Jump to content

Richard Rober: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
No edit summary
m Clean up spacing errors around ref tags., replaced: /ref>a → /ref> a
 
(48 intermediate revisions by 20 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|American actor (1910–1952)}}
{{no footnotes|date=March 2013}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Richard Steven Rauber
| name = Richard Rober
| image = Actor_Richard_Rober.jpg
| image = Richard Rober - Kid Monk Baroni (1952).jpg
| caption =
| caption = Rober in ''[[Kid Monk Baroni]]'' (1952)
| birth_name = Richard Steven Rauber
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1910|5|14}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1906|05|14|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Rochester, New York]], U.S.
| birth_place = [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1952|5|26|1910|5|14}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1952|05|26|1906|05|14|mf=yes}}
| death_place = [[Santa Monica, California]], U.S.
| death_place = [[Santa Monica, California]], U.S.
| occupation = [[Film actor]]
| resting_place = [[Holy Sepulchre Cemetery (Rochester, New York)|Holy Sepulchre Cemetery]], Rochester, New York
| spouse =
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1936-1957
| years_active = 1936–1952
| spouse = Mary Hay Barthelmess <br> ({{abbr|m.|married}} 1946; {{abbr|div.|divorced}} 19??)
}}
}}


'''Richard Rober''' (May 14, 1910 &ndash; May 26, 1952) was an American film actor known for his rugged roles in films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b9fc7544c|title=Richard Rober|work=BFI}}</ref> Rober died in an auto accident in 1952 at age 42.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/artist/richard-rober-p60567|title=Richard Rober - Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos - AllMovie|author=Hal Erickson|work=AllMovie}}</ref> He came to [[Hollywood]] from [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], where he featured in several productions, including ''[[Oklahoma!]]'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibdb.com/person.php?id=90253|title=Richard Rober - IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information|author=The Broadway League|work=ibdb.com}}</ref> He went on to appear in many [[B-movies]] and [[film noir]]-type films including ''[[Call Northside 777]]'' (1948) (his first film), ''[[Sierra (film)|Sierra]]'' (1950), and ''[[The Well (1951 film)|The Well]]'' (1951).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=18516741|title=Richard Rober (1906 - 1952) - Find A Grave Memorial|work=findagrave.com}}</ref>
'''Richard Rober''' (born '''Richard Steven Rauber'''; May 14, 1906 May 26, 1952) was an American stage and film actor. From the mid-1930s to the mid-1940s he featured in numerous theatre productions, including being part of the original cast of ''[[Born Yesterday (play)|Born Yesterday]]'' in [[Chicago]], and the long-running ''[[Oklahoma!]]''. In 1947 he moved to Hollywood and appeared in dozens of [[B-movies]] and [[film noir]]-type films, including ''[[Call Northside 777]]'' (1948), ''[[Sierra (film)|Sierra]]'' (1950), and ''[[The Well (1951 film)|The Well]]'' (1951). He died in an automobile accident in 1952 at the age of 46.

==Early life and family==
Richard Steven Rauber was born in [[Rochester, New York]], on May 14, 1906.{{sfn|Wilson|2016|p=634}} He was the son of Frederick S. Rauber,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/19930433:2704 |website=www.ancestry.com |access-date=2023-09-13 |title=Register |url-access=subscription}}</ref> an attorney, and Elizabeth Ford.<ref name=democrat/>

==Career==
Rober began his career as a stage actor in the mid-1930s under his real name, '''Richard Rauber'''. Penniless and looking for work after his graduation from the [[University of Rochester]], he landed a small part in a play by the Lyceum Players starring [[Louis Calhern]].<ref name=like/> He went on to act with nearly every [[repertory theatre]] company on the East Coast.<ref name=like/> He was part of the original [[Chicago]] company of ''Born Yesterday''.<ref name=democrat/>{{sfn|Blum|1951|p=242}} He also performed in the long-running ''[[Oklahoma!]]''.<ref name=ibd/>

In 1947,{{sfn|Wilson|2016|p=634}} Rober embarked on a career in Hollywood, appearing in his first film role in ''[[Call Northside 777]]'' (1948). He appeared in many [[B-movies]]—including ''[[Sierra (film)|Sierra]]'' (1950)—and [[film noir]] drama films such as ''[[The File on Thelma Jordon]]'' (1950) and ''[[The Well (1951 film)|The Well]]'' (1951). In July 1951 it was reported that he had appeared in 26 films in his 3 1/2 years in Hollywood.<ref name=like>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46395646/richard-rober/|title=Veteran Paramount Actor Doesn't Like The Long Hair|first=Burt|last=Fogelberg|date=July 20, 1951|newspaper=[[Rapid City Journal]]|page=3|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}{{open access}}</ref>

While Rober mostly played supporting roles, his career began to go on the ascendancy before his death in 1952. He had a starring role in ''[[The Well (1951 film)|The Well]]'' (1951), and had traveled to Austria to play the lead in the MGM production ''[[The Devil Makes Three (film)|The Devil Makes Three]]'' (1952).<ref name=democrat/> The week before his death, he played the lead in ''Corny Johnson'', a television film produced by Bing Crosby Enterprises.<ref name=democrat/>

==Personal life==
Rober was married twice.<ref name=cal>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46395432/calgary-herald/|title=Richard Rober Weds|agency=Associated Press|date=January 21, 1946|newspaper=[[Calgary Herald]]|page=5|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}{{open access}}</ref> His second marriage, at age 40, was to Mary Hay Barthelmess, age 23, daughter of actors [[Richard Barthelmess]] and [[Mary Hay (actress)|Mary Hay]], in New York in January 1946.<ref name=cal/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46395292/the-los-angeles-times/|title=Barthelmess Wedding Set|first=Hedda|last=Hopper|authorlink=Hedda Hopper|date=January 20, 1946|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|page=17|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}{{open access}}</ref> They later divorced.

==Death==
Rober died after crashing his car in the [[San Fernando Valley]] on May 26, 1952.<ref name=democrat/> He had been driving with a passenger, actress Norma Britton. The car swerved off the highway in heavy fog and plummeted over a {{cvt|75|ft}} embankment, something which, three years earlier, in [[The File on Thelma Jordon]], he actually depicted, sitting next to [[Barbara Stanwyck]].<ref name=democrat/><ref name=nyt>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1952/05/27/archives/actor-dies-in-crash-richard-rober-killed-in-car-plunge-actress.html|title=ACTOR DIES IN CRASH; Richard Rober Killed in Car Plunge – Actress Injured|date=May 27, 1952|access-date=February 18, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Rescuers took the pair to [[UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica|Santa Monica Hospital]], where Rober died a few hours later. Britton survived with rib injuries.<ref name=democrat>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7271321/democrat_and_chronicle/|title=Funeral of Richard Rauber, Actor, Arranged Here Monday|newspaper=[[Democrat and Chronicle]]|date=May 30, 1952|page=30|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}{{open access}}</ref>

Rober was eulogized in Rochester and buried in the [[Holy Sepulchre Cemetery (Rochester, New York)|Holy Sepulchre Cemetery]] there.{{sfn|Wilson|2016|p=634}}<ref name=democrat/>


==Filmography==
==Filmography==
Line 19: Line 41:
! Year || Title || Role || Notes
! Year || Title || Role || Notes
|-
|-
| 1936 || ''[[Sheik to Sheik]]'' || Ali Bin Whoopsie, the Mad Sheik || [[Short film|Short]] (credited as Richard Rauber)
| '''1957''' || ''[[Jet Pilot (1957 film)|Jet Pilot]]'' || FBI Agent George Rivers || Delayed release
|-
|-
| rowspan="6"| '''1952''' || ''[[The Savage (1952 film)|The Savage]]'' || Capt. Arnold Vaugant ||
| rowspan="5"| 1948 || ''[[Call Northside 777]]'' || Sgt. Larson in Records Department || Uncredited
|-
|-
| ''[[The Devil Makes Three (film)|The Devil Makes Three]]'' || Colonel James Terry ||
| ''[[April Showers (1948 film)|April Showers]]'' || Al Wilson ||
|-''
| ''[[O. Henry's Full House]]'' || Chief of Detectives (The Clarion Call) ||
|-
|-
| ''[[The Rose Bowl Story]]'' || Coach James Hadley ||
| ''[[Embraceable You (film)|Embraceable You]]'' || Sig Ketch ||
|-
|-
| ''[[Kid Monk Baroni]]'' || Father Callahan ||
| ''[[Larceny (1948 film)|Larceny]]'' || Max ||
|-
|-
| ''[[Outlaw Women]]'' || Woody Callaway ||
| ''[[Smart Girls Don't Talk]]'' || Lt. McReady ||
|-
|-
| rowspan="5"| '''1951''' || ''[[Man in the Saddle (1952 film)|Man in the Saddle]]'' || Fay Dutcher ||
| rowspan="5"| 1949 || ''[[Illegal Entry (film)|Illegal Entry]]'' || Dutch Lempo ||
|-
|-
| ''[[The Well (1951 film)|The Well]]'' || Sheriff Ben Kellogg || Rober's first and only lead role
| ''[[Any Number Can Play]]'' || Lew 'Angie' Debretti ||
|-
|-
| ''[[The Tall Target]]'' || Lt. Coulter ||
| ''[[Task Force (film)|Task Force]]'' || Jack Southern ||
|-
|-
| ''[[I Married a Communist (film)|I Married a Communist]]'' || Jim Travers ||
| ''[[Passage West (1951 film)|Passage West]]'' || Mike || Also known as ''High Venture'' in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]
|-
|-
| ''[[Father's Little Dividend]]'' || Police Sergeant ||
| ''[[Port of New York (film)|Port of New York]]'' || Jim Flannery ||
|-
|-
| rowspan="6"| '''1950''' || ''[[Watch the Birdie (1950 film)|Watch the Birdie]]'' || Mr. Hugh Shanway ||
| rowspan="6"| 1950 || ''[[The File on Thelma Jordon]]'' || Tony Laredo ||
|-
|-
| ''[[Backfire (1950 film)|Backfire]]'' || Solly Blayne ||
| ''[[Dial 1119]]'' || Police Capt. Henry Keiver || Also known as ''The Violent Hour'' in the UK
|-
| ''[[Sierra (film)|Sierra]]'' || Big Matt Rango ||
|-
|-
| ''[[Deported (film)|Deported]]'' || Bernardo Gervaso ||
| ''[[Deported (film)|Deported]]'' || Bernardo Gervaso ||
|-
|-
| ''[[Dial 1119]]'' || Police Capt. Henry Keiver || Also known as ''The Violent Hour'' in the UK
| ''[[Sierra (film)|Sierra]]'' || Big Matt Rango ||
|-
|-
| ''[[Backfire (1950 film)|Backfire]]'' || Solly Blayne ||
| ''[[Watch the Birdie (1950 film)|Watch the Birdie]]'' || Mr. Hugh Shanway ||
|-
|-
| ''[[The File on Thelma Jordon]]'' || Tony Laredo ||
| rowspan="5"| 1951 || ''[[Father's Little Dividend]]'' || Police Sergeant ||
|-
|-
| ''[[Passage West (1951 film)|Passage West]]'' || Mike || Also known as ''High Venture'' in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]
| rowspan="5"| '''1949''' || ''[[Port of New York (film)|Port of New York]]'' || Jim Flannery ||
|-
|-
| ''[[I Married a Communist (film)|I Married a Communist]]'' || Jim Travers ||
| ''[[The Tall Target]]'' || Lt. Coulter ||
|-
|-
| ''[[Task Force (film)|Task Force]]'' || Jack Southern ||
| ''[[The Well (1951 film)|The Well]]'' || Sheriff Ben Kellogg ||
|-
|-
| ''[[Any Number Can Play]]'' || Lew 'Angie' Debretti ||
| ''[[Man in the Saddle (1952 film)|Man in the Saddle]]'' || Fay Dutcher ||
|-
|-
| ''[[Illegal Entry (film)|Illegal Entry]]'' || Dutch Lempo ||
| rowspan="6"| 1952 || ''[[Outlaw Women]]'' || Woody Callaway ||
|-
|-
| rowspan="5"| '''1948''' || ''[[Smart Girls Don't Talk]]'' || Lt. McReady ||
| ''[[Kid Monk Baroni]]'' || Father Callahan ||
|-
|-
| ''[[Larceny (1948 film)|Larceny]]'' || Max ||
| ''[[O. Henry's Full House]]'' || Chief of Detectives || (segment "The Clarion Call")
|-
|-
| ''[[Embraceable You (film)|Embraceable You]]'' || Sig Ketch ||
| ''[[The Rose Bowl Story]]'' || Coach James Hadley ||
|-
|-
| ''[[April Showers (1948 film)|April Showers]]'' || Al Wilson ||
| ''[[The Savage (1952 film)|The Savage]]'' || Capt. Arnold Vaugant ||
|-
| ''[[The Devil Makes Three (film)|The Devil Makes Three]]'' || Colonel James Terry ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Jet Pilot (film)|Jet Pilot]]'' || FBI Agent George Rivers || Delayed release, final film role
|}

==Stage credits==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1936
|''Murder in the Old Red Barn''
|William Corder
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1938
|''[[Richard II (play)|Richard II]]''
|Lord Ross
|
|-
|''The Man from Cairo''
|Janos
|
|-
|1941-2
|''[[Banjo Eyes]]''
|Harry the Bartender
|
|-
|1942-3
|''[[Star and Garter]]''
|Narrator, District Attorney, Doctor
|
|-
|1943-8
|''[[Oklahoma!]]''
|
|
|-
|-
|1944
| ''[[Call Northside 777]]'' || Sgt. Larson in Records Department || (uncredited)
|''Ramshackle Inn''
|Dr. Russell
|
|-
|-
|1946
| '''1936''' || ''[[Sheik to Sheik]]'' || Ali Bin Whoopsie, the Mad Sheik || [[Short film|Short]] (credited as Richard Rauber)
|''[[Born Yesterday (play)|Born Yesterday]]''
|}''
|
|
|}
<small>Sources:<ref name=ibd>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/richard-rober-90253|title=Richard Rober|work=[[Internet Broadway Database]]|year=2020|access-date=February 18, 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|Dietz|2010|p=302}}{{sfn|Mantle|1938|pp=368, 444}} </small>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwFlAAAAMAAJ&q=Richard+Rober|title=Theatre World – Season 1951–1952|first=Daniel C.|last=Blum|year=1951|publisher=Crown Publishing Company}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgOqZWHCLbUC&pg=PA302|title=Off Broadway Musicals, 1910–2007: Casts, Credits, Songs, Critical Reception and Performance Data of More Than 1,800 Shows|first=Dan|last=Dietz|year=2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0786457311}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kiYOAAAAIAAJ&q=lord+ross|title=Burns Mantle Yearbook|volume=19|year=1938|first=Burns|last=Mantle|authorlink=Burns Mantle}}
*{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7-DgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA634|title= Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons|first=Scott|last=Wilson|year=2016|publisher=McFarland|isbn= 9780786479924}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|0730533}}
*{{IMDb name|0730533}}
*{{IBDB name}}
*{{IBDB name|90253}}
*{{Amg name|60567}}
*{{Amg name|60567}}
*{{Find a Grave|18516741}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Rober, Richard}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rober, Richard}}
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:Male Western (genre) film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Rochester, New York]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in California]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in California]]
[[Category:University of Rochester alumni]]


{{US-film-actor-1900s-stub}}

Latest revision as of 00:10, 26 April 2024

Richard Rober
Rober in Kid Monk Baroni (1952)
Born
Richard Steven Rauber

(1906-05-14)May 14, 1906
DiedMay 26, 1952(1952-05-26) (aged 46)
Resting placeHoly Sepulchre Cemetery, Rochester, New York
OccupationActor
Years active1936–1952
Spouse(s)Mary Hay Barthelmess
(m. 1946; div. 19??)

Richard Rober (born Richard Steven Rauber; May 14, 1906 – May 26, 1952) was an American stage and film actor. From the mid-1930s to the mid-1940s he featured in numerous theatre productions, including being part of the original cast of Born Yesterday in Chicago, and the long-running Oklahoma!. In 1947 he moved to Hollywood and appeared in dozens of B-movies and film noir-type films, including Call Northside 777 (1948), Sierra (1950), and The Well (1951). He died in an automobile accident in 1952 at the age of 46.

Early life and family

[edit]

Richard Steven Rauber was born in Rochester, New York, on May 14, 1906.[1] He was the son of Frederick S. Rauber,[2] an attorney, and Elizabeth Ford.[3]

Career

[edit]

Rober began his career as a stage actor in the mid-1930s under his real name, Richard Rauber. Penniless and looking for work after his graduation from the University of Rochester, he landed a small part in a play by the Lyceum Players starring Louis Calhern.[4] He went on to act with nearly every repertory theatre company on the East Coast.[4] He was part of the original Chicago company of Born Yesterday.[3][5] He also performed in the long-running Oklahoma!.[6]

In 1947,[1] Rober embarked on a career in Hollywood, appearing in his first film role in Call Northside 777 (1948). He appeared in many B-movies—including Sierra (1950)—and film noir drama films such as The File on Thelma Jordon (1950) and The Well (1951). In July 1951 it was reported that he had appeared in 26 films in his 3 1/2 years in Hollywood.[4]

While Rober mostly played supporting roles, his career began to go on the ascendancy before his death in 1952. He had a starring role in The Well (1951), and had traveled to Austria to play the lead in the MGM production The Devil Makes Three (1952).[3] The week before his death, he played the lead in Corny Johnson, a television film produced by Bing Crosby Enterprises.[3]

Personal life

[edit]

Rober was married twice.[7] His second marriage, at age 40, was to Mary Hay Barthelmess, age 23, daughter of actors Richard Barthelmess and Mary Hay, in New York in January 1946.[7][8] They later divorced.

Death

[edit]

Rober died after crashing his car in the San Fernando Valley on May 26, 1952.[3] He had been driving with a passenger, actress Norma Britton. The car swerved off the highway in heavy fog and plummeted over a 75 ft (23 m) embankment, something which, three years earlier, in The File on Thelma Jordon, he actually depicted, sitting next to Barbara Stanwyck.[3][9] Rescuers took the pair to Santa Monica Hospital, where Rober died a few hours later. Britton survived with rib injuries.[3]

Rober was eulogized in Rochester and buried in the Holy Sepulchre Cemetery there.[1][3]

Filmography

[edit]
Year Title Role Notes
1936 Sheik to Sheik Ali Bin Whoopsie, the Mad Sheik Short (credited as Richard Rauber)
1948 Call Northside 777 Sgt. Larson in Records Department Uncredited
April Showers Al Wilson
Embraceable You Sig Ketch
Larceny Max
Smart Girls Don't Talk Lt. McReady
1949 Illegal Entry Dutch Lempo
Any Number Can Play Lew 'Angie' Debretti
Task Force Jack Southern
I Married a Communist Jim Travers
Port of New York Jim Flannery
1950 The File on Thelma Jordon Tony Laredo
Backfire Solly Blayne
Sierra Big Matt Rango
Deported Bernardo Gervaso
Dial 1119 Police Capt. Henry Keiver Also known as The Violent Hour in the UK
Watch the Birdie Mr. Hugh Shanway
1951 Father's Little Dividend Police Sergeant
Passage West Mike Also known as High Venture in the UK
The Tall Target Lt. Coulter
The Well Sheriff Ben Kellogg
Man in the Saddle Fay Dutcher
1952 Outlaw Women Woody Callaway
Kid Monk Baroni Father Callahan
O. Henry's Full House Chief of Detectives (segment "The Clarion Call")
The Rose Bowl Story Coach James Hadley
The Savage Capt. Arnold Vaugant
The Devil Makes Three Colonel James Terry
1957 Jet Pilot FBI Agent George Rivers Delayed release, final film role

Stage credits

[edit]
Year Title Role Notes
1936 Murder in the Old Red Barn William Corder
1938 Richard II Lord Ross
The Man from Cairo Janos
1941-2 Banjo Eyes Harry the Bartender
1942-3 Star and Garter Narrator, District Attorney, Doctor
1943-8 Oklahoma!
1944 Ramshackle Inn Dr. Russell
1946 Born Yesterday

Sources:[6][10][11]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Wilson 2016, p. 634.
  2. ^ "Register". www.ancestry.com. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Funeral of Richard Rauber, Actor, Arranged Here Monday". Democrat and Chronicle. May 30, 1952. p. 30 – via Newspapers.com.Open access icon
  4. ^ a b c Fogelberg, Burt (July 20, 1951). "Veteran Paramount Actor Doesn't Like The Long Hair". Rapid City Journal. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.Open access icon
  5. ^ Blum 1951, p. 242.
  6. ^ a b "Richard Rober". Internet Broadway Database. 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  7. ^ a b "Richard Rober Weds". Calgary Herald. Associated Press. January 21, 1946. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.Open access icon
  8. ^ Hopper, Hedda (January 20, 1946). "Barthelmess Wedding Set". Los Angeles Times. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com.Open access icon
  9. ^ "ACTOR DIES IN CRASH; Richard Rober Killed in Car Plunge – Actress Injured". The New York Times. May 27, 1952. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  10. ^ Dietz 2010, p. 302.
  11. ^ Mantle 1938, pp. 368, 444.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]