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{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
⚫
| name=Common remora
| image = Remora remora.jpg
| image = Remora remora.jpg
| image_caption =
| image_caption =
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>Curtis, M., et al. 2015. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/198651/0 ''Remora remora''.] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Downloaded on 18 February 2016.</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Curtis, M. |author2=Williams, J.T. |author3=Collette, B. |author4=Smith-Vaniz, W.F. |author5=Pina Amargos, F. |year=2015 |errata=2017 |title=''Remora remora'' |volume=2015 |page=e.T198651A115343508 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T198651A15544903.en |access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref>
⚫
| taxon = Remora remora
| regnum=[[Animal]]ia
⚫
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| phylum=[[Chordata]]
⚫
| synonyms = {{Specieslist
| classis=[[Actinopterygii]]
⚫
|Echeneis remora|Linnaeus, 1758
| ordo=[[Perciformes]]
⚫
|Echeneis squalipeta|[[Dagobert Karl Daldorff|Daldorff]], 1793
| Subordo=[[Percordei]]
|Echeneis parva|[[Laurens Theodorus Gronovius|Gronow]], 1854
| familia=[[Echeneidae]]
⚫
|Echeneis remoroides|[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1855
| genus=''[[Remora (genus)|Remora]]''
⚫
|Echeneis remeligo|[[Auguste Duméril|Duméril]], 1858
| species='''''R. remora'''''
⚫
|Echeneis bourboniensis|Duméril, 1858
| binomial='''''Remora remora'''''
⚫
|Echeneis postica|[[Felipe Poey|Poey]], 1860
⚫
| binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
⚫
|Echeneis remeligo|[[Alphone Guichenot|Guichenot]], 1863
⚫
| synonyms =
⚫
|Echeneis borboniensis|Guichenot, 1863
⚫
* ''Echeneis bourboniensis'' <small>A. H. A. Duméril, 1858</small> (Ambiguous name)
⚫
|Echeneis nubifera|[[Shigeho Tanaka|Tanaka]], 1915
⚫
* ''Echeneis remora'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>
}}
⚫
* ''Echeneis squalipeta'' <small>Daldorff, 1793</small>
| synonyms_ref =<ref name = FishBase/>
* ''Echeneis parva'' <small>Gronow, 1854</small>
⚫
* ''Echeneis remoroides'' <small>Bleeker, 1855</small>
⚫
* ''Echeneis remeligo'' <small>A. H. A. Duméril, 1858</small>
⚫
* ''Echeneis postica'' <small>Poey, 1860</small>
⚫
* ''Echeneis remeligo'' <small>Guichenot, 1863</small>
⚫
* ''Echeneis borboniensis'' <small>Guichenot, 1863</small>
⚫
* ''Echeneis nubifera'' <small>S. Tanaka (I), 1915</small>
}}
}}


The '''common remora''', ''Remora remora'', is a [[Pelagic zone|pelagic]] marine fish<ref name="leao2002">{{Cite web
The '''common remora''' ('''''Remora remora''''') is a [[Pelagic zone|pelagic]] marine fish<ref name="leao2002">{{Cite web
⚫
|first=Mark |last=Leao |editor=Kimberly Schulz |title=Remora remora (on-line) |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Remora_remora.html |work=Animal Diversity Web |access-date=2009-06-02 |year=2002}}</ref> belonging to the family [[Echeneidae]]. The dorsal fin, which has 22 to 26 soft rays, acts as a [[suction cup]], creating a [[vacuum]]<ref>''Fishes of the World'', 3rd edition. Joseph S. Nelson. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 1994. p. 351</ref> to allow the fish to attach to larger marine animals, such as whales, dolphins, sharks, and sea turtles.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1590/S1679-62252006000100014| title=Turtle riders: Remoras on marine turtles in Southwest Atlantic| journal=Neotropical Ichthyology| volume=4| pages=123–126| year=2006| last1=Sazima | first1=I. | last2=Grossman | first2=A. | doi-access=free}}</ref>
|first=Mark
|last=Leao
|editor=Kimberly Schulz
|title=Remora remora (on-line)
|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Remora_remora.html
|work=Animal Diversity Web
|accessdate=2009-06-02
⚫
|year=2002}}</ref> belonging to family [[Echeneidae]]. ''R. remora'' is different from other remoras in the family Echeneidae by the modification of its dorsal fin.<ref>''Encyclopedia of Biodiversity''. Volume 2, D-F1. Simon Asher Levin, Editor in Chief. San Francisco, CA: Academic Press, 2001. p. 770</ref> The dorsal fin, which has 22 to 26 soft rays, acts as a [[suction cup]], creating a [[vacuum]]<ref>''Fishes of the World'', 3rd edition. Joseph S. Nelson. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 1994. p. 351</ref> to allow it to attach to larger marine animals, such as whales, dolphins, sharks, and sea turtles.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1590/S1679-62252006000100014| title = Turtle riders: Remoras on marine turtles in Southwest Atlantic| journal = Neotropical Ichthyology| volume = 4| pages = 123| year = 2006| last1 = Sazima | first1 = I. | last2 = Grossman | first2 = A. }}</ref>


==Physical characteristics==
==Physical characteristics==
The common remora has a suckerlike dorsal fin and an anal fin. Its body can be brown, black or grey in color.<ref>''Smith's Sea Fishes'', 6th edition. Edited by Margaret M. Smith and Phillip C. Heemstra. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1986. p. 662</ref> This species can reach {{convert|86.4|cm|in|abbr=on}} in [[fish measurement|total length]], though most do not exceed {{convert|40|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=FishBase>{{FishBase species |genus= Remora|species= remora| month = April | year = 2013}}</ref> The maximum known weight of this species is {{convert|1.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=FishBase/>
The common remora has a suckerlike dorsal fin and an anal fin. Its body can be brown, black or grey in color.<ref>''Smith's Sea Fishes'', 6th edition. Edited by Margaret M. Smith and Phillip C. Heemstra. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1986. p. 662</ref> It can reach {{convert|86.4|cm|in|abbr=on}} in [[fish measurement|total length]], though most do not exceed {{convert|40|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=FishBase>{{FishBase |genus= Remora|species= remora| month = April | year = 2013}}</ref> The maximum known weight of this species is {{convert|1.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=FishBase/>


==Biology and behavior==
==Biology and behavior==
''R. remora'' and its host seem to partake in a [[Symbiosis|symbiotic relationship]]; the common remora does not seem to have a negative overall effect on its host. The host provides the remora with fast-moving water to bathe its gills, a steady flow of food, transportation, and protection.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00849.x| title = Sharksucker (''Echeneis naucrates'') on a Bottlenose Dolphin (''Tursiops tTruncatus'') and a Review of Other Cetacean-Remora Associations| journal = Marine Mammal Science| volume = 15| issue = 3| pages = 859| year = 1999| last1 = Fertl | first1 = D.| last2 = Landry | first2 = A. M.}}</ref> The remora benefits the host by feeding in part on some of its parasites, but increases its hydrodynamical [[Drag (physics)|drag]]. The common remora's attachment to one host can last for up to three months.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1590/S1679-62252006000400009| title = Fishes associated with spinner dolphins at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, tropical Western Atlantic: An update and overview| journal = Neotropical Ichthyology| volume = 4| issue = 4| pages = 451| year = 2006| last1 = Sazima | first1 = I. | last2 = Sazima | first2 = C. | last3 = Silva-Jr | first3 = J. M. D. }}</ref> During this time, the remora can move its attachment site if it feels threatened.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1017/S1755267206002016| title = Whalesuckers on spinner dolphins: An underwater view| journal = Marine Biodiversity Records| volume = 1| year = 2009| last1 = Silva-Jr | first1 = J. M. | last2 = Sazima | first2 = I. }}</ref> The common remora cannot survive in still water; it needs water flow over its gills to provide it oxygen.
''R. remora'' and its host seem to partake in a [[Symbiosis|symbiotic relationship]]; the common remora does not seem to have a negative overall effect on its host. The host provides the remora with fast-moving water for respiration, a steady flow of food, transportation, and protection.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00849.x| title = Sharksucker (''Echeneis naucrates'') on a Bottlenose Dolphin (''Tursiops tTruncatus'') and a Review of Other Cetacean-Remora Associations| journal = Marine Mammal Science| volume = 15| issue = 3| pages = 859| year = 1999| last1 = Fertl | first1 = D.| last2 = Landry | first2 = A. M.}}</ref> The remora benefits the host by feeding in part on some of its parasites, but increases its hydrodynamic [[Drag (physics)|drag]]. The common remora's attachment to one host can last for up to three months.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1590/S1679-62252006000400009| title = Fishes associated with spinner dolphins at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, tropical Western Atlantic: An update and overview| journal = Neotropical Ichthyology| volume = 4| issue = 4| pages = 451| year = 2006| last1 = Sazima | first1 = I. | last2 = Sazima | first2 = C. | last3 = Silva-Jr | first3 = J. M. D. | doi-access = free}}</ref> During this time, the remora can move its attachment site if it feels threatened.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1017/S1755267206002016| title = Whalesuckers on spinner dolphins: An underwater view| journal = Marine Biodiversity Records| volume = 1| year = 2009| last1 = Silva-Jr | first1 = J. M. | last2 = Sazima | first2 = I. }}</ref> The common remora cannot survive in still water; it needs water flow over its gills to breathe.


==Habitat==
==Habitat==
This remora is commonly found in warm marine waters and have been seen in the western Mediterranean and the Atlantic, as well as the North Sea.<ref name=iucn/>
This remora is commonly found in warm marine waters and has been seen in the western Mediterranean and the Atlantic, as well as the North Sea.<ref name=iucn/>
[[File:Remora remora jar.jpg|thumb|museum specimen, dorsal view]]
[[File:Remora remora jar.jpg|thumb|Museum specimen, dorsal view]]


==Reproduction==
==Reproduction==
A mating couple may attach to the same host, and have host fidelity.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1590/S1676-06032003000200012| title = Whalesuckers and a spinner dolphin bonded for weeks: Does host fidelity pay off?| journal = Biota Neotropica| volume = 3| issue = 2| pages = 1| year = 2003| last1 = Silva-Jr | first1 = J. M. | last2 = Sazima | first2 = I. }}</ref> It is not clear when during the year the common remora [[spawn (biology)|spawns]], and little is known about the fish's reproductive behavior.
A mating couple may attach to the same host, and have host fidelity.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1590/S1676-06032003000200012| title = Whalesuckers and a spinner dolphin bonded for weeks: Does host fidelity pay off?| journal = Biota Neotropica| volume = 3| issue = 2| pages = 1| year = 2003| last1 = Silva-Jr | first1 = J. M. | last2 = Sazima | first2 = I. | doi-access = free}}</ref> It is not clear when during the year the common remora [[spawn (biology)|spawns]], and little is known about the fish's reproductive behavior.


==Food and diet==
==Food and diet==
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==Significance to humans==
==Significance to humans==
No known negative impacts for humans are known. Remoras can be caught as [[bycatch|fishing bycatch]] and put in [[Aquarium|aquaria]].<ref>''Grizmek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia'', 2nd edition. Volume 5, Fishes 11, edited by Michael Hutchins, Dennis A. Thoney, Paul V. Loiselle, and Neil Schlager. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, 2003. p. 216</ref> Remoras have been used in fishing. Humans may attach [[fishing line]] to the remora and wait for it to cling to a larger fish.<ref>''Fishes, Ascidians, etc.'' Vol. 7. Edited by Sir S.F. Harmer and Sir A.E. Shipley. London: McMillan and Co., Limited. 1932. p. 691</ref>
No known negative impacts for humans are known. Remoras are occasionally caught as [[bycatch|fishing bycatch]] and put in [[Aquarium|aquaria]].<ref>''Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia'', 2nd edition. Volume 5, Fishes 11, edited by Michael Hutchins, Dennis A. Thoney, Paul V. Loiselle, and Neil Schlager. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, 2003. p. 216</ref> Remoras have been used in fishing – one method involves tying [[fishing line]] to the remora, then waiting for it to cling to a larger fish.<ref>''Fishes, Ascidians, etc.'' Vol. 7. Edited by Sir S.F. Harmer and Sir A.E. Shipley. London: McMillan and Co., Limited. 1932. p. 691</ref>


Other common names for this familiar fish include suck fish, stout sucking fish, common sucker, shark-sucker, brown sucker, and shark pilot.<ref name=iucn/>
Other common names for this familiar fish include suck fish, stout sucking fish, common sucker, shark-sucker, brown sucker, and shark pilot.<ref name=iucn/>
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{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Common Remora}}
* {{SealifePhotos|126853}}
[[Category:Echeneidae]]

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[[Category:Fish of Hawaii]]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q749460}}
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[[Category:Animals described in 1758]]

[[Category:Saltwater fish of Florida]]
[[Category:Remora (genus)|common remora]]
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[[Category:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Fish of the Mediterranean Sea]]
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[[Category:Fish described in 1758|common remora]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|common remora]]

Latest revision as of 02:58, 4 May 2024

Common remora
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Carangiformes
Family: Echeneidae
Genus: Remora
Species:
R. remora
Binomial name
Remora remora
Synonyms[2]
  • Echeneis remora Linnaeus, 1758
  • Echeneis squalipeta Daldorff, 1793
  • Echeneis parva Gronow, 1854
  • Echeneis remoroides Bleeker, 1855
  • Echeneis remeligo Duméril, 1858
  • Echeneis bourboniensis Duméril, 1858
  • Echeneis postica Poey, 1860
  • Echeneis remeligo Guichenot, 1863
  • Echeneis borboniensis Guichenot, 1863
  • Echeneis nubifera Tanaka, 1915

The common remora (Remora remora) is a pelagic marine fish[3] belonging to the family Echeneidae. The dorsal fin, which has 22 to 26 soft rays, acts as a suction cup, creating a vacuum[4] to allow the fish to attach to larger marine animals, such as whales, dolphins, sharks, and sea turtles.[5]

Physical characteristics

[edit]

The common remora has a suckerlike dorsal fin and an anal fin. Its body can be brown, black or grey in color.[6] It can reach 86.4 cm (34.0 in) in total length, though most do not exceed 40 cm (16 in).[2] The maximum known weight of this species is 1.1 kg (2.4 lb).[2]

Biology and behavior

[edit]

R. remora and its host seem to partake in a symbiotic relationship; the common remora does not seem to have a negative overall effect on its host. The host provides the remora with fast-moving water for respiration, a steady flow of food, transportation, and protection.[7] The remora benefits the host by feeding in part on some of its parasites, but increases its hydrodynamic drag. The common remora's attachment to one host can last for up to three months.[8] During this time, the remora can move its attachment site if it feels threatened.[9] The common remora cannot survive in still water; it needs water flow over its gills to breathe.

Habitat

[edit]

This remora is commonly found in warm marine waters and has been seen in the western Mediterranean and the Atlantic, as well as the North Sea.[1]

Museum specimen, dorsal view

Reproduction

[edit]

A mating couple may attach to the same host, and have host fidelity.[10] It is not clear when during the year the common remora spawns, and little is known about the fish's reproductive behavior.

Food and diet

[edit]

The remora consumes food scraps from its host, as well as plankton and parasitic copepods.

Significance to humans

[edit]

No known negative impacts for humans are known. Remoras are occasionally caught as fishing bycatch and put in aquaria.[11] Remoras have been used in fishing – one method involves tying fishing line to the remora, then waiting for it to cling to a larger fish.[12]

Other common names for this familiar fish include suck fish, stout sucking fish, common sucker, shark-sucker, brown sucker, and shark pilot.[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Curtis, M.; Williams, J.T.; Collette, B.; Smith-Vaniz, W.F.; Pina Amargos, F. (2017) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Remora remora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T198651A115343508. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T198651A15544903.en. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Remora remora". FishBase. April 2013 version.
  3. ^ Leao, Mark (2002). Kimberly Schulz (ed.). "Remora remora (on-line)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  4. ^ Fishes of the World, 3rd edition. Joseph S. Nelson. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 1994. p. 351
  5. ^ Sazima, I.; Grossman, A. (2006). "Turtle riders: Remoras on marine turtles in Southwest Atlantic". Neotropical Ichthyology. 4: 123–126. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252006000100014.
  6. ^ Smith's Sea Fishes, 6th edition. Edited by Margaret M. Smith and Phillip C. Heemstra. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1986. p. 662
  7. ^ Fertl, D.; Landry, A. M. (1999). "Sharksucker (Echeneis naucrates) on a Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops tTruncatus) and a Review of Other Cetacean-Remora Associations". Marine Mammal Science. 15 (3): 859. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00849.x.
  8. ^ Sazima, I.; Sazima, C.; Silva-Jr, J. M. D. (2006). "Fishes associated with spinner dolphins at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, tropical Western Atlantic: An update and overview". Neotropical Ichthyology. 4 (4): 451. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252006000400009.
  9. ^ Silva-Jr, J. M.; Sazima, I. (2009). "Whalesuckers on spinner dolphins: An underwater view". Marine Biodiversity Records. 1. doi:10.1017/S1755267206002016.
  10. ^ Silva-Jr, J. M.; Sazima, I. (2003). "Whalesuckers and a spinner dolphin bonded for weeks: Does host fidelity pay off?". Biota Neotropica. 3 (2): 1. doi:10.1590/S1676-06032003000200012.
  11. ^ Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volume 5, Fishes 11, edited by Michael Hutchins, Dennis A. Thoney, Paul V. Loiselle, and Neil Schlager. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, 2003. p. 216
  12. ^ Fishes, Ascidians, etc. Vol. 7. Edited by Sir S.F. Harmer and Sir A.E. Shipley. London: McMillan and Co., Limited. 1932. p. 691
[edit]
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