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{{Context|date=July 2021}}
'''Personal initiative''' (PI) is self-starting and proactive behavior that overcomes barriers to achieve a goal.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2001-01-01|title=4. Personal initiative: An active performance concept for work in the 21st century|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191308501230056|journal=Research in Organizational Behavior|language=en|volume=23|pages=133–187|doi=10.1016/S0191-3085(01)23005-6|issn=0191-3085|last1=Frese|first1=Michael|last2=Fay|first2=Doris}}</ref> It was developed by [[Michael Frese]] and coworkers in the 1990s .
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