hamburgisches Wattenmeer</i></a> (in German), 9 April 1990<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesetz+%C3%BCber+den+Nationalpark+Hamburgisches+Wattenmeer&rft.date=1990-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.landesrecht.hamburg.de%2Fjportal%2Fportal%2Fpage%2Fbshaprod.psml%3Fdoc.id%3Djlr-WattMGHArahmen%26st%3Dlr%26showdoccase%3D1%26paramfromHL%3Dtrue%23focuspoint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFGeologisches_Landesamt_Hamburg_(Hamburg_State_Geological_Department)2007" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Geologisches Landesamt Hamburg</i> (Hamburg State Geological Department) (2007), "Statistisches Jahrbuch 2007/2008", <i>Statistisches Jahrbuch Hamburg</i> (in German), Hamburg: Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1614-8045">1614-8045</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statistisches+Jahrbuch+Hamburg&rft.atitle=Statistisches+Jahrbuch+2007%2F2008&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1614-8045&rft.au=%27%27Geologisches+Landesamt+Hamburg%27%27+%28Hamburg+State+Geological+Department%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=74101&cityname=Hamburg,+Hamburg,+Germany&units=metric">"Hamburg, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)"</a>. <i>Weatherbase</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weatherbase&rft.atitle=Hamburg%2C+Germany+K%C3%B6ppen+Climate+Classification+%28Weatherbase%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweather-summary.php3%3Fs%3D74101%26cityname%3DHamburg%2C%2BHamburg%2C%2BGermany%26units%3Dmetric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndr.de/kultur/geschichte/chronologie/197879-Schneekatastrophe-legt-Norden-lahm,schneechaosindex100.html">Report</a> on the snowfall disaster of 1978/1979 in northern Germany, retrieved on 20 July 2016.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceblogs.de/primaklima/2010/12/07/kalte-winter-in-europa/">Article</a> on the winters in Germany, retrieved on 20 July 2016.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winterchronik.de/winter-chronik.jsf;jsessionid=20F25C886A43B1A698DA6B01BB5FCA95">Comparison</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007000947/http://www.winterchronik.de/winter-chronik.jsf%3Bjsessionid%3D20F25C886A43B1A698DA6B01BB5FCA95">Archived</a> 7 October 2016 at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the weather and snowfall in German winters (from 1950 on), retrieved on 20 July 2016.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WMO-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WMO_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WMO_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldweather.wmo.int/016/c00055.htm">"World Weather Information Service – Hamburg"</a>. Deutscher Wetterdienst<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Weather+Information+Service+%E2%80%93+Hamburg&rft.pub=Deutscher+Wetterdienst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fworldweather.wmo.int%2F016%2Fc00055.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140612043121/http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue">"Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue">the original</a> on 12 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ausgabe+der+Klimadaten%3A+Monatswerte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.dwd.de%2Fbvbw%2Fappmanager%2Fbvbw%2FdwdwwwDesktop%3F_nfpb%3Dtrue%26_pageLabel%3D_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland%26T82002gsbDocumentPath%3DNavigation%252FOeffentlichkeit%252FKlima__Umwelt%252FKlimadaten%252Fkldaten__kostenfrei%252Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%253F__nnn%253Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/germany/hamburg-climate">"Hamburg, Germany - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast"</a>. <i>Weather Atlas</i>. Yu Media Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather+Atlas&rft.atitle=Hamburg%2C+Germany+-+Detailed+climate+information+and+monthly+weather+forecast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.weather-atlas.com%2Fen%2Fgermany%2Fhamburg-climate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-noaa-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-noaa_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10147.TXT">"Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel (10147) - WMO Weather Station"</a>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hamburg-Fuhlsb%C3%BCttel+%2810147%29+-+WMO+Weather+Station&rft.pub=NOAA&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG_VI%2FDL%2F10147.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/995591/umfrage/auslaender-in-hamburg-nach-herkunftslaendern/">"Ausländer in Hamburg nach Herkunftsländern 2021"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ausl%C3%A4nder+in+Hamburg+nach+Herkunftsl%C3%A4ndern+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fde.statista.com%2Fstatistik%2Fdaten%2Fstudie%2F995591%2Fumfrage%2Fauslaender-in-hamburg-nach-herkunftslaendern%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hamburger_Melderegister-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamburger_Melderegister_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistische_Berichte/bevoelkerung/A_I_S_1_j_H/A_I_S1_j16.pdf"><i>Hamburger Melderegister</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German), Statistical office Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein (Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein), 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamburger+Melderegister&rft.pub=Statistical+office+Hamburg+and+Schleswig-Holstein+%28Statistisches+Amt+f%C3%BCr+Hamburg+und+Schleswig-Holstein%29&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.statistik-nord.de%2Ffileadmin%2FDokumente%2FStatistische_Berichte%2Fbevoelkerung%2FA_I_S_1_j_H%2FA_I_S1_j16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Tabellen%2C_Tabellenb%C3%A4nde%2C_Brosch%C3%BCren/Metropolregion_Hamburg/T01_Bev%C3%B6lkerung.xlsx"><i>Hamburg Metropolitan Area fact sheet</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Office of Statistics for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein (Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamburg+Metropolitan+Area+fact+sheet&rft.pub=Office+of+Statistics+for+Hamburg+and+Schleswig-Holstein+%28Statistisches+Amt+f%C3%BCr+Hamburg+und+Schleswig-Holstein%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.statistik-nord.de%2Ffileadmin%2FDokumente%2FTabellen%252C_Tabellenb%25C3%25A4nde%252C_Brosch%25C3%25BCren%2FMetropolregion_Hamburg%2FT01_Bev%25C3%25B6lkerung.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Statistikamt_Nord-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Statistikamt_Nord_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistische_Berichte/bevoelkerung/A_I_S_1_j_H/A_I_S1_j16.pdf">https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistische_Berichte/bevoelkerung/A_I_S_1_j_H/A_I_S1_j16.pdf</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-statistik-nord.de-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-statistik-nord.de_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistik_informiert_SPEZIAL/SI_SPEZIAL_V_2017_Korrektur.pdf">https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistik_informiert_SPEZIAL/SI_SPEZIAL_V_2017_Korrektur.pdf</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-statistik-nord.de1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statistik-nord.de1_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistik-nord.de1_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Jahrb%C3%BCcher/Hamburg/JB16HH_Gesamt_Internet_min.pdf">https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Jahrb%C3%BCcher/Hamburg/JB16HH_Gesamt_Internet_min.pdf</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Haushalte_nach_Stadtteilen_in_Hamburg_am_31.12.2016-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haushalte_nach_Stadtteilen_in_Hamburg_am_31.12.2016_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selectable data base: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFSource:_Residents_registration_office" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Source: Residents registration office, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistik_informiert_SPEZIAL/SI_SPEZIAL_VI_2017_Korrektur.pdf"><i>Regionalergebnisse</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German), Statistical office Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regionalergebnisse&rft.pub=Statistical+office+Hamburg+and+Schleswig-Holstein&rft.au=Source%3A+Residents+registration+office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.statistik-nord.de%2Ffileadmin%2FDokumente%2FStatistik_informiert_SPEZIAL%2FSI_SPEZIAL_VI_2017_Korrektur.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFBausch2007" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bausch, Karl-Heinz (2007), "Die deutsche Sprache—eine Dialektlandschaft", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719043439/http://www.ifl-nationalatlas.de/download/bsppdf/Band_6_bsp.pdf"><i>Nationalatlas Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German), Leipzig: Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde, pp. 94–95, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8274-0947-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8274-0947-8"><bdi>978-3-8274-0947-8</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifl-nationalatlas.de/download/bsppdf/Band_6_bsp.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+deutsche+Sprache%E2%80%94eine+Dialektlandschaft&rft.btitle=Nationalatlas+Bundesrepublik+Deutschland&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=94-95&rft.pub=Leibniz-Institut+f%C3%BCr+L%C3%A4nderkunde&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-8274-0947-8&rft.aulast=Bausch&rft.aufirst=Karl-Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.ifl-nationalatlas.de%2Fdownload%2Fbsppdf%2FBand_6_bsp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Several places are named ...brook (Billbrook, Brooktor, Grasbrook, Hammerbrook, Hellbrook, Iserbrook) rather than Standard German ...bruch (neutr.; =brook riverscape), Bullenhusen rather than Bullenhausen, Lohbrügge rather than Lohbrücke, several localities starting with Nien... (Niendorf, Nienstedten) rather than Neuen..., or ending ...hude (Dockenhuden, Harvestehude, Winterhude) rather than ...hut[ung] (fem.; =pasture), Uhlenhorst rather than Eulenhorst, several places and water bodies are named ...bek (Barmbek, Eilbek, Fischbek, Flottbek, Goldbek, Isebek, Kirchsteinbek, Langenbek, Osterbek, Pepermölenbek, Wandsbek) rather than ...bach, several places and water bodies are called ...fleet (Alsterfleet, Bleichenfleet, Moorfleet) rather than ...fließ (=brook, stream). Further toponyms with no close Standard German correspondents appear, such as ...büttel (=inhabited place; Eimsbüttel, Fuhlsbüttel, Hummelsbüttel, Poppenbüttel, Wellingsbüttel) or Twiete (=alley wedged between buildings). Like in other parts of Northern Germany ...stedt (Bergstedt, Billstedt, Duvenstedt, Eidelstedt, Lokstedt, Mellingstedt, Nienstedten, Ohlstedt, Rahlstedt) prevails over ...stadt (=town, originally simply stead).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ekd.de/ekd_de/ds_doc/Ber_Kirchenmitglieder_2018.pdf">Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland – Kirchemitgliederzahlen Stand 31. Dezember 2018</a> EKD, January 2020</span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sonja Haug et al.: Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland, Nuremberg, 2009</span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823025135/https://kartenseite.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/brd_muslime_in_den_landkreisen_beim_zensus2011_sortiert_nach_regionalschluessel1.pdf">"Kartenseite: Muslime in den Landkreisen beim Zensus 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kartenseite.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/brd_muslime_in_den_landkreisen_beim_zensus2011_sortiert_nach_regionalschluessel1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kartenseite%3A+Muslime+in+den+Landkreisen+beim+Zensus+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fkartenseite.files.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F04%2Fbrd_muslime_in_den_landkreisen_beim_zensus2011_sortiert_nach_regionalschluessel1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hamburg.de/branchenbuch/hamburg/10280938/n0/">"Moschee in Hamburg"</a>. Hamburg.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moschee+in+Hamburg&rft.pub=Hamburg.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.hamburg.de%2Fbranchenbuch%2Fhamburg%2F10280938%2Fn0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/article473742/Deutschlands-aelteste-Moschee-wurde-50.html">"Deutschlands älteste Moschee wurde 50"</a>. 19 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Deutschlands+%C3%A4lteste+Moschee+wurde+50&rft.date=2007-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.abendblatt.de%2Fhamburg%2Farticle473742%2FDeutschlands-aelteste-Moschee-wurde-50.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFZaklikowski2007" class="citation cs2">Zaklikowski, Dovid (30 August 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/561998/jewish/School-Returns-to-Hamburg-Building-Left-Judenrein.htm"><i>Jewish School Returns to Hamburg Building Left Judenrein by Nazis</i></a>, chabad.org<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+School+Returns+to+Hamburg+Building+Left+Judenrein+by+Nazis&rft.pub=chabad.org&rft.date=2007-08-30&rft.aulast=Zaklikowski&rft.aufirst=Dovid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fnews%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F561998%2Fjewish%2FSchool-Returns-to-Hamburg-Building-Left-Judenrein.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-rathaus-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rathaus_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Kleiner Rathausführer</i> (in German), Hamburg: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Hamburg#Ministries" title="Government of Hamburg">State Chancellery</a>, 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kleiner+Rathausf%C3%BChrer&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=State+Chancellery&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-usatoday2008-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usatoday2008_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-02-24-Germany-elections_N.htm">"German conservatives win most votes"</a>, <i>USA Today</i>, 24 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=German+conservatives+win+most+votes&rft.date=2008-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2008-02-24-Germany-elections_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFKopp2007" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kopp, Martin (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090629204340/http://www.welt.de/hamburg/arti2318261/Geheime_Absprachen_zwischen_CDU_und_Gruenen.html"><i>Geheime Absprachen zwischen CDU und Grünen</i></a> (in German), Hamburg: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/hamburg/arti2318261/Geheime_Absprachen_zwischen_CDU_und_Gruenen.html">the original</a> on 29 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geheime+Absprachen+zwischen+CDU+und+Gr%C3%BCnen&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Die+Welt&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kopp&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fhamburg%2Farti2318261%2FGeheime_Absprachen_zwischen_CDU_und_Gruenen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2010-11/cdu-gruene-hamburg">Schwarz-Grün in Hamburg am Ende</a> in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a> – online, revisited on November, 28. 2010.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constitution-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constitution_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>constitution</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-borough-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-borough_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-borough_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Borough Administration Act <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070813163835/http://hh.juris.de/hh/gesamt/BezVwG_HA_2006.htm"><i>Bezirksverwaltungsgesetz (BezVG)</i></a> (in German), 6 July 2006, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hh.juris.de/hh/gesamt/BezVwG_HA_2006.htm">the original</a> on 13 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bezirksverwaltungsgesetz+%28BezVG%29&rft.date=2006-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fhh.juris.de%2Fhh%2Fgesamt%2FBezVwG_HA_2006.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-greateract-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-greateract_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Hamburg_Act" title="Greater Hamburg Act">Greater Hamburg Act</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117155225/http://www.verfassungen.de/de/hh/hamburg37.htm"><i>Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz</i></a> (in German), 26 January 1937, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verfassungen.de/de/hh/hamburg37.htm">the original</a> on 17 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gro%C3%9F-Hamburg-Gesetz&rft.date=1937-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.verfassungen.de%2Fde%2Fhh%2Fhamburg37.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-reichconst-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reichconst_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reich Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081227082432/http://www.verfassungen.de/de/hh/hamburg37-1.htm"><i>Reichsgesetz über die Verfassung und Verwaltung der Hansestadt Hamburg</i></a> (in German), 9 December 1937, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verfassungen.de/de/hh/hamburg37-1.htm">the original</a> on 27 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reichsgesetz+%C3%BCber+die+Verfassung+und+Verwaltung+der+Hansestadt+Hamburg&rft.date=1937-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.verfassungen.de%2Fde%2Fhh%2Fhamburg37-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-actareal-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-actareal_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-actareal_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-actareal_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-actareal_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-actareal_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-actareal_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-actareal_54-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-actareal_54-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.landesrecht-hamburg.de/bsha/document/jlr-RGlGHArahmen">"Gesetz über die räumliche Gliederung der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (RäumGiG)"</a> [Hamburg Act of Areal Organization] (in German). 6 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gesetz+%C3%BCber+die+r%C3%A4umliche+Gliederung+der+Freien+und+Hansestadt+Hamburg+%28R%C3%A4umGiG%29&rft.date=2006-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.landesrecht-hamburg.de%2Fbsha%2Fdocument%2Fjlr-RGlGHArahmen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hamburg.de/bezirke/24312/startseite-bezirke/">Gebietsreform Bezirke</a>, Stadtportal hamburg.de. Retrieved 26 November 2022.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamburg.de/umwelt/wasser/150782/stadt-am-wasser.html"><i>Hamburg – Grüne Metropole am Wasser</i></a> (in German), Hamburg: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Hamburg#Ministries" title="Government of Hamburg">Behörde für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt</a>, 1 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamburg+%E2%80%93+Gr%C3%BCne+Metropole+am+Wasser&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Beh%C3%B6rde+f%C3%BCr+Stadtentwicklung+und+Umwelt&rft.date=2007-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.hamburg.de%2Fumwelt%2Fwasser%2F150782%2Fstadt-am-wasser.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeupclose.com/article/hamburg-germanys-window-to-the-world/#.T4dDRoHXhwQ">"Hamburg: Germany's Window to the World"</a>. EuropeUpClose.com. 18 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hamburg%3A+Germany%27s+Window+to+the+World&rft.pub=EuropeUpClose.com&rft.date=2012-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.europeupclose.com%2Farticle%2Fhamburg-germanys-window-to-the-world%2F%23.T4dDRoHXhwQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFBuba1998" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Buba, Eike Manfred (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010030120/http://fhh1.hamburg.de/fhh/internetausstellungen/rathausfuehrung/rathausmarkt.htm"><i>Auf dem Rathausmarkt</i></a> (in German), Hamburg website, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fhh1.hamburg.de/fhh/internetausstellungen/rathausfuehrung/rathausmarkt.htm">the original</a> on 10 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auf+dem+Rathausmarkt&rft.pub=Hamburg+website&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Buba&rft.aufirst=Eike+Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Ffhh1.hamburg.de%2Ffhh%2Finternetausstellungen%2Frathausfuehrung%2Frathausmarkt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hafencity.com/en/overview/facts-figures"><i>Facts & figures Tunes: HafenCity</i></a>, ArchNewsNow.com, 19 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facts+%26+figures+Tunes%3A+HafenCity&rft.pub=ArchNewsNow.com&rft.date=2022-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.hafencity.com%2Fen%2Foverview%2Ffacts-figures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFJaeger2008" class="citation cs2">Jaeger, Falk (May 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/dos/dos/sls/en3356905.htm"><i>Waterfront Living and Working: Hamburg's HafenCity</i></a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe-Institut" title="Goethe-Institut">Goethe-Institut</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602083717/http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/dos/dos/sls/en3356905.htm">archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waterfront+Living+and+Working%3A+Hamburg%27s+HafenCity&rft.pub=Goethe-Institut&rft.date=2008-05&rft.aulast=Jaeger&rft.aufirst=Falk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.goethe.de%2Fkue%2Farc%2Fdos%2Fdos%2Fsls%2Fen3356905.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-clubstudy_2021-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clubstudy_2021_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.initiative-musik.de/clubstudie/clubstudie-bundeslaender/">"Clubstudie 2021: Einzelauswertungen der Bundesländer"</a> [Club Study 2021: Individual evaluations of the German federal states]. <i>Initiative Musik</i> (in German). 20 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Initiative+Musik&rft.atitle=Clubstudie+2021%3A+Einzelauswertungen+der+Bundesl%C3%A4nder&rft.date=2021-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.initiative-musik.de%2Fclubstudie%2Fclubstudie-bundeslaender%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFInstitut_für_Kultur-_und_Medienmanagement2006" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Institut für Kultur- und Medienmanagement (August 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081109014826/http://www.hamburg.de/servlet/contentblob/182046/kwb-hh-2006-neu/data.pdf"><i>Kulturwirtschaftsbericht 2006</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German), Hamburg: Behörde für Kultur, Sport und Medien, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamburg.de/servlet/contentblob/182046/kwb-hh-2006-neu/data.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kulturwirtschaftsbericht+2006&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Beh%C3%B6rde+f%C3%BCr+Kultur%2C+Sport+und+Medien&rft.date=2006-08&rft.au=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Kultur-+und+Medienmanagement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.hamburg.de%2Fservlet%2Fcontentblob%2F182046%2Fkwb-hh-2006-neu%2Fdata.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFKulturstiftung_des_Bundes" class="citation cs2">Kulturstiftung des Bundes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120628230655/http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/main.jsp?applicationID=203&languageID=2&articleID=3076"><i>Bayreuth Was Yesterday – New Opera at Kampnagel</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/main.jsp?applicationID=203&languageID=2&articleID=3076">the original</a> on 28 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bayreuth+Was+Yesterday+%E2%80%93+New+Opera+at+Kampnagel&rft.au=Kulturstiftung+des+Bundes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de%2Fmain.jsp%3FapplicationID%3D203%26languageID%3D2%26articleID%3D3076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.englishtheatre.de/">"<i>The English Theatre</i> of Hamburg"</a>. Englishtheatre.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+English+Theatre+of+Hamburg&rft.pub=Englishtheatre.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.englishtheatre.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museen-in-hamburg.de/">"Museums in Hamburg"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museums+in+Hamburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.museen-in-hamburg.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120720230923/www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/johntusainterview/ligeti_transcript.shtml"><i>Transcript of the John Tusa Interview with Gyorgy Ligeti</i></a>, BBC, 1999, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/johntusainterview/ligeti_transcript.shtml">the original</a> on 20 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcript+of+the+John+Tusa+Interview+with+Gyorgy+Ligeti&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio3%2Fjohntusainterview%2Fligeti_transcript.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boosey.com/pages/cr/composer/composer_main.asp?composerid=2731&ttype=BIOGRAPHY&ttitle=Biography/"><i>Alfred Schnittke</i></a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosey_%26_Hawkes" title="Boosey & Hawkes">Boosey & Hawkes</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+Schnittke&rft.pub=Boosey+%26+Hawkes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.boosey.com%2Fpages%2Fcr%2Fcomposer%2Fcomposer_main.asp%3Fcomposerid%3D2731%26ttype%3DBIOGRAPHY%26ttitle%3DBiography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clubkombinat.de/presse/">"Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presse-+und+%C3%96ffentlichkeitsarbeit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fclubkombinat.de%2Fpresse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hamburg-tourism.de/das-ist-hamburg/musikmetropole/musik-live-in-hamburg/elektronische-musik/">"Elektronische Musik - Vom Kult am Mischpult"</a>. <i>Hamburg Tourismus</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hamburg+Tourismus&rft.atitle=Elektronische+Musik+-+Vom+Kult+am+Mischpult&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.hamburg-tourism.de%2Fdas-ist-hamburg%2Fmusikmetropole%2Fmusik-live-in-hamburg%2Felektronische-musik%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFRivadavia" class="citation cs2">Rivadavia, Eduardo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4471"><i>allmusic (((Helloween> Biography )))</i></a>, allmusic<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=allmusic+%28%28%28Helloween%3E+Biography+%29%29%29&rft.pub=allmusic&rft.aulast=Rivadavia&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fp4471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marketing.hamburg.de/hamburg-die-pulsierende-hip-hop-metropole.html">"Hamburg - die pulsierende Hip-Hop Metropole - Hamburg Marketing"</a>. <i>marketing.hamburg.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marketing.hamburg.de&rft.atitle=Hamburg+-+die+pulsierende+Hip-Hop+Metropole+-+Hamburg+Marketing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fmarketing.hamburg.de%2Fhamburg-die-pulsierende-hip-hop-metropole.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discogs.com/label/Spirit+Zone+Recordings"><i>Spirit Zone Recordings</i></a>, discogs.com<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spirit+Zone+Recordings&rft.pub=discogs.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.discogs.com%2Flabel%2FSpirit%2BZone%2BRecordings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamburg-pride.de/">"Hamburg Pride"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hamburg+Pride&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.hamburg-pride.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alstervergnuegen.net/">"Alstervergnügen Hamburg"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alstervergn%C3%BCgen+Hamburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.alstervergnuegen.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamburger-dom.de/wann_ist_dom.html">"Wann ist DOM"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wann+ist+DOM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.hamburger-dom.de%2Fwann_ist_dom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.hamburg.de/hamburg-events/290988/hafengeburtstag-hamburg-english.html">"Hafengeburtstag Hamburg"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hafengeburtstag+Hamburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fenglish.hamburg.de%2Fhamburg-events%2F290988%2Fhafengeburtstag-hamburg-english.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/auto/aktuell/0,1518,565599,00.html">"Zehntausende Biker und ein schwerer Unfall"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Spiegel online</a></i> (in German). 13 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+online&rft.atitle=Zehntausende+Biker+und+ein+schwerer+Unfall&rft.date=2008-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fauto%2Faktuell%2F0%2C1518%2C565599%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090918144638/http://www.hamburg.de/weihnachtsmaerkte/">"Weihnachtsmärkte in Hamburg-Mitte 2008"</a> (in German). <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Mitte" title="Hamburg-Mitte">Bezirk Hamburg-Mitte</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamburg.de/weihnachtsmaerkte/">the original</a> on 18 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weihnachtsm%C3%A4rkte+in+Hamburg-Mitte+2008&rft.pub=Bezirk+Hamburg-Mitte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.hamburg.de%2Fweihnachtsmaerkte%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamburg.de/lange-nacht-der-museen-hamburg/">"Lange Nacht der Museen"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lange+Nacht+der+Museen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.hamburg.de%2Flange-nacht-der-museen-hamburg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020613150718/http://www.karneval-kulturen-hamburg.de/">"6. Festival der Kulturen Hamburg"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karneval-kulturen-hamburg.de/">the original</a> on 13 June 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=6.+Festival+der+Kulturen+Hamburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.karneval-kulturen-hamburg.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121031422/http://www.filmfest-hamburg.de/en/index.php">"Filmfest Hamburg"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmfest-hamburg.de/en/index.php">the original</a> on 21 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Filmfest+Hamburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.filmfest-hamburg.de%2Fen%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051201212334/http://www.hamburg-messe.de/hmc/content/hmc/en/start.php">"Welcoming the world"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamburg-messe.de/hmc/content/hmc/en/start.php">the original</a> on 1 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcoming+the+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.hamburg-messe.de%2Fhmc%2Fcontent%2Fhmc%2Fen%2Fstart.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020094424/http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid%3D44599.html">"Mandago, Timofeyeva impress at Hamburg Marathon"</a>. 27 April 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid=44599.html">the original</a> on 20 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandago%2C+Timofeyeva+impress+at+Hamburg+Marathon&rft.date=2008-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.iaaf.org%2FLRR08%2Fnews%2Fnewsid%3D44599.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420084312/https://www.hk24.de/blueprint/servlet/resource/blob/1153140/1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f/standpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf">"Standpunktepapier Musikstadt Hamburg"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Handelskammer Hamburg. 2014. pp. 35–36. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hk24.de/blueprint/servlet/resource/blob/1153140/1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f/standpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standpunktepapier+Musikstadt+Hamburg&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Handelskammer+Hamburg&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.hk24.de%2Fblueprint%2Fservlet%2Fresource%2Fblob%2F1153140%2F1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f%2Fstandpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dockville.de">"Dockville"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dockville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.dockville.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reeperbahnfestival.com/de/info/ueber-uns">"Über uns - Reeperbahn Festival"</a>. <i>Über Uns</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%9Cber+Uns&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+uns+-+Reeperbahn+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.reeperbahnfestival.com%2Fde%2Finfo%2Fueber-uns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hamburg-tourism.de/sehen-erleben/veranstaltungen/ueberjazz/">"Überjazz – Jazzfestival auf Kampnagel | Hamburg Tourismus"</a>. <i>www.hamburg-tourism.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hamburg-tourism.de&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cberjazz+%E2%80%93+Jazzfestival+auf+Kampnagel+%26%23124%3B+Hamburg+Tourismus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.hamburg-tourism.de%2Fsehen-erleben%2Fveranstaltungen%2Fueberjazz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/07/05/43504.html"><i>Birnen, Bohnen, Speck – Schmeckt vorzüglich</i></a> (in German), Hamburger Abendblatt, 5 July 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birnen%2C+Bohnen%2C+Speck+%E2%80%93+Schmeckt+vorz%C3%BCglich&rft.pub=Hamburger+Abendblatt&rft.date=2002-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.abendblatt.de%2Fdaten%2F2002%2F07%2F05%2F43504.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/06/25/39651.html"><i>Aalsuppe – Frage des Geschmacks</i></a> (in German), Hamburger Abendblatt, 25 June 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aalsuppe+%E2%80%93+Frage+des+Geschmacks&rft.pub=Hamburger+Abendblatt&rft.date=2002-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.abendblatt.de%2Fdaten%2F2002%2F06%2F25%2F39651.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/06/25/39713.html"><i>Maischollen – Zart gebraten</i></a> (in German), Hamburger Abendblatt, 25 June 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maischollen+%E2%80%93+Zart+gebraten&rft.pub=Hamburger+Abendblatt&rft.date=2002-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.abendblatt.de%2Fdaten%2F2002%2F06%2F25%2F39713.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/06/25/39656.html"><i>Grütze – Mit kalter Milch</i></a> (in German), Hamburger Abendbla, 25 June 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gr%C3%BCtze+%E2%80%93+Mit+kalter+Milch&rft.pub=Hamburger+Abendbla&rft.date=2002-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.abendblatt.de%2Fdaten%2F2002%2F06%2F25%2F39656.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/06/25/39664.html"><i>Labskaus – Essen der Matrosen</i></a> (in German), Hamburger Abendblatt, 25 June 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labskaus+%E2%80%93+Essen+der+Matrosen&rft.pub=Hamburger+Abendblatt&rft.date=2002-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.abendblatt.de%2Fdaten%2F2002%2F06%2F25%2F39664.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/08/01/52867.html"><i>Alsterwasser – Bier und Limonade</i></a> (in German), Hamburger Abendblatt, 10 August 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alsterwasser+%E2%80%93+Bier+und+Limonade&rft.pub=Hamburger+Abendblatt&rft.date=2002-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.abendblatt.de%2Fdaten%2F2002%2F08%2F01%2F52867.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/08/05/53895.html"><i>Rundstück – Hamburger Brötchen</i></a> (in German), Hamburger Abendblatt, 5 August 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rundst%C3%BCck+%E2%80%93+Hamburger+Br%C3%B6tchen&rft.pub=Hamburger+Abendblatt&rft.date=2002-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.abendblatt.de%2Fdaten%2F2002%2F08%2F05%2F53895.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFStradley2004" class="citation cs2">Stradley, Linda (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/HamburgerHistory.htm"><i>History of Hamburgers</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Hamburgers&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Stradley&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwhatscookingamerica.net%2FHistory%2FHamburgerHistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFWeßling2016" class="citation news cs1">Weßling, Kathrin (30 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/1-mai-demo-in-hamburg-was-soll-der-krawall-auf-der-schanze-noch-a-1090104.html">"1. Mai-Demo in Hamburg: Was soll der Krawall auf der Schanze noch?"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>. spiegel.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=1.+Mai-Demo+in+Hamburg%3A+Was+soll+der+Krawall+auf+der+Schanze+noch%3F&rft.date=2016-04-30&rft.aulast=We%C3%9Fling&rft.aufirst=Kathrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpanorama%2Fgesellschaft%2F1-mai-demo-in-hamburg-was-soll-der-krawall-auf-der-schanze-noch-a-1090104.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rp-online.de/politik/deutschland/g20-gipfel-rote-flora-distanziert-sich-von-gewaltausbruechen-aid-1.6935697">"Krawalle in Hamburg beim G20-Gipfel - Rote Flora distanziert sich von Gewaltausbrüchen"</a>. rp-online.de. 8 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krawalle+in+Hamburg+beim+G20-Gipfel+-+Rote+Flora+distanziert+sich+von+Gewaltausbr%C3%BCchen&rft.pub=rp-online.de&rft.date=2017-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.rp-online.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2Fg20-gipfel-rote-flora-distanziert-sich-von-gewaltausbruechen-aid-1.6935697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglo-german-club.de/">"Website of the Anglo-German Club"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Website+of+the+Anglo-German+Club&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.anglo-german-club.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718203909/http://www.britaininhamburg.de/">"Britain in Hamburg"</a>. ning.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britaininhamburg.de/">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britain+in+Hamburg&rft.pub=ning.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.britaininhamburg.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428001221/http://gl-bfg.com/850/index.htm">"Anglo-Hanseatic Lodge 850"</a>. gl-bfg.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gl-bfg.com/850/index.htm">the original</a> on 28 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anglo-Hanseatic+Lodge+850&rft.pub=gl-bfg.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fgl-bfg.com%2F850%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gl-bfg.com/">"Grand Lodge of British Freemasons in Germany"</a>. gl-bfg.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grand+Lodge+of+British+Freemasons+in+Germany&rft.pub=gl-bfg.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fgl-bfg.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freimaurer.org/">"United Grand Lodges of Germany"</a>. freimaurer.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Grand+Lodges+of+Germany&rft.pub=freimaurer.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Ffreimaurer.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglican-church-hamburg.de">"The Anglican Church of St Thomas Becket – A welcoming, active and inclusive church, growing in our relationship with God and the wider community"</a>. <i>anglican-church-hamburg.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=anglican-church-hamburg.de&rft.atitle=The+Anglican+Church+of+St+Thomas+Becket+%E2%80%93+A+welcoming%2C+active+and+inclusive+church%2C+growing+in+our+relationship+with+God+and+the+wider+community&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.anglican-church-hamburg.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanclub.de">"Website of the American Club of Hamburg"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Website+of+the+American+Club+of+Hamburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.americanclub.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awchamburg.org">"Website of the American Women's Club of Hamburg"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Website+of+the+American+Women%27s+Club+of+Hamburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.awchamburg.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamburg Führer Verlag GmbH: <i>Hamburg Guide</i>, May 2009, p. 61</span>
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<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFGermany" class="citation web cs1">Germany, AmCham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amcham.de">"American Chamber of Commerce in Germany"</a>. <i>amcham.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amcham.de&rft.atitle=American+Chamber+of+Commerce+in+Germany&rft.aulast=Germany&rft.aufirst=AmCham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.amcham.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Journals of Dorothy Wordsworth, Macmillan 1959.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lindley, William"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lindley,_William">"Lindley, William" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 719.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lindley%2C+William&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=719&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFBehlingGarbe2009" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Behling, Heidburg; Garbe, Detlef (January 2009), "Die Orte bleibe", <i>Mittelungen des Freundeskreises KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme</i> (in German), no. 11, p. 3</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mittelungen+des+Freundeskreises+KZ-Gedenkst%C3%A4tte+Neuengamme&rft.atitle=Die+Orte+bleibe&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2009-01&rft.aulast=Behling&rft.aufirst=Heidburg&rft.au=Garbe%2C+Detlef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58">"Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018"</a>. <i>Eurostat</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurostat&rft.atitle=Regional+GDP+per+capita+ranged+from+30%25+to+263%25+of+the+EU+average+in+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdocuments%2F2995521%2F10474907%2F1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf%2F81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFgral" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">gral. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elbe-wochenblatt.de/2022/08/22/der-medianlohn-in-hamburg-ist-fast-10-hoeher-als-in-westdeutschland/">"Der Medianlohn in Hamburg ist fast 10 % höher als in Westdeutschland. | Elbe Wochenblatt"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Der+Medianlohn+in+Hamburg+ist+fast+10+%25+h%C3%B6her+als+in+Westdeutschland.+%7C+Elbe+Wochenblatt&rft.au=gral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.elbe-wochenblatt.de%2F2022%2F08%2F22%2Fder-medianlohn-in-hamburg-ist-fast-10-hoeher-als-in-westdeutschland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/">"Arbeitslosenquote nach Bundesländern in Deutschland 2018 | Statista"</a>. <i>Statista</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Arbeitslosenquote+nach+Bundesl%C3%A4ndern+in+Deutschland+2018+%7C+Statista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fde.statista.com%2Fstatistik%2Fdaten%2Fstudie%2F36651%2Fumfrage%2Farbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hafen-hamburg.de/en/statistics">"Welcome to the Port of Hamburg"</a>. <i>The official website of the Port of Hamburg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+official+website+of+the+Port+of+Hamburg.&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+Port+of+Hamburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.hafen-hamburg.de%2Fen%2Fstatistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Ramesh: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFM._Ramesh2000" class="citation web cs1">M. Ramesh (25 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720060759/http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/12/25/stories/092559vq.htm">"Making Hamburg Europe's preferred port"</a>. Hinduonnet.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/12/25/stories/092559vq.htm">the original</a> on 20 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+Hamburg+Europe%27s+preferred+port&rft.pub=Hinduonnet.com&rft.date=2000-12-25&rft.au=M.+Ramesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2Fbusinessline%2F2000%2F12%2F25%2Fstories%2F092559vq.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mittalsteel.com/Facilities/Europe/Hamburg/"><i>ArcelorMittal Website / Hamburg</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ArcelorMittal+Website+%2F+Hamburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.mittalsteel.com%2FFacilities%2FEurope%2FHamburg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719095348/http://www.trimet.de/hamburg0.html"><i>Trimet Website / Hamburg</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trimet.de/hamburg0.html">the original</a> on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trimet+Website+%2F+Hamburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.trimet.de%2Fhamburg0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110308182802/http://www.aurubis.com/en/corporate-group/group-structure/sites/"><i>Aurubis Website / Hamburg</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aurubis.com/en/corporate-group/group-structure/sites/">the original</a> on 8 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aurubis+Website+%2F+Hamburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.aurubis.com%2Fen%2Fcorporate-group%2Fgroup-structure%2Fsites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328081957/http://www.blohmvossyachts.com/index.php?level=2&CatID=2.8&inhalt_id=8"><i>Blohm + Voss Website / Hamburg</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blohmvossyachts.com/index.php?level=2&CatID=2.8&inhalt_id=8">the original</a> on 28 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blohm+%2B+Voss+Website+%2F+Hamburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.blohmvossyachts.com%2Findex.php%3Flevel%3D2%26CatID%3D2.8%26inhalt_id%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,428905,00.html"><i>Past Cost-Cutting and Layoffs Haunt Airbus in Germany</i></a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiegel_online" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiegel online">Spiegel online</a>, 28 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Past+Cost-Cutting+and+Layoffs+Haunt+Airbus+in+Germany&rft.pub=Spiegel+online&rft.date=2006-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fspiegel%2F0%2C1518%2C428905%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Presseinformationen/SI18_032.pdf">"Tourismus in Hamburg 2017 [in German]"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Statistik informiert ..</i>. 21 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statistik+informiert+...&rft.atitle=Tourismus+in+Hamburg+2017+%5Bin+German%5D&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.statistik-nord.de%2Ffileadmin%2FDokumente%2FPresseinformationen%2FSI18_032.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100809030041/http://www.hamburg.de/daten-fakten/349180/aktuelles.html"><i>Umsatzbringer und Jobmotor Tourismus</i></a> (in German), <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Hamburg#Ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Hamburg">Behörde für Kultur, Sport und Medien</a>, 11 July 2008, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamburg.de/daten-fakten/349180/aktuelles.html">the original</a> on 9 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Umsatzbringer+und+Jobmotor+Tourismus&rft.pub=Beh%C3%B6rde+f%C3%BCr+Kultur%2C+Sport+und+Medien&rft.date=2008-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.hamburg.de%2Fdaten-fakten%2F349180%2Faktuelles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFRene_S._Ebersole2001" class="citation news cs1">Rene S. Ebersole (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070906144905/http://www.audubonmagazine.org/features0111/newzoo.html">"The New Zoo"</a>. <i>Audubon Magazine</i>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="National Audubon Society">National Audubon Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://audubonmagazine.org/features0111/newzoo.html">the original</a> on 6 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Audubon+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+New+Zoo&rft.date=2001-11&rft.au=Rene+S.+Ebersole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Faudubonmagazine.org%2Ffeatures0111%2Fnewzoo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-statistik-nord1-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statistik-nord1_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistik-nord1_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistik-nord1_126-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik-nord.de/zahlen-fakten/handel-tourismus-dienstleistungen/tourismus/dokumentenansicht/tourismus-in-hamburg-im-dezember-und-im-gesamten-jahr-2016-59350/">"Tourismus in Hamburg im Dezember und im gesamten Jahr 2016 - Statistikamt Nord"</a>. <i>www.statistik-nord.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.statistik-nord.de&rft.atitle=Tourismus+in+Hamburg+im+Dezember+und+im+gesamten+Jahr+2016+-+Statistikamt+Nord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.statistik-nord.de%2Fzahlen-fakten%2Fhandel-tourismus-dienstleistungen%2Ftourismus%2Fdokumentenansicht%2Ftourismus-in-hamburg-im-dezember-und-im-gesamten-jahr-2016-59350%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hamburg wird heimlicher Heimathafen der <i>Queen Mary 2</i>" (in English: Hamburg nearly a home port for <i>Queen Mary 2</i>). In: <i>Hamburger Abendblatt</i> from 15 January 2010, p. 13</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309015715/http://www.hamburg.de/medien-hamburg/nofl/8930/arbeiten-in-hamburg.html"><i>Von der Faszination, in Hamburg zu arbeiten</i></a> (in German), hamburg.de, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamburg.de/medien-hamburg/nofl/8930/arbeiten-in-hamburg.html">the original</a> on 9 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Von+der+Faszination%2C+in+Hamburg+zu+arbeiten&rft.pub=hamburg.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.hamburg.de%2Fmedien-hamburg%2Fnofl%2F8930%2Farbeiten-in-hamburg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420084312/https://www.hk24.de/blueprint/servlet/resource/blob/1153140/1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f/standpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf">"Standpunktepapier Musikstadt Hamburg"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Handelskammer Hamburg. 2014. pp. 20–22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hk24.de/blueprint/servlet/resource/blob/1153140/1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f/standpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standpunktepapier+Musikstadt+Hamburg&rft.pages=20-22&rft.pub=Handelskammer+Hamburg&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.hk24.de%2Fblueprint%2Fservlet%2Fresource%2Fblob%2F1153140%2F1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f%2Fstandpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829233007/http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/b/backbeat.html">"Backbeat filming locations"</a>. movielocations.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/b/backbeat.html">the original</a> on 29 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Backbeat+filming+locations&rft.pub=movielocations.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.movie-locations.com%2Fmovies%2Fb%2Fbackbeat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019202856/http://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/792064/5776e214fe3612a2ceca034996473029/data/krankenhausstandorte.pdf"><i>Krankenhausplan 2020 der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (Hospital plan of Hamburg)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German), 1 January 2016, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/792064/5776e214fe3612a2ceca034996473029/data/krankenhausstandorte.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krankenhausplan+2020+der+Freien+und+Hansestadt+Hamburg+%28Hospital+plan+of+Hamburg%29&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.hamburg.de%2Fcontentblob%2F792064%2F5776e214fe3612a2ceca034996473029%2Fdata%2Fkrankenhausstandorte.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617222809/http://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/regional/regional.php"><i>Statistik Nord (statistics for Northern Germany)</i></a> (in German), June 2011, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/regional/regional.php">the original</a> on 17 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistik+Nord+%28statistics+for+Northern+Germany%29&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.statistik-nord.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fregional%2Fregional.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/09/10/67509.html"><i>Elbe ohne e – Buchstaben fallen weg</i></a> (in German), Hamburger Abendblatt, 10 August 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elbe+ohne+e+%E2%80%93+Buchstaben+fallen+weg&rft.pub=Hamburger+Abendblatt&rft.date=2002-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.abendblatt.de%2Fdaten%2F2002%2F09%2F10%2F67509.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070609023119/http://www.hk24.de/servicemarken/englische_website/location_politics/airport.jsp"><i>Handelskammer Hamburg – Hamburg Airport: Facts, figures, and the Chamber's viewpoint</i></a>, Handelskammer Hamburg (Hamburg chamber of commerce), 28 March 2008, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hk24.de/servicemarken/englische_website/location_politics/airport.jsp">the original</a> on 9 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handelskammer+Hamburg+%E2%80%93+Hamburg+Airport%3A+Facts%2C+figures%2C+and+the+Chamber%27s+viewpoint&rft.pub=Handelskammer+Hamburg+%28Hamburg+chamber+of+commerce%29&rft.date=2008-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.hk24.de%2Fservicemarken%2Fenglische_website%2Flocation_politics%2Fairport.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFPress_release2001" class="citation cs2">Press release (8 January 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ham.airport.de/en/pressearchiv.phtml?start=0&year=&month=&searchterm=oldest&showdetail=4"><i>The airport celebrates its 90th anniversary</i></a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Airport" title="Hamburg Airport">Hamburg Airport</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+airport+celebrates+its+90th+anniversary&rft.pub=Hamburg+Airport&rft.date=2001-01-08&rft.au=Press+release&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.ham.airport.de%2Fen%2Fpressearchiv.phtml%3Fstart%3D0%26year%3D%26month%3D%26searchterm%3Doldest%26showdetail%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915005003/http://www.travel-library.com/airports/europe/germany/hamburg/hamburg_lubeck_airport.html"><i>Hamburg Lübeck Airport Guide</i></a>, travel-library.com, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travel-library.com/airports/europe/Germany/hamburg/hamburg_lubeck_airport.html">the original</a> on 15 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamburg+L%C3%BCbeck+Airport+Guide&rft.pub=travel-library.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.travel-library.com%2Fairports%2Feurope%2FGermany%2Fhamburg%2Fhamburg_lubeck_airport.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">other prefixes used between 1945 and 1956 were "MGH" (Military Government, Hamburg: 1945 only), "HG" (1947 only) and "BH" (British Zone, Hamburg) between 1948 and 1956.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hvv.de/ueber-uns/historie/"><i>HVV – Mehr als ein Ziel – Historie</i></a> (in German), Hamburger Verkehrsverbund<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HVV+%E2%80%93+Mehr+als+ein+Ziel+%E2%80%93+Historie&rft.pub=Hamburger+Verkehrsverbund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.hvv.de%2Fueber-uns%2Fhistorie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Zahlen_{{!}}_HVV-Verbundbericht-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zahlen_{{!}}_HVV-Verbundbericht_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zahlen_{{!}}_HVV-Verbundbericht_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hvv-verbundbericht.de/zahlen/#zahlen">"Zahlen | HVV-Verbundbericht"</a>. <i>www.hvv-verbundbericht.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hvv-verbundbericht.de&rft.atitle=Zahlen+%7C+HVV-Verbundbericht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.hvv-verbundbericht.de%2Fzahlen%2F%23zahlen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-tramway-atlas-germany-1996-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tramway-atlas-germany-1996_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Tramway & Light Railway Atlas – Germany 1996</i>. London: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Rail_Transit_Association" title="Light Rail Transit Association">Light Rail Transit Association</a>. 1995. p. 262. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948106-18-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-948106-18-2"><bdi>0-948106-18-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tramway+%26+Light+Railway+Atlas+%E2%80%93+Germany+1996&rft.place=London&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Light+Rail+Transit+Association&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-948106-18-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hvv-verbundbericht.de/zahlen/">"Zahlen | HVV-Verbundbericht"</a>. <i>www.hvv-verbundbericht.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hvv-verbundbericht.de&rft.atitle=Zahlen+%7C+HVV-Verbundbericht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.hvv-verbundbericht.de%2Fzahlen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120123102122/http://www.airbus.com/company/worldwide-presence/airbus-in-germany/"><i>Airbus in Germany</i></a>, Airbus, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airbus.com/company/worldwide-presence/airbus-in-germany/">the original</a> on 23 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Airbus+in+Germany&rft.pub=Airbus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.airbus.com%2Fcompany%2Fworldwide-presence%2Fairbus-in-germany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Germany_Hamburg-3300">"Hamburg Public Transportation Statistics"</a>. Global Public Transit Index by Moovit<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hamburg+Public+Transportation+Statistics&rft.pub=Global+Public+Transit+Index+by+Moovit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fmoovitapp.com%2Finsights%2Fen%2FMoovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Germany_Hamburg-3300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="CC BY icon.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a> Material was copied from this source, which is available under a <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mvb-hh.de"><i>MVB</i></a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%BCllverwertung_Borsigstra%C3%9Fe_Hamburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Müllverwertung Borsigstraße Hamburg (page does not exist)">MVB</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCllverwertung_Borsigstra%C3%9Fe_Hamburg" class="extiw" title="de:Müllverwertung Borsigstraße Hamburg">de</a>]</span>, 30 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MVB&rft.pub=MVB%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bde%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2017-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.mvb-hh.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613091141/https://www.buergerschaft-hh.de/parldok/vorgaenge/66861/1">"Kohleausstieg für die Hamburger Fernwärme"</a>. <i>Hamburgische Bürgerschaft</i> (in German). 25 June 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buergerschaft-hh.de/parldok/vorgaenge/66861/1">the original</a> on 13 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hamburgische+B%C3%BCrgerschaft&rft.atitle=Kohleausstieg+f%C3%BCr+die+Hamburger+Fernw%C3%A4rme&rft.date=2019-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.buergerschaft-hh.de%2Fparldok%2Fvorgaenge%2F66861%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hamburg.de/pressearchiv-fhh/13910588/2020-05-12-bue-verwertung-biomasse/">"Klimapartnerschaft - Hamburg und Namibia prüfen nachhaltige Verwertung von Biomasse"</a>. <i>Stadtportal Hansestadt Hamburg</i> (in German). 12 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stadtportal+Hansestadt+Hamburg&rft.atitle=Klimapartnerschaft+-+Hamburg+und+Namibia+pr%C3%BCfen+nachhaltige+Verwertung+von+Biomasse&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.hamburg.de%2Fpressearchiv-fhh%2F13910588%2F2020-05-12-bue-verwertung-biomasse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFForman2008" class="citation cs2">Forman, Ross (10 June 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080604121143/http://www.outsports.com/os/index.php/2008032471/People/2008-People/Out-lacrosse-coach-lands-in-Germany.html"><i>Out lacrosse coach lands in Germany</i></a>, Outsports.com, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outsports.com/os/index.php/2008032471/People/2008-People/Out-lacrosse-coach-lands-in-Germany.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+lacrosse+coach+lands+in+Germany&rft.pub=Outsports.com&rft.date=2008-06-10&rft.aulast=Forman&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.outsports.com%2Fos%2Findex.php%2F2008032471%2FPeople%2F2008-People%2FOut-lacrosse-coach-lands-in-Germany.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gfl.info/text.php?Inhalt=newsmeldung&ID=8409">Hamburg Blue Devils ziehen sich zuruck</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226153225/http://www.gfl.info/text.php?Inhalt=newsmeldung&ID=8409">Archived</a> 26 February 2014 at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> GFL website, published: 18 January 2014, accessed: 14 May 2014</span>
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<li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ran.de/american-football/elf/elf-news/football-comeback-des-jahres-hamburg-sea-devils-und-frankfurt-galaxy-starten-in-der-elf-116073">"Football-Comeback des Jahres: Hamburg Sea Devils und Frankfurt Galaxy starten in der ELF"</a>. <i>ran.de</i> (in German). 9 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ran.de&rft.atitle=Football-Comeback+des+Jahres%3A+Hamburg+Sea+Devils+und+Frankfurt+Galaxy+starten+in+der+ELF&rft.date=2021-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ran.de%2Famerican-football%2Felf%2Felf-news%2Ffootball-comeback-des-jahres-hamburg-sea-devils-und-frankfurt-galaxy-starten-in-der-elf-116073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2005/07/18/460404.html"><i>Australian Football im Stadtpark</i></a> (in German), Hamburger Abendblatt, 18 July 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Football+im+Stadtpark&rft.pub=Hamburger+Abendblatt&rft.date=2005-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.abendblatt.de%2Fdaten%2F2005%2F07%2F18%2F460404.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2008/08/11/920015.html"><i>Hamburg Blue Devils vor Einzug in die Play-offs</i></a> (in German), Hamburger Abendblatt, 11 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamburg+Blue+Devils+vor+Einzug+in+die+Play-offs&rft.pub=Hamburger+Abendblatt&rft.date=2008-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.abendblatt.de%2Fdaten%2F2008%2F08%2F11%2F920015.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201061029/http://dtb-tennis.de/AmRothenbaum/9695.php?selected=9115"><i>Center Court / Rothenbaum Stadion</i></a> (in German), <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Tennis_Bund" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutscher Tennis Bund">Deutscher Tennis Bund</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtb-tennis.de/AmRothenbaum/9695.php?selected=9115">the original</a> on 1 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Center+Court+%2F+Rothenbaum+Stadion&rft.pub=Deutscher+Tennis+Bund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.dtb-tennis.de%2FAmRothenbaum%2F9695.php%3Fselected%3D9115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFHamburg" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hamburg, Hamburger Abendblatt -. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/article208791261/Hamburg-hat-so-viele-Studenten-wie-nie-zuvor.html">"Hamburg hat so viele Studenten wie nie zuvor"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hamburg+hat+so+viele+Studenten+wie+nie+zuvor&rft.aulast=Hamburg&rft.aufirst=Hamburger+Abendblatt+-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.abendblatt.de%2Fhamburg%2Farticle208791261%2FHamburg-hat-so-viele-Studenten-wie-nie-zuvor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080810210626/http://www.wissenschaft.hamburg.de/index.php/article/detail/1383"><i>Science Portal Hamburg</i></a> (in German), <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Hamburg#Ministries" title="Government of Hamburg">Ministry of Science and Research (Behörde für Wissenschaft und Forschung)</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wissenschaft.hamburg.de/index.php/article/detail/1383">the original</a> on 10 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+Portal+Hamburg&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Science+and+Research+%28Beh%C3%B6rde+f%C3%BCr+Wissenschaft+und+Forschung%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.wissenschaft.hamburg.de%2Findex.php%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hamburg.de/partnerstaedte/">"Partnerstädte"</a>. <i>hamburg.de</i> (in German). Hamburg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hamburg.de&rft.atitle=Partnerst%C3%A4dte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.hamburg.de%2Fpartnerstaedte%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2003" class="citation cs2">Jenkins, Jennifer (2003), <i>Provincial modernity: local culture and liberal politics in fin-de-siècle Hamburg</i>, Cornell University Press, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-4025-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-4025-4"><bdi>0-8014-4025-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Provincial+modernity%3A+local+culture+and+liberal+politics+in+fin-de-si%C3%A8cle+Hamburg&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8014-4025-4&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Holstenius, Lucas"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Holstenius,_Lucas">"Holstenius, Lucas" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 619.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holstenius%2C+Lucas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=619&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schlüter, Andreas"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Schl%C3%BCter,_Andreas">"Schlüter, Andreas" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 343.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schl%C3%BCter%2C+Andreas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=343&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brockes, Barthold Heinrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brockes,_Barthold_Heinrich">"Brockes, Barthold Heinrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 624.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brockes%2C+Barthold+Heinrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=624&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Reimarus, Hermann Samuel"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Reimarus,_Hermann_Samuel">"Reimarus, Hermann Samuel" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reimarus%2C+Hermann+Samuel&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=53&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ekhof, Konrad"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ekhof,_Konrad">"Ekhof, Konrad" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 139–140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ekhof%2C+Konrad&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=139-140&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Basedow, Johann Bernhard"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Basedow,_Johann_Bernhard">"Basedow, Johann Bernhard" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 461–462.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Basedow%2C+Johann+Bernhard&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=461-462&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFWilson1991" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, K.M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wf1SVbGFg8C&pg=PA641"><i>An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers</i></a>. An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers. Garland Pub. p. 641. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-8547-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-8547-6"><bdi>978-0-8240-8547-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 Mar</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+Continental+Women+Writers&rft.series=An+Encyclopedia+of+Continental+Women+Writers&rft.pages=641&rft.pub=Garland+Pub.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-8547-6&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=K.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Wf1SVbGFg8C%26pg%3DPA641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Eschenburg, Johann Joachim"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Eschenburg,_Johann_Joachim">"Eschenburg, Johann Joachim" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 764.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eschenburg%2C+Johann+Joachim&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=764&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bode, Johann Elert"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bode,_Johann_Elert">"Bode, Johann Elert" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bode%2C+Johann+Elert&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=108&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fiorillo, Johann Dominicus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fiorillo,_Johann_Dominicus">"Fiorillo, Johann Dominicus" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 394.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fiorillo%2C+Johann+Dominicus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=394&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stolberg, Friedrich Leopold, Graf zu"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Stolberg,_Friedrich_Leopold,_Graf_zu">"Stolberg, Friedrich Leopold, Graf zu" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 953;see para 2. <q>Stolberg's brother, Christian, Graf zu Stolberg (1748-1821).....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stolberg%2C+Friedrich+Leopold%2C+Graf+zu&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=953%3Bsee+para+2&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stolberg, Friedrich Leopold, Graf zu"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Stolberg,_Friedrich_Leopold,_Graf_zu">"Stolberg, Friedrich Leopold, Graf zu" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 953.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stolberg%2C+Friedrich+Leopold%2C+Graf+zu&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=953&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Martens, Georg Friedrich von"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Martens,_Georg_Friedrich_von">"Martens, Georg Friedrich von" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 786–787.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martens%2C+Georg+Friedrich+von&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=786-787&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFClerke1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Mary_Clerke" title="Agnes Mary Clerke">Clerke, Agnes Mary</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Encke, Johann Franz"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Encke,_Johann_Franz">"Encke, Johann Franz" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). p. 369.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encke%2C+Johann+Franz&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=369&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Clerke&rft.aufirst=Agnes+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Boué, Ami"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bou%C3%A9,_Ami">"Boué, Ami" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 315.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bou%C3%A9%2C+Ami&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=315&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Waagen, Gustav Friedrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Waagen,_Gustav_Friedrich">"Waagen, Gustav Friedrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 223–224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waagen%2C+Gustav+Friedrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=223-224&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Poggendorff, Johann Christian"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Poggendorff,_Johann_Christian">"Poggendorff, Johann Christian" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 890.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poggendorff%2C+Johann+Christian&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=890&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schleiden, Matthias Jakob"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Schleiden,_Matthias_Jakob">"Schleiden, Matthias Jakob" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 330.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schleiden%2C+Matthias+Jakob&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=330&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFAbrahams1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Abrahams" title="Israel Abrahams">Abrahams, Israel</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hirsch, Samson Raphael"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hirsch,_Samson_Raphael">"Hirsch, Samson Raphael" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). p. 525.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hirsch%2C+Samson+Raphael&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=525&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFRockstroTovey1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smyth_Rockstro" class="mw-redirect" title="William Smyth Rockstro">Rockstro, William Smyth</a>; <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Francis_Tovey" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Francis Tovey">Tovey, Donald Francis</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Jakob Ludwig Felix"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mendelssohn-Bartholdy,_Jakob_Ludwig_Felix">"Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Jakob Ludwig Felix" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). pp. 123–124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mendelssohn-Bartholdy%2C+Jakob+Ludwig+Felix&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=123-124&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Rockstro&rft.aufirst=William+Smyth&rft.au=Tovey%2C+Donald+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Preller, Ludwig"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Preller,_Ludwig">"Preller, Ludwig" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preller%2C+Ludwig&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=278&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gerstäcker, Friedrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gerst%C3%A4cker,_Friedrich">"Gerstäcker, Friedrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 906–907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gerst%C3%A4cker%2C+Friedrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=906-907&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Roth, Justus Ludwig Adolf"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Roth,_Justus_Ludwig_Adolf">"Roth, Justus Ludwig Adolf" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 756.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roth%2C+Justus+Ludwig+Adolf&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=756&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Barth, Heinrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Barth,_Heinrich">"Barth, Heinrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 447.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Barth%2C+Heinrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=447&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bernays, Jakob"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bernays,_Jakob">"Bernays, Jakob" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 800.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bernays%2C+Jakob&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=800&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oppert, Julius"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Oppert,_Julius">"Oppert, Julius" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oppert%2C+Julius&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=140&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tietjens, Thérèse Johanne Alexandra"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tietjens,_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Johanne_Alexandra">"Tietjens, Thérèse Johanne Alexandra" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 966.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tietjens%2C+Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se+Johanne+Alexandra&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=966&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFMaitland1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alexander_Fuller_Maitland" title="John Alexander Fuller Maitland">Maitland, John Alexander Fuller</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brahms, Johannes"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brahms,_Johannes">"Brahms, Johannes" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 389–390.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brahms%2C+Johannes&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=389-390&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Maitland&rft.aufirst=John+Alexander+Fuller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bernays, Jakob"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bernays,_Jakob">"Bernays, Jakob" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 800; see para 2. <q>His brother, Michael Bernays (1834–1897).....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bernays%2C+Jakob&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=800%3B+see+para+2&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fittig, Rudolf"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fittig,_Rudolf">"Fittig, Rudolf" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 440.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fittig%2C+Rudolf&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=440&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kühne, Willy"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/K%C3%BChne,_Willy">"Kühne, Willy" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 942.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=K%C3%BChne%2C+Willy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=942&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rosa, Carl August Nicholas"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rosa,_Carl_August_Nicholas">"Rosa, Carl August Nicholas" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 720.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rosa%2C+Carl+August+Nicholas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=720&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hagenbeck, Carl"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hagenbeck,_Carl">"Hagenbeck, Carl" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 814.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hagenbeck%2C+Carl&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=814&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wendt, Hans Hinrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wendt,_Hans_Hinrich">"Wendt, Hans Hinrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 518.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wendt%2C+Hans+Hinrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=518&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bartels, Hans von"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bartels,_Hans_von">"Bartels, Hans von" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 447.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bartels%2C+Hans+von&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=447&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hertz,_Heinrich_Rudolf">"Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 400–401.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hertz%2C+Heinrich+Rudolf&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=400-401&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburg&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<b>Hamburg</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hamburg" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Hamburg">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hamburg" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Hamburg">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hamburg" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Hamburg">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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</div>
<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hamburg.com/">Official website</a></span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/Germany/States/Hamburg/">Hamburg</a> at <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/62782">Hamburg</a> at <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hamburg (city)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hamburg_(city)">"Hamburg (city)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hamburg+%28city%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamburg" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hamburg-von-oben.de/">Hamburg Panorama-View</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Hamburg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Hamburg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Hamburg</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr>
<td><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuxhaven" title="Cuxhaven">Cuxhaven</a></td>
<td><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></td>
<td><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" title="North" width="14" height="17" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td style="width:33%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade" title="Stade">Stade</a></td>
<td style="width:33%;">
<div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" title="West" width="17" height="14" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Hamburg</b><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" title="East" width="17" height="14" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div>
</td>
<td style="width:33%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" title="South" width="14" height="17" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></td>
<td><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></td>
<td><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td>
</tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Hamburg&#124;link=Hamburg_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hamburg" title="Template:Hamburg"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hamburg" title="Template talk:Hamburg"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Hamburg&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Hamburg&#124;link=Hamburg_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg"><img alt="Hamburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;"><div>Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Hamburg" title="Government of Hamburg">Government</a> and symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Parliament" title="Hamburg Parliament">Parliament</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Hamburg" title="Constitution of Hamburg">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_and_quarters_of_Hamburg" title="Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg">Subdivisions</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Hamburg" title="Elections in Hamburg">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Hamburg" title="Flag of Hamburg">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hamburg" title="Coat of arms of Hamburg">Coat of arms</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Police" title="Hamburg Police">Police</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Hamburg" title="History of Hamburg">History</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Hamburg">culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Hamburg" title="Timeline of Hamburg">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_culture" title="Hamburg culture">Hamburg culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Hamburg" title="Demographics of Hamburg">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburgisch dialect">Dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Hamburg" title="Education in Hamburg">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Hamburg" title="Sport in Hamburg">Sport</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Hamburg" title="List of museums in Hamburg">Museums</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Hamburg" title="List of theatres in Hamburg">Theatres</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hamburg" title="Cuisine of Hamburg">Cuisine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Hamburg">Economy</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Hamburg" title="Transport in Hamburg">transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Metropolitan_Region" title="Hamburg Metropolitan Region">Hamburg Metropolitan Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="Hamburg Chamber of Commerce">Chamber of Commerce</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Airport" title="Hamburg Airport">Airport</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">Port</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Hamburg" title="List of bridges in Hamburg">Bridges</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hamburg_S-Bahn_stations" title="List of Hamburg S-Bahn stations">Hamburg S-Bahn stations</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hamburg_U-Bahn_stations" title="List of Hamburg U-Bahn stations">Hamburg U-Bahn stations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;"><div>
<dl><dt><span class="nobold">Lists</span></dt>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Hamburg" title="List of mayors of Hamburg">Mayors</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Hamburg" title="List of honorary citizens of Hamburg">Honorary citizens</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Hamburg" title="List of diplomatic missions in Hamburg">Diplomatic missions</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Hamburg" title="List of rivers of Hamburg">Rivers</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Hamburg" title="List of parks and gardens in Hamburg">Parks and gardens</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Hamburg" title="List of churches in Hamburg">Churches</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Hamburg" title="List of libraries in Hamburg">Libraries</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Hamburg" title="List of museums in Hamburg">Museums</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Hamburg" title="List of theatres in Hamburg">Theatres</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Hamburg" title="List of castles in Hamburg">Castles</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Hamburg" title="List of railway stations in Hamburg">Railway stations</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg"> Altona</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergedorf" title="Bergedorf">Bergedorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eimsb%C3%BCttel" title="Eimsbüttel">Eimsbüttel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Mitte" title="Hamburg-Mitte">Hamburg-Mitte</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Nord" title="Hamburg-Nord">Hamburg-Nord</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harburg,_Hamburg" title="Harburg, Hamburg"> Harburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsbek" title="Wandsbek">Wandsbek</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quarters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allerm%C3%B6he" title="Allermöhe">Allermöhe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsterdorf" title="Alsterdorf">Alsterdorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altengamme" title="Altengamme">Altengamme</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altenwerder" title="Altenwerder">Altenwerder</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altona-Altstadt" title="Altona-Altstadt">Altona-Altstadt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altona-Nord" title="Altona-Nord">Altona-Nord</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Altstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg-Altstadt">Altstadt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrenfeld" title="Bahrenfeld">Bahrenfeld</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmbek-Nord" title="Barmbek-Nord">Barmbek-Nord</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmbek-S%C3%BCd" title="Barmbek-Süd">Barmbek-Süd</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergedorf_(quarter)" title="Bergedorf (quarter)"> Bergedorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergstedt" title="Bergstedt">Bergstedt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billbrook" title="Billbrook">Billbrook</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billwerder" title="Billwerder">Billwerder</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billstedt" title="Billstedt">Billstedt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blankenese" title="Blankenese">Blankenese</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgfelde" title="Borgfelde">Borgfelde</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramfeld" title="Bramfeld">Bramfeld</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranz,_Hamburg" title="Cranz, Hamburg"> Cranz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curslack" title="Curslack">Curslack</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulsberg" title="Dulsberg">Dulsberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvenstedt" title="Duvenstedt">Duvenstedt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidelstedt" title="Eidelstedt">Eidelstedt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilbek" title="Eilbek">Eilbek</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eimsb%C3%BCttel_(quarter)" title="Eimsbüttel (quarter)"> Eimsbüttel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ei%C3%9Fendorf" title="Eißendorf">Eißendorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eppendorf,_Hamburg" title="Eppendorf, Hamburg"> Eppendorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmsen-Berne" title="Farmsen-Berne">Farmsen-Berne</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finkenwerder" title="Finkenwerder">Finkenwerder</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francop" title="Francop">Francop</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuhlsb%C3%BCttel" title="Fuhlsbüttel">Fuhlsbüttel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9F_Borstel" title="Groß Borstel">Groß Borstel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9F_Flottbek" title="Groß Flottbek">Groß Flottbek</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_Moor" title="Gut Moor">Gut Moor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HafenCity" title="HafenCity">HafenCity</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamm,_Hamburg" title="Hamm, Hamburg">Hamm</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerbrook" title="Hammerbrook">Hammerbrook</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harburg_(quarter)" title="Harburg (quarter)"> Harburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvestehude" title="Harvestehude">Harvestehude</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausbruch" title="Hausbruch">Hausbruch</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimfeld" title="Heimfeld">Heimfeld</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoheluft-Ost" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoheluft-Ost">Hoheluft-Ost</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoheluft-West" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoheluft-West">Hoheluft-West</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenfelde,_Hamburg" title="Hohenfelde, Hamburg"> Hohenfelde</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn,_Hamburg" title="Horn, Hamburg"> Horn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummelsb%C3%BCttel" title="Hummelsbüttel">Hummelsbüttel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iserbrook" title="Iserbrook">Iserbrook</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenfeld" title="Jenfeld">Jenfeld</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchwerder" title="Kirchwerder">Kirchwerder</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiner_Grasbrook" title="Kleiner Grasbrook">Kleiner Grasbrook</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langenbek" title="Langenbek">Langenbek</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langenhorn,_Hamburg" title="Langenhorn, Hamburg"> Langenhorn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemsahl-Mellingstedt" title="Lemsahl-Mellingstedt">Lemsahl-Mellingstedt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohbr%C3%BCgge" title="Lohbrügge">Lohbrügge</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokstedt" title="Lokstedt">Lokstedt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurup" title="Lurup">Lurup</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienthal,_Hamburg" title="Marienthal, Hamburg"> Marienthal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmstorf" title="Marmstorf">Marmstorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorburg" title="Moorburg">Moorburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorfleet" title="Moorfleet">Moorfleet</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuallerm%C3%B6he" title="Neuallermöhe">Neuallermöhe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuenfelde" title="Neuenfelde">Neuenfelde</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuengamme,_Hamburg" title="Neuengamme, Hamburg">Neuengamme</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neugraben-Fischbek" title="Neugraben-Fischbek">Neugraben-Fischbek</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuland,_Hamburg" title="Neuland, Hamburg"> Neuland</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustadt,_Hamburg" title="Neustadt, Hamburg"> Neustadt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuwerk" title="Neuwerk">Neuwerk</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niendorf,_Hamburg" title="Niendorf, Hamburg"> Niendorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nienstedten" title="Nienstedten">Nienstedten</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochsenwerder" title="Ochsenwerder">Ochsenwerder</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlsdorf,_Hamburg" title="Ohlsdorf, Hamburg"> Ohlsdorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osdorf,_Hamburg" title="Osdorf, Hamburg"> Osdorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othmarschen" title="Othmarschen">Othmarschen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottensen" title="Ottensen">Ottensen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppenb%C3%BCttel" title="Poppenbüttel">Poppenbüttel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahlstedt" title="Rahlstedt">Rahlstedt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reitbrook" title="Reitbrook">Reitbrook</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rissen" title="Rissen">Rissen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6nneburg" title="Rönneburg">Rönneburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothenburgsort" title="Rothenburgsort">Rothenburgsort</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherbaum" title="Rotherbaum">Rotherbaum</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasel" title="Sasel">Sasel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnelsen" title="Schnelsen">Schnelsen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinstorf" title="Sinstorf">Sinstorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spadenland" title="Spadenland">Spadenland</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Georg,_Hamburg" title="St. Georg, Hamburg"> St. Georg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Pauli" title="St. Pauli">St. Pauli</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steilshoop" title="Steilshoop">Steilshoop</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinwerder" title="Steinwerder">Steinwerder</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellingen">Stellingen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternschanze" title="Sternschanze">Sternschanze</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BClldorf" title="Sülldorf">Sülldorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatenberg" title="Tatenberg">Tatenberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonndorf,_Hamburg" title="Tonndorf, Hamburg"> Tonndorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhlenhorst" title="Uhlenhorst">Uhlenhorst</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veddel" title="Veddel">Veddel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksdorf" title="Volksdorf">Volksdorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsbek_(quarter)" title="Wandsbek (quarter)"> Wandsbek</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltershof" title="Waltershof">Waltershof</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellingsb%C3%BCttel" title="Wellingsbüttel">Wellingsbüttel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmsburg,_Hamburg" title="Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg"> Wilhelmsburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilstorf" title="Wilstorf">Wilstorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterhude" title="Winterhude">Winterhude</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wohldorf-Ohlstedt" title="Wohldorf-Ohlstedt">Wohldorf-Ohlstedt</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px">
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template talk:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> (since 1952)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> (since 1949)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> (since 1990)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> (since 1949)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> (since 1949)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> (since 1990)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> (since 1949)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> (since 1949)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> (since 1957)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> (since 1990)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> (since 1990)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> (since 1949)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> (since 1990)</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:States_of_Germany.svg" class="image" title="States of Germany"><img alt="States of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/70px-States_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="95" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/105px-States_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/140px-States_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City-states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (since 1990)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a> (since 1949)</li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a> (since 1949)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">South Baden</a> (1949–1952)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a> (1949–1952)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a> (1949–1952)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Germany&#124;link=Germany_Capitals_of_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_the_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template:Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_the_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Capitals_of_the_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Germany&#124;link=Germany_Capitals_of_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Capitals of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals of area states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">City of Bremen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">State of Bremen</a>)</span></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals of former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">South Baden</a>, 1949–1952)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a>, 1949–1952)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a>, 1949–1952)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Unlike the mono-city states Berlin and Hamburg, the State of Bremen consists of two cities, thus state and capital are not identical.</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of European states and territories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></b>, Netherlands<sup>1</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a></b>, Andorra</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, Turkey<sup>3</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, Kazakhstan<sup>3</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></b>, Greece</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, Azerbaijan<sup>3</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></b>, Serbia</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b>, Germany</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a></b>, Switzerland</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a></b>, Slovakia</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></b>, Belgium<sup>2</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></b>, Romania</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></b>, Hungary</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a></b>, Moldova</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></b>, Denmark</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></b>, Ireland</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></b>, Finland</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></b>, Ukraine</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></b>, Portugal</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></b>, Slovenia</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b>, United Kingdom</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a></b>, Luxembourg</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b>, Spain</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></b>, Belarus</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></b><sup>5</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, Russia</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, Cyprus<sup>3</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></b>, Norway</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></b>, France</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a></b>, Montenegro</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></b>, Czech Republic</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></b>, Iceland</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></b>, Latvia</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></b>, Italy</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a></b>, San Marino</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a></b>, North Macedonia</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></b>, Bulgaria</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></b>, Sweden</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></b>, Estonia</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, Georgia<sup>3</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></b>, Albania</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a></b>, Liechtenstein</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></b>, Malta</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></b><sup>5</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b>, Austria</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></b>, Lithuania</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></b>, Poland</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, Armenia<sup>3</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a></b>, Croatia</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with<br />limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, Northern Cyprus</i><sup>3</sup></li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a></b>, Kosovo</i></li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanakert" title="Stepanakert">Stepanakert</a></b>, Republic of Artsakh</i><sup>3</sup></li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a></b>, Abkhazia</i><sup>3</sup></li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></b>, Transnistria</i></li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, South Ossetia</i><sup>3</sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b></i>, England</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></b></i>, Scotland</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></b></i>, Wales</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></b></i>, Northern Ireland</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and<br /><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></b></i>, Isle of Man</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b></i>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b></i>, Gibraltar</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></b></i>, Jersey</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a></b></i>, Guernsey</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a></b>, Svalbard (Norway)</i></li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a></b>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Austria" title="States of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a></b></i>, Vorarlberg</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a></b></i>, Burgenland</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></b></i>, Styria</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a></b></i>, Tyrol</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klagenfurt" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a></b></i>, Carinthia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></b></i>, Upper Austria</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a></b></i>, Salzburg</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a></b></i>, Lower Austria</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b></i>, Vienna</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Flemish Community and French Community</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a></b></i>, German-speaking Community</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a></b></i>, Wallonia</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></b></i>, Bremen</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></b></i>, Saxony</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></b></i>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></b></i>, Thuringia</li>
<li><i><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a></b></i>, Hamburg</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></b></i>, Lower Saxony</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></b></i>, Schleswig-Holstein</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></b></i>, Saxony-Anhalt</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></b></i>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></b></i>, Bavaria</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></b></i>, Brandenburg</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></b></i>, Saarland</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></b></i>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></b></i>, Baden-Württemberg</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></b></i>, Hesse</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a></b></i>, Chuvashia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a></b></i>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></b></i>, Kalmykia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a></b></i>, Chechnya</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a></b></i>, Udmurtia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></b></i>, Tatarstan</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magas" title="Magas">Magas</a></b></i>, Ingushetia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a></b></i>, Dagestan</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a></b></i>, Adygea</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a></b></i>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a></b></i>, Karelia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a></b></i>, Mordovia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a></b></i>, Komi</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a></b></i>, Mari El</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a></b></i>, Bashkortostan</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a></b></i>, North Ossetia–Alania</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i>, Moscow</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></b></i>, Saint Petersburg</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></b></i>, Sevastopol (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a></b></i>, Aargau</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a></b></i>, Uri</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a></b></i>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></b></i>, Basel-Stadt</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a></b></i>, Ticino</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a></b></i>, Grisons</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a></b></i>, Jura</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a></b></i>, Thurgau</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a></b></i>, Canton of Fribourg</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></b></i>, Canton of Geneva</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a></b></i>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></b></i>, Vaud</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a></b></i>, Basel-Landschaft</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a></b></i>, Canton of Lucerne</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></b></i>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a></b></i>, Obwalden</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></b></i>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a></b></i>, Canton of Schwyz</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a></b></i>, Valais</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a></b></i>, Canton of Solothurn</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a></b></i>, Nidwalden</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></b></i>, Canton of St. Gallen</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a></b></i>, Canton of Glarus</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a></b></i>, Canton of Zug</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" title="Zürich">Zürich</a></b></i>, Zürich Canton</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous<br />entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></b></i>, Sardinia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></b></i>, Sicily</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></b></i>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a></b></i>, Aosta Valley</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></b></i>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomouscommunities" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous communities">Autonomous<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></b></i>, Catalonia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></b></i> & <i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></b></i>, Canary Islands</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a></b></i>, La Rioja</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a></b></i>, Extremadura</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a></b></i>, Murcia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a></b></i>, Asturias</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a></b></i>, Balearic Islands</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a></b></i>, Navarre</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a></b></i>, Cantabria</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></b></i>, Galicia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></b></i>, Andalusia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a></b></i>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></b></i>, Valencia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a></b></i>, Castile and León (de facto)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a></b></i>, Basque Country (de facto)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a></b></i>, Aragon</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a></b></i>, Azores</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a></b></i>, Madeira</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a></b></i> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a></b></i>, Brčko District</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b></i>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a></b></i>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></b></i>, Adjara (Georgia)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a></b></i>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyes,_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a></b></i>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a></b></i>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></b></i>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></b></i>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Also the capital of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li>
<li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li>
<li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Continental placement may vary <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li>
<li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>5</sup></span> A city-state</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cities_in_Germany&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities in Germany by population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt am Main</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–499,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle (Saale)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach" title="Mönchengladbach">Mönchengladbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000–199,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergisch_Gladbach" title="Bergisch Gladbach">Bergisch Gladbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottrop" title="Bottrop">Bottrop</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCtersloh" title="Gütersloh">Gütersloh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagen" title="Hagen">Hagen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamm" title="Hamm">Hamm</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia">Herne</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moers" title="Moers">Moers</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BClheim" title="Mülheim">Mülheim an der Ruhr</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach am Main</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recklinghausen" title="Recklinghausen">Recklinghausen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Remscheid</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Complete list</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Germany" title="List of municipalities in Germany">Municipalities</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_regions_in_Germany" title="Metropolitan regions in Germany">Metropolitan regions</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rapid_transit_and_commuter_rail_in_Hamburg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hamburg_rail" title="Template:Hamburg rail"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hamburg_rail" title="Template talk:Hamburg rail"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Hamburg_rail&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rapid_transit_and_commuter_rail_in_Hamburg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Hamburg" title="Transport in Hamburg">Rapid transit and commuter rail</a> in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_Verkehrsverbund" title="Hamburger Verkehrsverbund">Hamburger Verkehrsverbund</a> (HVV) Public transport rail systems and operators in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Metropolitan_Region" title="Hamburg Metropolitan Region">Hamburg Metropolitan Region</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:transparent;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U-Bahn.svg" class="image"><img alt="U-Bahn.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/U-Bahn.svg/14px-U-Bahn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/U-Bahn.svg/21px-U-Bahn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/U-Bahn.svg/28px-U-Bahn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_U-Bahn" title="Hamburg U-Bahn">Hamburg U-Bahn</a>
<ul><li><i>lines:</i> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/U1_(Hamburg_U-Bahn)" title="U1 (Hamburg U-Bahn)">U1</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2_(Hamburg_U-Bahn)" title="U2 (Hamburg U-Bahn)">U2</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/U3_(Hamburg_U-Bahn)" title="U3 (Hamburg U-Bahn)">U3</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/U4_(Hamburg_U-Bahn)" title="U4 (Hamburg U-Bahn)">U4</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_U-Bahn#Current_projects" title="Hamburg U-Bahn">U5</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S-Bahn-Logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="S-Bahn-Logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/S-Bahn-Logo.svg/14px-S-Bahn-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/S-Bahn-Logo.svg/21px-S-Bahn-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/S-Bahn-Logo.svg/28px-S-Bahn-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_S-Bahn" title="Hamburg S-Bahn">Hamburg S-Bahn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HVV_Logo_AKN.svg" class="image"><img alt="HVV Logo AKN.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/HVV_Logo_AKN.svg/14px-HVV_Logo_AKN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/HVV_Logo_AKN.svg/21px-HVV_Logo_AKN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/HVV_Logo_AKN.svg/28px-HVV_Logo_AKN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="341" /></a> Hamburg <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKN_Eisenbahn" title="AKN Eisenbahn">A-Bahn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HVV_Logo_Regionalbahn.svg" class="image"><img alt="HVV Logo Regionalbahn.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/HVV_Logo_Regionalbahn.svg/14px-HVV_Logo_Regionalbahn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/HVV_Logo_Regionalbahn.svg/21px-HVV_Logo_Regionalbahn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/HVV_Logo_Regionalbahn.svg/28px-HVV_Logo_Regionalbahn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="341" /></a> Hamburg <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalbahn" title="Regionalbahn">R-Bahn</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:transparent;">Operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<dl><dt><span class="nobold">U-Bahn</span></dt>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_Hochbahn" title="Hamburger Hochbahn">Hamburger Hochbahn</a></dd>
<dt><span class="nobold">S-Bahn</span></dt>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Regio" title="DB Regio">DB Regio</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_S-Bahn#Operating_company" title="Hamburg S-Bahn">S-Bahn Hamburg GmbH</a></dd>
<dt><span class="nobold">A-Bahn</span></dt>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKN_Eisenbahn" title="AKN Eisenbahn">AKN Eisenbahn</a></dd>
<dt><span class="nobold">R-Bahn</span></dt>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erixx" title="Erixx">Erixx</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenbahnen_und_Verkehrsbetriebe_Elbe-Weser" title="Eisenbahnen und Verkehrsbetriebe Elbe-Weser">Eisenbahnen und Verkehrsbetriebe Elbe-Weser</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronom" class="mw-redirect" title="Metronom">Metronom</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordbahn_Eisenbahngesellschaft" title="Nordbahn Eisenbahngesellschaft">Nordbahn Eisenbahngesellschaft</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Ostsee-Bahn" title="Nord-Ostsee-Bahn">Nord-Ostsee-Bahn</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Hamburg" title="List of railway stations in Hamburg">Long distance railway stations</a></span></dt>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Hauptbahnhof" title="Hamburg Hauptbahnhof">Hamburg Hauptbahnhof</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Altona_station" title="Hamburg-Altona station">Hamburg-Altona</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Dammtor_station" title="Hamburg Dammtor station">Hamburg Dammtor</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Harburg_station" title="Hamburg-Harburg station">Hamburg-Harburg</a></dd></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hamburg_U-Bahn_stations" title="List of Hamburg U-Bahn stations">List of Hamburg U-Bahn stations</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hamburg_S-Bahn_stations" title="List of Hamburg S-Bahn stations">List of Hamburg S-Bahn stations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hamburg_in_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Hamburg_in_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hamburg in history</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px">
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"/><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hanseatic_League" title="Template talk:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Hanseatic_League&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> by quarter</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Chief cities shown in <span class="smallcaps">smallcaps</span>.</li><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wendish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lübeck" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.75em 1.0em;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li>
<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kołobrzeg)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Rügenwalde <span style="font-size:85%;">(Darłowo)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Szczecin)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp <span style="font-size:85%;">(Słupsk)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="image" title="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/150px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/225px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/300px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a><br /><br /><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" class="image" title="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/150px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/225px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/300px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2996" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BrunswickMagdeburg" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a><br /><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danzig(Gdańsk)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk"><span class="smallcaps">Danzig</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(Gdańsk)</span></span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau <span style="font-size:85%;">(Wrocław)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tartu)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elbląg)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Cracow <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kraków)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tallinn)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga <span style="font-size:85%;">(Rīga)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn <span style="font-size:85%;">(Toruń)</span></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westphalian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cologne_1Dortmund_1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span><br /><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontore</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor of Bruges</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a><sup>2</sup><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Vitten</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">Bishop's Lynn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> The kontor was moved to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> once <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> became inaccessible due to the silting of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> channel.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_imperial_cities_of_the_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Free_imperial_cities" title="Template:Free imperial cities"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Free_imperial_cities" title="Template talk:Free imperial cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Free_imperial_cities&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_imperial_cities_of_the_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free imperial cities</a> of the <span class="flagicon"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_1792" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By 1792</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Aachen" title="Free Imperial City of Aachen">Aachen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen">Aalen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biberach_an_der_Ri%C3%9F" title="Biberach an der Riß">Biberach</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bopfingen" title="Bopfingen">Bopfingen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Buchau" title="Bad Buchau">Buchau</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen" title="Friedrichshafen">Buchhorn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinkelsb%C3%BChl" title="Dinkelsbühl">Dinkelsbühl</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esslingen_am_Neckar" title="Esslingen am Neckar">Eßlingen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedberg,_Hesse" title="Friedberg, Hesse">Friedberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gengenbach" title="Gengenbach">Gengenbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giengen" title="Giengen">Giengen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isny_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Isny im Allgäu">Isny</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaufbeuren" title="Kaufbeuren">Kaufbeuren</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Kempten" title="Free Imperial City of Kempten">Kempten</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessenich" title="Kessenich">Kessenich</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leutkirch_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Leutkirch im Allgäu">Leutkirch</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindau" title="Lindau">Lindau</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memmingen" title="Memmingen">Memmingen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mülhausen</a><sup><small>D, S</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlingen" title="Nördlingen">Nördlingen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Nuremberg" title="Free Imperial City of Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offenburg" title="Offenburg">Offenburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfullendorf" title="Pfullendorf">Pfullendorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravensburg" title="Ravensburg">Ravensburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber">Rothenburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rottweil" title="Rottweil">Rottweil</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Gm%C3%BCnd" title="Schwäbisch Gmünd">Schwäbisch Gmünd</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Hall" title="Schwäbisch Hall">Schwäbisch Hall</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweinfurt" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cberlingen" title="Überlingen">Überlingen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Ulm" title="Free Imperial City of Ulm">Ulm</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangen_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Wangen im Allgäu">Wangen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weil_der_Stadt" title="Weil der Stadt">Weil</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fenburg_in_Bayern" title="Weißenburg in Bayern">Weißenburg in Bayern</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetzlar" title="Wetzlar">Wetzlar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Wimpfen" title="Bad Wimpfen">Wimpfen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Windsheim" title="Bad Windsheim">Windsheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zell_am_Harmersbach" title="Zell am Harmersbach">Zell</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png" class="image"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire 1648 Imperial cities.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png/150px-Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="131" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png/225px-Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png/300px-Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="595" /></a><br /><small>Free Imperial Cities as of 1648</small></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lost_imperial_immediacy_or_no_longer_part_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_by_1792" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lost <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_immediacy" title="Imperial immediacy">imperial immediacy</a> or no longer part of the Holy Roman Empire by 1792</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bern" title="History of Bern">Bern</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Free Imperial City of Besançon">Besançon</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakel,_Germany" title="Brakel, Germany">Brakel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diessenhofen" title="Diessenhofen">Diessenhofen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donauw%C3%B6rth" title="Donauwörth">Donauwörth</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCren" title="Düren">Düren</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelnhausen" title="Gelnhausen">Gelnhausen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haguenau" title="Haguenau">Hagenau</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaysersberg" title="Kaysersberg">Kaysersberg</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Kolmar</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Konstanz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau" title="Landau">Landau</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemgo" title="Lemgo">Lemgo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster,_Haut-Rhin" title="Munster, Haut-Rhin">Munster</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obernai" title="Obernai">Obernai</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfeddersheim" title="Pfeddersheim">Pfeddersheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinfelden_(Aargau)" title="Rheinfelden (Aargau)">Rheinfelden</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosheim" title="Rosheim">Rosheim</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarrebourg" title="Sarrebourg">Sarrebourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmalkalden" title="Schmalkalden">Schmalkalden</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9lestat" title="Sélestat">Schlettstadt</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seltz" title="Seltz">Seltz</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Straßburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toul" title="Toul">Toul</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turckheim" title="Turckheim">Turckheim</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verden_an_der_Aller" title="Verden an der Aller">Verden</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg" title="Warburg">Warburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissembourg" title="Wissembourg">Weißenburg in Elsaß</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Z%C3%BCrich" title="History of Zürich">Zürich</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><sup><small>D</small></sup> Member of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9capole" title="Décapole">Décapole</a></li>
<li><sup><small>H</small></sup> Member of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a></li>
<li><sup><small>S</small></sup> Member or associate of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Confederacy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Lower_Saxon_Circle_(1500–1806)_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Template:Lower Saxon Circle"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Template talk:Lower Saxon Circle"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Lower_Saxon_Circle&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Lower_Saxon_Circle_(1500–1806)_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Lower Saxon Circle">Lower Saxon Circle</a> (1500–1806) of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-bishop" title="Prince-bishop">Ecclesiastical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Archbishopric_of_Bremen" title="Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen">Bremen</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Halberstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Hildesheim" title="Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-bishopric_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-bishopric of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg" title="Archbishopric of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Ratzeburg" title="Prince-Bishopric of Ratzeburg">Ratzeburg</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_and_prince-bishopric_of_Schwerin" title="Diocese and prince-bishopric of Schwerin">Schwerin</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Locator_Lower_Saxon_Circle.svg" class="image" title="Map indicating the Lower Saxon Circle of the Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Map indicating the Lower Saxon Circle of the Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Locator_Lower_Saxon_Circle.svg/100px-Locator_Lower_Saxon_Circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Locator_Lower_Saxon_Circle.svg/150px-Locator_Lower_Saxon_Circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Locator_Lower_Saxon_Circle.svg/200px-Locator_Lower_Saxon_Circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1140" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">Secular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Bremen</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Brunswick and Lunenburg</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Blankenburg" title="County of Blankenburg">Blankenburg</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Calenberg" title="Principality of Calenberg">Calenberg</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_L%C3%BCneburg" title="Principality of Lüneburg">Celle</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Grubenhagen" title="Principality of Grubenhagen">Grubenhagen</a><sup><small>6</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a><sup><small>7</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Wolfenbüttel</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein-Gl%C3%BCckstadt" title="Holstein-Glückstadt">Glückstadt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Gottorp</a><sup><small>8</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein-Pinneberg" title="Holstein-Pinneberg">Pinneberg</a><sup><small>9</small></sup></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg-G%C3%BCstrow" title="Mecklenburg-Güstrow">Güstrow</a><sup><small>10</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Schwerin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Strelitz</a><sup><small>11</small></sup></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County_of_Rantzau" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial County of Rantzau">Rantzau</a><sup><small>12</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Regenstein" title="County of Regenstein">Regenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Saxe-Lauenburg</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Bremen">Bremen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.3em 0 0.2em;"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> until 1648.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>2</small></sup> until 1701.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>3</small></sup> from 1648.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>4</small></sup> until 1731.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>5</small></sup> until 1705.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>6</small></sup> until 1596.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>7</small></sup> from 1708.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>8</small></sup> until 1773.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>9</small></sup> until 1640.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>10</small></sup> until 1695.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>11</small></sup> from 1701.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>12</small></sup> until 1734.
<p>Circles est. 1500: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Circle" title="Bavarian Circle">Bavarian</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian_Circle" title="Swabian Circle">Swabian</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Rhenish_Circle" title="Upper Rhenish Circle">Upper Rhenish</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle">Lower Rhenish–Westphalian</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franconian_Circle" title="Franconian Circle">Franconian</a>, <b>(Lower) Saxon</b>
</p>
Circles est. 1512: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Circle" title="Austrian Circle">Austrian</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundian_Circle" title="Burgundian Circle">Burgundian</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Saxon_Circle" title="Upper Saxon Circle">Upper Saxon</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Rhenish_Circle" title="Electoral Rhenish Circle">Electoral Rhenish</a> <span class="nowrap">   </span> · <span class="nowrap">   </span> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_outside_the_Imperial_Circles" title="Territories of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Imperial Circles">Unencircled territories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=German_Confederation&#124;link=German_Confederation_States_of_the_German_Confederation_(1815–66)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Template:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Template talk:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:States_of_the_German_Confederation&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=German_Confederation&#124;link=German_Confederation_States_of_the_German_Confederation_(1815–66)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation"><img alt="German Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">States</a> of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (1815–66)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deutscher_Bund.svg" class="image" title="Map of the German Confederation"><img alt="Map of the German Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/175px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="177" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/263px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/350px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="969" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Hesse-Kassel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grand duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%931867)" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)">Limburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1839)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Saxe-Lauenburg</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">Anhalt (Ascania)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1863)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Anhalt-Bernburg">Bernburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau" title="Anhalt-Dessau">Dessau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhalt-K%C3%B6then" title="Anhalt-Köthen">Köthen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1847)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Coburg-Saalfeld</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Coburg-Gotha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Gotha-Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Saxe-Hildburghausen">Hildburghausen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse-Homburg" title="Hesse-Homburg">Hesse-Homburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <small>(Junior Line)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <small>(Elder Line)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldeck_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldeck (state)">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hechingen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> partially</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=North_German_Confederation&#124;link=North_German_Confederation_States_of_the_North_German_Confederation_(1866–71)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:States_of_the_North_German_Confederation" title="Template:States of the North German Confederation"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_North_German_Confederation" title="Template talk:States of the North German Confederation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:States_of_the_North_German_Confederation&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=North_German_Confederation&#124;link=North_German_Confederation_States_of_the_North_German_Confederation_(1866–71)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation"><img alt="North German Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> States of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> (1866–71)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NB_1866-1871.99.svg" class="image" title="Map of the North German Confederation"><img alt="Map of the North German Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NB_1866-1871.99.svg/175px-NB_1866-1871.99.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="162" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NB_1866-1871.99.svg/263px-NB_1866-1871.99.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NB_1866-1871.99.svg/350px-NB_1866-1871.99.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="899" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Saxe-Altenburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Saxe-Lauenburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Saxe-Meiningen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <small>(Junior Line)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <small>(Elder Line)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Template:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Template talk:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:States_of_the_German_Empire&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_the_German_Empire" title="States of the German Empire">States of the German Empire</a> (1871–1918)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> as a whole <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Hesse-Nassau" title="Province of Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Pomerania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(including the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a> and the former <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Starostwo of Draheim</a>)</span>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Posen</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhineland</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Westphalia</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deutsches_Reich_(1871-1918)-en.png" class="image" title="Map of the German Empire"><img alt="Map of the German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/175px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/263px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/350px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2362" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Saxe-Altenburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Saxe-Lauenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1876)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Saxe-Meiningen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <span style="font-size:85%;">(Junior Line)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elder Line)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Imperial Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace–Lorraine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a></li>
<li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelafrika" title="Mittelafrika">Mittelafrika</a></i></span></li>
<li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa">Mitteleuropa</a></i></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_Weimar_Republic_(1919–33)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Template:States of the Weimar Republic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Template talk:States of the Weimar Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:States_of_the_Weimar_Republic&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_Weimar_Republic_(1919–33)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="States of the Weimar Republic">States of the</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> (1919–33)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Anhalt" title="Free State of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Baden" title="Republic of Baden">Baden</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Brunswick" title="Free State of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Hesse" title="People's State of Hesse">Hesse</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Lippe" title="Free State of Lippe">Lippe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Oldenburg" title="Free State of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Prussia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1920)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Waldeck-Pyrmont" title="Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont">Waldeck</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1929)</span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_People%27s_State_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Free People's State of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches,_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg" class="image" title="Map of the Weimar Republic"><img alt="Map of the Weimar Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/175px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="159" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/263px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/350px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="885" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1920</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Coburg" title="Free State of Coburg">Coburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Gotha">Gotha</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Reuss" title="People's State of Reuss">Reuss</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Reuss" title="People's State of Reuss">People's State of Reuss</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized<br /><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist</a> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen Soviet Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Bottleneck" title="Free State of Bottleneck">Bottleneck</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">People's State of Bavaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenish_Republic" title="Rhenish Republic">Rhenish Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg Soviet Republic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" title="Template:Administrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupations"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupations"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative divisions in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and German occupations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany">Administrative<br />divisions of<br />Nazi Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_(territory)" title="Gau (territory)">Gaus</a></i></span> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altreich_(pre-1938_Nazi_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altreich (pre-1938 Nazi Germany)">Altreich</a></i></span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Baden" title="Gau Baden">Baden-Alsace</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Bayreuth" title="Gau Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Berlin" title="Gau Berlin">Berlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Cologne-Aachen" title="Gau Cologne-Aachen">Cologne–Aachen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Gau Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Eastern_Hanover" title="Gau Eastern Hanover">Eastern Hanover</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_East_Prussia" title="Gau East Prussia">East Prussia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Electoral_Hesse" title="Gau Electoral Hesse">Electoral Hesse</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Essen" title="Gau Essen">Essen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Franconia" title="Gau Franconia">Franconia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Halle-Merseburg" title="Gau Halle-Merseburg">Halle-Merseburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Hamburg" title="Gau Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Hesse-Nassau" title="Gau Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Lower_Silesia" title="Gau Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Magdeburg-Anhalt" title="Gau Magdeburg-Anhalt">Magdeburg-Anhalt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Main_Franconia" title="Gau Main Franconia">Main Franconia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_March_of_Brandenburg" title="Gau March of Brandenburg">March of Brandenburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Mecklenburg" title="Gau Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Moselland" title="Gau Moselland">Moselland</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Munich-Upper_Bavaria" title="Gau Munich-Upper Bavaria">Munich–Upper Bavaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Pomerania" title="Gau Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Saxony" title="Gau Saxony">Saxony</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Gau Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Silesia" title="Gau Silesia">Silesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Swabia" title="Gau Swabia">Swabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Southern_Hanover-Brunswick" title="Gau Southern Hanover-Brunswick">Southern Hanover–Brunswick</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Thuringia" title="Gau Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Upper_Silesia" title="Gau Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Weser-Ems" title="Gau Weser-Ems">Weser-Ems</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Westphalia-North" title="Gau Westphalia-North">Westphalia-North</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Westphalia-South" title="Gau Westphalia-South">Westphalia-South</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Westmark" title="Gau Westmark">Westmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Gau Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau" title="Reichsgau">Reichsgaus</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_K%C3%A4rnten" title="Reichsgau Kärnten">Carinthia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Niederdonau" title="Reichsgau Niederdonau">Lower Danube</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Oberdonau" title="Reichsgau Oberdonau">Upper Danube</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia" title="Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia">Danzig–West Prussia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Flandern" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsgau Flandern">Flanders</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Salzburg" title="Reichsgau Salzburg">Salzburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Steiermark" title="Reichsgau Steiermark">Styria</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Sudetenland" title="Reichsgau Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Tirol-Vorarlberg" title="Reichsgau Tirol-Vorarlberg">Tyrol–Vorarlberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Wien" title="Reichsgau Wien">Vienna</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Wallonien" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsgau Wallonien">Wallonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland" title="Reichsgau Wartheland">Wartheland</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Areas annexed by Nazi Germany">Partial annexations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="General Governorate">General Governorate</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Galicia" title="District of Galicia">Galicia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_District" title="Kraków District">Kraków</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin_District" title="Lublin District">Lublin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radom_District" title="Radom District">Radom</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_District" title="Warsaw District">Warsaw</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German<br />occupations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Civil_Administration" title="Chief of Civil Administration">Civil Administration Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Carinthia_and_Carniola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Carinthia and Carniola (page does not exist)">Carinthia and Carniola</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Danzig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Danzig (page does not exist)">Danzig</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/CdZ-Gebiet_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="CdZ-Gebiet Lothringen">Lorraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Lower_Styria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Lower Styria (page does not exist)">Lower Styria</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Administration_Area_of_Luxembourg" title="Civil Administration Area of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Posen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Posen (page does not exist)">Posen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_the_Sudetenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of the Sudetenland (page does not exist)">Sudetenland</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Zichenau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Zichenau (page does not exist)">Zichenau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezirk" title="Bezirk">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bialystok_District" title="Bialystok District">Bialystok District</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Brussels">District of Brussels</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Administration_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Military Administration (Nazi Germany)">Military administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France">Belgium and Northern France</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">France</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Zone_of_Protection_in_Slovakia" title="German Zone of Protection in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece#The_German_occupation_zone" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Administration_of_Luxembourg" title="Military Administration of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Poland" title="Military Administration in Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Administration_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Administration in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_Rear_Area_Command" title="Army Group Rear Area Command">Army Group Rear Area Command</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Serbia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Banat (1941–1944)">Banat</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational Zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Adriatic_Littoral" title="Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral">Adriatic Littoral</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana#The_German_period_(1943–1945)" title="Province of Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Alpine_Foothills" title="Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills">Alpine Foothills</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Puppet administrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyss-Inquart_government" title="Seyss-Inquart government">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Czecho-Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupied_territory_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupied territory of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent State of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Council_(Norway)" title="Administrative Council (Norway)">Administrative Council (Norway)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">National Government (Norway)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_Government" title="Commissioner Government">Commissioner Government (Serbia)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Government of National Salvation (Serbia)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council" title="Belarusian Central Council">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_national_government_(1941)" title="Ukrainian national government (1941)">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Lithuania" title="Provisional Government of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokot_Autonomy" title="Lokot Autonomy">Lokot</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lepel_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lepel Republic (page does not exist)">Lepel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuyev_Republic" title="Zuyev Republic">Zuyev Republic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat" title="Reichskommissariat">Reichskommissariats</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_of_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France">Belgium and Northern France</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Niederlande" title="Reichskommissariat Niederlande">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen" title="Reichskommissariat Norwegen">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Ostland</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Kaukasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichskommissariat Kaukasus">Caucasus</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Don-Wolga" title="Reichskommissariat Don-Wolga">Don–Volga</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Moskowien" title="Reichskommissariat Moskowien">Moscow</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Turkestan" title="Reichskommissariat Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Crimea_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Crimea during World War II">Crimea</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#The_German_occupation_(September_9,_1943_-_September_3,_1944)" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">San Marino</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Station_Kurt" title="Weather Station Kurt">Weather Station Kurt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schatzgr%C3%A4ber_(weather_station)" title="Schatzgräber (weather station)">Schatzgräber</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holzauge" title="Holzauge">Holzauge</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bassgeiger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bassgeiger (page does not exist)">Bassgeiger</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edelweiss_base&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edelweiss base (page does not exist)">Edelweiss</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nias#World_War_II" title="Nias">Nias</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Template:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing during World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_bombardment" title="Area bombardment">Area bombardment</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_bombing_of_cities#Aerial_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Aerial bombing of cities">Aerial bombing of cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area bombing directive</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">Strategic bombing</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-weapons" title="V-weapons">V-weapons</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nex%C3%B8#Allied_air_attacks" title="Nexø">Nexø</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8nne#Allied_air_attacks" title="Rønne">Rønne</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Charnwood#Preliminary_attacks" title="Operation Charnwood">Caen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Astonia#Allied_preparations" title="Operation Astonia">Le Havre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royan#Destruction" title="Royan">Royan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Leu-d%27Esserent" title="Saint-Leu-d'Esserent">Saint-Leu-d'Esserent</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ruhr" title="Battle of the Ruhr">Battle of<br /> the Ruhr</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum#Allied_air_attacks" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Cologne_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cologne in World War II">Cologne</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund#Allied_air_attacks" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Duisburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Duisburg in World War II">Duisburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf#World_War_II" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Essen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Essen in World War II">Essen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelsenkirchen#Nazi_Germany" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krefeld#Allied_air_attacks" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Wuppertal_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wuppertal in World War II">Wuppertal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen#World_War_II" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Augsburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Augsburg in World War II">Augsburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschersleben#Allied_air_attacks" title="Aschersleben">Aschersleben</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Berlin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Berlin in World War II">Berlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocholt,_Germany#Allied_air_attack" title="Bocholt, Germany">Bocholt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Braunschweig_(October_1944)" title="Bombing of Braunschweig (October 1944)">Braunschweig</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Bremen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bremen in World War II">Bremen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">Breslau</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemnitz#World_War_II" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crailsheim#Allied_air_attacks" title="Crailsheim">Crailsheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Darmstadt_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Darmstadt in World War II">Darmstadt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessau#Allied_air_attacks" title="Dessau">Dessau</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Dietzenbach_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dietzenbach in World War II">Dietzenbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">Dresden</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emden#Allied_air_attacks" title="Emden">Emden</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Frankfurt_am_Main_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II">Frankfurt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tigerfish" title="Operation Tigerfish">Freiburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Friedrichshafen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Friedrichshafen in World War II">Friedrichshafen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giessen#Allied_air_attack" title="Giessen">Giessen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halberstadt#Allied_air_attacks" title="Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(Saale)#World_War_II_(1939–1945)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Hamburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hanau_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hanau in World War II">Hanau</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hanover_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hanover in World War II">Hannover</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombings_of_Heilbronn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombings of Heilbronn in World War II">Heilbronn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hildesheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hildesheim in World War II">Hildesheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Innsbruck_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Innsbruck in World War II">Innsbruck</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena#Allied_air_attacks" title="Jena">Jena</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserslautern#World_War_II" title="Kaiserslautern">Kaiserslautern</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe#Allied_air_attacks" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kassel in World War II">Kassel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleve#Allied_air_attacks" title="Kleve">Kleve</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Königsberg in World War II">Königsberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Leipzig_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Leipzig in World War II">Leipzig</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_L%C3%BCbeck_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Lübeck in World War II">Lübeck</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Mainz_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mainz in World War II">Mainz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg#Allied_air_attacks" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Mannheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mannheim in World War II">Mannheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moers#Allied_air_attack" title="Moers">Moers</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnster#Allied_air_attacks" title="Münster">Münster</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Munich_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Munich in World War II">Munich</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia#Allied_air_attacks" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Nuremberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Nuremberg in World War II">Nuremberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck#Allied_air_attacks" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paderborn#Allied_air_attacks" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Pforzheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II">Pforzheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam#Allied_air_attacks" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostock#Allied_air_attack" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken#World_War_II" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweinfurt#World_War_II" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegen#Allied_air_attacks" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II">Stuttgart</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Ulm_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ulm in World War II">Ulm</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Wesel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wesel in World War II">Wesel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Wilhelmshaven_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wilhelmshaven in World War II">Wilhelmshaven</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms,_Germany#Allied_air_attacks" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_W%C3%BCrzburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Würzburg in World War II">Würzburg</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandria#Allied_air_attacks" title="Alessandria">Alessandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Ancona_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ancona in World War II">Ancona</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_raid_on_Bari" title="Air raid on Bari">Bari</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevento#Allied_air_attacks" title="Benevento">Benevento</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Bologna_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bologna in World War II">Bologna</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Cagliari_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cagliari in World War II">Cagliari</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Cassino</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catania#Allied_air_attacks" title="Catania">Catania</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Ferrara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ferrara in World War II">Ferrara</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Foggia" title="Bombing of Foggia">Foggia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_raid_on_Frascati" title="Air raid on Frascati">Frascati</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Genoa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Genoa in World War II">Genoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Grosseto_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Grosseto in World War II">Grosseto</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Livorno_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Livorno in World War II">Livorno</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina#Allied_air_attacks" title="Messina">Messina</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Milan_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Milan in World War II">Milan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Naples_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Naples in World War II">Naples</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Padua_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Padua in World War II">Padua</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Palermo_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Palermo in World War II">Palermo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Pescara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pescara in World War II">Pescara</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Pisa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pisa in World War II">Pisa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Reggio_Calabria_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Reggio Calabria in World War II">Reggio Calabria</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rimini_(1944)" title="Battle of Rimini (1944)">Rimini</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Rome_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rome in World War II">Rome</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terni#Allied_air_attacks" title="Terni">Terni</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Treviso_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Treviso in World War II">Treviso</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste#Allied_air_attacks" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Turin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Turin in World War II">Turin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Verona#20th_century" title="History of Verona">Verona</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Vicenza_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Vicenza in World War II">Vicenza</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viterbo#Allied_air_attacks" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Zadar_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Zadar in World War II">Zadar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Oyster" title="Operation Oyster">Eindhoven</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Nijmegen" title="Bombing of Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German bombing of Rotterdam in World War II">Rotterdam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Bezuidenhout" title="Bombing of the Bezuidenhout">The Hague</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Frampol" title="Bombing of Frampol">Frampol</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Warsaw_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Warsaw in World War II">Warsaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Wielu%C5%84" title="Bombing of Wieluń">Wieluń</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Bucharest_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bucharest in World War II">Bucharest</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tidal_Wave" title="Operation Tidal Wave">Ploiești</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad#Bombardment" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Minsk_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Minsk in World War II">Minsk</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Stalingrad" title="Bombing of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">United<br />Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_Blitz" title="Barrow Blitz">Barrow-in-Furness</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Blitz" title="Bath Blitz">Bath</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_Blitz" title="Belfast Blitz">Belfast</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz" title="Birmingham Blitz">Birmingham</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth_Blitz" title="Bournemouth Blitz">Bournemouth</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Blitz" title="Brighton Blitz">Brighton</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Blitz" title="Bristol Blitz">Bristol</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Blitz" title="Cardiff Blitz">Cardiff</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clydebank_Blitz" title="Clydebank Blitz">Clydebank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Blitz" title="Coventry Blitz">Coventry</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_Blitz" title="Exeter Blitz">Exeter</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock_Blitz" title="Greenock Blitz">Greenock</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_Blitz" title="Hull Blitz">Hull</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Blitz" title="Leeds Blitz">Leeds</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Blitz" title="Liverpool Blitz">Liverpool</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">London</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Blitz" title="Manchester Blitz">Manchester</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_Blitz" title="Norwich Blitz">Norwich</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Blitz" title="Nottingham Blitz">Nottingham</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Blitz" title="Plymouth Blitz">Plymouth</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Blitz" title="Sheffield Blitz">Sheffield</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_Blitz" title="Southampton Blitz">Southampton</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_Blitz" title="Swansea Blitz">Swansea</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Yugoslavia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Belgrade
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Retribution_(1941)" title="Operation Retribution (1941)">1941</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Belgrade_(1944)" title="Bombing of Belgrade (1944)">1944</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Podgorica_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Podgorica in World War II">Podgorica</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Sarajevo_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sarajevo in World War II">Sarajevo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest#Allied_air_strikes" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> (Hungary)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Dublin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dublin in World War II">Dublin</a> (Ireland)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerfest#Destruction_in_the_Second_World_War" title="Hammerfest">Hammerfest (Norway)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Helsinki_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Helsinki in World War II">Helsinki</a> (Finland)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namsos_campaign#Air_attacks" title="Namsos campaign">Namsos</a> (Norway)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Prague" title="Bombing of Prague">Prague</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Schaffhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Schaffhausen</a> (Switzerland)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Sofia_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sofia in World War II">Sofia</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tallinn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Tallinn in World War II">Tallinn</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Vienna_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Vienna in World War II">Vienna</a> (Austria)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Zagreb_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Zagreb in World War II">Zagreb</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burma" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Burma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Mandalay_(1942)" title="Bombing of Mandalay (1942)">Mandalay</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Rangoon_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rangoon in World War II">Allied Rangoon</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Chongqing" title="Bombing of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_raids_on_Hong_Kong" title="Air raids on Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nanking" title="Battle of Nanking">Nanjing</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Sukabumi" title="Bombing of Sukabumi">Sukabumi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Transom" title="Operation Transom">Surabaya</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Akita_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Akita in World War II">Akita</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Aomori_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Aomori in World War II">Aomori</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Fukui_during_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Fukui during World War II">Fukui</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Fukuoka" title="Bombing of Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Gifu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gifu in World War II">Gifu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamamatsu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamamatsu in World War II">Hamamatsu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hiratsuka_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hiratsuka in World War II">Hiratsuka</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Kobe_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kobe in World War II">Kobe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C5%8Dfu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kōfu in World War II">Kōfu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Kure" title="Bombing of Kure">Kure</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagaoka" title="Bombing of Nagaoka">Nagaoka</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagoya_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Nagoya in World War II">Nagoya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Naha</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Numazu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Numazu in World War II">Numazu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Okazaki_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Okazaki in World War II">Okazaki</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Osaka" title="Bombing of Osaka">Osaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">Rabaul</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Sendai_during_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sendai during World War II">Sendai</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Shizuoka_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Shizuoka in World War II">Shizuoka</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo_(10_March_1945)" title="Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945)">10 March 1945</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyohashi_Air_Raid" title="Toyohashi Air Raid">Toyohashi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Toyokawa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Toyokawa in World War II">Toyokawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Utsunomiya_during_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Utsunomiya during World War II">Utsunomiya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Yawata" title="Bombing of Yawata">Yawata</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Yawata_(June_1944)" title="Bombing of Yawata (June 1944)">June 1944</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Yokkaichi_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Yokkaichi in World War II">Yokkaichi</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Singapore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1941)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1941)">Allied Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1944–1945)">Axis Singapore</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Broome" title="Attack on Broome">Broome</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">Darwin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Unalaska</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Bangkok_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bangkok in World War II">Bangkok</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Colombo</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Kuala_Lumpur_(1945)" title="Bombing of Kuala Lumpur (1945)">Kuala Lumpur</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Manila</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and<br />Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Mandatory Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Acre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Haifa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Jaffa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Tel Aviv</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Bahrain_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bahrain in World War II">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Bahrain_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bahrain in World War II">Dhahran</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II#Italian_bombing_of_Gibraltar" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chad" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonderkommando_Blaich" title="Sonderkommando Blaich">Fort Lamy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" class="noprint" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1214588/">FAST</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000403911264">ISNI</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/148855657">VIAF</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n81086822/">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453572">Spain</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864269d">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864269d">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4023118-5">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550522805171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81086822">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628973">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hamburk (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134202&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hamburk (Německo : spolková země)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134615&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/11a44e18-a2e5-43a9-bee9-aa4f7c83f967">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044628">NARA</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026385074">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1683011764' |