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{{short description|13th-century Norse work of literature}}
{{Short description|13th-century Icelandic book on Norse mythology}}
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{{Old Norse topics}}
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[[File:Edda.jpg|thumb|Title page of a late manuscript of the Prose Edda, showing Odin, Heimdallr, Sleipnir and other figures from Norse mythology.]]
{{italic title}}
{{italic title}}
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{{Old Norse topics}}
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The '''''Prose Edda''''', also known as the '''''Younger Edda''''', '''''Snorri's Edda''''' ({{lang-is|Snorra Edda}}) or, historically, simply as '''''Edda''''', is an [[Old Norse]] textbook written in [[Iceland]] during the early 13th century. The work is often assumed to have been to some extent written, or at least compiled, by the Icelandic scholar, [[lawspeaker]], and historian [[Snorri Sturluson]] {{circa}} 1220. It is considered the fullest and most detailed source for modern knowledge of [[Norse mythology]], the body of [[myth]]s of the [[North Germanic peoples]], and draws from a wide variety of sources, including versions of poems that survive into today in a collection known as the ''[[Poetic Edda]]''.
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[[File:Edda.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Title page of a late manuscript of the '''''Prose Edda''''' written by [[Snorri Sturluson]] (13th century), showing the [[List of Germanic deities|Ancient Norse Gods]] [[Odin]], [[Heimdallr]], [[Sleipnir]], and other figures from [[Norse mythology]]]]
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The '''''Prose Edda''''', also known as the '''''Younger Edda''''', '''''Snorri's Edda''''' ({{lang-is|Snorra Edda}}) or, historically, simply as '''''Edda''''', is an [[Old Norse]] textbook written in [[Iceland]] during the early 13th century. The work is often considered to have been to some extent written, or at least compiled, by the Icelandic scholar, [[lawspeaker]], and historian [[Snorri Sturluson]] {{circa}} 1220. It is considered the fullest and most detailed source for modern knowledge of [[Norse mythology]], the body of [[myth]]s of the [[North Germanic peoples]], and draws from a wide variety of sources, including versions of poems that survive into today in a collection known as the ''[[Poetic Edda]]''.


The ''Prose Edda'' consists of four sections: The Prologue, a euhemerized account of the Norse gods; ''[[Gylfaginning]]'', which provides a question and answer format that details aspects of Norse mythology (consisting of approximately 20,000 words), ''[[Skáldskaparmál]]'', which continues this format before providing lists of [[kenning]]s and ''[[heiti]]'' (approximately 50,000 words); and ''[[Háttatal]]'', which discusses the composition of traditional [[skald]]ic poetry (approximately 20,000 words).
The ''Prose Edda'' consists of four sections: The [[Prologue (Prose Edda)|Prologue]], a [[euhemerism|euhemerized]] account of the Norse gods; ''[[Gylfaginning]]'', which provides a question and answer format that details aspects of Norse mythology (consisting of approximately 20,000 words), ''[[Skáldskaparmál]]'', which continues this format before providing lists of [[kenning]]s and ''[[heiti]]'' (approximately 50,000 words); and ''[[Háttatal]]'', which discusses the composition of traditional [[skald]]ic poetry (approximately 20,000 words).


Dating from {{circa}} 1300 to 1600, seven manuscripts of the ''Prose Edda'' differ from one another in notable ways, which provides researchers with independent textual value for analysis. The ''Prose Edda'' appears to have functioned similarly to a contemporary textbook, with the goal of assisting Icelandic poets and readers in understanding the subtleties of [[alliterative verse]], and to grasp the meaning behind the many kennings used in skaldic poetry.
Dating from {{circa}} 1300 to 1600, seven manuscripts of the ''Prose Edda'' differ from one another in notable ways, which provides researchers with independent textual value for analysis. The ''Prose Edda'' appears to have functioned similarly to a contemporary textbook, with the goal of assisting Icelandic poets and readers in understanding the subtleties of [[alliterative verse]], and to grasp the meaning behind the many kennings used in skaldic poetry.
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==Naming==
==Naming==
The etymology of "Edda" remains uncertain; there are many hypotheses about its meaning and developing, yet little agreement. Some argue that the word derives from the name of [[Oddi]], a town in the south of Iceland where Snorri was raised. Edda could therefore mean "book of Oddi." However, this assumption is generally rejected. Anthony Faulkes in his English translation of the Prose Edda comments that this is "unlikely, both in terms of [[linguistics]] and [[history]]"<ref name="FAULKES-1982">Faulkes (1982).</ref> since Snorri was no longer living at Oddi when he composed his work.
The etymology of "Edda" remains uncertain; there are many hypotheses about its meaning and development, yet little agreement. Some argue that the word derives from the name of [[Oddi]], a town in the south of Iceland where Snorri was raised. Edda could therefore mean "book of Oddi." However, this assumption is generally rejected. Anthony Faulkes in his English translation of the Prose Edda comments that this is "unlikely, both in terms of [[linguistics]] and [[history]]"<ref name="FAULKES-1982">Faulkes (1982).</ref> since Snorri was no longer living at Oddi when he composed his work.


Another connection was made with the word ''[[óðr]]'', which means 'poetry or inspiration' in Old Norse.<ref name="FAULKES-1982" /> According to Faulkes, though such a connection is plausible semantically, it is unlikely that "Edda" could have been coined in the 13th century on the basis of "óðr", because such a development "would have had to have taken place gradually", and ''Edda'' in the sense of 'poetics' is not likely to have existed in the preliterary period.<ref name="FAULKES-1977-32-39">Faulkes (1977: 32-39).</ref>
Another connection was made with the word ''[[óðr]]'', which means 'poetry or inspiration' in Old Norse.<ref name="FAULKES-1982" /> According to Faulkes, though such a connection is plausible semantically, it is unlikely that "Edda" could have been coined in the 13th century on the basis of "óðr", because such a development "would have had to have taken place gradually", and ''Edda'' in the sense of 'poetics' is not likely to have existed in the preliterary period.<ref name="FAULKES-1977-32-39">Faulkes (1977: 32-39).</ref>
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== Manuscripts ==
== Manuscripts ==
Seven manuscripts of the ''Prose Edda'' have survived into the present day: Six copies from the medieval period and another dating to the 1600s. No one manuscript is complete, and each has variations. In addition to three fragments, the four main manuscripts are [[Codex Regius]], [[Codex Wormianus]], [[Codex Trajectinus]], and the [[Codex Upsaliensis]]:<ref name="WANNER-2008-97">Wanner (2008: 97).</ref>
Seven manuscripts of the ''Prose Edda'' have survived into the present day: Six copies from the medieval period and another dating to the 1600s. No one manuscript is complete, and each has variations. In addition to three fragments, the four main manuscripts are Codex Regius, [[Codex Wormianus]], Codex Trajectinus, and the Codex Upsaliensis:<ref name="WANNER-2008-97">Wanner (2008: 97).</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope=col|Name
!scope=col|Name
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==Authorship==
==Authorship==
The text is often assumed to have been written or at least compiled to some extent by [[Snorri Sturluson]]. This identification is largely based on the following paragraph from a portion of Codex Upsaliensis, an early 14th-century manuscript containing the ''Edda'':
The text is generally considered to have been written or at least compiled by [[Snorri Sturluson]]. This identification is largely based on the following paragraph from a portion of Codex Upsaliensis, an early 14th-century manuscript containing the ''Edda'':

<blockquote>
{{Verse translation|lang=is
{|
|
|
:Bók þessi heitir Edda. Hana hefir saman setta Snorri Sturluson eptir þeim hætti sem hér er skipat. Er fyrst frá Ásum ok Ymi, þar næst Skáldskaparmál ok heiti margra hluta, síðast Háttatal er Snorri hefir ort um Hákon konung ok Skúla hertuga.<ref name="FAULKES-XIII-2005">Faulkes 2005:XIII.</ref>
Bók þessi heitir Edda. Hana hefir saman setta Snorri Sturluson eptir þeim hætti sem hér er skipat. Er fyrst frá Ásum ok Ymi, þar næst Skáldskaparmál ok heiti margra hluta, síðast Háttatal er Snorri hefir ort um Hákon konung ok Skúla hertuga.<ref name="FAULKES-XIII-2005">Faulkes 2005:XIII.</ref>
|
|
:This book is called Edda. Snorri Sturluson has compiled it in the manner in which it is arranged here. There is first told about the Æsir and Ymir, then Skáldskaparmál (‘poetic diction’) and (poetical) names of many things, finally Háttatal (‘enumeration of metres or verse-forms’) which Snorri has composed about [[Haakon IV of Norway|King Hákon]] and [[Skule Bårdsson|Earl Skúli]].<ref name="FAULKES-XIII-2005"/>
This book is called Edda. Snorri Sturluson has compiled it in the manner in which it is arranged here. There is first told about the Æsir and Ymir, then Skáldskaparmál (‘poetic diction’) and (poetical) names of many things, finally Háttatal ('enumeration of metres or verse-forms') which Snorri has composed about [[Haakon IV of Norway|King Hákon]] and [[Skule Bårdsson|Earl Skúli]].<ref name="FAULKES-XIII-2005"/>
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}}
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|}
</blockquote>


Scholars have noted that this attribution, along with that of other primary manuscripts, is not clear whether or not Snorri is more than the compiler of the work and the author of ''Háttatal'' or if he is the author of the entire ''Edda''.<ref name="BYOCKXII">Byock (2006: XII).</ref> Faulkes summarizes the matter of scholarly discourse around the authorship of the ''Prose Edda'' as follows:
Scholars have noted that this attribution, along with that of other primary manuscripts, is not clear whether or not Snorri is more than the compiler of the work and the author of ''Háttatal'' or if he is the author of the entire ''Edda''.<ref name="BYOCKXII">Byock (2006: XII).</ref> Faulkes summarizes the matter of scholarly discourse around the authorship of the ''Prose Edda'' as follows:
:Snorri’s authorship of the Prose Edda was upheld by the renaissance scholar [[Arngrímur Jónsson]] (1568–1648), and since his time it has generally been accepted without question. But the surviving manuscripts, which were all written more than half a century after Snorri’s death, differ from each other considerably and it is not likely that any of them preserves the work quite as he wrote it. A number of passages in Skáldskaparmál especially have been thought to be interpolations, and this section of the work has clearly been subject to various kinds of revision in most manuscripts. It has also been argued that the prologue and the first paragraph and part of the last paragraph of Gylfaginning are not by Snorri, at least in their surviving forms.<ref name="FAULKES-XIV-2005">Faulkes (2005: XIV).</ref>
:Snorri's authorship of the Prose Edda was upheld by the renaissance scholar [[Arngrímur Jónsson]] (1568–1648), and since his time it has generally been accepted without question. But the surviving manuscripts, which were all written more than half a century after Snorri's death, differ from each other considerably and it is not likely that any of them preserves the work quite as he wrote it. A number of passages in Skáldskaparmál especially have been thought to be interpolations, and this section of the work has clearly been subject to various kinds of revision in most manuscripts. It has also been argued that the prologue and the first paragraph and part of the last paragraph of Gylfaginning are not by Snorri, at least in their surviving forms.<ref name="FAULKES-XIV-2005">Faulkes (2005: XIV).</ref>


Whatever the case, the mention of Snorri in the manuscripts has been influential in a common acceptance of Snorri as the author or at least one of the authors of the ''Edda''.<ref name="BYOCKXII"/>
Whatever the case, the mention of Snorri in the manuscripts has been influential in a common acceptance of Snorri as the author or at least one of the authors of the ''Edda''.<ref name="BYOCKXII"/>
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===Prologue===
===Prologue===
{{Main|Prologue (Prose Edda)}}
{{Main|Prologue (Prose Edda)}}
The Prologue is the first section of four books of the ''Prose Edda'', consisting of a [[euhemerism|euhemerized]] [[Christianity|Christian]] account of the origins of [[Norse mythology]]: the Nordic gods are described as human [[Troy|Trojan]] warriors who left Troy after the fall of that city (an origin similar to the one chosen by [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]] in the 12th century to account for the ancestry of the British nation, and which parallels Virgil's ''[[Aeneid]]''). According to the ''Prose Edda'', these warriors settled in northern Europe, where they were accepted as divine kings because of their superior culture and technology. Remembrance ceremonies later conducted at their burial sites degenerated into heathen cults, turning them into gods.
The Prologue is the first section of four books of the ''Prose Edda'', consisting of a [[euhemerism|euhemerized]] [[Christianity|Christian]] account of the origins of [[Norse mythology]]: the Nordic gods are described as human [[Troy|Trojan]] warriors who left Troy after the fall of that city (an origin which parallels Virgil's ''[[Aeneid]]'').


===''Gylfaginning''===
===''Gylfaginning''===
[[File:Manuscript Gylfi.jpg|thumb|[[Gylfi]] and three speakers. Manuscript SAM 66 (Iceland, 1765–1766), [[Reykjavík]], [[Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies]].]]
[[File:Manuscript Gylfi.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Gylfi]] and [[High, Just-as-High, and Third]]. [[Icelandic Manuscript, SÁM 66|Manuscript SAM 66]] (Iceland, 1765–1766), [[Reykjavík]], [[Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies]].]]
{{Main|Gylfaginning}}
{{Main|Gylfaginning}}
''Gylfaginning'' (Old Icelandic 'the tricking of [[Gylfi]]')<ref name="FAULKES-1982-7">Faulkes (1982: 7).</ref> follows the Prologue in the ''Prose Edda''. ''Gylfaginning'' deals with the creation and destruction of the world of the [[Æsir|Nordic gods]], and many other aspects of [[Norse mythology]]. The section is written in prose interspersed with quotes from eddic poetry.
''Gylfaginning'' (Old Icelandic 'the tricking of [[Gylfi]]')<ref name="FAULKES-1982-7">Faulkes (1982: 7).</ref> follows the Prologue in the ''Prose Edda''. ''Gylfaginning'' deals with the creation and destruction of the world of the [[Æsir|Nordic gods]], and many other aspects of [[Norse mythology]]. The section is written in prose interspersed with quotes from eddic poetry.
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[[Image:Treated NKS haustlong.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.13|[[Thjazi]] and [[Loki]]. Beginning of the myth of the abduction of [[Iðunn]], attested in ''Skáldskaparmál''. Manuscript NKS 1867 4to (Iceland, 1760), Copenhagen, Royal Library]]
[[Image:Treated NKS haustlong.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.13|[[Thjazi]] and [[Loki]]. Beginning of the myth of the abduction of [[Iðunn]], attested in ''Skáldskaparmál''. Manuscript NKS 1867 4to (Iceland, 1760), Copenhagen, Royal Library]]
{{Main|Skáldskaparmál}}
{{Main|Skáldskaparmál}}
''Skáldskaparmál'' (Old Icelandic 'the language of poetry'<ref name="FAULKES-1982-59">Faulkes (1982: 59).</ref>) is the third section of ''Edda'', and consists of a dialogue between [[Ægir]], a [[jötunn]] who is one various personifications of the sea, and [[Bragi]], a [[skald]]ic god, in which both Norse mythology and discourse on the nature of poetry are intertwined. The origin of a number of kennings are given and Bragi then delivers a systematic [[list of kennings]] for various people, places, and things. Bragi then goes on to discuss poetic language in some detail, in particular ''[[heiti]]'', the concept of poetical words which are non-periphrastic, for example "steed" for "horse", and again systematises these. This section contains numerous quotes from skaldic poetry.
''Skáldskaparmál'' (Old Icelandic 'the language of poetry'<ref name="FAULKES-1982-59">Faulkes (1982: 59).</ref>) is the third section of ''Edda'', and consists of a dialogue between [[Ægir]], a [[jötunn]] who is one of various personifications of the sea, and [[Bragi]], a [[skald]]ic god, in which both Norse mythology and discourse on the nature of poetry are intertwined. The origin of a number of kennings are given and Bragi then delivers a systematic [[list of kennings]] for various people, places, and things. Bragi then goes on to discuss poetic language in some detail, in particular ''[[heiti]]'', the concept of poetical words which are non-periphrastic, for example "steed" for "horse", and again systematises these. This section contains numerous quotes from skaldic poetry.


===''Háttatal''===
===''Háttatal''===
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== Translations ==
== Translations ==
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{{wikisourcepar|Prose Edda}}
The ''Prose Edda'' has been the subject of numerous translations:
The ''Prose Edda'' has been the subject of numerous translations. The most recent ones into English have been by [[Jesse Byock]] (2006), Anthony Faulkes (1987 / 2nd ed. 1995), Jean Young (1954), and [[Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur]] (1916). Many of these translations are abridged; the technical nature of the ''Háttatal'' means it is frequently excluded, and the ''Skáldskaparmál'' often has its more Old Norse thesaurus aspects abridged as well.<ref>Byock 2006: Notes on the Translation</ref><ref>Hopkins 2019</ref>
{{Refbegin}}


'''Translations into English'''
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*{{citation | editor-last = Cnattingius | editor-first = Andreas Jacobus | title = Snorre Sturlesons Edda samt Skalda | trans-title =Snorre Sturleson's Edda and Skalda | url = https://archive.org/details/SnorreSturlesons000365828v0SnorReyk | year = 1819 | language = sv }}
*{{citation | editor-last = Dasent | editor-first = George Webbe | title = The Prose or Younger Edda commonly ascribed to Snorri Sturluson | url = https://archive.org/details/Theproseoryounge000365777v0SnorReyk | year = 1842 }}
* {{cite book | translator-last = Dasent | translator-first = George Webbe |translator-link=George Webbe Dasent | title = The Prose or Younger Edda commonly ascribed to Snorri Sturluson | url = https://archive.org/details/Theproseoryounge000365777v0SnorReyk | year = 1842 | publisher = Norstedt and Sons }}
* {{cite book | translator-last = Anderson | translator-first = Rasmus B. | translator-link = Rasmus B. Anderson | title = The Younger Edda: Also Called Snorre's Edda, or the Prose Edda | publisher = Chicago: Griggs | year = 1880 | url = https://archive.org/details/youngereddaalsoc00snoruoft }} ([https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18947 Project Gutenberg e-text], 1901 ed.; [[s:The Younger Edda (tr. Anderson)|Wikisource edition]].)
*{{citation | editor-last = Egilsson | editor-first = Sveinbjörn | editor-link = Sveinbjörn Egilsson | editor-last2 = Sigurðsson | editor-first2 = Jón | editor-link2 = Jón Sigurðsson | editor-last3 = Jónsson | editor-first3 = Finnur | editor-link3 = Finnur Jónsson | title = Edda Snorra Sturlusonar - Edda Snorronis Sturlaei | language = la }} , 3 volumes
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* {{cite book | title = The Elder Eddas of Saemund Sigfusson; and the Younger Eddas of Snorre Sturleson | translator-first = Benjamin | translator-last = Thorpe | translator-link = Benjamin Thorpe | translator-first2 = I. A. | translator-last2 = Blackwell | year = 1906 | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14726 }} Compilation of two translations made earlier; Blackwell's translation of the Prose Edda is from 1847.
**{{citation | title = Tomus Primus - Formali, Gylfaginning, Bragaraedur, Skaldskarparmal et Hattatal | url = https://archive.org/details/eddasnorrasturlu01hafnuoft | year = 1848 }}
* {{cite wikisource |title=The Prose Edda |wslink=The Prose Edda (1916) |translator-last=Brodeur |translator-first=Arthur Gilchrist |translator-link=Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur |date=1916 |publisher=The American-Scandinavian Foundation |location= |ref={{harvid|Brodeur|1916}}}}
**{{citation | title = Tomus Secundus - Tractatus Philologicos et Additamenta ex Codicibus Manuscripts | url = https://archive.org/details/eddasnorrasturlu02hafnuoft | year = 1852}}
* {{cite book |title=The Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson; Tales from Norse Mythology | translator-first = Jean | translator-last = Young |year=1954 |publisher=Bowes & Bowes }}
**{{citation | title = Tomus Tertius - Praefationem, Commmentarios in Carmina, Skaldatal cum Commentario, Indicem Generalem | url = https://archive.org/details/EddaSnorraSturlu000365811v3SnorReyk | year = 1880–1887 }}
* {{cite book |translator-first=Anthony |translator-last=Faulkes|date=1995 |title=Edda |url = http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/SNORRA%20EDDA%20searchable.pdf |location= |publisher=Everyman |isbn=0-460-87616-3 |edition=2nd}}
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*{{citation | editor-last = Wilken | editor-first = Ernst | title = Die prosaische Edda im Auszuge nebst Vǫlsunga-saga und Nornagests-þáttr | trans-title = The Prose Edda in excerpt along with Völsunga saga and Norna-Gests þáttr | series = Bibliothek der ältesten deutschen Literatur-Denkmäler. XI. Band | language = de }}
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* {{cite book |translator-last=Byock |translator-first=Jesse |translator-link=Jesse Byock |date=2006 |title=The Prose Edda |location= |publisher=[[Penguin Classics]] |isbn=978-0-141-91274-5 }}
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**{{citation | title = Teil I: Text | url = https://archive.org/details/dieprosaischeedd01snor | orig-year = 1877 | year = 1912 }}
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* {{cite book | editor-first = Heimir | editor-last = Pálsson | translator-first = Anthony | translator-last = Faulkes | title = The Uppsala Edda: DG 11 4to | publisher = London: The Viking Society for Northern Research | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-903521-85-7 | url = http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Uppsala%20Edda.pdf }} A version based strictly on the Codex Upsaliensis (DG 11) document; includes both Old Norse and English translation.
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**{{citation | title = Teil II: Glossar | url = https://archive.org/details/dieprosaischeedd02snor | orig-year = 1877 | year = 1913 }}
* {{citation | editor-last = Anderson | editor-first = Rasmus B. | editor-link = Rasmus B. Anderson | title = The Younger Edda, Also Called Snorre's Edda, or the Prose Edda: An English Version of the Foreword; the Fooling of Gylfe, the Afterword; Brage's Talk, the Afterword to Brage's Talk, and the Important Passages in the Poetical Diction (Skáldskaparmál), with an Introduction, Notes, Vocabulary, and Index | publisher = Chicago: Griggs | year = 1880 | url = https://archive.org/details/youngereddaalsoc00snoruoft}} , e-text via ''www.gutenberg.org'' (1901 ed.)
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* {{citation | title = The Elder Eddas of Saemund Sigfusson; and the Younger Eddas of Snorre Sturleson | editor-first = Benjamin | editor-last = Thorpe | editor-link = Benjamin Thorpe | editor-first2 = I. A. | editor-last2 = Blackwell | year = 1906 | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14726 }}
*{{citation | editor-last = Brodeur | editor-first = Arthur Gilchrist | editor-link = Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur | title = The Prose Edda | publisher = New York: American-Scandinavian Foundation | year = 1916 | url = https://archive.org/details/proseedda01brodgoog | work = Scandinavian classics | volume = 5 }}
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* {{citation | editor-last = Grape | editor-first = Anders | year = 1977 | title = Snorre Sturlusons Edda: Uppsala-Handskriften DH II | oclc = 2915588 | language = is }} , 2 volumes : 1 facsimile; 2 translation and notes
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* {{citation | editor-last = Grape | editor-first = Anders | editor-last2 = Kallstenius | editor-first2 = Gottfrid | editor-last3 = Thorell | editor-first3 = Olod | year = 1977 | title = Snorre Sturlusons Edda: Uppsala-Handskriften DH II | language = sv | oclc = 774703003 }} , 2 volumes : 1 facsimile; 2 translation and notes
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*{{citation | editor-last = Lerate | editor-first = Luis | title = Edda Menor | trans-title = Younger Edda | publisher = [[Alianza Editorial]] | year = 1984 | isbn = 978-84-206-3142-4 |language = es }}
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* {{citation | editor-last = Dillmann | editor-first = François-Xavier | editor-link = François-Xavier Dillmann | title = L'Edda: Récits de mythologie nordique | trans-title = The Edda : Stories of Norse Myth | year = 1991 | work = L'Aube des peuples | publisher = Gallimard | isbn = 2-07-072114-0 | language = fr }}
* {{citation | editor-last = Faulkes | editor-first = Anthony | title = Edda | publisher = Everyman | year = 1995 | isbn = 9780460876162 | url = http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/EDDArestr.pdf }}
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* {{citation | editor-last = Byock | editor-first = Jesse | editor-link = Jesse Byock | year = 2006 | title = The Prose Edda | publisher = [[Penguin Classics]] | isbn = 0-14-044755-5}}
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* {{citation | editor-first = Heimir | editor-last = Pálsson | editor-first2 = Anthony | editor-last2 = Faulkes | title = Snorri Sturluson: The Uppsala Edda, DG 11 4to | publisher = London: The Viking Society for Northern Research | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-903521-85-7 | url = http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Uppsala%20Edda.pdf }} , norse with English translation


'''Translations into other languages'''
{{Refend}}
⚫
*{{cite book | translator-last = Cnattingius | translator-first = Andreas Jacobus | title = Snorre Sturlesons Edda samt Skalda | trans-title =Snorre Sturleson's Edda and Skalda | url = https://archive.org/details/SnorreSturlesons000365828v0SnorReyk | year = 1819 | language = sv }}
*{{cite book | translator-last = Egilsson | translator-first = Sveinbjörn | translator-link = Sveinbjörn Egilsson | translator-last2 = Sigurðsson | translator-first2 = Jón | translator-link2 = Jón Sigurðsson | translator-last3 = Jónsson | translator-first3 = Finnur | translator-link3 = Finnur Jónsson | title = Edda Snorra Sturlusonar - Edda Snorronis Sturlaei | language = la }} 3 volumes: [https://archive.org/details/eddasnorrasturlu01hafnuoft Vol. 1: Formali, Gylfaginning, Bragaraedur, Skaldskarparmal et Hattatal] (1848), [https://archive.org/details/eddasnorrasturlu02hafnuoft Vol. 2: Tractatus Philologicos et Additamenta ex Codicibus Manuscripts] (1852), [https://archive.org/details/EddaSnorraSturlu000365811v3SnorReyk Vol. 3: Praefationem, Commmentarios in Carmina, Skaldatal cum Commentario, Indicem Generalem] (1880–1887)
⚫
*{{cite book | translator-last = Wilken | translator-first = Ernst | title = Die prosaische Edda im Auszuge nebst Vǫlsunga-saga und Nornagests-þáttr | trans-title = The Prose Edda in excerpt along with Völsunga saga and Norna-Gests þáttr | series = Bibliothek der ältesten deutschen Literatur-Denkmäler. XI. Band | language = de }}
⚫
**{{citation | title = Teil I: Text | url = https://archive.org/details/dieprosaischeedd01snor | orig-year = 1877 | year = 1912 | publisher = Paderborn F. Schöningh }}
⚫
**{{citation | title = Teil II: Glossar | url = https://archive.org/details/dieprosaischeedd02snor | orig-year = 1877 | year = 1913 | publisher = Paderborn F. Schöningh }}
⚫
* {{cite book | translator-last = Grape | translator-first = Anders | year = 1977 | title = Snorre Sturlusons Edda: Uppsala-Handskriften DH II | oclc = 2915588 | language = is }} , 2 volumes : 1 facsimile; 2 translation and notes
⚫
* {{cite book | translator-last = Grape | translator-first = Anders | translator-last2 = Kallstenius | translator-first2 = Gottfrid | translator-last3 = Thorell | translator-first3 = Olod | year = 1977 | title = Snorre Sturlusons Edda: Uppsala-Handskriften DH II | language = sv | oclc = 774703003 }} , 2 volumes : 1 facsimile; 2 translation and notes
⚫
* {{cite book | translator-last = Lerate | translator-first = Luis | title = Edda Menor | trans-title = Younger Edda | publisher = [[Alianza Editorial]] | year = 1984 | isbn = 978-84-206-3142-4 |language = es }}
⚫
* {{cite book | translator-last = Dillmann | translator-first = François-Xavier | translator-link = François-Xavier Dillmann | title = L'Edda: Récits de mythologie nordique | trans-title = The Edda: Stories of Norse Myth | year = 1991 | series = L'Aube des peuples | publisher = Gallimard | isbn = 2-07-072114-0 | language = fr }}


== Editions ==
== Old Norse editions ==
{{wikisourcepar|Prose Edda}}
{{wikisourcelang|is|Snorra Edda}}
⚫
{{wikisourcepar|Edda}}
{{refbegin}}


*{{citation | editor-first = Sveinbjörn | editor-last = Egilsson | editor-link = Sveinbjörn Egilsson | url = https://archive.org/stream/eddasnorrasturl00egilgoog | title = Edda Snorra Sturlusonar: eða Gylfaginníng, Skáldskaparmál og Háttatal | year = 1848 }}
*{{citation | editor-first = Sveinbjörn | editor-last = Egilsson | editor-link = Sveinbjörn Egilsson | url = https://archive.org/stream/eddasnorrasturl00egilgoog | title = Edda Snorra Sturlusonar: eða Gylfaginníng, Skáldskaparmál og Háttatal | year = 1848 | publisher = Prentuð i prentsmiðjulandsins, af prentara H. Helgasyni }}
* {{citation | title = Edda Snorra Sturlusonar: með skáldatali | editor-first = Guðni | editor-last = Jónsson | editor-link = Guðni Jónsson | publisher = Reykjavík: S. Kristjánsson | year = 1935 | language = is | url = http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Edda_Snorra_Sturlusonar }}
* {{citation | title = Edda Snorra Sturlusonar: með skáldatali | editor-first = Guðni | editor-last = Jónsson | editor-link = Guðni Jónsson | publisher = Reykjavík: S. Kristjánsson | year = 1935 | language = is | url = http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Edda_Snorra_Sturlusonar }}
* {{citation | editor-last = Faulkes | editor-first = Anthony | title = Edda }} , Norse text and English notes
* {{citation | editor-last = Faulkes | editor-first = Anthony | title = Edda }}, Norse text and English notes.
**{{citation | title = Prologue and Gylfaginning | orig-year = 1982 | edition = 2nd | year = 2005 | url =http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Edda-1.pdf | isbn = 978-0-903521-64-2 | last1 = Sturluson | first1 = Snorri }}
**{{citation | title = Prologue and Gylfaginning | orig-year = 1982 | edition = 2nd | year = 2005 | url =http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Edda-1.pdf | isbn = 978-0-903521-64-2 | author = Snorri Sturluson }}
**{{citation | title = Skáldskaparmál 1: Introduction, text and notes | year = 1998 | url = http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Edda-2a.pdf | isbn = 978-0-903521-36-9 }}
**{{citation | title = Skáldskaparmál 1: Introduction, text and notes | year = 1998 | url = http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Edda-2a.pdf | isbn = 978-0-903521-36-9 | author = Snorri Sturluson | publisher = Viking Society for Northern Research }}
**{{citation | title = Skáldskaparmál 2: Glossary and index of names | year = 1998 | url =http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Edda-2b.pdf | isbn = 978-0-903521-38-3 }}
**{{citation | title = Skáldskaparmál 2: Glossary and index of names | year = 1998 | url =http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Edda-2b.pdf | isbn = 978-0-903521-38-3 | author = Snorri Sturluson | publisher = Viking Society for Northern Research }}
**{{citation | title = Háttatal | orig-year = 1991 | edition = 2nd | year = 2007 | url = http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Edda-3.pdf | isbn = 978-0-903521-68-0 }}
**{{citation | title = Háttatal | orig-year = 1991 | edition = 2nd | year = 2007 | url = http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Edda-3.pdf | isbn = 978-0-903521-68-0 | author = Snorri Sturluson }}

{{refend}}


==See also==
==See also==
Line 137: Line 130:
* ''[[Heimskringla]]''
* ''[[Heimskringla]]''


==Notes==
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|30em}}


==References==
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
*Faulkes, Anthony. 1977. "Edda", ''Gripla'' II, Reykjavík . [http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Edda.pdf Online]. Last accessed August 12, 2020.
*Faulkes, Anthony. 1977. "Edda", ''Gripla'' II, Reykjavík . [http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Edda.pdf Online]. Last accessed August 12, 2020.
*Faulkes, Anthony. Trans. 1982. ''Edda''. Oxford University Press.
*Faulkes, Anthony. Trans. 1982. ''Edda''. Oxford University Press.
Line 148: Line 141:
*Gylfi Gunnlaugsson. 2019. "Norse Myths, Nordic Identities: The Divergent Case of Icelandic Romanticism" in Simon Halik (editor). ''Northern Myths, Modern Identities'', 73–86. ISBN 9789004398436_006
*Gylfi Gunnlaugsson. 2019. "Norse Myths, Nordic Identities: The Divergent Case of Icelandic Romanticism" in Simon Halik (editor). ''Northern Myths, Modern Identities'', 73–86. ISBN 9789004398436_006
*Haukur Þorgeirsson. 2017. "A Stemmic Analysis of the 'Prose Edda'". ''Saga-Book'', 41. [https://www.academia.edu/35399203/ Online]. Last accessed August 12, 2020.
*Haukur Þorgeirsson. 2017. "A Stemmic Analysis of the 'Prose Edda'". ''Saga-Book'', 41. [https://www.academia.edu/35399203/ Online]. Last accessed August 12, 2020.
*Hopkins, Joseph S. 2019. "[https://www.mimisbrunnr.info/edda-to-english Edda to English: A Survey of English Language Translations of the ''Prose Edda'']" at Mimisbrunnr.info
*Ross, Margaret Clunies. 2011. ''A History of Old Norse Poetry and Poetics''. DS Brewer. IBSN 978-1-84384-279-8
*Ross, Margaret Clunies. 2011. ''A History of Old Norse Poetry and Poetics''. DS Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84384-279-8
*Wanner, Kevin J. 2008. ''Snorri Sturluson and the Edda: The Conversion of Cultural Capital in Medieval Scandinavia''. University of Toronto Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8020-9801-6}}
*Wanner, Kevin J. 2008. ''Snorri Sturluson and the Edda: The Conversion of Cultural Capital in Medieval Scandinavia''. University of Toronto Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8020-9801-6}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
Line 154: Line 148:
==External links==
==External links==
* Hopkins, Joseph S. 2019. "[https://www.mimisbrunnr.info/edda-to-english Edda to English: A Survey of English Language Translations of the ''Prose Edda'']" at Mimisbrunnr.info
* Hopkins, Joseph S. 2019. "[https://www.mimisbrunnr.info/edda-to-english Edda to English: A Survey of English Language Translations of the ''Prose Edda'']" at Mimisbrunnr.info
*{{Wikisource-inline|list=
**''[[s:The Prose Edda (1916)|The Prose Edda]]'', 1916 translation by [[Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur]]
**''[[s:The Younger Edda (tr. Anderson)|The Younger Edda]]'', 1872 translation by [[Rasmus Björn Anderson]]
}}
* {{Gutenberg|no=14726|name=The Elder Eddas of Saemund Sigfusson; and the Younger Eddas of Snorre Sturleson}}, 1906 version of 1847 translation by I. A. Blackwell
* [http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/EDDArestr.pdf ''Edda''], 1995 edition of 1987 translation by Anthony Faulkes
* Langeslag, Paul Sander. ''Undated''. [http://www.septentrionalia.net/etexts/index.php#on "Old Norse editions"] at Septentrionalia.net
* Langeslag, Paul Sander. ''Undated''. [http://www.septentrionalia.net/etexts/index.php#on "Old Norse editions"] at Septentrionalia.net


{{Prose Edda}}
{{Prose Edda|state=expanded}}
{{Norse mythology}}
{{Norse mythology}}


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[[Category:Old Norse prose]]
[[Category:Old Norse prose]]
[[Category:Scandinavian folklore]]
[[Category:Scandinavian folklore]]
[[Category:Sources of Norse mythology]]
[[Category:Works by Snorri Sturluson]]
[[Category:Works by Snorri Sturluson]]

Latest revision as of 14:03, 15 January 2024

Part of a series on
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Title page of a late manuscript of the Prose Edda written by Snorri Sturluson (13th century), showing the Ancient Norse Gods Odin, Heimdallr, Sleipnir, and other figures from Norse mythology

The Prose Edda, also known as the Younger Edda, Snorri's Edda (Icelandic: Snorra Edda) or, historically, simply as Edda, is an Old Norse textbook written in Iceland during the early 13th century. The work is often considered to have been to some extent written, or at least compiled, by the Icelandic scholar, lawspeaker, and historian Snorri Sturluson c. 1220. It is considered the fullest and most detailed source for modern knowledge of Norse mythology, the body of myths of the North Germanic peoples, and draws from a wide variety of sources, including versions of poems that survive into today in a collection known as the Poetic Edda.

The Prose Edda consists of four sections: The Prologue, a euhemerized account of the Norse gods; Gylfaginning, which provides a question and answer format that details aspects of Norse mythology (consisting of approximately 20,000 words), Skáldskaparmál, which continues this format before providing lists of kennings and heiti (approximately 50,000 words); and Háttatal, which discusses the composition of traditional skaldic poetry (approximately 20,000 words).

Dating from c. 1300 to 1600, seven manuscripts of the Prose Edda differ from one another in notable ways, which provides researchers with independent textual value for analysis. The Prose Edda appears to have functioned similarly to a contemporary textbook, with the goal of assisting Icelandic poets and readers in understanding the subtleties of alliterative verse, and to grasp the meaning behind the many kennings used in skaldic poetry.

Originally known to scholars simply as Edda, the Prose Edda gained its contemporary name in order to differentiate it from the Poetic Edda. Early scholars of the Prose Edda suspected that there once existed a collection of entire poems, a theory confirmed with the rediscovery of manuscripts of the Poetic Edda.[1]

Naming

[edit]

The etymology of "Edda" remains uncertain; there are many hypotheses about its meaning and development, yet little agreement. Some argue that the word derives from the name of Oddi, a town in the south of Iceland where Snorri was raised. Edda could therefore mean "book of Oddi." However, this assumption is generally rejected. Anthony Faulkes in his English translation of the Prose Edda comments that this is "unlikely, both in terms of linguistics and history"[2] since Snorri was no longer living at Oddi when he composed his work.

Another connection was made with the word óðr, which means 'poetry or inspiration' in Old Norse.[2] According to Faulkes, though such a connection is plausible semantically, it is unlikely that "Edda" could have been coined in the 13th century on the basis of "óðr", because such a development "would have had to have taken place gradually", and Edda in the sense of 'poetics' is not likely to have existed in the preliterary period.[3]

Edda also means 'great-grandparent', a word that appears in Skáldskaparmál, which occurs as the name of a figure in the eddic poem Rigsthula and in other medieval texts.

A final hypothesis is derived from the Latin edo, meaning "I write". It relies on the fact that the word "kredda" (meaning "belief") is certified and comes from the Latin "credo", meaning 'I believe'. Edda in this case could be translated as "Poetic Art". This is the meaning that the word was then given in the medieval period.[2]

The now uncommonly used name Sæmundar Edda was given by the Bishop Brynjólfur Sveinsson to the collection of poems contained in the Codex Regius, many of which are quoted by Snorri. Brynjólfur, along with many others of his time incorrectly believed that they were collected by Sæmundr fróði[4] (therefore before the drafting of the Edda of Snorri), and so the Poetic Edda is also known as the Elder Edda.

Manuscripts

[edit]

Seven manuscripts of the Prose Edda have survived into the present day: Six copies from the medieval period and another dating to the 1600s. No one manuscript is complete, and each has variations. In addition to three fragments, the four main manuscripts are Codex Regius, Codex Wormianus, Codex Trajectinus, and the Codex Upsaliensis:[5]

Name Current location Dating Notes
Codex Upsaliensis (DG 11) University of Uppsala library, Sweden First quarter of the 14th century.[6] Provides some variants not found in any of the three other major manuscripts, such as the name Gylfaginning.
Codex Regius (GKS 2367 4°) Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies, Reykjavík, Iceland First half of the 14th century.[6] It is the most comprehensive of the four manuscripts, and is received by scholars to be closest to an original manuscript. This is why it is the basis for editions and translations of the Prose Edda. Its name is derived from its conservation in the Royal Library of Denmark for several centuries. From 1973 to 1997, hundreds of ancient Icelandic manuscripts were returned from Denmark to Iceland, including, in 1985, the Codex Regius, which is now preserved by the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies.
Codex Wormianus (AM 242 fol) Arnamagnæan Manuscript Collection, Copenhagen, Denmark Mid-14th century.[6] None
Codex Trajectinus (MSS 1374) University of Utrecht library, Netherlands Written c. 1600.[6] A copy of a manuscript that was made in the second half of the 13th century.
The likely stemma of Snorra Edda, considering only the main source of each manuscript.[7]

The other three manuscripts are AM 748; AM 757 a 4to; and AM 738 II 4to, AM le ß fol. Although some scholars have doubted whether a sound stemma of the manuscripts can be created, due to the possibility of scribes drawing on multiple exemplars or from memory, recent work has found that the main sources of each manuscript can be fairly readily ascertained.[8] The Prose Edda' remained fairly unknown outside of Iceland until the publication of the Edda Islandorum in 1665.[9]

Authorship

[edit]

The text is generally considered to have been written or at least compiled by Snorri Sturluson. This identification is largely based on the following paragraph from a portion of Codex Upsaliensis, an early 14th-century manuscript containing the Edda:

Scholars have noted that this attribution, along with that of other primary manuscripts, is not clear whether or not Snorri is more than the compiler of the work and the author of Háttatal or if he is the author of the entire Edda.[11] Faulkes summarizes the matter of scholarly discourse around the authorship of the Prose Edda as follows:

Snorri's authorship of the Prose Edda was upheld by the renaissance scholar Arngrímur Jónsson (1568–1648), and since his time it has generally been accepted without question. But the surviving manuscripts, which were all written more than half a century after Snorri's death, differ from each other considerably and it is not likely that any of them preserves the work quite as he wrote it. A number of passages in Skáldskaparmál especially have been thought to be interpolations, and this section of the work has clearly been subject to various kinds of revision in most manuscripts. It has also been argued that the prologue and the first paragraph and part of the last paragraph of Gylfaginning are not by Snorri, at least in their surviving forms.[12]

Whatever the case, the mention of Snorri in the manuscripts has been influential in a common acceptance of Snorri as the author or at least one of the authors of the Edda.[11]

Contents

[edit]

Prologue

[edit]
Main article: Prologue (Prose Edda)

The Prologue is the first section of four books of the Prose Edda, consisting of a euhemerized Christian account of the origins of Norse mythology: the Nordic gods are described as human Trojan warriors who left Troy after the fall of that city (an origin which parallels Virgil's Aeneid).

Gylfaginning

[edit]
Gylfi and High, Just-as-High, and Third. Manuscript SAM 66 (Iceland, 1765–1766), Reykjavík, Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies.
Main article: Gylfaginning

Gylfaginning (Old Icelandic 'the tricking of Gylfi')[13] follows the Prologue in the Prose Edda. Gylfaginning deals with the creation and destruction of the world of the Nordic gods, and many other aspects of Norse mythology. The section is written in prose interspersed with quotes from eddic poetry.

Skáldskaparmál

[edit]
Thjazi and Loki. Beginning of the myth of the abduction of Iðunn, attested in Skáldskaparmál. Manuscript NKS 1867 4to (Iceland, 1760), Copenhagen, Royal Library
Main article: Skáldskaparmál

Skáldskaparmál (Old Icelandic 'the language of poetry'[14]) is the third section of Edda, and consists of a dialogue between Ægir, a jötunn who is one of various personifications of the sea, and Bragi, a skaldic god, in which both Norse mythology and discourse on the nature of poetry are intertwined. The origin of a number of kennings are given and Bragi then delivers a systematic list of kennings for various people, places, and things. Bragi then goes on to discuss poetic language in some detail, in particular heiti, the concept of poetical words which are non-periphrastic, for example "steed" for "horse", and again systematises these. This section contains numerous quotes from skaldic poetry.

Háttatal

[edit]
Main article: Háttatal

Háttatal (Old Icelandic "list of verse-forms"[15]) is the last section of Prose Edda. The section is composed by the Icelandic poet, politician, and historian Snorri Sturluson. Primarily using his own compositions, it exemplifies the types of verse forms used in Old Norse poetry. Snorri took a prescriptive as well as descriptive approach; he has systematized the material, often noting that the older poets did not always follow his rules.

Translations

[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:

The Prose Edda has been the subject of numerous translations. The most recent ones into English have been by Jesse Byock (2006), Anthony Faulkes (1987 / 2nd ed. 1995), Jean Young (1954), and Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur (1916). Many of these translations are abridged; the technical nature of the Háttatal means it is frequently excluded, and the Skáldskaparmál often has its more Old Norse thesaurus aspects abridged as well.[16][17]

Translations into English

  • The Prose or Younger Edda commonly ascribed to Snorri Sturluson. Translated by Dasent, George Webbe. Norstedt and Sons. 1842.
  • The Younger Edda: Also Called Snorre's Edda, or the Prose Edda. Translated by Anderson, Rasmus B. Chicago: Griggs. 1880. (Project Gutenberg e-text, 1901 ed.; Wikisource edition.)
  • The Elder Eddas of Saemund Sigfusson; and the Younger Eddas of Snorre Sturleson. Translated by Thorpe, Benjamin; Blackwell, I. A. 1906. Compilation of two translations made earlier; Blackwell's translation of the Prose Edda is from 1847.
  • The Prose Edda . Translated by Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist. The American-Scandinavian Foundation. 1916 – via Wikisource.
  • The Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson; Tales from Norse Mythology. Translated by Young, Jean. Bowes & Bowes. 1954.
  • Edda (PDF). Translated by Faulkes, Anthony (2nd ed.). Everyman. 1995. ISBN 0-460-87616-3.
  • The Prose Edda. Translated by Byock, Jesse. Penguin Classics. 2006. ISBN 978-0-141-91274-5.
  • Pálsson, Heimir, ed. (2012). The Uppsala Edda: DG 11 4to (PDF). Translated by Faulkes, Anthony. London: The Viking Society for Northern Research. ISBN 978-0-903521-85-7. A version based strictly on the Codex Upsaliensis (DG 11) document; includes both Old Norse and English translation.

Translations into other languages

Old Norse editions

[edit]
Icelandic Wikisource has original text related to this article:

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Faulkes (1982: XI).
  2. ^ a b c Faulkes (1982).
  3. ^ Faulkes (1977: 32-39).
  4. ^ Gísli (1999: xiii).
  5. ^ Wanner (2008: 97).
  6. ^ a b c d Ross (2011:151).
  7. ^ Based on Haukur (2017: 49–70, esp. p.58)
  8. ^ Haukur (2017:49–70).
  9. ^ Gylfi (2019: 73-86).
  10. ^ a b Faulkes 2005:XIII.
  11. ^ a b Byock (2006: XII).
  12. ^ Faulkes (2005: XIV).
  13. ^ Faulkes (1982: 7).
  14. ^ Faulkes (1982: 59).
  15. ^ Faulkes (1982: 165).
  16. ^ Byock 2006: Notes on the Translation
  17. ^ Hopkins 2019

References

[edit]
  • Faulkes, Anthony. 1977. "Edda", Gripla II, Reykjavík . Online. Last accessed August 12, 2020.
  • Faulkes, Anthony. Trans. 1982. Edda. Oxford University Press.
  • Faulkes, Anthony. 2005. Edda: Prologue and Gylfaginning. Viking Society for Northern Research. Online. Last accessed August 12, 2020.
  • Gísli Sigurðsson. 1999. "Eddukvæði". Mál og menning. ISBN 9979-3-1917-8.
  • Gylfi Gunnlaugsson. 2019. "Norse Myths, Nordic Identities: The Divergent Case of Icelandic Romanticism" in Simon Halik (editor). Northern Myths, Modern Identities, 73–86. ISBN 9789004398436_006
  • Haukur Þorgeirsson. 2017. "A Stemmic Analysis of the 'Prose Edda'". Saga-Book, 41. Online. Last accessed August 12, 2020.
  • Hopkins, Joseph S. 2019. "Edda to English: A Survey of English Language Translations of the Prose Edda" at Mimisbrunnr.info
  • Ross, Margaret Clunies. 2011. A History of Old Norse Poetry and Poetics. DS Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84384-279-8
  • Wanner, Kevin J. 2008. Snorri Sturluson and the Edda: The Conversion of Cultural Capital in Medieval Scandinavia. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9801-6
[edit]
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