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[[File:Harvard drs 49885459 平山冷燕.pdf|thumb|238px|Cover of ''Ping Shan Leng Yan'', from the Hanan collection, Harvard-Yenching Library, Harvard University.]] |
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| ⚫ | '''''Ping Shan Leng Yan''''' ({{zh|c=平山冷燕|p=Píng Shān Lěng Yān|w=P'ing Shan Leng Yen}}) |
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[[File:Harvard drs 49885440 繪圖平山冷燕四才子書 v.1.pdf|thumb|238px|page=88|Pages from chapter nine of the novel]] |
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| ⚫ | '''''Ping Shan Leng Yan''''' ({{zh|c=平山冷燕|p=Píng Shān Lěng Yān|w=P'ing Shan Leng Yen}}), also translated into English as '''''Flat Mountain and Cold Swallow''''' and '''''Cold Swallows in the Peaceful Hill''''',{{NoteTag|The title of the novel ''Ping Shan Leng Shan'' has also been variously translated into English as ''Flat Mountain and Cold Swallow''<ref>{{cite book |last=Huang|first=Martin W. | date=2020 | title=Desire and Fictional Narrative in Late Imperial China|publisher=Brill | pages=37}}</ref> and ''Cold Swallows in the Peaceful Hill''.<ref>{{cite book | date= 1999 | location = Italy | title = Ming Qing Yanjiu | publisher = Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici, Istituto Universitario Orientale | pages=83}}</ref> However, the title have multiple meanings, in which when reading it literally, can refer to "[[mountain]]s" and "[[swallow]]s", but in actuality, the four words refer to the four main characters' surnames.}} is a classic ''[[caizi jiaren]]'' novel written in early [[Qing dynasty]] [[China]]. The earliest extant edition of the novel is a printed edition dating from 1658, now preserved in the Dalian Library. The title of the book is derived from the surnames of the two couples featured in the book. The novel is sometimes attributed to Di An Shanren ({{zh|c=荻岸山人}}),<ref name=internet>{{cite book|title=Romancing the Internet: Producing and Consuming Chinese Web Romance|year=2013|publisher=Konklijke Brill NV|page=143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQGaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|author=Jin Feng|isbn=9789004259720|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> but the authorship is uncertain. It has also been attributed to Tianhua Zang Zhuren ({{lang|zh-hans|天花藏主人}}), a pseudonym meaning "Master of the Heavenly Flower Sutra".<ref>{{cite thesis|title=Master of Heavenly Flowers Scripture: Constructing Tianhua zang zhuren's Three Personae as Publisher, Commentator, and Writer of Scholar-beauty Fiction|url=http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250608011|type=MA thesis |publisher=Ohio State University|via=OhioLINK|access-date=1 January 2014|author=Li Mengjun|pages=ii|format=PDF|year=2009}}</ref> ''[[Yu jiao li]]'' and ''Ping Shan Leng Yan'' were both written by the same Tianhua Zang Zhuren according to a style analysis by caizi jiaren scholar Qing Ping Wang.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dating and Authorship of Chinese Fiction: On Stylistic Method|url =http://208.75.20.218/absts/1996abst/china/c89.htm|work=Conference paper, annual meeting of the Association for Asian Studies|author=Qing Ping Wang|year=1996}}</ref> Classical Chinese scholar and Yale professor Chloë Starr lists ''Ping Shan Leng Yan'' along with ''Yu jiao li'' and ''[[Haoqiu zhuan]]'' as one of the three best-known examples of the caizi jiaren genre.<ref>{{cite book|last=Starr|first=Chloë F.|title=Red-Light Novels of the Late Qing|year=2007|publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV|location=Leiden, The Netherlands|isbn=978-90-04-15629-6|page=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqXEbkKI0JcC&pg=PA40|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> |
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== Plot== |
== Plot== |
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Miss Shan Dai, a |
Miss Shan Dai, a beautiful girl, is so talented that she passes the challenging tests set by her tutor and impresses her father, an imperial official. Miss Leng Jiangxue, also a talented young woman, is sent from a poor family to be Shan's maid, on the way sees a striking poem written by an impoverished student, Ping Ruheng. Ping is traveling to Songjiang, where he meets the accomplished and handsome scholar, Yan Baihan. The two young men decide to go to Beijing in disguise to find the renowned Shan Dai, but while they are en route, other suitors plagiarize their poetry to woo the young ladies.<ref>{{cite book |last = Idema, Wilt and Lloyd Haft |year = 1997 |title = A Guide to Chinese Literature |publisher = Center for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan| location = Ann Arbor |page=227|isbn = 0892641231}}</ref> The plot climaxes in a poetry contest in which the two young ladies defeat Ping and Yan in a competition to write the best poem, and in the end their marriages are approved by the emperor himself.<ref>{{citation | first= Dara| last =Berg | chapter =Traditional Vernacular Novels: Some Lesser Known Works | pages =659–674| title =The Columbia History of Chinese Literature | editor=Victor Mair| location = New York| publisher =Columbia University Press | year =2001 | isbn =0231109849|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cvUlVtJ66nAC&q=Ts%27ai-tzu+chia-jen}}, esp. pp. 666-667</ref> |
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Pseudo-''caizi'' are [[Foil (literature)|foils]] to the real ''caizi'' in ''caizi jiaren'' stories. Here, the characters, Song Xin (C: 宋 信, P: ''Sòng Xìn'', W: ''Sung Hsin'') and Dou Guoyi (T: 竇國一, S: 窦国一, P: ''Dòu Guóyī'', W: ''To Kuo-i''), plagiarize poems written by Ping and Yan and pretend to be poets.<ref>{{cite book|last=Song|first=Geng|title=The Fragile Scholar: Power and Masculinity in Chinese Culture|year=2004|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=962-209-620-4|page=203|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ei4PJ92qy6IC&pg=PA203}}</ref> |
Pseudo-''caizi'' are [[Foil (literature)|foils]] to the real ''caizi'' in ''caizi jiaren'' stories. Here, the characters, Song Xin (C: 宋 信, P: ''Sòng Xìn'', W: ''Sung Hsin'') and Dou Guoyi (T: 竇國一, S: 窦国一, P: ''Dòu Guóyī'', W: ''To Kuo-i''), plagiarize poems written by Ping and Yan and pretend to be poets.<ref>{{cite book|last=Song|first=Geng|title=The Fragile Scholar: Power and Masculinity in Chinese Culture|year=2004|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=962-209-620-4|page=203|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ei4PJ92qy6IC&pg=PA203}}</ref> |
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{{center|<small>Illustrations of the four protagonists, whose surnames forms the novel's title</small>}} |
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<gallery mode="packed" heights="120"> |
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File:Harvard drs 49885440 繪圖平山冷燕四才子書 v.1.pdf|page=5|Ping Ruheng |
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File:Harvard drs 49885440 繪圖平山冷燕四才子書 v.1.pdf|page=6|Shan Dai |
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File:Harvard drs 49885440 繪圖平山冷燕四才子書 v.1.pdf|page=7|Leng Jiangxue |
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File:Harvard drs 49885440 繪圖平山冷燕四才子書 v.1.pdf|page=8|Yan Baihan |
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</gallery> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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{{Portal|China|Novels}} |
{{Portal|China|Novels}} |
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* [[Iu-kiao-li: or, the Two Fair Cousins]] |
* [[Iu-kiao-li: or, the Two Fair Cousins]], another classic caizi jiaren novel |
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==Notes== |
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{{NoteFoot}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Latest revision as of 06:00, 2 February 2024
Ping Shan Leng Yan (Chinese: 平山冷燕; pinyin: Píng Shān Lěng Yān; Wade–Giles: P'ing Shan Leng Yen), also translated into English as Flat Mountain and Cold Swallow and Cold Swallows in the Peaceful Hill,[note 1] is a classic caizi jiaren novel written in early Qing dynasty China. The earliest extant edition of the novel is a printed edition dating from 1658, now preserved in the Dalian Library. The title of the book is derived from the surnames of the two couples featured in the book. The novel is sometimes attributed to Di An Shanren (Chinese: 荻岸山人),[3] but the authorship is uncertain. It has also been attributed to Tianhua Zang Zhuren (天花藏主人), a pseudonym meaning "Master of the Heavenly Flower Sutra".[4] Yu jiao li and Ping Shan Leng Yan were both written by the same Tianhua Zang Zhuren according to a style analysis by caizi jiaren scholar Qing Ping Wang.[5] Classical Chinese scholar and Yale professor Chloë Starr lists Ping Shan Leng Yan along with Yu jiao li and Haoqiu zhuan as one of the three best-known examples of the caizi jiaren genre.[6]
Plot
[edit]Miss Shan Dai, a beautiful girl, is so talented that she passes the challenging tests set by her tutor and impresses her father, an imperial official. Miss Leng Jiangxue, also a talented young woman, is sent from a poor family to be Shan's maid, on the way sees a striking poem written by an impoverished student, Ping Ruheng. Ping is traveling to Songjiang, where he meets the accomplished and handsome scholar, Yan Baihan. The two young men decide to go to Beijing in disguise to find the renowned Shan Dai, but while they are en route, other suitors plagiarize their poetry to woo the young ladies.[7] The plot climaxes in a poetry contest in which the two young ladies defeat Ping and Yan in a competition to write the best poem, and in the end their marriages are approved by the emperor himself.[8]
Pseudo-caizi are foils to the real caizi in caizi jiaren stories. Here, the characters, Song Xin (C: 宋 信, P: Sòng Xìn, W: Sung Hsin) and Dou Guoyi (T: 竇國一, S: 窦国一, P: Dòu Guóyī, W: To Kuo-i), plagiarize poems written by Ping and Yan and pretend to be poets.[9]
Illustrations of the four protagonists, whose surnames forms the novel's title
-
Ping Ruheng -
Shan Dai -
Leng Jiangxue -
Yan Baihan
See also
[edit]
- Iu-kiao-li: or, the Two Fair Cousins, another classic caizi jiaren novel
Notes
[edit]- ^ The title of the novel Ping Shan Leng Shan has also been variously translated into English as Flat Mountain and Cold Swallow[1] and Cold Swallows in the Peaceful Hill.[2] However, the title have multiple meanings, in which when reading it literally, can refer to "mountains" and "swallows", but in actuality, the four words refer to the four main characters' surnames.
References
[edit]- ^ Huang, Martin W. (2020). Desire and Fictional Narrative in Late Imperial China. Brill. p. 37.
- ^ Ming Qing Yanjiu. Italy: Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici, Istituto Universitario Orientale. 1999. p. 83.
- ^ Jin Feng (2013). Romancing the Internet: Producing and Consuming Chinese Web Romance. Konklijke Brill NV. p. 143. ISBN 9789004259720. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
- ^ Li Mengjun (2009). Master of Heavenly Flowers Scripture: Constructing Tianhua zang zhuren's Three Personae as Publisher, Commentator, and Writer of Scholar-beauty Fiction (PDF) (MA thesis). Ohio State University. pp. ii. Retrieved 1 January 2014 – via OhioLINK.
- ^ Qing Ping Wang (1996). "Dating and Authorship of Chinese Fiction: On Stylistic Method". Conference paper, annual meeting of the Association for Asian Studies.
- ^ Starr, Chloë F. (2007). Red-Light Novels of the Late Qing. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. p. 40. ISBN 978-90-04-15629-6. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
- ^ Idema, Wilt and Lloyd Haft (1997). A Guide to Chinese Literature. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan. p. 227. ISBN 0892641231.
- ^ Berg, Dara (2001), "Traditional Vernacular Novels: Some Lesser Known Works", in Victor Mair (ed.), The Columbia History of Chinese Literature, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 659–674, ISBN 0231109849, esp. pp. 666-667
- ^ Song, Geng (2004). The Fragile Scholar: Power and Masculinity in Chinese Culture. Hong Kong University Press. p. 203. ISBN 962-209-620-4.
External links
[edit]- Ping Shan Leng Yan - Project Gutenberg e-book (in Chinese)
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