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'@@ -1,85 +1,278 @@ -{{Infobox person -| name = Christine Weston Chandler -| image = -| caption = -| other_names = Christian Weston Chandler -| birth_name = Christopher Weston Chandler -| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|02|24}} -| birth_place = [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], U.S. -| nationality = American -| education = [[Piedmont Virginia Community College]] -| notable_works = Sonichu -| home_town = [[Ruckersville, Virginia]] -| mother = Barbara Weston -| father = Robert Chandler +{{Short description|Title of nobility}} +{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} +{{More citations needed|date=December 2013}} +{{Infobox nobility title +| name = Dukedom of York +| image = Coat of Arms of Andrew, Duke of York.svg +| image_size = 180px +| alt = +| caption = [[Prince Andrew, Duke of York#Arms|Arms of the Duke of York]] +| creation_date = 23 June 1986 +| creation = Eighth +| monarch = [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]]<!-- monarch when title created (1986) --> +| peerage = [[Peerage of the United Kingdom]] +| baronetage = +| first_holder = +| last_holder = +| present_holder = [[Prince Andrew, Duke of York|Prince Andrew]] +| heir_presumptive = +| remainder_to = the 1st Duke's [[heirs male]] [[heirs of the body|of the body]] lawfully begotten +| subsidiary_titles = {{plainlist| +*[[Earl of Inverness]] +*[[Baron Killyleagh]]}} +| status = Extant +| extinction_date = +| family_seat = [[Royal Lodge]] +| former_seat = +| motto = +| footnotes = }} +'''Duke of York''' is a title of [[nobility]] in the [[Peerage of the United Kingdom]]. Since the 15th century, it has, when granted, usually been given to the second son of [[List of English monarchs|English]] (later [[List of British monarchs|British]]) monarchs. The equivalent title in the Scottish peerage was [[Duke of Albany]]. However, [[George II of Great Britain|King George II]] and [[Queen Victoria]] granted the second sons of their eldest sons the titles ''[[Duke of York and Albany]]'' and ''Duke of York'' respectively. -'''Christine Weston "Chris" Chandler''', formerly '''Christian Weston Chandler''' (born: '''Christopher Weston Chandler'''; February 24, 1982) is a [[YouTube]] vlogger and creator of the [[webcomic]] ''Sonichu''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vgchartz.com/article/84960/top-ten-shocking-instances-of-plagiarism-in-gaming/|title=Top Ten Shocking Instances of Plagiarism in Gaming|last=Staff|first=VGChartz|date=2011-03-21|website=VGChartz|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> He is commonly considered to be one of the most documented individuals in human history, and has spawned numerous documentaries based upon his life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=16938125|title=Chris-Chan is arguably the most documented person in history|last=|first=|date=|website=news.ycombinator.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecompassncsd.com/news/2018/01/25/preventing-the-next-chris-chan/|title=Preventing The Next Chris Chan|last=Wacker|first=Alexander|website=The Compass|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> +Initially granted in the 14th century in the [[Peerage of England]], the title ''Duke of York'' has been created eight times. The title ''Duke of York and Albany'' has been created three times. These occurred during the 18th century, following the [[Acts of Union 1707|1707 unification]] of the [[Kingdom of England]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland]] into a single, united realm. The double naming was done so that a [[territorial designation]] from each of the previously separate [[sovereign state|realms]] could be included. -== Early Life == -Christopher Weston Chandler was born in Charlottesville, Virginia on February 24, 1982. He is the son of secretary Barbara Anne Weston and [[General Electric]] engineer Robert Franklin Chandler Jr. (whom the couple were 40 and 54 respectively at the time of Christopher’s birth), Chandler has 3 older half-siblings and is of English and French-Canadian descent, although in numerous videos, he claims that he is of Cherokee ancestry, a [[23andMe]] DNA test shows no sign of Native American ancestry <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ig-r67Ew7FA|title=CWC Ancestry}}</ref>. Chandler stated that in his early childhood, an abusive babysitter locked him in a toy room with the lights turned off when his parents were out, something that was considered traumatic for him, he claims that this event was the source of his [[autism]] (although autism is a genetic condition and isn't activated by external events).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://areomagazine.com/2019/06/28/the-strangest-fandom-on-the-internet/|title=The Strangest Fandom on the Internet|date=2019-06-28|website=Areo|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> +The current Duke of York is [[Prince Andrew]], the younger brother of [[Charles III]]. The present Duke's marriage produced two daughters, and he has remained unmarried since his 1996 divorce. As long as Prince Andrew has no legitimate male heirs, the title Duke of York will again revert to the Crown upon his death. A future monarch would then have the ability to bestow the title as a royal Duchy, in what would be its ninth creation. [[Prince Louis of Wales|Prince Louis]], the second son of [[William, Prince of Wales]], is the most likely candidate to be the next Duke of York after the death of his great-uncle, Prince Andrew, and after William becomes King. -Chris was a mute up until the age of 7, and visited [[James Madison University]] for speech therapy, Chris was eventually diagnosed with [[High-functioning autism]] when he was five. +==History== +In the [[Middle Ages]], [[York]] was the main city of the North of England and the [[Episcopal see|see]] of the [[Archbishop of York]] from AD 735. [[Yorkshire]] was England's largest [[shire]] in area. -From Kindergarten to Third Grade, Chris attended [[Greene County Public Schools|Greene County Primary School]], before transitioning to [[Greene County Public Schools|Nathaniel Greene Elementary School]] in Fourth Grade, according to Chris, he had distressing experiences at Nathaniel Greene, stating that five faculty members abused him by pinning him down to the ground, holding his wrists and ankles, and audio taping his cries. +York under its Viking name "Jorvik" was a [[petty kingdom]] in the Early Medieval period. In the interval between the fall of independent Jorvik under [[Eric Bloodaxe]], last [[king of Jorvik]] (d. 954), and the first creation of the Dukedom of York, there were a few [[earls of York]]. -Following those incidents, Bob took legal action against the school district, by 1994, the case would be dropped. The district recommended putting Chris in a Special Education School but Bob refused the offer, fearing that his son would be institutionalized, Chris and Bob moved from their Ruckersville home to Richmond, Virginia, while Barbara stayed in Ruckersville, alongside the family dog, so she could continue working at Virginia Power, by that time, Chris would be home-schooled in Fifth Grade. Chandler would later attend Province Middle School, where he would graduate in 1996, also around this time, Barbara retired from Virginia Power and moved in with Bob and Chris in the process. +The title Duke of York was first created in the [[Peerage of England]] in 1385 for [[Edmund of Langley]]. His son [[Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York|Edward]], who inherited the title, was killed at the [[Battle of Agincourt]] in 1415. The title passed to Edward's nephew [[Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York|Richard]], the son of [[Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge]] (who had been executed for plotting against [[Henry V of England|King Henry V]]). The younger Richard managed to obtain a restoration of the title, but when his eldest son, who inherited the title, became king in 1461 as [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]], the title [[Merging in the Crown|merged into the Crown]]. -Around December 1992, Chris went to Regency Square Mall during a shopping trip in Richmond, there, he came across the Leonard Bearstien Symphony Orchestra (a show comprised of animatronic characters that were held around Christmas Time), the performer operated Leonard Bearstien asked for Chris’ name but misheard “Christopher” as “Christian”. Chris took this as a profound sign and felt he should be called Christian, by December 1993, Christopher’s name was legally changed to Christian, thus, becoming Christian Weston Chandler.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20100128152128/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/timesdispatch/access/615847621.html?dids=615847621:615847621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Dec+29,+1993&author=Barbara+Green&pub=Richmond+Times+-+Dispatch&edition=&startpage=N-4&desc=IT+TOOK+A+TALKING+BEAR+TO+GIVE+THE+NAME+A+YOUNG+BOY+LOVES|title=IT TOOK A TALKING BEAR TO GIVE THE NAME A YOUNG BOY LOVES|date=2010-01-28|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> +The title was next created for [[Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York|Richard of Shrewsbury]], second son of King Edward IV. Richard was one of the [[Princes in the Tower]], and, as he died without heirs, the title became extinct at his death. -Chris would attend [[Manchester High School]] at Midlothian, Virginia, where he would graduate in 2000 and attended [[Piedmont Virginia Community College]], Chandler was suspended from PVCC for the 2003-04 year by the dean due to soliciting sex on college property. He later returned and graduated in 2006 with a degree in Computer Aided Drafting and Design. -== Career == -On March 24, 2005, Chandler released the first issue of his webcomic series "Sonichu",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Sonichu-0-C-W/dp/1699276854|title=Sonichu #0 – March 24, 2005 by C. W. C.|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> the eponymous protagonist being a hybrid of [[Sonic the Hedgehog (character)|Sonic the Hedgehog]] and [[Pikachu]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/evpx77/the-trouble-with-keeping-wikipedias-evil-twin-online|title=The Trouble With Keeping ‘Wikipedia’s Evil Twin’ Online|last=Kiberd|first=Roisin|date=2017-09-27|website=Vice|language=en|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> +The third creation was for Henry Tudor, second son of [[Henry VII of England|King Henry VII]]. When his elder brother [[Arthur, Prince of Wales]], died in 1502, Henry became heir-apparent to the throne. When Henry ultimately became [[King Henry VIII]] in 1509, his titles merged into the crown. -After catching the attention of [[4chan]] and [[Encyclopedia Dramatica]] in 2007, Chandler would become something of a celebrity within internet circles. Initial fascination was spurred on by his signature homemade Sonichu medallion, his childlike artwork style, and history of loitering in public spaces with hopes of finding a romantic partnership.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sonichu.com/cwcki/Christian_Weston_Chandler|title=Christian Weston Chandler - CWCki|website=sonichu.com|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> Due to his unusual mannerisms, Christian quickly became a victim of online harassment and [[Internet troll|trolling]].<ref name=":0" /> +The title was created for the fourth time for Charles Stuart, second son of [[James VI and I|James I]]. When his elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, died in 1612, Charles became heir-apparent. He was created [[Prince of Wales]] in 1616 and eventually became [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] in 1625 when the title again merged into the Crown. -== Trolling== -Chandler has frequently been a victim of online trolling due to his childish mannerisms and unusual tendencies. Such trolling was typically performed under the alias of well-known public figures or celebrities, such as video game designer [[Shigeru Miyamoto]], television personality [[Billy Mays]], or sports commentator [[Jimmy Hill]]. Other trolls created exaggerated and elaborate personas in attempts to conflict with Chandler's worldview or webcomic. +The fifth creation was in favour of [[James II of England|James Stuart]], the second son of Charles I. [[New York (state)|New York]], its capital [[Albany, New York|Albany]], and [[New York City]], were named for this particular Duke of Albany and York. +In 1664, [[Charles II of England]] granted American territory between the [[Delaware River|Delaware]] and [[Connecticut River|Connecticut]] rivers to his younger brother James. Following its capture by the English the former Dutch territory of [[New Netherland]] and its principal port, [[New Amsterdam]], were named the [[Province of New York|Province]] and [[City of New York]] in James's honour. After the founding, the Duke gave part of the colony to proprietors [[George Carteret]] and [[John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton|John Berkeley]]. [[Fort Orange]], {{convert|150|mi|km}} north on the [[Hudson River]], was renamed [[Albany, New York|Albany]] after James's Scottish title.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552683/New_York.html |title=New York |access-date=2007-02-24 |encyclopedia=Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028213146/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552683/New_York.html |archive-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=James II |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=2011-01-02 |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/299989/James-II}}</ref><ref name=miller44>Miller, 44–45</ref> When his elder brother, [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]], died without heirs, James succeeded to the throne as [[King James II]] of England and King James VII of Scotland, and the title once again merged into the Crown. -==Personal life== -In 2017, Chris-Chan began identifying as a lesbian woman named Christine.<ref name=":1" /> Christian was arrested in 2014 after trying to remove the cases from the game ''[[Sonic Boom: Rise of Lyric]]'' at [[GameStop]] and attacking an employee before leaving forcibly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seganerds.com/2014/12/29/creator-of-sonichu-arrested-for-macing-gamestop-employee/|title=Creator of Sonichu arrested for macing GameStop employee {{!}} SEGA Nerds|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> +During the 18th century the [[Duke of York and Albany|double dukedom of York and Albany]] was created a number of times in the [[Peerage of Great Britain]]. The title was first held by [[Ernest, Duke of York and Albany|Duke Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Bishop of Osnabrück]], the youngest brother of [[George I of Great Britain|King George I]]. He died without heirs, and the title reverted to the Crown. The second creation of the double dukedom was for [[Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany|Prince Edward]], younger brother of [[King George III]], who also died without heirs, having never married. Again, the title reverted to the Crown. The third and last creation of the double dukedom was for [[Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany|Prince Frederick Augustus]], the second son of King George III. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the [[British Army]] for many years, and was the original "[[The Grand Old Duke of York|Grand old Duke of York]]" in the popular rhyme. He too died without legitimate heirs, leaving the title, once again, to revert to the Crown. -Chandler hasn't held a job since 2001 after being fired from a local [[Wendy's]] fast-food chain. +The sixth creation of the Dukedom of York (without being combined with Albany) was for Prince George, second son of the, then current, Prince of Wales, the future [[King Edward VII]]. He was created Duke of York following the death of his elder brother, [[Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale]]. The title merged with the Crown when George succeeded his father as King George V. -On July 30th of 2021, a nine minute phone call between a troll and Chris plus a series of screenshots were leaked on the online forum Kiwi Farms, in the call the troll got a confession from Chris, that Chris had sexually assaulted his mother, Barbara Chandler, and also stated that the assaults were being done since June. A youtuber, Dillion Thomas, later posted screenshots of a conversation he had with Chandler in the same day after the leaks, Chandler appeared to confirm the allegations.<ref>https://www.insider.com/chris-chan-saga-timeline-incest-charges-arrest-2021-8#on-july-30-screenshots-and-a-purported-recording-of-chandler-admitting-to-having-sex-with-her-mother-were-leaked-4</ref><ref name=":3" /> +The seventh creation was for Prince Albert, second son of King George V, and younger brother of the future [[King Edward VIII]]. Albert came unexpectedly to the throne when his brother abdicated, and took the name [[George VI]], the Dukedom then merging into the Crown. -Chandler was captured on a hotel in Charlottesville in August 1st of the same year, the arrest was livestreamed.<ref name=":3">https://www.insider.com/chris-chan-mom-arrested-incest-charge-over-leaked-audio-2021-8</ref> Chris was sent to Henrico County Jail and charged with the crime of incest, which is considered a Class 5 felony in Virginia, a few days later Chris was transferred to the Central Virginia Regional Jail. During the court proceedings held at August 8th, at the Greene County Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court, Chris interrupted the judge multiple times, stomped and asked about the possessions at home and was denied bond as result, the next court hearing was set to September 16 but was then post-poned.<ref>https://dailyprogress.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/greene-woman-charged-with-incest-is-denied-bond/article_672612c0-f625-11eb-ae4a-57451e11d882.html</ref><ref>https://www.newsweek.com/chris-chan-interrupts-court-proceedings-over-incest-charges-stomping-feet-1616880</ref> +The title was created for the eighth time for Prince Andrew, second son of Queen Elizabeth II. As of 2022, the only legitimate offspring are his two daughters from his marriage to [[Sarah, Duchess of York]]. Thus, if he has no future (legitimate) sons, the title will again become extinct - reverting to the Crown - upon his death. -==Legacy== -In 2011, animator [[Harry Partridge]] remarked:<ref name=":2" /> -{{Quote|text=There’s more [written] about Chris-Chan than about George Washington, Robert Pattinson or Justin Bieber, these huge heartthrobs, don’t have wikis with 1,000 articles about their pet cats and the places that they like to go and eat and what kind of shirts they’ve worn on different days.|author=|title=|source=}} +Aside from the first creation, every time the Dukedom of York has been created it has had only one occupant, that person either inheriting the throne or dying without male heirs. -==Documentaries== -Several documentaries were produced about Chris-Chan. In 2016, YouTuber Fredrik Knudsen released a 23-minute documentary summarizing Chandler’s life and art. On November 12, 2017, [[PewDiePie]], at the time the [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels|most-subscribed YouTuber]], released a video in which he covered Christian's story.<ref name=":2" /> +=== Pretenders === +In the late 15th Century, [[Perkin Warbeck]] unsuccessfully claimed the Crown by pretending the identity of Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York. The pretend Dukedom was merged into the pretend Crown. -On February 24, 2019, Youtuber [https://youtube.com/channel/UC_3pplzbKMZsP5zBH_6SVJQ GenoSamuel2.1] uploaded the first part of his multi-part documentary on Chris-Chan which has now over 50 parts telling the story of Chris-Chan's life in the most comprehensive and entertaining way possible. +In the early 18th century, the eldest son of the overthrown King James II & VII and thus [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] claimant to the throne, [[James Francis Edward Stuart]], known to his opponents as the Old Pretender, granted the title "Duke of York" (in the [[Jacobite Peerage]]) to his own second son, [[Henry Benedict Stuart|Henry]], using his purported authority as King James III & VIII. Henry later became a cardinal in the Catholic church and is thus known as the Cardinal Duke of York. Since James was not recognised as king by English law, the grant is also not recognised as a legitimate creation. + +==Dukes of York== +===First creation, 1385–1415, 1425–1461=== +{{Nobility table header|name=Duke}} +| '''[[Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York|Edmund of Langley]]'''<br />1385–1402<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/653687/Edmund-of-Langley-1st-duke-of-York Encyclopædia Britannica Edmund of Langley First Duke of York]</ref><br />''{{Small|also: [[Earl of Cambridge]] (1362)}}'' +| [[File:Edmund of Langley 2C Duke of York.jpg|100px|Edmund of Langley]] +| 5 June 1341<br />[[Kings Langley]]<br />4th surviving son of King [[Edward III]] and [[Philippa of Hainault]] +| [[Isabella of Castile, Duchess of York|Isabella of Castile]]<br />1372<br />3 children<br /><br />[[Joan Holland]]<br />no children +| +1 August 1402<br />[[Kings Langley]]<br />aged 61 + +|- +| '''[[Edward, 2nd Duke of York|Edward of Norwich]]'''<br />1402–1415<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/653689/Edward-of-Norwich-2nd-duke-of-York Encyclopædia Britannica Edward of Norwich Second Duke of York]</ref><br />''{{Small|also: [[Duke of Aumale]] (1397–1399), [[Earl of Cambridge]] (1362–1414), [[Earl of Rutland]] (1390–1402), [[Earl of Cork]] (c. 1396)}}'' +| [[File:Edward of Norwich Duke of York.jpg|100px|Edward of Norwich]] +| 1373<br />[[Norwich]]<br />son of 1st Duke by his first wife [[Isabella of Castile, Duchess of York|Isabella of Castile]] +| [[Philippa de Mohun]]<br />no children +| 25 October 1415<br />[[Battle of Agincourt]]<br />aged 42 + +|- +| '''[[Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York|Richard of York]]'''<br />1425–1460<ref>[http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/plantagenet_20.htm English Monarchs]</ref><br />''{{Small|also: [[Lord Protector of England]], [[Prince of Wales]] and [[Earl of Chester]], [[Duke of Cornwall]] (1460, see [[Act of Accord]]); [[Earl of Ulster]] (1264), [[Earl of March]] (1328), [[Earl of Cambridge]] (1414, restored 1426), feudal Lord of Clare (bt. 1066–1075), [[Baron Mortimer of Wigmore]] (1331)}}'' +| [[File:Richard of York Talbot Shrewsbury Book.jpeg|100px]] +| 21 September 1411<br />Nephew of 2nd Duke and son of [[Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge]] ([[Attainder|attainted]] and executed for treason in August 1415) and [[Anne de Mortimer]]; restored in blood +| [[Cecily Neville]]<br />1437<br />13 children +| 30 December 1460<br />[[Wakefield]]<br />aged 49 + +|- +| '''[[Edward IV of England|Edward Plantagenet]]'''<br />1460–1461<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/edward_iv_king.shtml BBC Edward IV]</ref><br />''{{Small|also: [[Earl of Ulster]] (1264), [[Earl of March]] (1328), [[Earl of Cambridge]] (1414), feudal Lord of Clare (bt. 1066–1075), [[Baron Mortimer of Wigmore]] (1331)}}'' +| [[File:EdwardIVofEngland-Yorkist.jpg|100px|Edward Plantagenet]] +| 28 April 1442<br />[[Rouen]]<br />son of 3rd Duke by his wife [[Cecily Neville]] +| [[Elizabeth Woodville]]<br />1 May 1464<br />10 children +| 9 April 1483<br />[[Westminster]]<br />aged 40 + +|} + +Edward Plantagenet seized the throne in 1461 as '''Edward IV''' and the title of duke merged in the crown. + +===Second creation, 1474=== +{{Nobility table header|name=Duke}} + +| '''[[Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York|Richard of Shrewsbury]]'''<br />1474–1483<br />''{{Small|also: [[Duke of Norfolk]] (1477), [[Earl of Norfolk]] (1477), [[Earl of Nottingham]] (1476), possibly [[Earl of Warenne]] (1477)}}'' +| [[File:Richard of Shrewsbury.jpg|100px|Richard of Shrewsbury]] +|17 August 1473<br />[[Shrewsbury]]<br />Second son and of King [[Edward IV]] and [[Elizabeth Woodville]] +| [[Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk|Anne de Mowbray]]<br />15 January 1478<br />no children +| Disappeared in the [[Tower of London]], with his older brother, the "[[Princes in the Tower]]". + +|} + +Richard of Shrewsbury disappeared without known issue and the title of duke became extinct. + +===Third creation, 1494=== +{{Nobility table header|name=Duke}} + +|- +| '''[[Henry VIII|Henry Tudor]]'''<br />1494–1509<ref>Scarisbrick, J. J. (1997). Henry VIII (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0300071582}}.</ref><br />''{{Small|also: [[Prince of Wales]] (1504), [[Duke of Cornwall]] (1502)}}'' +| [[File:HenryVIII 1509.jpg|100px|Henry Tudor]] +| 28 June 1491<br />[[Palace of Placentia|Greenwich Palace]], [[London]]<br />son of [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] and [[Elizabeth of York]] +| [[Catherine of Aragon]]<br />11 June 1509 – 23 May 1533<br />([[annulment]])<br />1 surviving daughter, others stillborn or briefly-lived<br /><br />[[Anne Boleyn]]<br />25 January 1533 – 17 May 1536<br />(annulment)<br />1 daughter<br /><br />[[Jane Seymour]]<br />30 May 1536 – 24 October 1537<br />1 son<br /><br />[[Anne of Cleves]]<br />6 January 1540 – 9 July 1540<br />(annulment)<br />no children<br /><br />[[Catherine Howard]]<br />28 July 1540 – 23 November 1541<br />no children<br /><br />[[Catherine Parr]]<br />12 July 1543<br />no children +| 28 January 1547<br />[[Whitehall Palace]], [[London]]<br />aged 55 + +|} + +Prince Henry succeeded as '''Henry VIII''' in 1509 upon his father's death and the title of duke merged with the crown. + +===Fourth creation, 1605=== +{{Nobility table header|name=Duke}} + +|- +| '''[[Charles I of England|Charles Stuart]]'''<br />1605–1625<ref>Gregg, Pauline (1981), King Charles I, London: Dent</ref><br />{{Small|''also: [[Duke of Albany]] (1600);<br />[[Prince of Wales]] (1616), [[Duke of Cornwall]] and [[Duke of Rothesay]] (1612)''}} +| [[File:Charles I (1625).jpg|100px|Charles Stuart]] +| 19 November 1600<br />[[Dunfermline Palace]], [[Dunfermline]]<br />son of [[James VI and I|James I]] and [[Anne of Denmark]] +| [[Henrietta Maria of France]]<br />13 June 1625<br />9 children +| 30 January 1649<br />[[Whitehall Palace]], [[London]]<br />aged 48 + +|} + +Prince Charles succeeded as '''Charles I''' in 1625 upon [[James VI and I|his father]]'s death and the title of duke merged with the crown. + +===Fifth creation, 1633/1644=== + +James was styled Duke of York from birth and officially created as such in 1644. + +{{Nobility table header|name=Duke}} +| '''[[James II of England|James Stuart]]'''<br />1633/1644–1685<ref name="Callow, John 2000">Callow, John, The Making of King James II: The Formative Years of a King, Sutton Publishing, Ltd, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2000. Page</ref><br />''{{Small|also: [[Duke of Albany]] (1660), [[Earl of Ulster]] (1659)}}'' +| [[File:James II & VII.jpg|100px|James Stuart]] +| 14 October 1633<br />[[St. James's Palace]], [[London]]<br />son of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] and [[Henrietta Maria of France]] +| [[Anne Hyde]]<br />3 September 1660<br />8 children<br /><br />[[Mary of Modena]]<br />21 November 1673<br />7 children +| 16 September 1701<br />[[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], [[Paris]]<br />aged 67 + +|} + +James succeeded as '''James II''' in 1685 upon [[Charles II of England|his brother]]'s death and the title of duke merged with the crown. + +===Jacobite creation, 1725=== +{{Nobility table header|name=Duke}} +| '''[[Henry Benedict Stuart]]'''<br />1725–1788<ref name="Callow, John 2000"/><br />''{{Small|also: [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church]] (1747), [[Dean of the College of Cardinals]] (1803)}}'' +| [[File:Circle of Anton Raphael Mengs, Henry Benedict Maria Clement Stuart, Cardinal York (ca 1750) -002.jpg|100px|Cardinal Stuart]] +| 6 March 1725<br />[[Palazzo Muti]]<br />[[Rome]]<br />[[Papal States]]<br />son of [[James Francis Edward Stuart|"James III and VIII" (Jacobite Pretender)]] and [[Maria Clementina Sobieska]] +| ____ +| 13 July 1807<br />[[Frascati]], [[Rome]]<br />aged 82 + +|} + +In the [[Jacobite succession]], the Cardinal Duke of York succeeded to the thrones of England, Ireland and Scotland as Henry IX, but was not recognized as either Duke or King in the British peerage. + +===Sixth creation, 1892=== +{{Nobility table header|name=Duke}} +| '''[[George V|George Frederick Ernest Albert]]'''<br />[[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]<br />1892–1910<br />''{{Small|also: [[Earl of Inverness]] and [[Baron Killarney]] (1892);<br />[[Prince of Wales]], [[Duke of Cornwall]], and [[Duke of Rothesay]] (1901)}}'' +| [[File:George V of the United Kingdom01.jpg|100px|Prince George]] +| 3 June 1865<br />[[Marlborough House]]<br />son of [[Edward VII]] and [[Alexandra of Denmark]] +| [[Mary of Teck]]<br />6 July 1893<br />6 children +| 20 January 1936<br />[[Sandringham House]], [[Sandringham, Norfolk|Sandringham]]<br />aged 70 + +|} + +George succeeded as '''George V''' in 1910 upon [[Edward VII|his father]]'s death and the title of duke merged with the crown. + +===Seventh creation, 1920=== +{{Nobility table header|name=Duke}} +| '''[[George VI|Prince Albert]]'''<br />[[House of Windsor]]<br />1920–1936<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31931/supplement/6313|title = Page 6313 &#124; Supplement 31931, 4 June 1920 &#124; London Gazette &#124; the Gazette}}</ref><br />''{{Small|also: [[Earl of Inverness]] and [[Baron Killarney]] (1920)}}'' +| [[File:King George VI - NARA - 5730844.jpg|100px]] +| 14 December 1895<br />[[Sandringham House]], [[Sandringham, Norfolk|Sandringham]]<br />son of [[George V]] and [[Mary of Teck]] +| [[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]]<br />26 April 1923<br />2 daughters +| 6 February 1952<br />[[Sandringham House]], [[Sandringham, Norfolk|Sandringham]]<br />aged 56 + +|} + +Prince Albert succeeded as '''George VI''' in 1936 upon [[Edward VIII|his brother]]'s [[Edward VIII abdication crisis|abdication]] and the title of duke merged with the crown. + +===Eighth creation, 1986=== +{{Nobility table header|name=Duke}} +| '''[[Prince Andrew, Duke of York|Prince Andrew]]'''<br />[[House of Windsor]]<br />1986– <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/50606/supplement/1|title = Page 1 &#124; Supplement 50606, 23 July 1986 &#124; London Gazette &#124; the Gazette}}</ref><br />''{{Small|also: [[Earl of Inverness]] and [[Baron Killyleagh]] (1986)}}'' +| [[File:The Duke of York in Belfast (cropped).jpg|100px]] +| 19 February 1960<br />[[Buckingham Palace]]<br />son of [[Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] +| [[Sarah, Duchess of York|Sarah Ferguson]]<br />23 July 1986 – 30 May 1996<br />([[divorce]])<br />2 daughters +| {{spaced ndash}}<br /> now {{age in years and days|1960|2|19}} old + +|} + +==Family tree== +{{Dukes of York and Albany family tree}} + +==Places and things named after the dukes of York== +===Geographic features=== +====Southern hemisphere==== +* [[Cape York Peninsula]], Australia<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cape-York|title=Cape York|publisher= Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref> +* [[Duke of York Island, Antarctica]] +* [[Duke of York Island, Papua New Guinea]] +* [[Duke of York Islands]], Papua New Guinea +====Canada==== +* [[Duke of York Archipelago]], Canada +* [[Duke of York Bay]], Canada + +===Political entities=== +====Canada==== +* [[York, Upper Canada]], now Toronto, Ontario<ref>{{cite book | last = Scadding | first = Henry | author-link = Henry Scadding | year=1873 |publisher = [[Adam, Stevenson & Co.]] | location = [[Toronto, ON.]] | url = https://archive.org/details/ytorontoofoldcol00scad | title = Toronto of old: collections and recollections illustrative of the early settlement and social life of the capital of Ontario | page =[https://archive.org/details/ytorontoofoldcol00scad/page/21 21] | access-date = 13 December 2017}}</ref> +* [[York County, New Brunswick]], Canada<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.gnb.ca/Exhibits/Communities/CountyListing.aspx?culture=en-CA&county=15|title=York County|work=Where is Home? New Brunswick Communities Past and Present|publisher=Provincial Archives of New Brunswick|access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref> + +====United States==== +* [[New York (state)|New York]], a U.S. state<ref name=NewYork>{{cite web|url=http://www.empirestatehistory.com/New_York_Under_The_Duke_of_York.html|title=New York Under The Duke of York|publisher=Empire State History|access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref> +* [[New York City]], the largest city in the state of New York.<ref name=NewYork/> + +===Schools=== +* [[Duke of York's Royal Military School]], Dover, Kent, United Kingdom +* [[Duke of York School]], [[Nairobi, Kenya]], renamed Lenana School after Kenya attained independence in 1963. + +===Ships=== +*[[HMS Duke of York (1763)|HMS ''Duke of York'' (1763)]], a 4-gun [[Cutter (boat)|cutter]] purchased in 1763 and sold in 1776 +*[[HMS Duke of York (17)|HMS ''Duke of York'' (17)]], a ''King George V''-class battleship launched in 1940, and broken up in 1958 +*[[Hired armed cutter Duke of York|Hired armed cutter ''Duke of York'']] +*[[Hired armed lugger Duke of York|Hired armed lugger ''Duke of York'']] +*[[TSS Duke of York (1894)|TSS ''Duke of York'' (1894)]] +*[[TSS Duke of York (1935)|TSS ''Duke of York'' (1935)]] + +===Railroad Equipment=== +* ''Duke of York'' was one of the [[GWR 3031 Class]] locomotives that were built for and run on the [[Great Western Railway]] between 1891 and 1915. + +==See also== +*[[Duke of Albany]] +*[[Duke of York and Albany]] +*[[Earl of Inverness]], a subsidiary title of the current creation +*[[Baron Killyleagh]], a subsidiary title of the current creation +*[[Henry Benedict Stuart]], created Duke of York in the [[Jacobite Peerage]] by his father [[James Francis Edward Stuart|the titular King James III]] in 1725. Living in Italy as a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, he called himself the "Cardinal Duke of York" (or "Cardinal called Duke of York") for most of his life and was recognised as such by the [[Papacy]], [[Modena]], [[France]], and [[Spain]]. He became the [[Jacobite succession|Jacobite pretender]] himself as "Henry IX" in 1788. The last [[Descendants of James II of England|surviving legitimate descendant]] of [[James II of England|James II]], his grandfather, he died without issue in 1807. ==References== -<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --> -{{reflist}} +{{Reflist|2}} + +==Sources== +* Miller, John (2000). ''James II'', 3rd ed. {{ISBN|0-300-08728-4}}. ==External links== -{{Commons category|Christian Weston Chandler}} -*[https://sonichu.com/ CWCki, a wiki dedicated to Christian] -*{{discogs artist|2864150}} -*{{IMDb name|id=4813395}} +* [https://www.royal.uk/the-duke-york The Duke of York] at the Royal Family website -{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandler, Christian Weston}} +{{Dukes of York|*}} +{{British royal titles}} +{{Extant British dukedoms}} +{{Authority control}} -[[Category:1982 births]] -[[Category:21st-century male artists]] -[[Category:21st-century American artists]] -[[Category:21st-century American people]] -[[Category:21st-century American writers]] -[[Category:People on the autism spectrum]] -[[Category:Digital artists]] -[[Category:YouTube vloggers]] -[[Category:Gaming YouTubers]] -[[Category:Internet memes]] -[[Category:4chan phenomena]] -[[Category:Victims of cyberbullying]] -[[Category:Living people]] -[[Category:Transgender and transsexual women]] -[[Category:Female YouTubers]] -[[Category:People from Charlottesville, Virginia]] -{{Source Wikipedia}} +{{DEFAULTSORT:York}} +[[Category:Dukes of York| ]] +[[Category:1385 establishments in England]] +[[Category:1892 establishments in the United Kingdom]] +[[Category:Dukedoms in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]] +[[Category:British and Irish peerages which merged in the Crown]] +[[Category:Noble titles created in 1385]] +[[Category:Noble titles created in 1474]] +[[Category:Noble titles created in 1494]] +[[Category:Noble titles created in 1605]] +[[Category:Noble titles created in 1644]] +[[Category:Noble titles created in 1725]]<!--Jacobite creation--> +[[Category:Noble titles created in 1892]] +[[Category:Noble titles created in 1920]] +[[Category:Noble titles created in 1986]] +[[Category:Dukedoms in the Jacobite Peerage]] '