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'{{Short description|City and state in Germany}} {{About|the city in Germany}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}} {{use British English|date=April 2023}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg | native_name = <small>{{native name|nds|Hamborg}}</small> | native_name_lang = | settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Germany|Municipality]] and [[States in Germany|state]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | total_width = 280 | border = infobox | perrow = 1/2/2/2/1 | caption_align = center | image1 = AlsterPanorama.jpg | alt1 = Inner Alster Lake at dusk | caption1 = [[Inner Alster Lake]] at dusk | image2 = Hamburg, Landungsbrücken -- 2016 -- 3131-7.jpg | alt2 = City hall | caption2 = [[St. Pauli Piers]] | image3 = Elbphilharmonie Eastside View With Sandtorkai Quay Magellan Terraces Sandtorpark 2022-06-04 16-32.jpg | alt3 = Hafencity | caption3 = {{lang|de|[[HafenCity]]|italic=no}} | image4 = HamburgSpeicherstadt.jpg | alt4 = Speicherstadt | caption4 = [[Speicherstadt]] | image5 = Elbphilharmonie zum Sonnenaufgang (cropped).jpg | alt5 = Elbe Philharmonic Hall | caption5 = [[Elbe Philharmonic Hall]] | image6 = Sankt-Michaelis-Kirche Hamburg.jpg | alt6 = St. Michael's Church | caption6 = [[St. Michael's Church, Hamburg|St. Michael's Church]] | image7 = Rathaus Hbg.jpg | alt7 = City hall | caption7 = [[Hamburg City Hall|City hall]] }} | image_flag = Flag of Hamburg.svg | flag_size = 120px | image_shield = Wappen der Hamburgischen Bürgerschaft.svg | shield_size = 70 | pushpin_map = Germany#Europe | pushpin_mapsize = 250 | pushpin_relief = | pushpin_label = Hamburg | coordinates = {{coord|53|33|N|10|00|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Germany]] | seat_type = Capital | seat = | governing_body = [[Hamburg Parliament]] | leader_party = {{Polparty|Germany|SPD}} | leader_title = [[List of mayors of Hamburg|First Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Peter Tschentscher]] | leader_title1 = [[List of mayors of Hamburg|Second Mayor]] | leader_name1 = [[Katharina Fegebank]] | leader_title2 = Governing parties | leader_name2 = {{Polparty|Germany|SPD}} / {{Polparty|Germany|Greens}} | leader_title3 = [[Bundesrat of Germany|Bundesrat votes]] | leader_name3 = 3 (of 69) | leader_title4 = [[Bundestag|Bundestag seats]] | leader_name4 = [[Results of the 2021 German federal election#Hamburg|16 (of 736)]] | total_type = City | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 755.22 | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Population Germany|key=02000000|datref=QUELLE}}</ref> | population_total = {{Population Germany|key=02000000}} | population_as_of = {{Population Germany|key=02000000|datref=STAND}} | population_density_km2 = auto | population_urban = 2484800<ref name="citypopulation_urban"/> | population_metro = 5425628 | population_demonym = {{lang-de|Hamburger|links=no}} (male), {{lang|de|Hamburgerin}} (female)<br />{{lang-en|Hamburger(s),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of HAMBURG |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Hamburg |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=What are Hamburg people called? – SidmartinBio |url=https://www.sidmartinbio.org/what-are-hamburg-people-called/ |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=www.sidmartinbio.org |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306185516/https://www.sidmartinbio.org/what-are-hamburg-people-called/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hamburgian(s)}} | demographics_type1 = GDP | demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bruttoinlandsprodukt, Bruttowertschöpfung {{!}} Statistikportal.de |url=http://www.statistikportal.de/de/vgrdl/ergebnisse-laenderebene/bruttoinlandsprodukt-bruttowertschoepfung |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder {{!}} Gemeinsames Statistikportal |language=de}}</ref> | demographics1_title1 = Total | demographics1_info1 = €144.220 billion (2022) | demographics1_title2 = Per capita | demographics1_info2 = €76,910 (2022) | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|Central (CET)]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|Central (CEST)]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Germany|Postal code(s)]] | postal_code = 20001–21149, 22001–22769 | area_code_type = [[Area codes in Germany|Area code(s)]] | area_code = 040 | registration_plate = {{Plainlist| * HH {{small|(1906–1945; again since 1956) }} * MGH {{small|(1945) }} * H {{small|(1945–1947) }} * HG {{small|(1947) }} * BH {{small|(1948–1956) }} }} | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2021) | blank1_info_sec2 = 0.972<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref><br />{{color|green|very high}} · [[List of German states by Human Development Index|1st of 16]] | iso_code = DE-HH | blank_name_sec2 = [[First level NUTS of the European Union#Germany|NUTS Region]] | blank_info_sec2 = DE6 | website = [https://www.hamburg.com/ hamburg.com] | footnotes = | name = Hamburg }} '''Hamburg''' ({{IPA|de|ˈhambʊʁk|lang|GeoTrinity Hamburg.ogg}},<ref>{{Citation|last1=Krech|first1=Eva Maria|last2=Stock|first2=Eberhard|last3=Hirschfeld|first3=Ursula|last4=Anders|first4=Lutz-Christian|year=2009|title=Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch|location=Berlin, New York|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-018202-6|page=565}}</ref> {{IPA-dedia|ˈhambʊɪ̯ç|locally also|GeoTrinity Hamburch.ogg}}; {{lang-nds|label=[[Hamburg German|Low Saxon]]|Hamborg}} {{IPA|nds|ˈhambɔːç||GT Hamborch.ogg}}), officially the '''Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg''',<ref>({{lang-de|link=no|Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg}}; {{lang-nds|label=Low Saxon|Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg}})</ref><ref name=constitution>{{Citation |trans-title=[[Constitution of Hamburg]] |title=Verfassung der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg |url=http://hh.juris.de/hh/gesamt/Verf_HA.htm#Verf_HA_rahmen |date=6 June 1952 |edition=11th |access-date=21 September 2008 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610050056/http://hh.juris.de/hh/gesamt/Verf_HA.htm#Verf_HA_rahmen |archive-date=10 June 2007 }}.</ref> is the [[List of cities in Germany by population|second-largest city]] in Germany, after [[Berlin]], and [[List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits|8th-largest]] in the [[European Union]], with a population of over 1.9&nbsp;million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamburg in Zahlen |url=https://www.hamburg.de/info/3277402/hamburg-in-zahlen/ |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=hamburg.de |language=de}}</ref><ref name="citypopulation_urban">{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/en/germany/urbanareas/|author=citypopulation.de quoting Federal Statistics Office|title=Germany: Urban Areas|access-date=6 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603133151/http://citypopulation.de/en/germany/urbanareas/|archive-date=3 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Hamburg Metropolitan Region]] has a population of over 5.1 million and is the [[List of EU metropolitan areas by GDP|ninth-biggest metropolitan region by GDP]] in the European Union. At the southern tip of the [[Jutland Peninsula]], Hamburg stands on the branching [[River Elbe]] at the head of a {{convert|110|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[estuary]] to the [[North Sea]], on the mouth of the [[Alster]] and [[Bille (Elbe)|Bille]]. Hamburg is one of Germany's three city-states alongside Berlin and [[Bremen (state)|Bremen]], and is surrounded by [[Schleswig-Holstein]] to the north and [[Lower Saxony]] to the south. The [[Port of Hamburg]] is Germany's largest and Europe's [[List of busiest ports in Europe|third-largest]], after [[Port of Rotterdam|Rotterdam]] and [[Port of Antwerp|Antwerp]]. The [[Hamburg German|local dialect]] is a variant of [[Low Saxon]]. The official name reflects [[History of Hamburg|Hamburg's history]] as a member of the medieval [[Hanseatic League]] and a [[free imperial city]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Before the 1871 [[unification of Germany]], it was a fully [[sovereignty|sovereign]] [[city state]], and before 1919 formed a civic republic [[constitutional monarchy|headed constitutionally]] by a class of hereditary [[Grand Burgher]]s or {{lang|de|[[Hanseaten (class)|Hanseaten]]}}. Beset by disasters such as the [[Great Fire of Hamburg]], [[North Sea flood of 1962]] and military conflicts including [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II|World War II bombing raids]], the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe. Major regional broadcaster [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk|NDR]], the printing and publishing firm {{lang|de|[[Gruner + Jahr]]|italic=no}} and the newspapers {{lang|de|[[Der Spiegel]]|italic=yes}} and {{lang|de|[[Die Zeit]]|italic=yes}} are based in the city. Hamburg is the seat of Germany's oldest [[Hamburg Stock Exchange|stock exchange]] and the [[list of oldest banks in continuous operation|world's oldest merchant bank]], [[Berenberg Bank]]. Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals [[Airbus]], {{lang|de|[[Blohm + Voss]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|de|[[Aurubis]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|de|[[Beiersdorf]]|italic=no}}, [[Lufthansa Technik|Lufthansa]] and [[Unilever]]. Hamburg is also a major European [[education in Hamburg|science, research, and education hub]], with several universities and institutions, including the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Laboratory [[DESY]]. The city enjoys a very high quality of living, being ranked 19th in the 2019 Mercer Quality of Living Survey.<ref name="mercer2019">{{cite web |title=Quality of Living City Ranking |url=https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/Insights/quality-of-living-rankings |website=mercer.com |publisher=Mercer |access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Hamburg hosts specialists in world economics and international law, including [[list of diplomatic missions in Hamburg|consular and diplomatic missions]] as the [[International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea]], the [[EU-LAC Foundation]], and the [[UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning]], multipartite international political conferences and summits such as [[Hamburg Summit: China meets Europe|Europe and China]] and the [[2017 G20 Hamburg summit|G20]]. Former German chancellors [[Helmut Schmidt]] and [[Angela Merkel]] were both born in Hamburg. The former [[List of mayors of Hamburg|Mayor of Hamburg]], [[Olaf Scholz]], has been the current German chancellor since December 2021. Hamburg is a major international and domestic [[#Tourism|tourist destination]]. The {{lang|de|[[Speicherstadt]]}} and {{lang|de|[[Kontorhaus District|Kontorhausviertel]]}} were declared [[World Heritage Site]]s by [[UNESCO]] in 2015.<ref>[https://marketing.hamburg.de/unesco-welterbe.html Media release] on the website of Hamburg Marketing, retrieved on 19 March 2016.</ref> Hamburg's rivers and canals are crossed by around 2,500 bridges, making it the city with the highest number of bridges in Europe,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/719519/umfrage/europaeische-staedte-mit-den-meisten-bruecken/ |title=Anzahl der Brücken in Städten Europas |website=Statista|language=de |access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> and with [[List of tallest church buildings#Overview - church buildings ≥ 99 m (325 ft) - country and city list|5 of the world's 29 tallest churches standing in Hamburg]], it is also the city with the highest number of churches surpassing {{convert|100|m}} worldwide. Aside from its rich architectural heritage, the city is also home to notable cultural venues such as the {{lang|de|[[Elbphilharmonie]]|italic=no}} and {{lang|de|[[Laeiszhalle]]|italic=no}} concert halls. It gave birth to movements like {{lang|de|[[Hamburger Schule]]}} and paved the way for bands including [[The Beatles in Hamburg|the Beatles]]. Hamburg is also known for several [[list of theatres in Hamburg|theatres]] and a variety of musical shows. [[St. Pauli]]'s {{lang|de|[[Reeperbahn]]|italic=no}} is among the best-known European entertainment districts. ==History== {{Main|History of Hamburg}} {{For timeline}} ===Origins=== [[Claudius Ptolemy]] (2nd century AD) reported the first name for the vicinity as [[Treva]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/mapping-ancient-germania-berlin-researchers-crack-the-ptolemy-code-a-720513-2.html|title=Mapping Ancient Germania: Berlin Researchers Crack the Ptolemy Code|first=Matthias|last=Schulz|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=1 October 2010|via=Spiegel Online}}</ref> ===Etymology=== The name Hamburg comes from the first permanent building on the site, a castle which the Emperor [[Charlemagne]] ordered constructed in AD 808. It rose on rocky terrain in a marsh between the [[Alster|River Alster]] and the [[Elbe|River Elbe]] as a defence against [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] incursion, and acquired the name ''Hammaburg'', ''burg'' meaning castle or fort. The origin of the ''Hamma'' term remains uncertain,<ref>{{Citation|ref=Verg |last1=Verg |first1=Erich |last2=Verg|first2=Martin|year=2007 |title=Das Abenteuer das Hamburg heißt |edition=4th |location=Hamburg |publisher=Ellert&Richter |isbn=978-3-8319-0137-1 |page=8|language=de}} </ref> but its location is estimated to be at the site of today's [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Hamburg|Domplatz]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gretzschel|first=Sven Kummereincke und Matthias|date=24 January 2014|title=Sensation: Wissenschaftler entdecken die Hammaburg|url=https://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/article124212644/Sensation-Wissenschaftler-entdecken-die-Hammaburg.html|access-date=20 December 2020|website=www.abendblatt.de|language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hammaburg – der große Irrtum |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2007/12/12/826430.html |date=12 December 2007 |publisher=Hamburg Abendblatt |access-date=30 September 2008|language=de}}</ref> ===Medieval Hamburg=== [[File:Hamburg in 1150.jpg|thumb|left|Hamburg in 1150]] In 834, Hamburg was designated as the seat of a [[Prince-Bishop|bishopric]]. The first bishop, [[Ansgar]], became known as the Apostle of the North. Two years later, Hamburg was united with [[Archdiocese of Bremen|Bremen]] as the [[List of administrators, archbishops, bishops, and prince-archbishops of Bremen|Bishopric of Hamburg-Bremen]].<ref name=verg15>[[#Verg|Verg (2007)]], p.15</ref> Hamburg was destroyed and occupied several times. In 845, 600 [[Viking]] ships sailed up the [[Elbe|River Elbe]] and destroyed Hamburg, at that time a town of around 500 inhabitants.<ref name="verg15"/> In 1030, King [[Mieszko II Lambert]] of [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Poland]] burned down the city. [[Valdemar II of Denmark]] raided and occupied Hamburg in 1201 and in 1214. The [[Black Death]] killed at least 60% of the population in 1350.<ref>{{citation |last=Snell |first=Melissa |url=http://historymedren.about.com/od/theblackdeath/a/greatmortality_2.htm |title=The Great Mortality |publisher=Historymedren.about.com |access-date=19 April 2009 |year=2006 |archive-date=10 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310140601/http://historymedren.about.com/od/theblackdeath/a/greatmortality_2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hamburg experienced several great fires in the medieval period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wtcf.org.cn/MemberCities/Overview/Introduction/201407308185.html|title=Hamburg – Introduction – WTCF-Better City Life through Tourism|website=en.wtcf.org.cn|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref> In 1189, by imperial charter, [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I "Barbarossa"]] granted Hamburg the status of a [[Free Imperial City]] and tax-free access (or [[free-trade zone]]) up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea. In 1265, an allegedly forged letter was presented to or by the Rath of Hamburg.<ref name=verg26>[[#Verg|Verg (2007)]], p. 26</ref> This charter, along with Hamburg's proximity to the main trade routes of the [[North Sea]] and [[Baltic Sea]], quickly made it a major port in Northern Europe. Its trade alliance with [[Lübeck]] in 1241 marks the origin and core of the powerful Hanseatic League of trading cities. On 8 November 1266, a contract between [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] and Hamburg's traders allowed them to establish a ''hanse'' in London. This was the first time in history that the word ''hanse'' was used for the trading guild of the [[Hanseatic League]].<ref name=verg30>[[#Verg|Verg (2007)]], p. 30 </ref> In 1270, the solicitor of the [[senate of Hamburg]], ''Jordan von [[Boitzenburger Land|Boitzenburg]]'', wrote the first description of civil, criminal and procedural law for a city in Germany in the German language, the ''Ordeelbook'' (''Ordeel'': sentence).<ref> {{Citation |title=The Medieval Origins of Modern Legal Education: Between Church and State |first=David S. |last=Clark |journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law |volume=35 |year=1987 |pages=653–719 |publisher=American Society of Comparative Law |doi=10.2307/840129 |issue=4 |jstor=840129|doi-access=free }} </ref> On 10 August 1410, civil unrest forced a compromise (German: ''Rezeß'', literally meaning: withdrawal). This is considered the first [[constitution of Hamburg]].<ref>[[#Verg|Verg (2007)]], p. 39</ref> In 1356, the ''Matthiae-Mahl'' feast dinner for [[Hanseatic League]] cities was celebrated for the first time on 25 February, the first day of spring in medieval times. It continues today as the world's oldest ceremonial meal.<ref name="mattmahl">{{cite news |title=The Matthiae meal |url=https://www.euscreen.eu/item.html?id=EUS_0065DB52E4BF42279013651EE15AE220 |agency=EU Screen |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=2003 |access-date=12 February 2023 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212180228/https://www.euscreen.eu/item.html?id=EUS_0065DB52E4BF42279013651EE15AE220 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Early modern period=== [[File:Hamburg um 1600 Brook.jpg|thumb|Hamburg, {{circa|1600}}]] In 1529, the city embraced [[Lutheranism]], and it received [[Continental Reformed church|Reformed]] refugees from the [[Netherlands]] and France. When [[Jan van Valckenborgh]] introduced a second layer to the fortifications to protect against the [[Thirty Years' War]] in the seventeenth century, he extended Hamburg and created a "New Town" (''Neustadt'') whose street names still date from the grid system of roads he introduced.<ref>[http://www.carltoepferstiftung.de/img/pdf/tourist_information_inner_pages.pdf History of the area] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206104950/http://www.carltoepferstiftung.de/img/pdf/tourist_information_inner_pages.pdf |date=6 February 2013 }}, accessed 3 November 2012</ref> Upon the dissolution of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1806, the [[Free imperial city|Free Imperial City]] of Hamburg was not incorporated into a larger administrative area while retaining special privileges ([[German mediatisation|mediatised]]), but became a [[sovereignty|sovereign]] state with the official title of the ''Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg''. Hamburg was briefly annexed by [[Napoleon I]] to the [[First French Empire]] (1804–1814/1815). Russian forces under [[Levin August, Count von Bennigsen|General Bennigsen]] finally freed the city in 1814. Hamburg re-assumed its pre-1811 status as a city-state in 1814. The [[Congress of Vienna|Vienna Congress]] of 1815 confirmed Hamburg's independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of the [[German Confederation]] (1815–1866). In 1842, about a quarter of the inner city was destroyed in the "[[Great Fire of Hamburg|Great Fire]]". The fire started on the night of 4 May and was not extinguished until 8 May. It destroyed three churches, the town hall, and many other buildings, killing 51 people and leaving an estimated 20,000 homeless. Reconstruction took more than 40 years. [[File:Jmdavid hamburg.jpg|thumb|Hamburg in 1811]] After periodic political unrest, particularly in [[Revolutions of 1848|1848]], Hamburg adopted in 1860 a semidemocratic constitution that provided for the election of the Senate, the governing body of the city-state, by adult taxpaying males. Other innovations included the separation of powers, the separation of Church and State, freedom of the press, of assembly and association. Hamburg became a member of the [[North German Confederation]] (1866–1871) and of the [[German Empire]] (1871–1918), and maintained its self-ruling status during the [[Weimar Republic]] (1919–1933). [[Accession of Hamburg to the German Customs Union (Zollverein)|Hamburg acceded to the German Customs Union or Zollverein]] in 1888, the last (along with Bremen) of the German states to join. The city experienced its fastest growth during the second half of the 19th century when its population more than quadrupled to 800,000 as the growth of the city's [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] trade helped make it Europe's second-largest port.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%202011.pdf|website=aapa-ports.org|department=American Association of Port Authorities |title=World Port Ranking 2011}}</ref> The [[Hamburg America Line|Hamburg-America Line]], with [[Albert Ballin]] as its director, became the world's largest [[Atlantic Ocean|transatlantic]] shipping company around the start of the 20th century. Shipping companies sailing to South America, Africa, India and East Asia were based in the city. Hamburg was the departure port for many Germans and Eastern Europeans to emigrate to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Trading communities from all over the world established themselves there. A major [[1881–1896 cholera pandemic#1892 outbreak in Hamburg|outbreak of cholera in 1892]] was badly handled by the city government, which retained an unusual degree of independence for a German city. About 8,600 died in the largest German epidemic of the late 19th century, and the last major cholera epidemic in a major city of the Western world. ===Second World War=== [[File:Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945. CL3400.jpg|thumb|Hamburg [[Eilbek]] after the [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II|1943 bombing]]; today around 25% of Hamburg's buildings are from before WW2<ref>https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4</ref>]] Hamburg was a ''Gau'' within the [[administrative division of Nazi Germany]] from 1934 until 1945. During the [[Second World War]], the [[bombing of Hamburg in World War II|Allied bombing of Hamburg]] devastated much of the city and the harbour. On 23 July 1943, the [[Royal Air Force]] and [[United States Army Air Force]] firebombing created a [[firestorm]] which spread from the ''Hauptbahnhof'' (main railway station) and quickly moved south-east, completely destroying entire boroughs such as [[Hammerbrook]], [[Billbrook]] and [[Hamm, Hamburg|Hamm South]]. Thousands of people perished in these densely populated working class boroughs. The raids, codenamed [[Operation Gomorrah]] by the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]], killed at least 42,600 civilians; the precise number is not known. About one million civilians were evacuated in the aftermath of the raids. While some of the boroughs destroyed were rebuilt as residential districts after the war, others such as Hammerbrook were entirely developed into office, retail and limited residential or industrial districts. The [[Hamburg Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery]] is in the greater [[Ohlsdorf Cemetery]] in the north of Hamburg. At least 42,900 people are thought to have perished<ref name="kz-neuengamme">{{cite web|url=http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de |title=Gedenkstätte Konzentrationslager Neuengamme |publisher=Kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de |access-date=14 September 2013}}</ref> in the [[Neuengamme concentration camp]] (about {{convert|25|km|0|abbr=on}} outside the city in the marshlands), mostly from epidemics and in the [[SS Cap Arcona (1927)|destruction of Kriegsmarine vessels]] housing evacuees at the end of the war. Systematic [[Deportation#Deportation during World War II|deportations of Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent]] started on 18 October 1941. These were all directed to [[ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe]] or to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]]. Most deported persons perished in [[the Holocaust]]. By the end of 1942, the ''Jüdischer Religionsverband in Hamburg'' was dissolved as an independent legal entity and its remaining assets and staff were assumed by the [[Reich Association of Jews in Germany]] (District Northwest). On 10 June 1943, the [[Reich Security Main Office]] dissolved the association by a decree.<ref>Cf. 'Schreiben der Geheimen Staatspolizei – Staatspolizeileitstelle Hamburg – an den Oberfinanzpräsidenten, Vermögensverwaltungsstelle vom 1. Juni 1943', Staatsarchiv Hamburg, Bestand Oberfinanzpräsident, Arb. Sign. 31/1 A, here after: ''Vierhundert Jahre Juden in Hamburg: eine Ausstellung des Museums für Hamburgische Geschichte vom 8. November 1991 bis 29. März 1992'', Ulrich Bauche (ed.), Hamburg: Dölling und Galitz, 1991, (Die Geschichte der Juden in Hamburg; vol. 1), p. 492, {{ISBN|3-926174-31-5}}</ref> The few remaining employees not somewhat protected by a [[Anti-miscegenation laws#Nazi Germany|mixed marriage]] were deported from Hamburg on 23 June to [[Theresienstadt]], where most of them perished. ===Post-war history=== [[File:Phb dt 8107 CTA.jpg|thumb|Container Terminal at the Port of Hamburg]] The city was surrendered to [[British Armed Forces|British Forces]] on 3 May 1945, in the [[Capture of Hamburg|Battle of Hamburg]],<ref> Ortwin Pelc, Kriegsende in Hamburg, Hamburg 2005</ref> three days after [[Adolf Hitler]]'s death. After the [[Second World War]], Hamburg formed part of the [[Allied-occupied Germany|British Zone of Occupation]]; it became a state of [[West Germany]] in 1949. On 16 February 1962, a [[North Sea flood of 1962|North Sea flood]] caused the Elbe to rise to an all-time high, inundating one-fifth of Hamburg and killing more than 300 people. The [[inner German border]] – only {{convert|50|km|mi|-1}} east of Hamburg – separated the city from most of its hinterland and reduced Hamburg's global trade. Since [[German reunification]] in 1990, and the accession of several Central European and [[Baltic region|Baltic]] countries into the [[European Union]] in 2004, the [[Port of Hamburg]] has restarted ambitions for regaining its position as the region's largest deep-sea port for container shipping and its major commercial and trading centre. ==Geography== Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the [[Jutland Peninsula]], between [[Continental Europe]] to the south and [[Scandinavia]] to the north, with the [[North Sea]] to the west and the [[Baltic Sea]] to the northeast. It is on the [[Elbe|River Elbe]] at its confluence with the [[Alster]] and [[Bille (Elbe)|Bille]]. The city centre is around the [[Binnenalster]] ("Inner Alster") and [[Außenalster]] ("Outer Alster"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of [[Neuwerk]], [[Scharhörn]], and [[Nigehörn]], {{convert|100|km|mi|-1}} away in the [[Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park]], are also part of the city of Hamburg.<ref>Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park Act {{Citation |title=Gesetz über den Nationalpark Hamburgisches Wattenmeer |url=http://www.landesrecht.hamburg.de/jportal/portal/page/bshaprod.psml?doc.id=jlr-WattMGHArahmen&st=lr&showdoccase=1&paramfromHL=true#focuspoint|date=9 April 1990 |access-date=26 February 2011|language=de}}</ref> The neighbourhoods of [[Neuenfelde]], [[Cranz, Hamburg|Cranz]], Francop and [[Finkenwerder]] are part of the ''[[Altes Land]]'' (old land) region, the largest contiguous fruit-producing region in Central Europe. [[Neugraben-Fischbek]] has Hamburg's highest elevation, the [[Hasselbrack]] at {{convert|116.2|m|0}} [[Above mean sea level|AMSL]].<ref>{{Citation |author=''Geologisches Landesamt Hamburg'' (Hamburg State Geological Department) |title=Statistisches Jahrbuch 2007/2008 |journal=Statistisches Jahrbuch Hamburg |year=2007 |publisher=Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein |location=Hamburg |issn=1614-8045|language=de}}</ref> Hamburg borders the [[states of Germany|states]] of [[Schleswig-Holstein]] and [[Lower Saxony]]. ===Climate=== Hamburg has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb''), influenced by its proximity to the coast and maritime influences that originate over the Atlantic Ocean. The location in the north of Germany provides extremes greater than typical marine climates, but definitely in the category due to the prevailing westerlies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=74101&cityname=Hamburg,+Hamburg,+Germany&units=metric|title=Hamburg, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref> Nearby wetlands enjoy a maritime temperate climate. The amount of snowfall has varied greatly in recent decades. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, heavy snowfall sometimes occurred,<ref>[http://www.ndr.de/kultur/geschichte/chronologie/197879-Schneekatastrophe-legt-Norden-lahm,schneechaosindex100.html Report] on the snowfall disaster of 1978/1979 in northern Germany, retrieved on 20 July 2016.</ref> the winters of recent years have been less cold, with snowfall just a few days per year.<ref>[http://scienceblogs.de/primaklima/2010/12/07/kalte-winter-in-europa/ Article] on the winters in Germany, retrieved on 20 July 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.winterchronik.de/winter-chronik.jsf;jsessionid=20F25C886A43B1A698DA6B01BB5FCA95 Comparison] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007000947/http://www.winterchronik.de/winter-chronik.jsf%3Bjsessionid%3D20F25C886A43B1A698DA6B01BB5FCA95 |date=7 October 2016 }} of the weather and snowfall in German winters (from 1950 on), retrieved on 20 July 2016.</ref> The warmest months are June, July, and August, with high temperatures of {{convert|20.1|to|22.5|C|F}}. The coldest are December, January, and February, with low temperatures of {{convert|-0.3|to|1.0|C|F}}.<ref name="Deutscher Wetterdienst">{{cite web |url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/016/c00055.htm |title = World Weather Information Service – Hamburg |access-date = 6 April 2012 |publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst |archive-date = 3 March 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230802/http://worldweather.wmo.int/016/c00055.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> {{Weather box | location = Hamburg-Fuhlsbuttel ([[Hamburg Airport]]), elevation: 15 m, 1991–2020 normals) | metric first = Yes | single line = yes | width = 100% | Jan record high C = 14.4 | Feb record high C = 17.2 | Mar record high C = 23.0 | Apr record high C = 29.7 | May record high C = 33.5 | Jun record high C = 34.6 | Jul record high C = 40.1 | Aug record high C = 37.3 | Sep record high C = 32.3 | Oct record high C = 26.1 | Nov record high C = 20.2 | Dec record high C = 15.7 | year record high C = | Jan record low C = -22.8 | Feb record low C = -29.1 | Mar record low C = -15.3 | Apr record low C = -7.1 | May record low C = -5.0 | Jun record low C = 0.6 | Jul record low C = 3.4 | Aug record low C = 1.8 | Sep record low C = -1.2 | Oct record low C = -7.1 | Nov record low C = -15.4 | Dec record low C = -18.5 | year record low C = -29.1 |Jan high C = 4.2 |Feb high C = 5.2 |Mar high C = 8.7 |Apr high C = 13.9 |May high C = 18.0 |Jun high C = 20.9 |Jul high C = 23.2 |Aug high C = 23.0 |Sep high C = 18.8 |Oct high C = 13.6 |Nov high C = 8.2 |Dec high C = 5.0 | year high C = 13.6 |Jan mean C = 2.1 |Feb mean C = 2.4 |Mar mean C = 4.9 |Apr mean C = 9.1 |May mean C = 13.0 |Jun mean C = 16.0 |Jul mean C = 18.3 |Aug mean C = 18.0 |Sep mean C = 14.4 |Oct mean C = 10.0 |Nov mean C = 5.7 |Dec mean C = 2.9 |year mean C = 9.7 |Jan low C = -0.5 |Feb low C = -0.5 |Mar low C = 1.1 |Apr low C = 4.0 |May low C = 7.6 |Jun low C = 10.8 |Jul low C = 13.3 |Aug low C = 13.1 |Sep low C = 10.1 |Oct low C = 6.3 |Nov low C = 2.9 |Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = 5.7 | precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 66.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 54.9 |Mar precipitation mm = 56.7 |Apr precipitation mm = 39.2 |May precipitation mm = 57.8 |Jun precipitation mm = 74.4 |Jul precipitation mm = 81.8 |Aug precipitation mm = 77.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 64.7 |Oct precipitation mm = 63.0 |Nov precipitation mm = 61.1 |Dec precipitation mm = 72.6 | year precipitation mm = 770.5 | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 17.7 |Feb precipitation days = 16.2 |Mar precipitation days = 15.2 |Apr precipitation days = 12.8 |May precipitation days = 13.8 |Jun precipitation days = 15.3 |Jul precipitation days = 16.0 |Aug precipitation days = 15.8 |Sep precipitation days = 14.5 |Oct precipitation days = 16.2 |Nov precipitation days = 16.9 |Dec precipitation days = 18.0 |year precipitation days = 188.4 |Jan sun = 44.9 |Feb sun = 66.8 |Mar sun = 119.9 |Apr sun = 182.8 |May sun = 221.2 |Jun sun = 210.3 |Jul sun = 218.8 |Aug sun = 202.7 |Sep sun = 152.4 |Oct sun = 109.3 |Nov sun = 51.4 |Dec sun = 36.1 |year sun = 1616.7 |Jan humidity = 85.8 |Feb humidity = 82.6 |Mar humidity = 77.7 |Apr humidity = 71.0 |May humidity = 70.8 |Jun humidity = 72.1 |Jul humidity = 72.6 |Aug humidity = 74.3 |Sep humidity = 79.4 |Oct humidity = 83.4 |Nov humidity = 87.1 |Dec humidity = 87.6 |unit snow days = 1.0 cm |Jan snow days = 5.9 |Feb snow days = 5.0 |Mar snow days = 2.9 |Apr snow days = 0 |May snow days = 0 |Jun snow days = 0 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 0 |Oct snow days = 0 |Nov snow days = 1.2 |Dec snow days = 3.5 |year snow days = | Jan uv =0 | Feb uv =1 | Mar uv =2 | Apr uv =4 | May uv =5 | Jun uv =6 | Jul uv =6 | Aug uv =5 | Sep uv =4 | Oct uv =2 | Nov uv =1 | Dec uv =0 | source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMO>{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231012155627/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Hamburg-Fuhlsbuettel_10147.csv | archive-date = 12 October 2023 | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Hamburg-Fuhlsbuettel_10147.csv | title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020 | work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | access-date = 12 October 2023}}</ref> | source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst|DWD]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue | title = Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte | url-status = dead | access-date = 24 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140612043121/http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue | archive-date = 12 June 2014 }}</ref> and Weather Atlas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/germany/hamburg-climate|title=Hamburg, Germany – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast|publisher=Yu Media Group|website=Weather Atlas|language=en|access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref> ''View climate chart [[:File:Climate chart Hamburg 1986-2016.png|1986–2016]] or [[:File:Climatediagram-metric-english-HamburgFuhlsbuettel-Germany-1961-1990.png|1960–1990]]'' }} ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of Hamburg}} [[File:Hamburg population pyramid in 2022.svg|thumb|Hamburg population pyramid in 2022]] {{historical populations |950|500 |1430|16000 |1840|136956 |1900|705738 |1910|931035 |1920|1026989 |1930|1145124 |1940|1725500 |1945|1350278 |1950|1605606 |1961|1840543 |1970|1793640 |1975|1717383 |1980|1645095 |1985|1579884 |1990|1652363 |2000|1715392 |2010|1786448 |2012|1734272 |2013|1746342 |2014|1762791 |2015|1787408 |2016|1810438 |2018|1841179 |2020|1852478 |footnote=Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.}} {| class="infobox" style="float:right;" | style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" | ''' Largest groups of foreign residents'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/995591/umfrage/auslaender-in-hamburg-nach-herkunftslaendern/ | title=Ausländer in Hamburg nach Herkunftsländern 2021 }}</ref> |- ! Nationality || Population (31 December 2022) || Population (31 December 2023) |- | {{flag|Turkey}} ||44,280 || 45,750 |- | {{flag|Ukraine}} ||33,570 || 34,625 |- | {{flag|Afghanistan}} ||24,635 || 31,165 |- | {{flag|Poland}} ||23,310 || 21,985 |- | {{flag|Syria}} ||17,725 || 17,920 |- | {{flag|Russia}} ||9,375 || 11,630 |- | {{flag|Iran}} || 9,725 || 11,580 |- | {{flag|Romania}} ||10,510 || 9,450 |- | {{flag|Ghana}} ||7,550 || 8,790 |- | {{flag|Portugal}} ||11,465 || 8,610 |- | {{flag|Bulgaria}} ||8,830 || 8,380 |- | {{flag|India}} ||6,420 || 8,330 |- | {{flag|North Macedonia}} ||7,770 || 8,280 |- | {{flag|Serbia}} ||7,405 || 7,480 |- | {{flag|Italy}} ||7,570 || 7,090 |- | {{flag|China}} ||6,235 || 6,525 |- | {{flag|Croatia}} ||6,685 || 6,260 |- | {{flag|Greece}} ||6,095 || 5,780 |- | {{flag|Spain}} ||6,040 || 5,605 |- | {{flag|Iraq}} ||5,400 || 5,265 |- |} On 31 December 2016, there were 1,860,759 people registered as living in Hamburg in an area of {{convert|755.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The population density was {{convert|2464|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Hamburger Melderegister">{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Statistical office Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein (Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein) |title=Hamburger Melderegister|year=2016 |url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistische_Berichte/bevoelkerung/A_I_S_1_j_H/A_I_S1_j16.pdf |language=de}}</ref> The metropolitan area of the Hamburg region ([[Hamburg Metropolitan Region]]) is home to 5,107,429 living on {{convert|196|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Tabellen%2C_Tabellenb%C3%A4nde%2C_Brosch%C3%BCren/Metropolregion_Hamburg/T01_Bev%C3%B6lkerung.xlsx |format=PDF|title=Hamburg Metropolitan Area fact sheet |publisher=Office of Statistics for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein (Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein) |access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref> There were 915,319 women and 945,440 men in Hamburg. For every 1,000 females, there were 1,033 males. In 2015, there were 19,768 births in Hamburg (of which 38.3% were to unmarried women); 6422 marriages and 3190 divorces, and 17,565 deaths. In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.1% under the age of 18, and 18.3% were 65 years of age or older. 356 people in Hamburg were over the age of 100.<ref name="Statistikamt Nord">[https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistische_Berichte/bevoelkerung/A_I_S_1_j_H/A_I_S1_j16.pdf Bevölkerung in Hamburg am 31.12.2016] statistik-nord.de (in German) Retrieved 27 June 2023</ref> According to the Statistical Office for Hamburg and [[Schleswig-Holstein]], the number of people with a migrant background is at 34% (631,246).<ref name="statistik-nord.de">[https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistik_informiert_SPEZIAL/SI_SPEZIAL_V_2017_Korrektur.pdf Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund in den Hamburger Stadtteilen Ende 2016] statistik-nord.de (in German) Retrieved 27 June 2023</ref> Immigrants come from 200 countries. 5,891 people have acquired German cititzenship in 2016.<ref name="statistik-nord.de1">[https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Jahrb%C3%BCcher/Hamburg/JB16HH_Gesamt_Internet_min.pdf Statistisches Jahrbuch. Hamburg 2016] statistik-nord.de (in German) Retrieved 27 June 2023</ref> In 2016, there were 1,021,666 households, of which 17.8% had children under the age of 18; 54.4% of all households were made up of singles. 25.6% of all households were single parent households. The average household size was 1.8.<ref name="Haushalte nach Stadtteilen in Hamburg am 31.12.2016">Selectable data base: {{Citation |author=Source: Residents registration office |publisher=Statistical office Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein |url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistik_informiert_SPEZIAL/SI_SPEZIAL_VI_2017_Korrektur.pdf |title=Regionalergebnisse |access-date=25 July 2016|language=de}}</ref> ===Portuguese community=== Hamburg has the largest [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] community in Germany with about 30,000 people with [[Portuguese diaspora]]. Many Portuguese sailors and merchants came to Hamburg since the 15th century due to its [[Port of Hamburg|port]]. Since 1970s, there is a district in Hamburg called {{Interlanguage link|Portugiesenviertel|de|Portugiesenviertel}} (Portuguese quarter) where many Portuguese people settled there and has many Portuguese restaurants, cafes and shops today which attracts many tourists. There are many statues, squares and streets in Hamburg that are named after Portuguese historical figures including the [[Vasco da Gama]] statue on the Kornhaus bridge, which was suggested by Portuguese community to make the Portuguese community in Hamburg visible.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wie Portugiesen in Hamburg heimisch wurden |url=https://www.welt.de/wams_print/article1466208/Wie-Portugiesen-in-Hamburg-heimisch-wurden.html |website=www.welt.de |date=16 November 2011 |access-date=24 July 2023 |language=de}}</ref> ===Afghan community=== {{seealso|Afghans in Germany}} Hamburg has a large [[Afghans|Afghan]] community with about 50,000 people of [[Afghan diaspora]], which makes Hamburg not only the largest Afghan community in Germany, but also in Europe. They first came to Hamburg in the 1970s before expanding during the [[Afghan conflict]] in the 1980s and 1990s where many Afghan migrants chose to live in Hamburg.<ref name="BPB">{{citation|url=https://www.bpb.de/gesellschaft/migration/laenderprofile/288934/afghan-migration-to-germany|title=Afghan Migration to Germany: History and Current Debates|date=5 April 2019 }}</ref> After 2015 the Afghan population almost doubled due to a new influx from the migrant crisis. There is an area in Hamburg behind the central station where many Afghan restaurants and shops are located. Many [[carpet]] businesses in [[Speicherstadt]] are operated by Afghan traders,<ref>{{cite web |title=Warum es viele Afghanen nach Hamburg zieht |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/hamburg/article233317215/Evakuierung-aus-Afghanistan-Warum-es-viele-Afghanen-nach-Hamburg-zieht.html |website=www.welt.de |date=23 August 2021 |access-date=24 July 2023 |language=de}}</ref> with Hamburg still a global leader in the trade of oriental rugs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://worldheritage.hamburg/kehrwieder-the-way-to-the-top/ | title=Welterbe Info Point Hamburg - All info on the UNESCO World Heritage Site | date=16 June 2020 }}</ref> ===Foreign citizens in Hamburg=== Hamburg residents with a foreign citizenship as of 31 December 2016 is as follows:<ref name="statistik-nord.de1"/> {|class="wikitable" |- ! style="background:#efefef;"|Citizenship ! style="background:#efefef;"|Number ! style="background:#efefef;"|% |- |Total||288,338||100% |- |Europe||193,812||67.2% |- |[[European Union]]||109,496||38% |- |[[Asian people|Asian]]||59,292||20.6% |- |[[African people|African]]||18,996||6.6% |- |[[Americas|North and South American]]||11,315||3.9% |- |Australian and Oceanian||1,234||0.4% |} ===Language=== {{See also|Hamburgisch dialect}} As elsewhere in Germany, [[Standard German]] is spoken in Hamburg, but as typical for northern Germany, the original language of Hamburg is [[Low German]], usually referred to as ''Hamborger Platt'' (German ''Hamburger Platt'') or ''[[Hamburgisch|Hamborgsch]]''. Since large-scale [[Standard language|standardisation]] of the German language beginning in earnest in the 18th century, various Low German-coloured dialects have developed (contact-varieties of German on Low Saxon substrates). Originally, there was a range of such [[Missingsch]] varieties, the best-known being the low-prestige ones of the working classes and the somewhat more bourgeois ''Hanseatendeutsch'' (Hanseatic German), although the term is used in appreciation.<ref>{{Citation |contribution=Die deutsche Sprache—eine Dialektlandschaft |title=Nationalatlas Bundesrepublik Deutschland |last=Bausch |first=Karl-Heinz |url=http://www.ifl-nationalatlas.de/download/bsppdf/Band_6_bsp.pdf |year=2007 |access-date=24 September 2008 |publisher=Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde |location=Leipzig |isbn=978-3-8274-0947-8 |pages=94–95 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719043439/http://www.ifl-nationalatlas.de/download/bsppdf/Band_6_bsp.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011|language=de}}</ref> All of these are now moribund due to the influences of Standard German used by education and media. However, the former importance of Low German is indicated by several songs, such as the [[sea shanty]] [[Hamborger Veermaster]], written in the 19th century when Low German was used more frequently. Many toponyms and street names reflect Low Saxon vocabulary, partially even in Low Saxon spelling, which is not standardised, and to some part in forms adapted to Standard German.<ref>Several places are named ...brook (Billbrook, Brooktor, Grasbrook, Hammerbrook, Hellbrook, Iserbrook) rather than Standard German ...bruch (neutr.; =brook riverscape), Bullenhusen rather than Bullenhausen, Lohbrügge rather than Lohbrücke, several localities starting with Nien... (Niendorf, Nienstedten) rather than Neuen..., or ending ...hude (Dockenhuden, Harvestehude, Winterhude) rather than ...hut[ung] (fem.; =pasture), Uhlenhorst rather than Eulenhorst, several places and water bodies are named ...bek (Barmbek, Eilbek, Fischbek, Flottbek, Goldbek, Isebek, Kirchsteinbek, Langenbek, Osterbek, Pepermölenbek, Wandsbek) rather than ...bach, several places and water bodies are called ...fleet (Alsterfleet, Bleichenfleet, Moorfleet) rather than ...fließ (=brook, stream). Further toponyms with no close Standard German correspondents appear, such as ...büttel (=inhabited place; Eimsbüttel, Fuhlsbüttel, Hummelsbüttel, Poppenbüttel, Wellingsbüttel) or Twiete (=alley wedged between buildings). Like in other parts of Northern Germany ...stedt (Bergstedt, Billstedt, Duvenstedt, Eidelstedt, Lokstedt, Mellingstedt, Nienstedten, Ohlstedt, Rahlstedt) prevails over ...stadt (=town, originally simply stead).</ref> ===Religion=== {{bar box |title=Religion in Hamburg – 2018 |left1=religion |right1=percent |float=left |bars= {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|None]] or other|SlateGray|65.2}} {{bar percent|[[Protestant Church in Germany|EKD Protestants]]|DodgerBlue|24.9}} {{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]]|DarkOrchid|9.9}} }} 65.2% of the population is not religious or adherent other religions than the Evangelical Church or Catholicism.<ref>[https://www.ekd.de/ekd_de/ds_doc/Ber_Kirchenmitglieder_2018.pdf Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland – Kirchemitgliederzahlen Stand 31. Dezember 2018] EKD, January 2020</ref> In 2018, 24.9% of the population belonged to the [[North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church]], the largest religious body, and 9.9% to the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]]. Hamburg is seat of one of the [[List of bishops of Hamburg#Bishops of Hamburg and Lübeck (as of 2008)|three]] bishops of the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany]] and seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg]]. According to the publication {{lang|de|text= Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland|italic= yes}} ("''Muslim life in Germany''"), an estimated 141,900 Muslim migrants (from nearly 50 countries of origin) lived in Hamburg in 2008.<ref>Sonja Haug et al.: Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland, Nuremberg, 2009</ref> About three years later (May 2011) calculations based on census data for 21 countries of origin resulted in a figure of about 143,200 Muslim migrants in Hamburg, making up 8.4% percent of the population.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kartenseite.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/brd_muslime_in_den_landkreisen_beim_zensus2011_sortiert_nach_regionalschluessel1.pdf |title=Kartenseite: Muslime in den Landkreisen beim Zensus 2011 |access-date=30 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823025135/https://kartenseite.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/brd_muslime_in_den_landkreisen_beim_zensus2011_sortiert_nach_regionalschluessel1.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, there were more than 50 mosques in the city,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hamburg.de/branchenbuch/hamburg/10280938/n0/ | title=Moschee in Hamburg | publisher=Hamburg.de | access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> including the [[Ahmadiyya]] run [[Fazle Omar Mosque]], which is the oldest in the city,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/article473742/Deutschlands-aelteste-Moschee-wurde-50.html | title=Deutschlands älteste Moschee wurde 50 | date=19 June 2007 | access-date=8 June 2014}}</ref> and which hosts the [[Islamic Centre Hamburg]]. A [[Jewish community of Hamburg|Jewish community]] also exists.<ref>{{Citation |first=Dovid |last=Zaklikowski |url=http://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/561998/jewish/School-Returns-to-Hamburg-Building-Left-Judenrein.htm |title=Jewish School Returns to Hamburg Building Left Judenrein by Nazis |date=30 August 2007 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=chabad.org}}</ref> As of 2022, around 2,500 Jews live in Hamburg.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jguideeurope.org/en/region/germany/hamburg/|title=Hamburg - jewish heritage, history, synagogues, museums, areas and sites to visit|language=en|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> ==Government== {{Further|Government of Hamburg|List of mayors of Hamburg}} [[File:Hamburg Rathausmarkt und Rathaus.jpg|thumb|right|Hamburg City Hall (front view)]] The city of Hamburg is one of 16 [[States of Germany|German states]], therefore the [[Government of Hamburg|Mayor of Hamburg]]'s office corresponds more to the role of a [[minister-president]] than to the one of a city mayor. As a [[States of Germany#Politics|German state government]], it is responsible for public education, correctional institutions and public safety; as a municipality, it is additionally responsible for libraries, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services. Since 1897, the seat of the government has been [[Hamburg City Hall]] (Hamburg Rathaus), with the office of the mayor, the meeting room for the Senate and the floor for the [[Hamburg Parliament]].<ref name=rathaus>{{Citation |title=Kleiner Rathausführer |location=Hamburg |publisher=[[Government of Hamburg#Ministries|State Chancellery]] |year=2006|language=de}}</ref> From 2001 until 2010, the mayor of Hamburg was [[Ole von Beust]],<ref name=usatoday2008>{{Citation |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-02-24-Germany-elections_N.htm |title=German conservatives win most votes |access-date=13 August 2008 |work=USA Today |date=24 February 2008}}</ref> who governed in Germany's first statewide "black-green" coalition, consisting of the conservative [[CDU Hamburg]] and the alternative GAL, which are Hamburg's regional wing of the [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Alliance 90/The Greens]] party.<ref>{{Citation |last=Kopp |first=Martin |title=Geheime Absprachen zwischen CDU und Grünen |year=2007 |location=Hamburg |publisher=[[Die Welt]] |url=https://www.welt.de/hamburg/arti2318261/Geheime_Absprachen_zwischen_CDU_und_Gruenen.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090629204340/http://www.welt.de/hamburg/arti2318261/Geheime_Absprachen_zwischen_CDU_und_Gruenen.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2009 |access-date=13 August 2008 |language=de }}</ref> Von Beust was briefly succeeded by [[Christoph Ahlhaus]] in 2010, but the coalition broke apart on 28 November 2010.<ref>[http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2010-11/cdu-gruene-hamburg Schwarz-Grün in Hamburg am Ende] in [[Die Zeit]] – online, revisited on November, 28. 2010.</ref> On 7 March 2011 [[Olaf Scholz]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]) became mayor. After the 2015 election the SPD and the [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Alliance 90/The Greens]] formed a coalition. ===Boroughs=== {{Main|Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg}} [[File:Hamburg Subdivisions.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|The 7 boroughs and 104 quarters of Hamburg]] Hamburg is made up of seven boroughs (German: ''Bezirke'') and subdivided into 104 quarters (German: ''Stadtteile''). There are 181 localities (German: ''Ortsteile''). The urban organisation is regulated by the Constitution of Hamburg and several laws.<ref name=constitution/><ref name=borough>Borough Administration Act {{Citation |title=Bezirksverwaltungsgesetz (BezVG) |url=http://hh.juris.de/hh/gesamt/BezVwG_HA_2006.htm |access-date=21 September 2008 |date=6 July 2006 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070813163835/http://hh.juris.de/hh/gesamt/BezVwG_HA_2006.htm |archive-date=13 August 2007 }}</ref> Most of the quarters were former independent cities, towns or villages annexed into Hamburg proper. The last large annexation was done through the [[Greater Hamburg Act]] of 1937, when the cities [[Altona, Hamburg|Altona]], [[Harburg, Hamburg|Harburg]], and [[Hamburg-Wandsbek|Wandsbek]] were merged into the state of Hamburg.<ref name=greateract>[[Greater Hamburg Act]] {{Citation |title=Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz |url=http://www.verfassungen.de/de/hh/hamburg37.htm |date=26 January 1937 |access-date=24 September 2008 |language=de |archive-date=17 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117155225/http://www.verfassungen.de/de/hh/hamburg37.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ''Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg'' established Hamburg as a state and a municipality.<ref name=reichconst>Reich Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg {{Citation |title=Reichsgesetz über die Verfassung und Verwaltung der Hansestadt Hamburg |url=http://www.verfassungen.de/de/hh/hamburg37-1.htm |date=9 December 1937 |access-date=24 September 2008 |language=de |archive-date=27 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227082432/http://www.verfassungen.de/de/hh/hamburg37-1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the boroughs and quarters have been rearranged several times. Each borough is governed by a Borough Council (German: ''Bezirksversammlung'') and administered by a Municipal Administrator (German: ''Bezirksamtsleiter''). The boroughs are not independent municipalities: their power is limited and subordinate to the [[Mayor of Hamburg|Senate of Hamburg]]. The borough administrator is elected by the Borough Council and thereafter requires confirmation and appointment by Hamburg's Senate.<ref name=borough/> The quarters have no governing bodies of their own. [[File:Germany (2), Neuwerk, Scharhörn, Nigehörn.jpg|thumb|The part of the North Sea in this aerial picture is called the [[Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park]] and belongs administratively to the borough of Hamburg-Mitte. Some 50 people live here on the island Neuwerk (visible just above the centre).]] Since the latest territorial reform of March 2008, the boroughs are [[Hamburg-Mitte]], [[Altona, Hamburg|Altona]], [[Eimsbüttel]], [[Hamburg-Nord]], [[Wandsbek]], [[Bergedorf]], and [[Harburg, Hamburg|Harburg]].<ref name=actareal>{{Cite web|title=Gesetz über die räumliche Gliederung der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (RäumGiG) |date=6 July 2006 |url=https://www.landesrecht-hamburg.de/bsha/document/jlr-RGlGHArahmen |access-date=26 November 2022 |language=de |trans-title=Hamburg Act of Areal Organization }}</ref><ref>[https://www.hamburg.de/bezirke/24312/startseite-bezirke/ Gebietsreform Bezirke], Stadtportal hamburg.de. Retrieved 26 November 2022.</ref> ''[[Hamburg-Mitte]]'' ("Hamburg Centre") covers mostly the urban centre of the city and consists of the quarters [[Billbrook]], [[Billstedt]], [[Borgfelde]], [[Finkenwerder]], [[HafenCity]], [[Hamm, Hamburg|Hamm]], [[Hammerbrook]], [[Horn, Hamburg|Horn]], [[Kleiner Grasbrook]], [[Neuwerk]], [[Rothenburgsort]], [[St. Georg, Hamburg|St. Georg]], [[St. Pauli]], [[Steinwerder]], [[Veddel]], [[Waltershof]], and [[Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg|Wilhelmsburg]].<ref name=actareal/> The quarters [[Hamburg-Altstadt]] ("old town") and [[Neustadt, Hamburg|Neustadt]] ("new town") are the historical origin of Hamburg. ''[[Altona, Hamburg|Altona]]'' is the westernmost urban borough, on the right bank of the Elbe river. From 1640 to 1864, Altona was under the administration of the [[Monarchy of Denmark|Danish monarchy]]. Altona was an independent city until 1937. Politically, the following quarters are part of Altona: [[Altona-Altstadt]], [[Altona-Nord]], [[Bahrenfeld]], [[Ottensen]], [[Othmarschen]], [[Groß Flottbek]], [[Osdorf, Hamburg|Osdorf]], [[Lurup]], [[Nienstedten]], [[Blankenese]], [[Iserbrook]], [[Sülldorf]], [[Rissen]], and [[Sternschanze]].<ref name=actareal/> ''[[Bergedorf]]'' consists of the quarters [[Allermöhe]], [[Altengamme]], [[Bergedorf (quarter)|Bergedorf]]—the centre of the former independent town, [[Billwerder]], [[Curslack]], [[Kirchwerder]], [[Lohbrügge]], [[Moorfleet]], [[Neuengamme, Hamburg|Neuengamme]], [[Neuallermöhe]], [[Ochsenwerder]], [[Reitbrook]], [[Spadenland]], and [[Tatenberg]].<ref name=actareal/> ''[[Eimsbüttel]]'' is split into nine-quarters: [[Eidelstedt]], [[Eimsbüttel (quarter)|Eimsbüttel]], [[Harvestehude]], [[Hoheluft-West]], [[Lokstedt]], [[Niendorf, Hamburg|Niendorf]], [[Rotherbaum]], [[Schnelsen]], and [[Stellingen]].<ref name=actareal/> Located within this borough is former Jewish neighbourhood Grindel. ''[[Hamburg-Nord]]'' contains the quarters [[Alsterdorf]], [[Barmbek-Nord]], [[Barmbek-Süd]], [[Dulsberg]], [[Eppendorf, Hamburg|Eppendorf]], [[Fuhlsbüttel]], [[Groß Borstel]], [[Hoheluft-Ost]], [[Hohenfelde, Hamburg|Hohenfelde]], [[Langenhorn, Hamburg|Langenhorn]], [[Ohlsdorf, Hamburg|Ohlsdorf]] with [[Friedhof Ohlsdorf|Ohlsdorf cemetery]], [[Uhlenhorst]], and [[Winterhude]].<ref name=actareal/> ''[[Harburg, Hamburg|Harburg]]'' is situated on the southern shores of the river Elbe and covers parts of the port of Hamburg, residential and rural areas, and some research institutes. The quarters are [[Altenwerder]], [[Cranz, Hamburg|Cranz]], [[Eißendorf]], [[Francop]], [[Gut Moor]], [[Harburg (quarter)|Harburg]], [[Hausbruch]], [[Heimfeld]], [[Langenbek]], [[Marmstorf]], [[Moorburg]], [[Neuenfelde]], [[Neugraben-Fischbek]], [[Neuland, Hamburg|Neuland]], [[Rönneburg]], [[Sinstorf]], and [[Wilstorf]].<ref name=actareal/> ''[[Wandsbek]]'' is divided into the quarters [[Bergstedt]], [[Bramfeld]], [[Duvenstedt]], [[Eilbek]], [[Farmsen-Berne]], [[Hummelsbüttel]], [[Jenfeld]], [[Lemsahl-Mellingstedt]], [[Marienthal, Hamburg|Marienthal]], [[Poppenbüttel]], [[Rahlstedt]], [[Sasel]], [[Steilshoop]], [[Tonndorf, Hamburg|Tonndorf]], [[Volksdorf]], [[Wandsbek (quarter)|Wandsbek]], [[Wellingsbüttel]], and [[Wohldorf-Ohlstedt]].<ref name=actareal/> ==Cityscape== {{wide image|AlsterPanorama.jpg|900px|Panoramic view of the Hamburg skyline of the [[Binnenalster]] taken from Lombardsbrücke}} ===Architecture=== [[File:Palmaille 126 126b.JPG|thumb|Historicist Palmaille, [[Altona, Hamburg|Altona]]. Nearly 25.000 buildings in Hamburg are from those [[Gründerzeit]] times.]] [[File:Marco-Polo-Center und Unilever Haus am Strandhafen der Norderelbe in Hamburg Foto Wolfgang Pehlemann P1270870.jpg|thumb|The Marco-Polo-Centre (left) and Unilever HQ Germany]] Hamburg has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles and just one skyscraper under construction (see [[List of tallest buildings in Hamburg]]). Churches are important landmarks, such as [[St. Nikolai, Hamburg|St Nicholas']], which for a short time in the 19th century was the world's tallest building. The skyline features the tall spires of the most important churches (''Hauptkirchen'') [[St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg|St Michael's]] (nicknamed "Michel"), [[St. Peter's Church, Hamburg|St Peter's]], [[St. Jacobi, Hamburg|St James's]] (''St. Jacobi''), and [[St. Catherine's Church, Hamburg|St. Catherine's]] covered with copper plates, and the [[Heinrich-Hertz-Turm]], the radio and television tower (no longer publicly accessible). [[File:Chilehaus - Hamburg.jpg|thumb|left|The Chilehaus with a typical brick expressionist façade]] The many [[List of rivers of Hamburg|streams, rivers, and canals]] are crossed by [[List of bridges in Hamburg|some 2,500 bridges]], more than London, [[Amsterdam]], and [[Venice]] put together.<ref>{{Citation |title=Hamburg – Grüne Metropole am Wasser |url=http://www.hamburg.de/umwelt/wasser/150782/stadt-am-wasser.html |date=1 July 2007 |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=[[Government of Hamburg#Ministries|Behörde für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt]] |location=Hamburg |access-date=24 September 2008|language=de}}</ref> Hamburg has more bridges inside its city limits than any other city in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeupclose.com/article/hamburg-germanys-window-to-the-world/#.T4dDRoHXhwQ |title=Hamburg: Germany's Window to the World |publisher=EuropeUpClose.com |date=18 April 2012 |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> The [[Köhlbrandbrücke]], Freihafen Elbbrücken, [[Lombardsbrücke]], and Kennedybrücke dividing Binnenalster from Aussenalster are important roadways. The [[Hamburg Rathaus|town hall]] is a richly decorated Neo-Renaissance building finished in 1897. The tower is {{convert|112|m|0}} high. Its façade, {{convert|111|m|0|abbr=on}} long, depicts the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, since Hamburg was, as a Free Imperial City, only under the sovereignty of the emperor.<ref>{{Citation | first = Eike Manfred | last = Buba | url = http://fhh1.hamburg.de/fhh/internetausstellungen/rathausfuehrung/rathausmarkt.htm | title = Auf dem Rathausmarkt | year = 1998 | publisher = Hamburg website | access-date = 13 August 2008 | language = de | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081010030120/http://fhh1.hamburg.de/fhh/internetausstellungen/rathausfuehrung/rathausmarkt.htm | archive-date = 10 October 2008 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Chilehaus]], a [[Brick Expressionism|brick expressionist]] office building built in 1922 and designed by architect [[Johann Friedrich Höger|Fritz Höger]], is shaped like an ocean liner. Europe's largest urban development since 2008, the [[HafenCity]], will house about 15,000 inhabitants and 45,000 workers.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Facts & figures Tunes: HafenCity |url=https://www.hafencity.com/en/overview/facts-figures |date=19 July 2022 |access-date=23 August 2008 |publisher=ArchNewsNow.com}}</ref> The plan includes designs by [[Rem Koolhaas]] and [[Renzo Piano]]. The [[Elbphilharmonie]] ''(Elbe Philharmonic Hall)'', opened in January 2017, houses concerts in a sail-shaped building on top of an old warehouse, designed by architects ''[[Herzog & de Meuron]]''.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=River Tunes: Elbe Philharmonic Hall by Herzog & de Meuron |url=http://www.archnewsnow.com/features/Feature223.htm |date=5 April 2007 |access-date=23 August 2008 |publisher=ArchNewsNow.com}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Jaeger |first=Falk |title=Waterfront Living and Working: Hamburg's HafenCity |url=http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/dos/dos/sls/en3356905.htm |publisher=[[Goethe-Institut]] |date=May 2008 |access-date=23 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602083717/http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/dos/dos/sls/en3356905.htm |archive-date=2 June 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> The many parks are distributed over the whole city, which makes Hamburg a very verdant city. The biggest parks are the ''[[Hamburg Stadtpark|Stadtpark]]'', the [[Ohlsdorf Cemetery]], and [[Planten un Blomen]]. The ''[[Hamburg Stadtpark|Stadtpark]]'', Hamburg's "Central Park", has a great lawn and a huge water tower, which houses one of Europe's biggest [[planetarium|planetaria]]. The park and its buildings were designed by [[Fritz Schumacher (architect)|Fritz Schumacher]] in the 1910s. ===Parks and gardens=== {{See also|List of parks and gardens in Hamburg}} [[File:Wasserlichtkonzert 3.jpg|thumb|A water-light concert at ''Planten un Blomen'' park]] The lavish and spacious ''[[Planten un Blomen]]'' park (Low German dialect for "plants and flowers") located in the centre of Hamburg is the green heart of the city. Within the park are various thematic gardens, the biggest Japanese garden in Germany, and the ''[[Alter Botanischer Garten Hamburg]]'', which is a historic [[botanical garden]] that now consists primarily of [[greenhouse]]s. The ''[[Botanischer Garten Hamburg]]'' is a modern [[botanical garden]] maintained by the [[University of Hamburg]]. Besides these, there are many more parks of various sizes. In 2014 Hamburg celebrated a birthday of park culture, where many parks were reconstructed and cleaned up. Moreover, every year there are water-light-concerts in the ''[[Planten un Blomen]]'' park, from May to early October. ==Culture== [[File:Abel Seyler silhouette - Basel.svg|thumb|[[Abel Seyler]], one of the great theatre principals of 18th century Europe, established Hamburg as a major centre of theatrical innovation in the 1760s.]] From the 1760s the theatre director [[Abel Seyler]]—the leader of the [[Hamburg National Theatre]] and subsequently the [[Seyler Theatre Company]]—established Hamburg as one of the leading European centres of theatrical innovation, promoting experimental productions and pioneering a new more realist style of acting, introducing Shakespeare to a German language audience, and promoting the concept of a national theatre in the tradition of Ludvig Holberg, the [[Sturm und Drang]] playwrights, and serious [[German opera]].<ref>Bettine Menke, Wolfgang Struck (2022), ''Theatermaschinen – Maschinentheater: Von Mechaniken, Machinationen und Spektakeln'' (pp. 96–97), transcript Verlag</ref> Today Hamburg has more than 40 theatres, 60 museums, and 100 music venues and clubs. With 6.6 music venues per 100,000 inhabitants, Hamburg has the second-highest density of music venues of Germany's largest cities, after Munich and ahead of Cologne and Berlin.<ref name="fazemag_20210920">{{Cite web |url=https://www.fazemag.de/clubstudie-2021-initiative-musik-legt-einzelauswertungen-der-bundeslaender-vor/ |title=Clubstudie 2021: Initiative Musik legt Einzelauswertungen der Bundesländer vor |trans-title=Club Study 2021: Initiative Musik presents individual evaluations of the German federal states |work=Faze Magazin |language=German |date=20 September 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="clubstudy_2021">{{Cite web |url=https://www.initiative-musik.de/clubstudie/clubstudie-bundeslaender/ |title=Clubstudie 2021: Einzelauswertungen der Bundesländer |trans-title=Club Study 2021: Individual evaluations of the German federal states |work=Initiative Musik |language=German |date=20 September 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103211434/https://www.initiative-musik.de/clubstudie/clubstudie-bundeslaender/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2005, more than 18&nbsp;million people visited concerts, exhibitions, theatres, cinemas, museums, and cultural events, and 8,552 taxable companies (average size 3.16 employees) were engaged in the culture sector, which includes music, performing arts, and literature.<ref>{{Citation |author=Institut für Kultur- und Medienmanagement |url=http://www.hamburg.de/servlet/contentblob/182046/kwb-hh-2006-neu/data.pdf |title=Kulturwirtschaftsbericht 2006 |date= August 2006|publisher=Behörde für Kultur, Sport und Medien |location=Hamburg |access-date=13 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109014826/http://www.hamburg.de/servlet/contentblob/182046/kwb-hh-2006-neu/data.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2008|language=de}}</ref> The creative industries represent almost one fifth of all companies in Hamburg.<ref name="creative industry_report_2016">{{Cite web |url=https://kreativgesellschaft.org/uber-uns/kreativwirtschaft/kreativwirtschaftsbericht-fur-hamburg/ |title=2. Kreativwirtschaftsbericht für Hamburg |trans-title=2nd Creative Industries Report for Hamburg |work=Hamburg Kreativ Gesellschaft |language=German |date=December 2016 |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref> Hamburg has entered the [[European Green Capital Award]] scheme, and was awarded the title of European Green Capital for 2011. ===Theatres=== {{See also|List of theatres in Hamburg}} [[File:Deutsches Schauspielhaus at Hamburg.jpg|thumb|The ''Deutsches Schauspielhaus'' in the St. Georg quarter]] Theatres in the city include the state-owned ''[[Deutsches Schauspielhaus]]'', the [[Thalia Theatre (Hamburg)|Thalia Theatre]], [[Ohnsorg-Theater|Ohnsorg Theatre]], "Schmidts Tivoli", and the ''[[Kampnagel]]''.<ref>{{Citation |author=Kulturstiftung des Bundes |url=http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/main.jsp?applicationID=203&languageID=2&articleID=3076 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120628230655/http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/main.jsp?applicationID=203&languageID=2&articleID=3076 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=Bayreuth Was Yesterday – New Opera at Kampnagel |access-date=13 August 2008 }}</ref> The [[The English Theatre of Hamburg|English Theatre of Hamburg]], near the [[U3 (Hamburg U-Bahn)|U3]] station Mundsburg, was founded in 1976 and is the oldest professional English-language theatre in Germany, with exclusively English-speaking actors in its company. ===Museums=== {{See also|List of museums in Hamburg}} Hamburg has several large museums and galleries showing classical and contemporary art, for example the [[Kunsthalle Hamburg]] with its contemporary art gallery (''Galerie der Gegenwart''), the ''[[Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg|Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe]]'' (Museum of Art and Design), and the [[Deichtorhallen]] (with the House of Photography and Hall of Contemporary Art). The [[Internationales Maritimes Museum Hamburg]] opened in the HafenCity quarter in 2008. There are various specialised museums in Hamburg, such as the ''[[Archäologisches Museum Hamburg]]'' (Hamburg Archaeological Museum) in the [[Hamburg-Harburg|Harburg]] borough, the [[Hamburg Museum of Work]] (''Museum der Arbeit''), and several museums of local history, such as the {{ill|Kiekeberg Open Air Museum|de|Freilichtmuseum am Kiekeberg}} (''Freilichtmuseum am Kiekeberg'') at [[Kiekeberg]] in the [[Harburg Hills]], just outside of Hamburg, in [[Rosengarten, Lower Saxony|Rosengarten]]. Two [[museum ship]]s near [[St. Pauli Piers]] (''Landungsbrücken'') bear witness to the freight ship (''[[Cap San Diego]]'') and cargo sailing ship era (''[[Rickmer Rickmers]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museen-in-hamburg.de/ |title=Museums in Hamburg |access-date=29 December 2009}}</ref> In 2017 the Hamburg-built iron-hulled sailing ship ''[[Peking (ship)|Peking]]'' returned to the city and was installed in the [[German Port Museum]] in 2020. The world's largest model railway museum, [[Miniatur Wunderland]], with {{convert|15.4|km|2|abbr=on}} total railway length, is also situated near St. Pauli Piers in a former warehouse. [[BallinStadt]], a memorial park and former emigration station, is dedicated to the millions of Europeans who emigrated to North and South America between 1850 and 1939. Visitors descending from those overseas emigrants may search for their ancestors at computer terminals. ===Music=== [[File:Hamburg-Elbphilharmonie.jpg|thumb|The {{convert|110|m|ft|0|abbr=off|adj=mid|-high}} Elbphilharmonie concert hall]] [[Hamburg State Opera]] is a leading opera company. Its orchestra is the [[Philharmoniker Hamburg]]. The city's other major orchestra is the [[NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra]]. The main concert venue is the new concert hall [[Elbphilharmonie]]. Before it was the [[Laeiszhalle]], ''Musikhalle Hamburg''. The Laeiszhalle also houses a third orchestra, the [[Hamburger Symphoniker]]. [[György Ligeti]] and [[Alfred Schnittke]] taught at the [[Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Transcript of the John Tusa Interview with Gyorgy Ligeti |author=<!--Not stated--> |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/johntusainterview/ligeti_transcript.shtml |year=1999 |publisher=BBC |access-date=24 September 2008 |archive-date=20 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720230923/www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/johntusainterview/ligeti_transcript.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Alfred Schnittke |author=<!--Not stated--> |url=http://www.boosey.com/pages/cr/composer/composer_main.asp?composerid=2731&ttype=BIOGRAPHY&ttitle=Biography/ |publisher=[[Boosey & Hawkes]] |access-date=24 September 2008}}</ref> Hamburg is the birthplace of [[Johannes Brahms]], who spent his formative early years in the city, and the birthplace and home of waltz composer [[Oscar Fetrás]], who wrote the "Mondnacht auf der Alster" waltz. Since the German premiere of ''[[Cats (musical)|Cats]]'' in 1986, there have always been musicals running, including ''[[The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)|The Phantom of the Opera]]'', ''[[The Lion King (musical)|The Lion King]]'', ''[[Dirty Dancing#Stage adaptation|Dirty Dancing]]'', and ''[[Dance of the Vampires (musical)]]''. This density, the highest in Germany, is partly due to the major musical production company ''[[Stage Entertainment]]'' being based in the city. In addition to musicals, opera houses, concert halls, and theatres, the cityscape is characterised by a large music scene. This includes, among other things, over 100 music venues, several annual festivals and over 50 event organisers based in Hamburg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clubkombinat.de/presse/|title=Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit|date=10 May 2021 |accessdate=27 June 2023}}</ref> Larger venues include the [[Barclaycard Arena (Hamburg)|Barclaycard Arena]], the [[Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld|Bahrenfeld harness racing track]], and [[Hamburg Stadtpark|Hamburg City Park]]. Hamburg was an important centre of rock music in the early 1960s. [[The Beatles]] lived and played in Hamburg from August 1960 to December 1962. They proved popular and gained local acclaim. Prior to the group's initial recording and widespread fame, Hamburg provided residency and performing venues for the band during the time they performed there. One of the venues they performed at was the [[Star-Club|Star Club]] on St. Pauli. Pop musicians from Hamburg include [[Udo Lindenberg]], [[Deichkind]], and [[Jan Delay]]. The singer [[Annett Louisan]] lives in the city.{{fact|date=January 2024}} An important meeting place for Hamburg musicians from the 1970s to the mid-80s was the jazz pub [[Onkel Pö]], which was originally founded in the Pöseldorf neighbourhood and later moved to Eppendorf. Many musicians who were counted as part of the "{{ill|Hamburg scene|de|Hamburger_Szene|vertical-align=sup}}" met here. In addition to Udo Lindenberg, these included [[Otto Waalkes]], Hans Scheibner and groups such as [[Torfrock]] and [[Frumpy]]. One of the members of the band Frumpy was the Hamburg-born singer and composer [[Inga Rumpf]]. Hamburg is the origin of the "[[Hamburger Schule]]", a term used for alternative music bands like [[Tocotronic]], [[Blumfeld]], [[Tomte (band)|Tomte]] or Kante. The meeting point of the Hamburg School was long considered to be the {{ill|Golden Pudel Club|de|Golden_Pudel_Club|vertical-align=sup}} in Altona's old town, near the Fischmarkt. Alongside clubs such as the Pal, the Moondoo or the Waagenbau, today the Pudel is a central location of the Hamburg electro scene. Artists of this scene include the DJ duo [[Moonbootica]], Mladen Solomun, and [[Helena Hauff]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Elektronische Musik – Vom Kult am Mischpult|url=https://www.hamburg-tourism.de/das-ist-hamburg/musikmetropole/musik-live-in-hamburg/elektronische-musik/|website=Hamburg Tourismus}}</ref> Hamburg is also home to many music labels, music distributors and publishers. These include [[Warner Music Group|Warner Music]], [[Kontor Records]], [[PIAS Recordings|PIAS]], [[Edel SE & Co. KGaA]], Believe Digital, and Indigo. The high proportion of independent labels in the city, which include [[Audiolith Records|Audiolith]], Dial Records, [[Grand Hotel van Cleef]], among others, is striking. Before its closure, the label [[L'Age D'Or (record label)|L'Âge d'or]] also belonged to these. In addition, Hamburg has a considerable [[alternative rock|alternative]] and [[punk rock|punk]] scene, which gathers around the [[Rote Flora]], a [[squatting|squatted]] former theatre located in the [[Sternschanze]]. The city was a major centre for [[heavy metal music]] in the 1980s. [[Helloween]], [[Gamma Ray (band)|Gamma Ray]], [[Running Wild (band)|Running Wild]], and [[Grave Digger (band)|Grave Digger]] started in Hamburg.<ref>{{Citation|last=Rivadavia|first=Eduardo|title=allmusic (((Helloween> Biography )))|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p4471|pure_url=yes}}|publisher=allmusic|access-date=24 September 2008}}</ref> The [[industrial rock]] band [[KMFDM]] was also formed in Hamburg, initially as a performance art project. The influences of these and other bands from the area helped establish the subgenre of [[power metal]]. In the late 1990s, Hamburg was considered one of the strongholds of the German hip-hop scene. Bands like [[Beginner (band)|Beginner]] shaped the city's hip-hop style and made it a serious location for the hip-hop scene through songs like "Hamburg City Blues". In addition to Beginner, German hip-hop acts from Hamburg include [[Fünf Sterne deluxe|Fünf Sterne Deluxe]], [[Samy Deluxe]], [[Fettes Brot]], and [[187 Strassenbande]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marketing.hamburg.de/hamburg-die-pulsierende-hip-hop-metropole.html|title=Hamburg – die pulsierende Hip-Hop Metropole – Hamburg Marketing|website=marketing.hamburg.de}}</ref> Hamburg has a vibrant psychedelic trance community, with record labels such as [[Spirit Zone Records|Spirit Zone]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Spirit Zone Recordings |author=<!--Not stated--> |url=http://www.discogs.com/label/Spirit+Zone+Recordings |publisher=discogs.com |access-date=24 September 2008}}</ref> ===Festivals and regular events=== [[File:Hamburger Hafengeburtstag.jpg|thumb|Annual ''Hafengeburtstag'' (Port Anniversary)]] Hamburg is noted for several festivals and regular events. Some of them are street festivals, such as the [[LGBT pride]] ''[[Hamburg Pride]]'' festival<ref>{{cite web |title=Hamburg Pride |url=http://www.hamburg-pride.de/ |access-date=5 October 2008|language=de}}</ref> or the Alster fair (German: ''[[Alstervergnügen]]''),<ref>{{cite web |title=Alstervergnügen Hamburg |url=http://www.alstervergnuegen.net/ |access-date=5 October 2008|language=de}}</ref> held at the ''[[Binnenalster]]''. The ''[[Hamburger DOM]]'' is northern Germany's biggest funfair, held three times a year.<ref>{{cite web | title = Wann ist DOM | url = http://www.hamburger-dom.de/wann_ist_dom.html | access-date = 5 October 2008 | language = de }}</ref> ''[[Hafengeburtstag]]'' is a [[funfair]] to honour the birthday of the port of Hamburg with a party and a ship parade.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hafengeburtstag Hamburg |date=4 January 2024 |url=https://hammer-entruempelung.de/hafengeburtstag-hamburg/ |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref> The annual biker's service in [[St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg|Saint Michael's Church]] attracts tens of thousands of [[Motorcycle|bikers]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Zehntausende Biker und ein schwerer Unfall |url=http://www.spiegel.de/auto/aktuell/0,1518,565599,00.html |date=13 July 2008 |magazine=[[Der Spiegel|Spiegel Online]] |access-date=5 October 2008|language=de}}</ref> Christmas markets in December are held at the [[Hamburg Rathaus]] square, among other places.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hamburg.de/weihnachtsmaerkte/ |title=Weihnachtsmärkte in Hamburg-Mitte 2008 |publisher=[[Hamburg-Mitte|Bezirk Hamburg-Mitte]] |access-date=30 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918144638/http://www.hamburg.de/weihnachtsmaerkte/ |archive-date= 18 September 2009|language=de}}</ref> The ''long night of museums'' (German: ''Lange Nacht der Museen'') offers one entrance fee for about 40 museums until midnight.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lange Nacht der Museen |url=http://www.hamburg.de/lange-nacht-der-museen-hamburg/ |access-date=5 October 2008|language=de}}</ref> The sixth ''Festival of Cultures'' was held in September 2008, celebrating multi-cultural life.<ref>{{cite web |title=6. Festival der Kulturen Hamburg |url=http://www.karneval-kulturen-hamburg.de/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020613150718/http://www.karneval-kulturen-hamburg.de/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2002 |access-date=5 October 2008 }}</ref> The [[Filmfest Hamburg]] — a film festival originating from the 1950s ''Film Days'' (German: ''Film Tage'') — presents a wide range of films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfest-hamburg.de/en/index.php |title=Filmfest Hamburg |access-date=5 October 2008 |archive-date=21 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121031422/http://www.filmfest-hamburg.de/en/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ''[[Hamburg Messe und Congress|Hamburg Messe and Congress]]'' offers a venue for trade shows, such ''hanseboot'', an international boat show, or ''Du und deine Welt'', a large consumer products show.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hamburg-messe.de/hmc/content/hmc/en/start.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201212334/http://www.hamburg-messe.de/hmc/content/hmc/en/start.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2005 |title=Welcoming the world |access-date=5 October 2008 }}</ref> Regular sports events—some open to pro and amateur participants—are the cycling competition [[EuroEyes Cyclassics]], the [[Hamburg Marathon]], the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid=44599.html |title=Mandago, Timofeyeva impress at Hamburg Marathon |date=27 April 2008 |access-date=5 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020094424/http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid%3D44599.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the tennis tournament [[International German Open|Hamburg Masters]], and equestrian events like the [[Deutsches Derby]]. Hamburg is also known for its music and festival culture. For example, the Reeperbahn alone has between 25 and 30 million visitors every year. In addition, there are over a million visitors to the annual festivals and major music events.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2014|title=Standpunktepapier Musikstadt Hamburg|url=https://www.hk24.de/blueprint/servlet/resource/blob/1153140/1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f/standpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf|publisher=Handelskammer Hamburg|pages=35–36|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420084312/https://www.hk24.de/blueprint/servlet/resource/blob/1153140/1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f/standpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hamburg's festivals include the [https://www.elbjazz.de/de/pressekit?file=files/pdf%20downloads/ELBJAZZ_2020_Presseinfo_Basistext.pdf Elbjazz Festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420084311/https://www.elbjazz.de/de/pressekit?file=files/pdf%20downloads/ELBJAZZ_2020_Presseinfo_Basistext.pdf |date=20 April 2021 }}, which takes place 2 days a year (usually on the Whitsun weekend) in Hamburg's harbour and HafenCity. [[File:Shellac-Band Live-Hamburg-2014.jpg|thumb|''Shellac performing live in Hamburg @Kampnagel, Nov. 1, 2014'']] For contemporary and experimental music, the "[https://www.vamh.de/index.php?what=blurred_edges&year=2020&sub=concerts blurred edges] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420084311/https://www.vamh.de/index.php?what=blurred_edges&year=2020&sub=concerts |date=20 April 2021 }}" festival usually follows in May at various venues within Hamburg. In mid-August, the [[Dockville|MS Dockville]] music and arts festival has run annually since 2007 in the [[Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg|Wilhelmsburg]] district.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dockville|url=http://www.dockville.de|access-date=19 June 2009}}</ref> This is followed at the end of September by the {{ill|Reeperbahn Festival|de|Reeperbahn_Festival|vertical-align=sup}}, which has been running since 2006. As Europe's largest club festival, it offers several hundred program points around the Reeperbahn in Hamburg over four days and is one of the most important meeting places for the music industry worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reeperbahnfestival.com/de/info/ueber-uns|title=Über uns – Reeperbahn Festival|website=Über Uns}}</ref> In November, the ÜBERJAZZ Festival, which aims to expand the stylistic boundaries of the concept of jazz, starts every year at Kampnagel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hamburg-tourism.de/sehen-erleben/veranstaltungen/ueberjazz/|title=Überjazz – Jazzfestival auf Kampnagel &#124; Hamburg Tourismus|website=www.hamburg-tourism.de}}</ref> ===Cuisine=== {{Main|Cuisine of Hamburg}} [[File:2017-05-01 Scholle Finkenwerder Art.JPG|thumb|Fried [[plaice]], [[Finkenwerder]] style]] Original Hamburg dishes are ''[[Birnen, Bohnen und Speck]]'' (green beans cooked with pears and bacon).<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/07/05/43504.html |title=Birnen, Bohnen, Speck – Schmeckt vorzüglich |date=5 July 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> ''Aalsuppe'' ([[Hamburgisch dialect|Hamburgisch]] ''Oolsupp'') is often mistaken to be German for "eel soup" (''Aal''/''Ool'' translated 'eel'), but the name probably comes from the Low Saxon ''allns'' {{IPA|[aˑlns]}}, meaning "all", "everything and the kitchen sink", not necessarily eel. Today eel is often included to meet the expectations of unsuspecting diners.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/06/25/39651.html |title=Aalsuppe – Frage des Geschmacks |date=25 June 2002|access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> There is ''Bratkartoffeln'' ([[Home fries|pan-fried potato slices]]), ''Finkenwerder Scholle'' (Low Saxon ''Finkwarder Scholl'', pan-fried plaice), ''Pannfisch'' (pan-fried fish with mustard sauce),<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/06/25/39713.html |title=Maischollen – Zart gebraten |date=25 June 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> ''[[Rødgrød|Rote Grütze]]'' (Low Saxon ''Rode Grütt'', related to Danish ''[[rødgrød]]'', a type of summer pudding made mostly from berries and usually served with cream, like Danish ''rødgrød med fløde''),<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendbla |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/06/25/39656.html |title=Grütze – Mit kalter Milch |date=25 June 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> and ''[[Labskaus]]'' (a mixture of corned beef, mashed potatoes, and beetroot, a cousin of the Norwegian ''lapskaus'' and [[Liverpool]]'s [[Scouse (food)|lobscouse]], all offshoots off an old-time one-pot meal that used to be the main component of the common sailor's humdrum diet on the high seas).<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/06/25/39664.html |title=Labskaus – Essen der Matrosen |date=25 June 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> ''Alsterwasser'' (in reference to the city's river, the [[Alster]]) is the local name for a type of [[shandy]], a concoction of equal parts of beer and carbonated lemonade (''Zitronenlimonade''), the lemonade being added to the beer.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/08/01/52867.html |title=Alsterwasser – Bier und Limonade |date=10 August 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> A regional dessert pastry called "[[Franzbrötchen]]" is similar in preparation to a [[croissant]], but includes a cinnamon and sugar filling, often with raisins or brown sugar [[streusel]]. Ordinary bread rolls tend to be oval-shaped and of the French bread variety. The local name is ''Schrippe'' (scored lengthways) for the oval kind and, for the round kind, ''Rundstück'' ("round piece" rather than mainstream German ''[[Brötchen]]'', diminutive form of ''Brot'' "bread"),<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/08/05/53895.html |title=Rundstück – Hamburger Brötchen |date=5 August 2002 |access-date=6 June 2008|language=de}}</ref> a relative of Denmark's ''rundstykke''. The cuisines of Hamburg and [[Denmark]], especially of [[Copenhagen]], have a lot in common. This also includes a predilection for open-faced sandwiches of all sorts, especially topped with cold-smoked or pickled fish.{{fact|date=January 2024}} The American [[hamburger]] may have developed from Hamburg's ''[[Frikadeller]]'': a pan-fried patty (usually larger and thicker than its American counterpart) made from a mixture of ground beef, soaked [[staling|stale bread]], egg, chopped onion, salt, and pepper, usually served with potatoes and vegetables like any other piece of meat, not usually on a bun. The Oxford Dictionary defined a ''Hamburger steak'' in 1802: a sometimes-smoked and -salted piece of meat, that, according to some sources, came from Hamburg to America.<ref>{{Citation |last=Stradley |first=Linda |title=History of Hamburgers |url=http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/HamburgerHistory.htm |year=2004 |access-date=23 August 2008}}</ref> The name and food, "hamburger", has entered all English-speaking countries, and derivative words in non-English speaking countries. There are restaurants which offer most of these dishes, especially in the [[HafenCity]]. ===Main sights=== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Hamburg Elbphilharmonie 2016.jpg|''[[Elbphilharmonie]]'' ("Elphi") File:Hamburger Hafen-St. Michaelis.jpg|[[Port of Hamburg]] File:Freedom-of-the-Seas--in-Hamburg.jpg|[[St. Pauli Piers]] and [[MS Freedom of the Seas|cruise ship]] File:Speicherstadt abends.jpg|''[[Speicherstadt]]'' (Warehouse district) File:Rathaus Hamburg bei Nacht.jpg|[[Hamburg City Hall]] File:St. Michaelis.jpg|[[St. Michael's Church, Hamburg|St. Michael's Church]] ("Michel") File:Reeperbahn.jpg|''[[Reeperbahn]]'', nightlife district of [[St. Pauli]] File:Miniatur wunderland.jpg|''[[Miniatur Wunderland]]'' (Miniature Wonderland) File:Grosse Freiheit Hamburg.jpg|''[[Große Freiheit]]'' ("Great Freedom") File:St. Nikolai Memorial Church.jpg|[[St. Nicholas' Church, Hamburg|Nikolai Memorial]] File:Sandtorpark 2013-05-24 12-03-35 Germany Hamburg-HafenCity 2h.jpg|[[HafenCity]] File:Dockland by Night.jpg|Dockland at night File:Alstereisvergnügen 11-02-2012 09.jpg|View over frozen [[Alster]] towards [[Radisson Blu Hotel Hamburg|Radisson Hotel]] and [[Heinrich-Hertz-Turm|Hertz-Turm]] File:Hamburg Wallanlagen Brunnen.jpg|''[[Planten un Blomen]]'' File:DE Hamburg Centerview.JPG|[[Jungfernstieg]] Boulevard File:Hamburg-Blankenese(01).JPG|Hills and mansions in [[Blankenese]] File:Laeisz-Halle (Hamburg-Neustadt).1.29179.ajb.jpg|''[[Laeiszhalle]]'' concert venue File:2013-06-08 Highflyer HP L4729.JPG|[[Hamburg Hauptbahnhof]], the busiest railway station in Germany File:Hamburg OLG 1.jpg|Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht ("HansOLG"), upper court File:Neue Skyline Hamburg.JPG|[[List of tallest buildings in Hamburg|Highrises]] in St. Pauli (''Hafenkrone'') File:Köhlbrandbrücke 2010.jpg|[[Köhlbrand Bridge]] File:Heinrich-Hertz-Turm - PHB.jpg|[[Heinrich-Hertz-Turm|TV Tower]] File:HafenCity Traditionsschiffhafen Sandtorkai Hamburg 3943 v3.jpg|Traditional sailing ships at Sandtorkai in HafenCity File:HP_L4224.JPG|View over Hamburg and the [[Alster]] </gallery> [[File:Rote Flora Sternschanze.jpg|alt=Rote Flora|thumb|''[[Rote Flora]]'' in the [[Sternschanze]] neighbourhood, Hamburg]] ===Alternative culture=== Hamburg has long been a centre of alternative music and counter-culture movements. The boroughs of [[St. Pauli]], [[Sternschanze]], and [[Altona, Hamburg|Altona]] are known for being home to many radical left-wing and anarchist groups, culminating every year during the traditional May Day demonstrations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/1-mai-demo-in-hamburg-was-soll-der-krawall-auf-der-schanze-noch-a-1090104.html |title=1. Mai-Demo in Hamburg: Was soll der Krawall auf der Schanze noch? |newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=30 April 2016 |access-date= 9 February 2017|publisher=spiegel.de|last1=Weßling |first1=Kathrin }}</ref> During the [[2017 G20 Hamburg summit|2017 G20 summit]], which took place in Hamburg from 7–8 July that year, protestors clashed violently with the police in the [[Sternschanze]] area and particularly around the Rote Flora. On 7 July, several cars were set on fire and street barricades were erected to prevent the police from entering the area. In response to that, the police made heavy use of water cannons and tear gas in order to scatter the protestors. However, this was met with strong resistance by protestors, resulting in a total of 160 injured police and 75 arrested participants in the protests.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/video/g20-gipfel-in-hamburg-randalierer-setzen-autos-in-brand-video-1780686.html |title=Raid of "Krawalle beim G20-Gipfel – Randalierer setzen Autos in Brand |newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=7 July 2017 |access-date= 11 July 2017|publisher=spiegel.de}}</ref> After the summit, however, the Rote Flora issued a statement, in which it condemns the arbitrary acts of violence that were committed by some of the protestors whilst generally defending the right to use violence as a means of self-defence against police oppression. In particular, the spokesperson of the Rote Flora said that the autonomous cultural centre had a traditionally good relationship with its neighbours and local residents, since they were united in their fight against gentrification in that neighbourhood.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rp-online.de/politik/deutschland/g20-gipfel-rote-flora-distanziert-sich-von-gewaltausbruechen-aid-1.6935697 |title=Krawalle in Hamburg beim G20-Gipfel – Rote Flora distanziert sich von Gewaltausbrüchen |date=8 July 2017 |access-date= 11 July 2017|publisher=rp-online.de}}</ref> === British, American and English-speaking culture === [[File:Hammonia-Bad 01.jpg|thumb|The English Theatre of Hamburg at Lerchenfeld 14]] There are several English-speaking communities, such as the Caledonian Society of Hamburg, The British Club Hamburg, British and Commonwealth Luncheon Club, Anglo-German Club [[eingetragener Verein|e.V.]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anglo-german-club.de/ |title=Website of the Anglo-German Club |access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref> Professional Women's Forum,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britaininhamburg.de/ |title=Britain in Hamburg |access-date=13 September 2009 |publisher=ning.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718203909/http://www.britaininhamburg.de/ |archive-date=18 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The British Decorative and Fine Arts Society, The English Speaking Union of the Commonwealth, The Scottish Country Dancers of Hamburg, The Hamburg Players e.V. English Language Theatre Group, The [[Hamburg Exiles RFC|Hamburg Exiles Rugby Club]], several cricket clubs, and The Morris Minor Register of Hamburg. Furthermore, the Anglo-Hanseatic Lodge No. 850<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gl-bfg.com/850/index.htm |title=Anglo-Hanseatic Lodge 850 |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=gl-bfg.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428001221/http://gl-bfg.com/850/index.htm |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> within the Grand Lodge of British Freemasons of Germany<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gl-bfg.com/ |title=Grand Lodge of British Freemasons in Germany |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=gl-bfg.com}}</ref> under the United Grand Lodges of Germany<ref>{{cite web |url=http://freimaurer.org/ |title=United Grand Lodges of Germany |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=freimaurer.org}}</ref> works in Hamburg, and has a diverse expat membership. There is also a 400-year-old Anglican church community worshipping at ''{{ill|St Thomas Becket Church|de|Englische Kirche (Hamburg)|vertical-align=sup}}''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anglican-church-hamburg.de|title=The Anglican Church of St Thomas Becket – A welcoming, active and inclusive church, growing in our relationship with God and the wider community|work=anglican-church-hamburg.de}}</ref> American and international English-speaking organisations include The American Club of Hamburg [[eingetragener Verein|e.V.]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanclub.de |title=Website of the American Club of Hamburg |access-date=13 September 2009}}</ref> the American Women's Club of Hamburg,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awchamburg.org |title=Website of the American Women's Club of Hamburg |access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> the English Speaking Union, the German-American Women's Club,<ref>Hamburg Führer Verlag GmbH: ''Hamburg Guide'', May 2009, p. 61</ref> and The International Women's Club of Hamburg e.V. ''The American Chamber of Commerce'' handles matters related to business affairs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amcham.de|title=American Chamber of Commerce in Germany|first=AmCham|last=Germany|work=amcham.de}}</ref> The [[International School of Hamburg]] serves school children. [[William Wordsworth]], [[Dorothy Wordsworth]], and [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]] spent the last two weeks of September 1798 at Hamburg. Dorothy wrote a detailed journal of their stay, labelled "The Hamburg Journal (1798) by noted Wordsworth scholar [[Edward de Selincourt]]".<ref>Journals of Dorothy Wordsworth, Macmillan 1959.</ref> A Hamburg saying, referring to its anglophile nature, is: "Wenn es in London anfängt zu regnen, spannen die Hamburger den Schirm auf". ... "When it starts raining in London, people in Hamburg open their umbrellas". === Memorials === A memorial for English engineer [[William Lindley]],<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Lindley, William |volume= 16 | page = 719 |short= 1}}</ref> who, beginning in 1842, reorganised the drinking water and sewerage system and thus helped to fight against cholera, is near Baumwall railway station in Vorsetzen street. In 2009, more than 2,500 "stumbling blocks" (''[[Stolpersteine]]'') were laid, engraved with the names of deported and murdered citizens. Inserted into the pavement in front of their former houses, the blocks draw attention to the victims of Nazi persecution.<ref>{{citation |title=Die Orte bleibe |last1=Behling |first1=Heidburg |last2=Garbe |first2=Detlef |newspaper=Mittelungen des Freundeskreises KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme |date= January 2009|page=3 |issue=11|language=de}}</ref> ==Economy== The gross domestic product (GDP) of Hamburg was 119.0&nbsp;billion € in 2018, accounting for 3.6% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €59,600 or 197% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 132% of the EU average.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58|title=Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018|website=Eurostat}}</ref> The city has a relatively high employment rate, at 88 percent of the working-age population, employed in over 160,000 businesses. The median gross salary in 2021 was €47,544, which is 9.29% higher than the median gross salary in Germany overall.<ref>{{Cite web |last=gral |title=Der Medianlohn in Hamburg ist fast 10 % höher als in Westdeutschland. {{!}} Elbe Wochenblatt |url=https://www.elbe-wochenblatt.de/2022/08/22/der-medianlohn-in-hamburg-ist-fast-10-hoeher-als-in-westdeutschland/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |language=de-DE |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828204030/https://www.elbe-wochenblatt.de/2022/08/22/der-medianlohn-in-hamburg-ist-fast-10-hoeher-als-in-westdeutschland/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The unemployment rate stood at 6.1% in October 2018 and was higher than the German average.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/|title=Arbeitslosenquote nach Bundesländern in Deutschland 2018 {{!}} Statista|website=Statista|language=de|access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Year<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online/data;sid=8605C2647C4C92D731CC1EC4BAC5AF53.GO_1_3?operation=ergebnistabelleUmfang&levelindex=3&levelid=1542098063701&downloadname=13211-0007|title=Federal Statistical Office Germany – GENESIS-Online|last=(Destatis)|first=Statistisches Bundesamt|date=13 November 2018|website=www-genesis.destatis.de|language=en|access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref> !2000 !2001 !2002 !2003 !2004 !2005 !2006 !2007 !2008 !2009 !2010 !2011 !2012 !2013 !2014 !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 |- |Unemployment rate in % |8.9 |8.3 |9.0 |9.9 |9.7 |11.3 |11.0 |9.1 |8.1 |8.6 |8.2 |7.8 |7.5 |7.4 |7.6 |7.4 |7.1 |6.8 |6.3 |6.1 |} [[File:Hh-boerse.jpg|thumb|The Hamburg Stock Exchange]] ===Banking=== Hamburg has for centuries been a commercial centre of Northern Europe, and is the most important banking city of [[Northern Germany]]. The city is the seat of [[History of banking|Germany's oldest bank]], the [[Berenberg Bank]], [[M.M.Warburg & CO]], and [[Hamburg Commercial Bank]]. The [[Hamburg Stock Exchange]] is the oldest of its kind in Germany. ===Port=== {{Main|Port of Hamburg}} [[File:Ankunft der Queen Mary 2 in Hamburg - panoramio - Arnold Schott (3).jpg|thumb|right|[[RMS Queen Mary 2|Queen Mary 2]] at the [[Port of Hamburg]]]] The most significant economic unit is the Port of Hamburg, which ranks third to [[Rotterdam]] and [[Antwerp]]en in Europe and 17th-largest worldwide, with transshipments of {{TEU|8.9 million|first=yes}} of cargo and 138.2&nbsp;million tons of goods in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hafen-hamburg.de/en/statistics|title=Welcome to the Port of Hamburg|website=The official website of the Port of Hamburg.|language=en|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> International trade is also the reason for the large number of consulates in the city. Although situated {{convert|110|km|mi|-1}} up the Elbe, it is considered a sea port due to its ability to handle large ocean-going vessels.<ref>M. Ramesh: {{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/12/25/stories/092559vq.htm |title=Making Hamburg Europe's preferred port |author=M. Ramesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720060759/http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/12/25/stories/092559vq.htm |archive-date=20 July 2009 |date=25 December 2000 |access-date=11 August 2008 |url-status=dead |publisher=Hinduonnet.com}}</ref> ===Industrial production=== Heavy industry of Hamburg includes the making of steel, aluminium, copper and various large shipyards such as [[Blohm + Voss]].<ref>*{{Citation |url=http://www.mittalsteel.com/Facilities/Europe/Hamburg/ |title=ArcelorMittal Website / Hamburg |access-date=26 February 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Citation |url=http://www.trimet.de/hamburg0.html |title=Trimet Website / Hamburg |access-date=26 February 2011 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719095348/http://www.trimet.de/hamburg0.html |url-status=dead }} * {{Citation |url=http://www.aurubis.com/en/corporate-group/group-structure/sites/ |title=Aurubis Website / Hamburg |access-date=26 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308182802/http://www.aurubis.com/en/corporate-group/group-structure/sites/ |archive-date=8 March 2011 }} * {{Citation |url=http://www.blohmvossyachts.com/index.php?level=2&CatID=2.8&inhalt_id=8 |title=Blohm + Voss Website / Hamburg |access-date=26 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328081957/http://www.blohmvossyachts.com/index.php?level=2&CatID=2.8&inhalt_id=8 |archive-date=28 March 2012 }}</ref> Hamburg, along with [[Seattle]] and [[Toulouse]], is an important location of the civil [[aerospace]] industry. [[Airbus]], which operates the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder|Hamburg-Finkenwerder assembly plant]] in [[Finkenwerder]], employs over 13,000&nbsp;people.<ref>{{Citation |publisher=[[Spiegel Online]] |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,428905,00.html |title=Past Cost-Cutting and Layoffs Haunt Airbus in Germany |date=28 July 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008}}</ref> ===HafenCity=== {{Main|HafenCity}} [[File:Projekt Heißluftballon - Highflyer -IMG-1414.jpg|thumb|Western HafenCity area and Speicherstadt]] The HafenCity is Europe's largest urban development project and is located in the [[Hamburg-Mitte]] district. It consists of the area of the Great Grasbrook, the northern part of the former Elbe island [[Grasbrook]], and the warehouse district on the former Elbe island Kehrwieder and Wandrahm. It is bordered to the north, separated by the customs channel to Hamburg's city centre, west and south by the Elbe, and to the east, bounded by the upper harbour, [[Rothenburgsort]]. The district is full of rivers and streams and is surrounded by channels, and has a total area of about 2.2&nbsp;square-kilometres. HafenCity has 155 hectares in the area formerly belonging to the free port north of the Great Grasbrook. Residential units for up to 12,000 people are planned to be built on the site by around the mid-2020s, and jobs for up to 40,000 people, mainly in the office sector, should be created. It is the largest ongoing urban development project in Hamburg. Construction work started in 2003, and in 2009 the first part of the urban development project was finished with the completion of the Dalmannkai / Sandtorkai neighbourhood – which is the first stage of the HafenCity project. According to the person responsible for the development and commercialisation of HafenCity, ''HafenCity Hamburg GmbH'', half of the master plan underlying structural construction is already completed, whereas the other half is either under construction or is in the construction preparation stages. ===Tourism=== [[File:Hamburg-logo.svg|thumb|City logo of Hamburg]] [[File:HH Neuer Wall Dezember 2012.jpg|thumb|[[Neuer Wall]], one of Europe's most luxurious shopping streets]] In 2017, more than 6,783,000&nbsp;visitors with 13,822,000&nbsp;overnight stays visited the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Presseinformationen/SI18_032.pdf|title=Tourismus in Hamburg 2017 [in German]|date=21 February 2018|work=Statistik informiert ...|access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref> The tourism sector employs more than 175,000 people full-time and brings in [[revenue]] of almost €9&nbsp;billion, making the tourism industry a major economic force in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. Hamburg has one of the fastest-growing tourism industries in Germany. From 2001 to 2007, the overnight stays in the city increased by 55.2% (Berlin +52.7%, [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] +33%).<ref>{{Citation |publisher=[[Politics of Hamburg#Ministries|Behörde für Kultur, Sport und Medien]] |url=http://www.hamburg.de/daten-fakten/349180/aktuelles.html |title=Umsatzbringer und Jobmotor Tourismus |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=11 July 2008 |access-date=13 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809030041/http://www.hamburg.de/daten-fakten/349180/aktuelles.html |archive-date=9 August 2010|language=de}}</ref> The area of [[Reeperbahn]], in the quarter [[St. Pauli]], is Europe's largest red light district and home of strip clubs, brothels, bars, and nightclubs. The singer and actor [[Hans Albers]] is strongly associated with St. Pauli, and wrote the neighbourhood's unofficial anthem, "Auf der Reeperbahn Nachts um Halb Eins" ("[[On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight (song)|On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight]]"), in the 1940s. [[The Beatles]] had stints on the Reeperbahn early in their careers. Others prefer the laid-back neighbourhood ''Schanze'', with its street cafés, or a barbecue on one of the beaches along the river Elbe. Hamburg's zoo, the [[Tierpark Hagenbeck]], was founded in 1907 by [[Carl Hagenbeck]] as the first zoo with moated, barless enclosures.<ref>{{Cite news |publisher=[[National Audubon Society]] |work=Audubon Magazine |title=The New Zoo |url=http://audubonmagazine.org/features0111/newzoo.html |author=Rene S. Ebersole |date=November 2001 |access-date=1 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906144905/http://www.audubonmagazine.org/features0111/newzoo.html |archive-date=6 September 2007 }}</ref> In 2016, the average visitor spent two nights in Hamburg.<ref name="statistik-nord1">{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/zahlen-fakten/handel-tourismus-dienstleistungen/tourismus/dokumentenansicht/tourismus-in-hamburg-im-dezember-und-im-gesamten-jahr-2016-59350/|title=Tourismus in Hamburg im Dezember und im gesamten Jahr 2016 – Statistikamt Nord|website=www.statistik-nord.de|language=de-DE|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> The majority of visitors come from Germany. Most foreigners are European, especially from [[Denmark]] (395,681 overnight stays), the United Kingdom (301,000 overnight stays), [[Switzerland]] (340,156 overnight stays), [[Austria]] (about 252,397 overnight stays), and the [[Netherlands]] (about 182,610 overnight stays).<ref name="statistik-nord1"/> The largest group from outside Europe comes from the United States (206,614 overnight stays).<ref name="statistik-nord1"/> The ''[[RMS Queen Mary 2|Queen Mary 2]]'' has docked regularly since 2004, and there were six departures planned from 2010 onwards.<ref>"Hamburg wird heimlicher Heimathafen der ''Queen Mary 2''" (in English: Hamburg nearly a home port for ''Queen Mary 2''). In: ''Hamburger Abendblatt'' from 15 January 2010, p. 13</ref> ===Creative industries=== [[File:Spiegel building Hamburg, Ericusspitze, at night.jpg|thumb|{{Lang|de|Der Spiegel}} headquarters]] Media businesses employ over 70,000 people.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |url=http://www.hamburg.de/medien-hamburg/nofl/8930/arbeiten-in-hamburg.html |title=Von der Faszination, in Hamburg zu arbeiten |access-date=6 August 2008 |publisher=hamburg.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309015715/http://www.hamburg.de/medien-hamburg/nofl/8930/arbeiten-in-hamburg.html |archive-date=9 March 2012|language=de}}</ref> The [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]], which includes the television station [[NDR Fernsehen]], is based in Hamburg, including the news program ''[[Tagesschau (German TV programme)|Tagesschau]]'', as are the commercial television station ''[[Hamburg 1]]'', the Christian television station ''[[Bibel TV]]'', and the civil media outlet ''[[Tide TV]]''. There are regional radio stations such as [[Radio Hamburg]]. Some of Germany's largest publishing companies, [[Axel Springer SE|Axel Springer AG]], [[Gruner + Jahr]], and [[Bauer Media Group]], are located in the city. Many national newspapers and magazines, such as {{Lang|de|[[Der Spiegel]]}} and {{lang|de|[[Die Zeit]]}}, are produced in Hamburg, as well as some special-interest newspapers such as ''[[Financial Times Deutschland]]''. ''[[Hamburger Abendblatt]]'' and ''[[Hamburger Morgenpost]]'' are daily regional newspapers with a large circulation. There are music publishers, such as [[Warner Records|Warner Bros. Records]] Germany, and [[Information and communications technology|ICT]] firms such as [[Adobe Inc.|Adobe Systems]] and Google Germany. A total of about 2,000 companies are located in Hamburg that are active in the music industry. With over 17,000 employees and a gross value added of around 640 million euros, this industry is one of the strongest in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2014|title=Standpunktepapier Musikstadt Hamburg|url=https://www.hk24.de/blueprint/servlet/resource/blob/1153140/1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f/standpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf|publisher=Handelskammer Hamburg|pages=20–22|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420084312/https://www.hk24.de/blueprint/servlet/resource/blob/1153140/1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f/standpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The {{ill|Interessengemeinschaft Hamburger Musikwirtschaft|de|Interessengemeinschaft_Hamburger_Musikwirtschaft|vertical-align=sup}} and the [https://clubkombinat.de/ Clubkombinat] represent the companies in the industry. The interests of Hamburg musicians* are represented, for example, by [https://www.rockcity.de/rockcity/vision/ RockCity Hamburg e.V.]. Hamburg was one of the locations for the [[List of James Bond films|James Bond series]] film ''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]]''. The ''[[Reeperbahn]]'' has been the location for many scenes, including the 1994 Beatles film ''[[Backbeat (film)|Backbeat]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Backbeat filming locations |url=http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/b/backbeat.html |publisher=movielocations.com |access-date=1 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829233007/http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/b/backbeat.html |archive-date=29 August 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film ''[[A Most Wanted Man (film)|A Most Wanted Man]]'' was set in and filmed in Hamburg. Hamburg was also shown in ''[[An American Tail]]'', where Fievel Mousekewitz and his family immigrate to America in the hopes to escape cats. ==Infrastructure== ===Health systems=== Hamburg has 54 hospitals. The [[University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf|University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf]], with about 1,736 beds, houses a large medical school. There are also smaller private hospitals. On 1 January 2011 there were about 12,507 hospital beds.<ref>{{Citation|title=Krankenhausplan 2020 der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (Hospital plan of Hamburg)|date=1 January 2016|url=http://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/792064/5776e214fe3612a2ceca034996473029/data/krankenhausstandorte.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019202856/http://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/792064/5776e214fe3612a2ceca034996473029/data/krankenhausstandorte.pdf|url-status=dead|language=de|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> The city had 5,663 physicians in private practice and 456 pharmacies in 2010.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/regional/regional.php |title=Statistik Nord (statistics for Northern Germany) |date=June 2011 |access-date=30 August 2012 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617222809/http://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/regional/regional.php |archive-date=17 June 2008 }}</ref> ===Transport=== {{Main|Transport in Hamburg}} [[File:CTB-CTW Port of Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg|thumb|The [[Port of Hamburg]] on the [[Elbe|river Elbe]]]] [[File:U-Bahnhof Baumwall 2015 01.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Baumwall station|Baumwall]] station of the [[Hamburg U-Bahn]]]] [[File:Hamburg.NorderElbbrücken.2.wmt.jpg|thumb|Neue and Freihafen-Elbbrücke]] Hamburg is a major transportation hub, connected to four [[Autobahn]]en (motorways) and the most important railway junction on the route to Scandinavia. Bridges and tunnels connect the northern and southern parts of the city, such as the [[Elbe Tunnel (1911)|old Elbe Tunnel]] (''Alter Elbtunnel'') or St. Pauli Elbtunnel (official name), which opened in 1911, today a major tourist sight, and the [[Elbe Tunnel (1975)|Elbe Tunnel]] (''Elbtunnel''), the crossing of a [[Bundesautobahn 7|motorway]].<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/09/10/67509.html |title=Elbe ohne e – Buchstaben fallen weg |date=10 August 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> [[Hamburg Airport]] is the oldest airport in Germany still in operation.<ref>{{Citation |title=Handelskammer Hamburg – Hamburg Airport: Facts, figures, and the Chamber's viewpoint |url=http://www.hk24.de/servicemarken/englische_website/location_politics/airport.jsp |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=28 March 2008 |publisher=Handelskammer Hamburg (Hamburg chamber of commerce) |access-date=25 September 2008 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20070609023119/http://www.hk24.de/servicemarken/englische_website/location_politics/airport.jsp |archive-date= 9 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=Press release |title=The airport celebrates its 90th anniversary |url=http://www.ham.airport.de/en/pressearchiv.phtml?start=0&year=&month=&searchterm=oldest&showdetail=4 |publisher=[[Hamburg Airport]] |date=8 January 2001 |access-date=25 September 2008 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> There is also the smaller [[Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport]], used only as a company airport for [[Airbus]]. Some airlines market [[Lübeck Airport]] in [[Lübeck]] as serving Hamburg.<ref>{{Citation |title=Hamburg Lübeck Airport Guide |url=http://www.travel-library.com/airports/europe/Germany/hamburg/hamburg_lubeck_airport.html |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=travel-library.com |access-date=27 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915005003/http://www.travel-library.com/airports/europe/germany/hamburg/hamburg_lubeck_airport.html |archive-date=15 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hamburg's [[Vehicle registration plates of Germany|licence plate]] prefix was "HH" (Hansestadt Hamburg; English: Hanseatic City of Hamburg) between 1906 and 1945 and from 1956 onwards, rather than the single letter normally used for large cities since the federal registration reform in 1956, such as B for Berlin or M for Munich. "H" was Hamburg's prefix in the years between 1945 and 1947 (used by [[Hanover]] since 1956).<ref>other prefixes used between 1945 and 1956 were "MGH" (Military Government, Hamburg: 1945 only), "HG" (1947 only) and "BH" (British Zone, Hamburg) between 1948 and 1956.</ref> === Public transport === [[File:Bahnlinien im HVV.png|thumb|A map of the transit rail lines in Hamburg]] Public transport by rail, bus, and ship is organised by the ''[[Hamburger Verkehrsverbund]]'' ("Hamburg transit authority") (HVV). Tickets sold by one company are valid on all other HVV companies' services. The HVV was the first organisation of this kind worldwide.<ref>{{Citation |title=HVV – Mehr als ein Ziel – Historie |url=http://www.hvv.de/ueber-uns/historie/ |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Verkehrsverbund |access-date=25 September 2008|language=de}}</ref> 33 mass transit rail lines across the city are the backbone of public transport.<ref name="Zahlen {{!}} HVV-Verbundbericht">{{cite web|url=http://www.hvv-verbundbericht.de/zahlen/#zahlen|title=Zahlen {{!}} HVV-Verbundbericht|website=www.hvv-verbundbericht.de|language=en-US|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> The [[Hamburg S-Bahn|S-Bahn]] (commuter train system) comprises six lines and the [[Hamburg U-Bahn|U-Bahn]] four lines – ''U-Bahn'' is short for ''Untergrundbahn'' (underground railway). Approximately {{convert|41|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of {{convert|101|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of the U-Bahn is underground; most is on embankments or viaduct or at ground level. Older residents still speak of the system as ''Hochbahn'' (elevated railway), also because the operating company of the subway is the ''[[Hamburger Hochbahn]]''. The [[AKN Eisenbahn|AKN railway]] connects satellite towns in Schleswig-Holstein to the city. On some routes regional trains of Germany's major railway company [[Deutsche Bahn|Deutsche Bahn AG]] and the regional ''[[metronom Eisenbahngesellschaft|metronom]]'' trains may be used with an HVV ticket. Regional trains stop at various stations within city limits such as the four larger stations, [[Hamburg Hauptbahnhof|Hauptbahnhof]], [[Hamburg Dammtor station|Dammtor]], [[Hamburg-Altona station|Altona]], and [[Hamburg-Harburg station|Harburg]], as well as Hamburg Hasselbrook and Hamburg Bergedorf. The [[Trams in Hamburg|tram system]] was opened in 1866 and shut down in 1978.<ref name=tramway-atlas-germany-1996>{{cite book|title=Tramway & Light Railway Atlas – Germany 1996|year=1995|publisher=[[Light Rail Transit Association]]|location=London|isbn=0-948106-18-2|page=262}}</ref> Gaps in the rail network are filled by more than 669 bus routes, operated by single-deck two-, three- and four-axle diesel buses.<ref name="Zahlen {{!}} HVV-Verbundbericht"/> Hamburg has no trams or [[trolleybus]]es, but has hydrogen-fuelled buses. The buses run frequently during working hours, with buses on the MetroBus routes running every ten minutes from 6 am to 9 pm. On special weekday night lines the intervals can be 30 minutes or more, while on normal days (Monday-Friday) normal buses stop running at night (some lines run 24 hours a day, every day of the year at least every half hour).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bus Hamburg |url=https://www.hamburg.de/bus/2310408/busse-in-hamburg/ |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=hamburg.de |language=de}}</ref> There are eight ferry lines along the [[River Elbe]], operated by ''[[HADAG Seetouristik und Fährdienst|HADAG]]'', that fall under the aegis of the HVV. While mainly used by citizens and dock workers, they can also be used for sightseeing tours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hvv-verbundbericht.de/zahlen/|title=Zahlen {{!}} HVV-Verbundbericht|website=www.hvv-verbundbericht.de|language=en-US|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant]] The international airport serving Hamburg, [[Hamburg Airport|Hamburg Airport Helmut Schmidt]] ([[International Air Transport Association|IATA]]: HAM, [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]]: EDDH), is the fifth biggest and oldest airport in Germany, having been established in 1912 and located about {{convert|5|mi|0|abbr=off}} from the city centre. About 60 airlines provide service to 125 destination airports, including some long-distance destinations like [[Newark, New Jersey]] on [[United Airlines]], [[Dubai]] on [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]], and [[Tehran]] on [[Iran Air]]. Hamburg is a secondary hub for [[Lufthansa]], which is the largest carrier at the airport, and the airline also operates one of its biggest [[Lufthansa Technik]] maintenance facilities there. The second airport is located in [[Hamburg-Finkenwerder]], officially named [[Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association|IATA]]: XFW, [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]]: EDHI). It is about {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}} from the city centre and is a nonpublic airport for the [[Airbus Operations GmbH|Airbus]] plant. It is the second biggest Airbus plant, after [[Toulouse]], and the third biggest aviation manufacturing plant after [[Seattle]] and Toulouse; the plant houses the final assembly lines for [[Airbus A320 family|A318, A319, A320, A321]], and [[Airbus A380|A380]] aircraft.<ref>{{Citation |title=Airbus in Germany |url=http://www.airbus.com/company/worldwide-presence/airbus-in-germany/ |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Airbus |access-date=27 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123102122/http://www.airbus.com/company/worldwide-presence/airbus-in-germany/ |archive-date=23 January 2012 }}</ref> ;Public transportation statistics The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Hamburg, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 58 min. 16% of public transit riders, ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 11 min, while 11% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8.9&nbsp;km, while 21% travel for over 12&nbsp;km in a single direction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Germany_Hamburg-3300|title=Hamburg Public Transportation Statistics|publisher=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit|access-date=19 June 2017}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50x50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].</ref> ===Utilities=== <!--- overpictured: [[File:Kraftwerk HafenCity01.jpg|thumb|Fuel cell power plant in the [[HafenCity]] quarter.]] ---> Electricity for Hamburg and Northern Germany is largely provided by ''[[Vattenfall|Vattenfall Europe]]'', formerly the state-owned ''Hamburgische Electricitäts-Werke''. Vattenfall Europe used to operate the [[Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant]] and [[Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant]], both taken out of service as part of the [[Nuclear power in Germany#Closures and phase-out|nuclear power phase-out]]. In addition, [[E.ON]] operates the [[Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant]], near Hamburg. There are also the coal-fired [[Wedel Power Station|Wedel]], [[Tiefstack Power Station|Tiefstack]], and Moorburg [[Combined Heat And Power|CHP]] Plant, and the fuel-cell power plant in the HafenCity quarter. ''VERA Klärschlammverbrennung'' uses the [[biosolids]] of the Hamburg wastewater treatment plant; the ''Pumpspeicherwerk Geesthacht'' is a pump storage power plant and a solid waste combustion power station is ''Müllverwertung Borsigstraße''.<ref>{{Citation | title = MVB | author=<!--Not stated--> | url = http://www.mvb-hh.de | date = 30 June 2017 | publisher = {{ill|Müllverwertung Borsigstraße Hamburg|de|lt=MVB}} | access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref> In June 2019, Hamburg introduced a law governing the phasing out of coal based thermal and electric energy production ("Kohleausstiegsgesetz").<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 June 2019|title=Kohleausstieg für die Hamburger Fernwärme|url=https://www.buergerschaft-hh.de/parldok/vorgaenge/66861/1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613091141/https://www.buergerschaft-hh.de/parldok/vorgaenge/66861/1|archive-date=13 June 2020|access-date=13 June 2020|website=Hamburgische Bürgerschaft|language=de}}</ref> This move was the result of negotiations between parliamentary parties and representatives of a campaign called ''Tschuess Kohle] ("Goodbye Coal").'' In 2020, the city's Ministry for Environment and Energy announced a partnership with [[Namibia]] as a potential supplier of woody biomass, sourced through landscape maintenance in areas affected by [[woody plant encroachment]], to replace coal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2020|title=Klimapartnerschaft – Hamburg und Namibia prüfen nachhaltige Verwertung von Biomasse|url=https://www.hamburg.de/pressearchiv-fhh/13910588/2020-05-12-bue-verwertung-biomasse/|access-date=12 June 2020|website=Stadtportal Hansestadt Hamburg|language=de}}</ref> ==Sports== {{Main|Sport in Hamburg}} [[File:Hamburg City Man 2007.jpg|left|thumb|''Hamburg City Man'' 2007 at the Binnenalster]] [[File:Barclaycard-Arena-Hamburg-Aussendarstellung.JPG|thumb|[[Barclays Arena (Hamburg)|Barclays Arena]]]] [[File:HH imtech arena.jpg|thumb|Volksparkstadion]] [[Hamburger SV]] is a [[Association football|football]] team playing in the [[2. Bundesliga]]. HSV was six times German champion, three times winner of the German Cup, and triumphed in the European Cup in 1983, as well as having participated in the group stages of the [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] twice: in 2000–01 and 2006–07. They play at the [[Volksparkstadion]] (average attendance in the [[2012–13 Bundesliga|12–13 season]] was 52,916). The HSV was the oldest team of the Bundesliga, playing in the league since its beginning in 1963, until a change of results saw them relegated from the [[Bundesliga]] in 2018. In addition, [[FC St. Pauli]] is a [[Bundesliga]] football club that came in second place in the [[2009–10 2. Bundesliga]] season and qualified to play alongside [[Hamburger SV]] in the [[Bundesliga|first division]] for the first time since the [[2001–02 Bundesliga|2001–02 season]]. They are currently a division above HSV for the first time ever following promotion to the [[Bundesliga]] in the [[2023-24 2. Bundesliga|2023-24 season]]. St. Pauli's home games take place at the [[Millerntor-Stadion]]. The [[Hamburg Freezers]] represented Hamburg until 2016 in the [[Deutsche Eishockey Liga|DEL]], the premier [[ice hockey]] league in Germany. [[HSV Hamburg|HSV Handball]] represented Hamburg until 2016 in the German [[Bundesliga (handball)|handball league]]. In 2007, HSV Handball won the European Cupwinners Cup. The Club won the league in the 2010–11 season and had an average attendance of 10.690 in the [[O2 World Hamburg]] the same year. The most recent success for the team was the [[EHF Champions League]] win in 2013. Since 2014, the club has suffered from economic problems and was almost not allowed the playing licence for the 2014–15 season; but due to economic support from the former club president/sponsor Andreas Rudolf, the club was allowed the licence in the last minute. On 20 January 2016, however, their licence was removed due to violations following the continued economic struggles. In 2016–17, they were not allowed to play in the first or second league. The team lives on through their former second team (now their main team) in the third division (2016–2018) and in second division (since 2018). The ''BCJ Hamburg'' played in the [[Basketball Bundesliga]] from 1999 to 2001. Later, the [[Hamburg Towers]] became the city's prime team. The Towers promoted to Germany's top division in 2019. In 2022, they already reached the playoffs. The Towers play their home games at the [[Edel-optics.de Arena]] in [[Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg|Wilhelmsburg]]. Hamburg is the nation's [[field hockey]] capital and dominates the men's as well as the women's Bundesliga. Hamburg hosts many top teams such as Uhlenhorster Hockey Club, Harvesterhuder Hockey Club, and Club An Der Alster. The [[Hamburg Warriors]] are one of Germany's top lacrosse clubs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hamburgwarriors.com/ |title=HTHC Hamburg Warriors |publisher=Hamburgwarriors.com |access-date=25 January 2010}}</ref> The club has grown immensely in the last several years and includes at least one youth team, three men's, and two women's teams. The team participates in the Deutsch Lacrosse Verein. The Hamburg Warriors are part of the Harvestehuder Tennis- und Hockey-Club e.V (HTHC).<ref>{{Citation |first=Ross |last=Forman |publisher=Outsports.com |url=http://www.outsports.com/os/index.php/2008032471/People/2008-People/Out-lacrosse-coach-lands-in-Germany.html |title=Out lacrosse coach lands in Germany |date=10 June 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-date=4 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604121143/http://www.outsports.com/os/index.php/2008032471/People/2008-People/Out-lacrosse-coach-lands-in-Germany.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Hamburg Blue Devils]] was one of the prominent [[American Football]] teams playing in [[German Football League]] before its exit in 2017.<ref>[http://www.gfl.info/text.php?Inhalt=newsmeldung&ID=8409 Hamburg Blue Devils ziehen sich zuruck] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226153225/http://www.gfl.info/text.php?Inhalt=newsmeldung&ID=8409|date=26 February 2014}} {{in lang|de}} GFL website, published: 18 January 2014, accessed: 14 May 2014</ref> [[Hamburg Sea Devils (ELF)|Hamburg Sea Devils]] is a team of [[European League of Football]] (ELF), which is a planned professional league, that is set to become the first fully professional league in Europe since the demise of [[NFL Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Football-Comeback des Jahres: Hamburg Sea Devils und Frankfurt Galaxy starten in der ELF|url=https://www.ran.de/american-football/elf/elf-news/football-comeback-des-jahres-hamburg-sea-devils-und-frankfurt-galaxy-starten-in-der-elf-116073|access-date=9 March 2021|date=9 March 2021|website=ran.de|language=German}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Sea Devils will start playing games in June 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neues Hamburger Footballteam spielt im Stadion Hoheluft |url=https://www.abendblatt.de/sport/article231587759/Neues-Hamburger-Footballteam-spielt-im-Stadion-Hoheluft.html |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt|access-date=17 February 2021 |language=German|date=17 February 2021}}</ref> There are also the [[Hamburg Dockers]], an [[Australian rules football]] club.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2005/07/18/460404.html |title=Australian Football im Stadtpark |date=18 July 2005 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> The FC St. Pauli team dominates women's rugby in Germany. Other first-league teams include VT Aurubis Hamburg (Volleyball) and Hamburger Polo Club.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2008/08/11/920015.html |title=Hamburg Blue Devils vor Einzug in die Play-offs |date=11 August 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> [[Eimsbütteler TV]] plays in the [[German Women's 2 Volleyball Bundesliga]]. There are also several minority sports clubs, including four [[cricket]] clubs. [[File:Tennis am Rothenbaum.jpg|thumb|Am Rothenbaum is the main tennis stadium of the [[Hamburg European Open|International German Open]].]] The Centre Court of the Tennis [[Am Rothenbaum]] venue, with a capacity of 13,200 ppeople, is the largest in Germany.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Center Court / Rothenbaum Stadion |url=http://www.dtb-tennis.de/AmRothenbaum/9695.php?selected=9115 |access-date=16 August 2008 |publisher=[[Deutscher Tennis Bund]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201061029/http://dtb-tennis.de/AmRothenbaum/9695.php?selected=9115 |archive-date=1 February 2009|language=de}}</ref> Hamburg also hosts [[equestrianism|equestrian]] events at ''Reitstadion [[Klein Flottbek]]'' (Deutsches Derby in jumping and dressage) and ''[[Horner Rennbahn]]'' ([[Deutsches Derby]] [[flat racing]]).<ref>{{Citation |first=Jack |last=Shinar |url=http://news.bloodhorse.com/article/46018.htm |title=Kamsin Easily Wins Deutsches Derby |date=9 July 2008 |publisher=news.bloodhorse.com |access-date=11 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709165240/http://news.bloodhorse.com/article/46018.htm |archive-date=9 July 2008 }}</ref> The city also owns the [[harness racing]] track "[[Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld]]". The Hamburg Marathon is the biggest [[marathon]] in Germany after Berlin's. In 2008, 23,230 participants were registered.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=[[International Association of Athletics Federations|IAAF]] |url=http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid=44599.html |title=Mandago, Timofeyeva impress at Hamburg Marathon |date=27 April 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020094424/http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid%3D44599.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> World Cup events in cycling, the UCI ProTour competition [[EuroEyes Cyclassics]], and the [[triathlon]] [[International Triathlon Union|ITU]] World Cup event ''Hamburg City Man'' are also held in here.<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2006/02/02/529362.html |title=Hamburg City Man 2006 als WM-Generalprobe |date=2 February 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}</ref> Volksparkstadion was used as a site for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 World Cup]]. In 2010 UEFA held the final of the [[UEFA Europa League]] in the arena.<ref>{{Citation |first=Ahmed |last=Bilal |url=http://soccerlens.com/2010-champions-league-final-in-madrid-2010-uefa-cup-final-in-hamburg/6864/ |title=2010 Champions League Final in Madrid, 2010 UEFA Cup final in Hamburg |date=29 March 2008|access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Soccerlens.com}}</ref> Hamburg made a bid for the [[2024 Olympic Games]], but 51.7 percent of those city residents participating in a [[referendum]] in November 2015 voted against continuing Hamburg's bid to host the games. Meanwhile, Hamburg's partner city [[Kiel]] voted in favour of hosting the event, with almost 66 percent of all participants supporting the bid. Opponents of the bid had argued that hosting the 33rd Olympic Games would cost the city too much in public funds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fpolitik%2F2015-11%2Folympia-bewerbung-hamburg-referendum|title=ZEIT ONLINE &#124; Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl.|website=www.zeit.de|access-date=19 May 2022|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519041717/https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https://www.zeit.de/politik/2015-11/olympia-bewerbung-hamburg-referendum|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Education== {{See also|Education in Hamburg|Education in Germany}} [[File:2013-06-08 Projekt Heißluftballon DSCF0784.jpg|thumb|The main building of the University of Hamburg]] [[File:Hh-budgepalais.jpg|thumb|left|The University of Music and Theatre]] The school system is managed by the Ministry of Schools and Vocational Training (''Behörde für Schule und Berufsbildung''). The system had approximately 191,148 students in 221 primary schools and 188 secondary schools in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hamburg.de/schuljahr-in-zahlen/4661914/schulen/|title=Wie viele Schulen gibt es?|website=hamburg.de|language=de|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> There are 32 public libraries in Hamburg.<ref>{{Citation|title=Wir über uns (Hamburg Libraries about us)|url=http://www.buecherhallen.de/aw/home/~cf/ueber_uns/|publisher=Bücherhallen Hamburg|language=de|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629095558/http://www.buecherhallen.de/aw/home/~cf/ueber_uns/|archive-date=29 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nineteen universities are located in Hamburg, with about 100,589 university students in total, including 9,000 resident students.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/article208791261/Hamburg-hat-so-viele-Studenten-wie-nie-zuvor.html|title=Hamburg hat so viele Studenten wie nie zuvor|last=Hamburg|first=Hamburger Abendblatt -|access-date=1 November 2017|language=de-DE}}</ref> Six universities are public, including the largest, the [[University of Hamburg]] (Universität Hamburg) with the [[University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf]], the [[Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg|University of Music and Theatre]], the [[Hamburg University of Applied Sciences]], the [[HafenCity University Hamburg]], and the [[Hamburg University of Technology]]. Seven universities are private, like the [[Bucerius Law School]], the [[Kühne Logistics University]], and the [[HSBA Hamburg School of Business Administration]]. The city has also smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as the [[Helmut Schmidt University]] (formerly the University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg).<ref>{{Citation |author=<!--Not stated--> |url=http://www.wissenschaft.hamburg.de/index.php/article/detail/1383 |title=Science Portal Hamburg |publisher=[[Government of Hamburg#Ministries|Ministry of Science and Research (Behörde für Wissenschaft und Forschung)]] |access-date=5 August 2008 |language=de |archive-date=10 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810210626/http://www.wissenschaft.hamburg.de/index.php/article/detail/1383 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hamburg is home to one of the oldest international schools in Germany, the [[International School of Hamburg]]. ==Twin towns – sister cities== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}} Hamburg is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnerstädte|url=https://www.hamburg.de/partnerstaedte/|website=hamburg.de|publisher=Hamburg|language=de|access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia (1957) * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Marseille]], France (1958) * {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shanghai]], China (1986) * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Dresden]], Germany (1987) * {{flagicon|NIC}} [[León, Nicaragua|León]], Nicaragua (1989) * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Osaka]], Japan (1989) * {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Prague]], Czech Republic (1990) * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Chicago]], United States (1994) * {{flagicon|TZA}} [[Dar Es Salaam]], Tanzania (2010) {{div col end}} ==Notable people== {{Further|Category:People from Hamburg}} {{Blockquote|text=In Hamburg it's hard to find a native Hamburger. A hurried and superficial search turns up only crayfish, people from [[Pinneberg]], and those from [[Bergedorf]]. One accompanies the contented little kippers of a striving society; mackerels from [[Stade]], sole from [[Finkenwerder]], herrings from [[Cuxhaven]] swim in expectant throngs through the streets of my city and lobsters patrol the stock exchange with open claws.... The first so-called unguarded glance always lands on the bottom of the sea and falls into twilight of the aquarium. [[Heinrich Heine]] must have had the same experience when he tried, with his cultivated scorn and gifted melancholy, to find the people of Hamburg.|author=[[Siegfried Lenz]]|source=in ''Leute von Hamburg'' (People of Hamburg) {{ISBN|978-3-423-11538-4}}.<ref>{{Citation |first=Jennifer |last=Jenkins |title=Provincial modernity: local culture and liberal politics in fin-de-siècle Hamburg |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-8014-4025-4}}</ref>}} <!-- The list below originated with a ref to the [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|1911 Encyclopædia Britannica]], including entries said to be "born at Hamburg". --> [[File:Barthold Heinrich Brockes.jpg|thumb|140px|Portrait of [[Barthold Heinrich Brockes]]]] [[File:Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy.jpg|thumb|140px|Painting of [[Felix Mendelssohn]] Bartholdy, 1833]] [[File:JohannesBrahms.jpg|thumb|140px|Portrait of [[Johannes Brahms]], 1899]] * [[Lucas Holstenius]] (1596–1661), German Catholic humanist, geographer, historian and librarian<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Holstenius, Lucas |volume= 13 | page = 619 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Andreas Schlüter]] ({{Circa|1659|1714}}), German baroque sculptor and architect<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Schlüter, Andreas |volume= 24 | page = 343 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Barthold Heinrich Brockes]] (1680–1747), German poet<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Brockes, Barthold Heinrich |volume= 4 | page = 624 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Hermann Samuel Reimarus]] (1694–1768), German philosopher and writer of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Reimarus, Hermann Samuel |volume= 23 | page = 53 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Konrad Ekhof]] (1720–1778), the foremost German actor of the 18th century<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Ekhof, Konrad |volume= 9 | pages = 139–140 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Johann Bernhard Basedow]] (1724–1790), German educational reformer, teacher and writer<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Basedow, Johann Bernhard |volume= 3 | pages = 461–462 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Meta Klopstock]] (1728–1758), writer<ref>{{cite book | last=Wilson | first=K.M. | title=An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers | publisher=Garland Pub. | issue=v. 1 | year=1991 | isbn=978-0-8240-8547-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wf1SVbGFg8C&pg=PA641 | access-date=3 March 2023 | page=641}}</ref> * [[Abel Seyler]] (1730–1800), one of the foremost theatre principals of 18th century Europe, who made Hamburg a center of theatrical innovation<ref>Andrea Heinz: "[http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118613642.html Seyler, Abel]." In: ''[[Neue Deutsche Biographie]]'' (NDB). Vol. 24, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2010, {{ISBN|978-3-428-11205-0}}, p.&nbsp;300.</ref> * [[Marie Elizabeth de LaFite]] (1737–1794), German-born translator and author * [[Johann Joachim Eschenburg]] (1743–1820), German critic and literary historian<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Eschenburg, Johann Joachim |volume= 9 | page = 764 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Johann Elert Bode]] (1747–1826), astronomer. He named and determined the orbit of [[Uranus]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bode, Johann Elert |volume= 4 | page = 108 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Johann Dominicus Fiorillo]] (1748–1821), German painter and historian of art<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Fiorillo, Johann Dominicus |volume= 10 | page = 394 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Christian of Stolberg-Stolberg|Christian, Count of Stolberg-Stolberg]] (1748–1821), poet, brother of [[Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg|Frederick Leopold]]<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Stolberg, Friedrich Leopold, Graf zu |volume= 25 | page = 953;see para 2|quote=Stolberg's brother, Christian, Graf zu Stolberg (1748–1821).....|short= 1}}</ref> * [[Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg|Friedrich Leopold Graf zu Stolberg-Stolberg]] (1750–1819), German lawyer and translator<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Stolberg, Friedrich Leopold, Graf zu |volume= 25 | page = 953 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Georg Friedrich von Martens]] (1756–1821), German jurist and diplomat<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Martens, Georg Friedrich von |volume= 17 | pages = 786–787 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Ludwig Erdwin Seyler]] (1758–1836), banker and politician * [[Johann Franz Encke]] (1791–1865), astronomer. He measured the distance from Earth to the Sun.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Encke, Johann Franz |volume= 9 |last= Clerke |first= Agnes Mary |author-link= Agnes Mary Clerke | page = 369 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Ami Boué]] (1794–1881), geologist of French Huguenot origin<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Boué, Ami|volume= 4 | page = 315 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Gustav Friedrich Waagen]] (1794–1868), German art historian<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Waagen, Gustav Friedrich |volume= 28 | pages = 223–224 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Johann Christian Poggendorff]] (1796–1877), physicist. He dealt with electricity and magnetism.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Poggendorff, Johann Christian |volume= 21 | page = 890 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Matthias Jakob Schleiden]] (1804–1881), German botanist, co-founder of [[cell theory]]<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Schleiden, Matthias Jakob |volume= 24 | page = 330 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Samson Raphael Hirsch]] (1808–1888), Orthodox rabbi. He founded the ''[[Torah im Derech Eretz]].''<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hirsch, Samson Raphael |volume= 13 |last= Abrahams |first= Israel |author-link= Israel Abrahams | page = 525 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Felix Mendelssohn]] (1809–1847), German composer, pianist, organist and conductor<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Jakob Ludwig Felix |volume= 18 |last1= Rockstro |first1= William Smyth |author1-link= William Smyth Rockstro |last2= Tovey |first2= Donald Francis |author2-link= Donald Francis Tovey | pages = 123–124 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Ludwig Preller]] (1809–1861), German philologist and antiquarian<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Preller, Ludwig |volume= 22 | page = 278 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Friedrich Gerstäcker]] (1816–1872), German travel, writer and novelist<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Gerstäcker, Friedrich |volume= 11 | pages = 906–907 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Justus Ludwig Adolf Roth]] (1818–1892), German geologist and mineralogist<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Roth, Justus Ludwig Adolf |volume= 23 | page = 756 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Heinrich Barth]] (1821–1865), German explorer of Africa and a scholar<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Barth, Heinrich |volume= 3 | page = 447 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Jakob Bernays|Jacob Bernays]] (1824–1881), German philologist and philosophical writer<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bernays, Jakob |volume= 3 | page = 800 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Julius Oppert]] (1825–1905), French-German [[Assyria|Assyriologist]]<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Oppert, Julius |volume= 20 | page = 140 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Thérèse Tietjens]] (1831–1877), leading opera and oratorio soprano<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Tietjens, Thérèse Johanne Alexandra |volume= 26 | page = 966 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Johannes Brahms]] (1833–1897), German composer, pianist and conductor<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Brahms, Johannes |volume= 4 |last= Maitland |first= John Alexander Fuller | author-link= John Alexander Fuller Maitland | pages = 389–390 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Michael Bernays]] (1834–1897), German literary historian, scholar of Goethe and Shakespeare<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bernays, Jakob |volume= 3 | page = 800; see para 2|quote=His brother, Michael Bernays (1834–1897).....|short= 1}}</ref> * [[Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig]] (1835–1910), German chemist. He discovered the [[pinacol coupling reaction]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Fittig, Rudolf |volume= 10 | page = 440 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Wilhelm Kühne]] (1837–1900), German physiologist. He coined the word "[[enzyme]]" in 1878.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Kühne, Willy |volume= 15 | page = 942 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Carl Rosa]] (1842–1889), musical impresario. He founded the [[Carl Rosa Opera Company]] in London.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Rosa, Carl August Nicholas |volume= 23 | page = 720 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Carl Hagenbeck]] (1844–1913), a merchant of wild animals who supplied many European zoos<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hagenbeck, Carl |volume= 12 | page = 814 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Hans Hinrich Wendt]] (1853–1928), German Protestant theologian<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Wendt, Hans Hinrich |volume= 28 | page = 518 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Hans von Bartels]] (1856–1913), German painter<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bartels, Hans von |volume= 3 | page = 447 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Heinrich Hertz]] (1857–1894), physicist who first proved the existence of [[Electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic waves]]<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf |volume= 13 | pages = 400–401 |short= 1}}</ref> * [[Helmut Schmidt]] (1918–2015), politician and [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor of West Germany]] from 1974 to 1982 * [[Marione Ingram]] (born 1935), Holocaust survivor, civil rights activist, author and artist. * [[Angela Merkel]] (born 1954), retired politician and scientist, [[chancellor of Germany]] from 2005 to 2021 * [[Olaf Scholz]] (born 1958), politician, [[List of mayors of Hamburg|First Mayor of Hamburg]] from 2011 to 2018, and the current chancellor of Germany since 2021 * The [[Hamburg cell|Hamburg Cell]]'s terrorists, committed the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 attacks]] ==See also== {{Portal|Hamburg|Germany|Europe|Geography}} * [[Novo Hamburgo]] {{Clear}} == References == {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|voy=Hamburg }} * {{Official website|1=https://www.hamburg.com/}} * {{curlie|Regional/Europe/Germany/States/Hamburg/}} * {{Osmrelation-inline|62782}} * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Hamburg (city)}} * [http://hamburg-von-oben.de/ Hamburg panorama view] {{Geographic location |Center =Hamburg |North =[[Kiel]] |Northeast= [[Lübeck]] |East =[[Schwerin]] |Southeast= [[Lüneburg]], Berlin |South =[[Hanover]] |Southwest= [[Bremen]] |West =[[Bremerhaven]], [[Stade]] |Northwest= [[Cuxhaven]] }} {{Hamburg}} {{Boroughs of Hamburg}} {{Navboxes |list= {{States of the Federal Republic of Germany}} {{Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany}} {{List of European capitals by region}} {{Cities in Germany}} {{Hamburg rail}} }} {{Navboxes |title=Hamburg in history |list= {{Hanseatic League}} {{Free Imperial Cities}} {{Lower Saxon Circle}} {{States of the German Confederation}} {{States of the North German Confederation}} {{States of the German Empire}} {{States of the Weimar Republic}} {{Nazi Gaue}} {{WWII city bombing}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Hamburg| ]]<!--Leave the empty space as for standard.--> [[Category:City-states]] [[Category:German state capitals]] [[Category:Free imperial cities]] [[Category:Members of the Hanseatic League]] [[Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union]] [[Category:Port cities and towns in Germany]] [[Category:Port cities and towns of the North Sea]] [[Category:Populated places established in the 9th century]] [[Category:States of the German Confederation]] [[Category:States of the German Empire]] [[Category:States of the North German Confederation]] [[Category:States of the Weimar Republic]] [[Category:Populated riverside places in Germany]] [[Category:Populated places on the Elbe]] [[Category:Hanseatic Cities]] [[Category:States of Germany]] [[Category:NUTS 3 statistical regions of the European Union]]'