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Coordinates: 21°19′31″N 157°50′50″W / 21.32528°N 157.84722°W / 21.32528; -157.84722
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{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox NRHP
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Royal Mausoleum
| name = Royal Mausoleum
| nrhp_type =
| nrhp_type =
| image = Chapel - Royal Mausoleum, Honolulu, HI.JPG
| image = Chapel - Royal Mausoleum, Honolulu, HI.JPG
| caption = The main building is now a chapel
| caption = The main building is now a chapel
| location = 2261 Nu{{okina}}uanu Ave., [[Honolulu, Hawaii]]
| location = 2261 Nuʻuanu Ave., [[Honolulu, Hawaii]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21|19|31|N|157|50|50|W|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|21|19|31|N|157|50|50|W|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = Hawaii
| locmapin = Hawaii
| built = 1863
| built = 1863
| architect = [[Theodore Heuck|Theodore C. Heuck]]
| architect = [[Theodore Heuck|Theodore C. Heuck]]
| architecture = Gothic
| architecture = Gothic
| added = August 7, 1972
| added = August 7, 1972
| area = {{convert|4|acre}}
| area = {{convert|3.34|acre}}
| refnum = 72000422<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2009a}}</ref>
| refnum = 72000422<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2009a}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''Mauna {{okina}}Ala''' (Fragrant Hills) in the [[Hawaiian language]], is the '''Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii''' (also called Royal Mausoleum State Monument) and the final resting place of Hawaii's two prominent royal families: the [[House of Kamehameha|Kamehameha Dynasty]] and the [[House of Kalākaua|Kalākaua Dynasty]].<ref name="worlds">{{cite web |first=William John |last=Kaiheʻekai Maiʻoho |url= http://www.pacificworlds.com/nuuanu/memories/memory1.cfm |title=Nuʻuanu, Oʻahu - Memories: Mauna ʻAla |year=2003 |publisher=Pacific Worlds & Associates |access-date=2009-12-08}}</ref>
'''Mauna ʻAla''' (Fragrant Hills) in the [[Hawaiian language]], is the '''Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii''' (also called Royal Mausoleum State Monument) and the final resting place of Hawaii's two prominent royal families: the [[House of Kamehameha|Kamehameha Dynasty]] and the [[House of Kalākaua|Kalākaua Dynasty]].<ref name="worlds">{{cite web |first=William John |last=Kaiheʻekai Maiʻoho |url= http://www.pacificworlds.com/nuuanu/memories/memory1.cfm |title=Nuʻuanu, Oʻahu – Memories: Mauna ʻAla |year=2003 |publisher=Pacific Worlds & Associates |access-date=2009-12-08}}</ref>


==Background==
== Background ==
In the early 19th century, the area near an ancient burial site was known as Pohukaina.<ref>{{gnis|type=retired|1947628|Pohukaina}}</ref> It is believed to be the name of a chief (sometimes spelled Pahukaina) who according to legend chose a cave in Kanehoalani in the [[Koʻolau Range]] for his resting place.<ref>{{cite book|title=Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoQKAQAAIAAJ|year=1930|page= 34|publisher=Bulletin Publishing Company}}</ref> The land belonged to [[Kekauluohi]], who later ruled as [[Kuhina Nui]], as part of her birthright.<ref name="protecting">{{cite journal |title= Ka Pa Aliʻi: Protecting This Sacred Place: September 8, 2001 – Old Archives Building |author= The Friends of ʻIolani Palace |year= 2001 }}</ref>
In the early 19th century, the area near an ancient burial site was known as [[Pohukaina]].<ref>{{gnis|type=retired|1947628|Pohukaina}}</ref> It is believed to be the name of a chief (sometimes spelled Pahukaina) who according to legend chose a cave in Kanehoalani in the [[Koʻolau Range]] for his resting place.<ref>{{cite book|title=Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoQKAQAAIAAJ|year=1930|page= 34|publisher=Bulletin Publishing Company}}</ref> The land belonged to [[Kekauluohi]], who later ruled as [[Kuhina Nui]], as part of her birthright.<ref name="protecting">{{cite journal |title= Ka Pa Aliʻi: Protecting This Sacred Place: September 8, 2001 – Old Archives Building |author= The Friends of ʻIolani Palace |year= 2001 }}</ref><ref name="Bartel2003">{{cite web |title= Pohukaina |author= Jim Bartels |year= 2003 |work= Pacific Worlds web site |url= http://www.pacificworlds.com/nuuanu/native/native3.cfm |access-date= 2010-04-07 }}</ref>


After 1825, the first Western-style royal tomb was constructed for the bodies of King [[Kamehameha II]] and his queen [[Kamāmalu]] near the current [[ʻIolani Palace]]. They were buried on August 23, 1825. The idea was heavily influenced by the tombs at [[Westminster Abbey]] during Kamehameha II's trip to London. The [[mausoleum]] was a small house made of coral blocks with a thatched roof. It had no windows, and it was the duty of two chiefs to guard the iron-locked koa door day and night. No one was allowed to enter the vault except for burials or Memorial Day, a Hawaiian holiday celebrated on December 30.<ref name="protecting" /> Over time, as more bodies were added, the small vault became crowded, so other chiefs and retainers were buried in unmarked graves nearby. In 1865 a selected twenty [[coffins]] were removed to a Royal Mausoleum named Mauna ʻAla in Nuʻuanu Valley.<ref name="1865KNK" />{{sfn|Kam|2017|page=183}} But many chiefs remain on the site including: [[Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku]], [[Kalaniʻōpuʻu]], [[Kapiʻolani (chiefess)|Chiefess Kapiʻolani]], and [[Haʻalilio]].<ref name="Parker">{{cite book|last=Parker|first=David "Kawika"|chapter=Crypts of the Ali`i The Last Refuge of the Hawaiian Royalty|title=Tales of Our Hawaiʻi|location=Honolulu|publisher=Alu Like, Inc|year=2008|chapter-url=http://www.alulike.org/services/talesofourhawaii_vol3.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231028/http://www.alulike.org/services/talesofourhawaii_vol3.pdf|archive-date=November 11, 2013|oclc=309392477|pages=45–49}}</ref>
After 1825, the first Western-style royal tomb was constructed for the bodies of King [[Kamehameha II]] and his queen [[Kamāmalu]] near the current [[ʻIolani Palace]]. They were buried on August 23, 1825. The idea was heavily influenced by the tombs at [[Westminster Abbey]] during Kamehameha II's trip to London. The [[mausoleum]] was a small house made of coral blocks with a thatched roof. It had no windows, and it was the duty of two chiefs to guard the iron-locked koa door day and night. No one was allowed to enter the vault except for burials or Memorial Day, a Hawaiian holiday celebrated on December 30.<ref name="protecting" /> Over time, as more bodies were added, the small vault became crowded, so other chiefs and retainers were buried in unmarked graves nearby. In 1865 a selected eighteen coffins were removed to the Royal Mausoleum named Mauna ʻAla in Nuʻuanu Valley.<ref name="1865KNK" />{{sfn|Kam|2017|pages=181–183}} But many chiefs remain on the site including: [[Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku]], [[Kalaniʻōpuʻu]], [[Kapiʻolani (chiefess)|Chiefess Kapiʻolani]], and [[Haʻalilio]].{{sfn|Parker|2008|pages=45–49}}


Prior to the 19th century, the remains of [[aliʻi]] of Hawaiʻi island were buried at Hale o Keawe and Hale o Līloa. Other Western-style tombs include a burial site at Honolulu Fort which was lost when the fort was demolished in 1857, a tomb in Lahaina located near Halekamani, and a tomb on the island of [[Mokuʻula]] in Lahaina. The royal remains from the last two burial sites were transferred to the cemetery of [[Waiola Church]] in 1884.{{sfn|Kam|2017|pages=177–180}}
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==Construction==
The 2.7 acre (11,000&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>) mausoleum was designed by architect [[Theodore Heuck]]. King [[Kamehameha IV]] and [[Queen Emma of Hawaii|Queen Emma]] planned it as a burial site for their families. However, the first to be interred was their four-year-old son, [[Albert Kamehameha|Prince Albert]], who died August 27, 1862.
King Kamehameha IV became ill soon afterwards and died November 30, 1863, just 15 months after his son. His brother Lot Kamehameha came to the throne as King [[Kamehameha V]].


⚫
== Construction ==
⚫
Immediately Kamehameha V started construction of the mausoleum building. The Right Reverend [[Thomas Nettleship Staley]], first Anglican Bishop of Honolulu (1823–1898), oversaw construction. The west ''('Ewa)'' wing was completed at the end of January 1864. A large funeral procession February 3, 1864, brought the body of Kamehameha IV from {{okina}}Iolani Palace near Kawaiaha{{okina}}o Church. His casket was placed on a stand in the new wing. Later in the evening, bearers brought the casket of ''Ka Haku o Hawai'i'' (as Prince Albert was known) and laid him to rest alongside his father. Queen Emma was so overcome with grief that she camped on the grounds of Mauna {{okina}}Ala, and slept in the mausoleum.<ref name="worlds"/>
The 2.75-acre (11,000&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>) mausoleum was designed by architect [[Theodore Heuck]].{{sfn|Kam|2017|pages=184–186}} By 1862, the Royal Tomb at Pohukaina was full and there were no space for the coffins of [[Albert Kamehameha|Prince Albert]], who died August 27, 1862, and King [[Kamehameha IV]], who died November 30, 1863.{{sfn|Kam|2017|pages=183–187}} Kamehameha IV's funeral was delayed for three months while a new mausoleum was built.<ref name="worlds" />


⚫
Immediately [[Kamehameha V]], brother of Kamehameha IV, started construction of a new mausoleum building in the Nuʻuanu Valley on a site chosen by Kamehameha IV and his wife [[Queen Emma of Hawaii|Queen Emma]]. The Right Reverend [[Thomas Nettleship Staley]], first Anglican Bishop of Honolulu (1823–1898), oversaw construction. The west ''(ʻEwa)'' wing was completed at the end of January 1864. A large funeral procession February 3, 1864, brought the body of Kamehameha IV from ʻIolani Palace. His casket was placed on a stand in the new wing. Later in the evening, bearers brought the casket of ''Ka Haku o Hawaiʻi'' (as Prince Albert was known) and laid him to rest alongside his father. Queen Emma was so overcome with grief that she camped on the grounds of Mauna ʻAla, and slept in the mausoleum.<ref name="worlds" />
⚫
The mausoleum was completed in 1865, adjacent to the public 1844 [[Oahu Cemetery]]. The mausoleum seemed a fitting place to bury other past monarchs of the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]] and their families. The remains were transferred in a solemn ceremony leading from the burial vault called [[Pohukaina]] at {{okina}}[[Iolani Palace]] to the Nu{{okina}}uanu Valley October 30, 1865.<ref name="worlds" /><ref name="1865KNK">{{cite news|title=Ka Hoihoi Ia Ana O Na Kino Kupapau O Na Alii I Make Mua Ma Ka Ilina Hou O Na Alii|date=November 4, 1865|newspaper=Ka Nupepa Kuokoa|volume=IV|issue=44|page=2|url=https://nupepa-hawaii.com/2014/07/13/alii-are-moved-from-pohukaina-to-maunaala-1865/|access-date=October 7, 2016}}</ref>


⚫
The mausoleum was completed in 1865, adjacent to the public 1844 [[Oahu Cemetery]]. The mausoleum seemed a fitting place to bury other past monarchs of the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]] and their families. The remains of past deceased royals were transferred in a torchlit ceremony at night leading from Pohukaina to the Nuʻuanu Valley on October 30, 1865.{{sfn|Parker|2008|pages=9–11}}<ref name="worlds" /><ref name="1865KNK">{{cite news|title=Ka Hoihoi Ia Ana O Na Kino Kupapau O Na Alii I Make Mua Ma Ka Ilina Hou O Na Alii|date=November 4, 1865|newspaper=Ka Nupepa Kuokoa|volume=IV|issue=44|page=2|url=https://nupepa-hawaii.com/2014/07/13/alii-are-moved-from-pohukaina-to-maunaala-1865/|access-date=October 7, 2016}}</ref>
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[[Image:Kamehameha Dynasty Tomb - Royal Mausoleum, Honolulu, HI.JPG|thumb|220px|left|Kamehameha Dynasty Tomb]]

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[[File:Kamehameha Dynasty Tomb - Royal Mausoleum, Honolulu, HI.JPG|thumb|220px|left|Kamehameha Dynasty Tomb]]

[[Robert Crichton Wyllie]], Minister of Foreign Affairs, was buried here in October 1865.<ref name="focus">{{cite web |last=Riconda |first=Dorothy |date=November 15, 1971 |title=The Royal Mausoleum nomination form |url={{NRHP url|id=72000422}} |access-date=2009-10-13 |work=National Register of Historic Places |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Over time, the remains of almost all of Hawaii's monarchs, their consorts, and various princes and princesses would rest at the Royal Mausoleum.{{sfn|Parker|2008|pages=19–49}}

⚫
[[Kamehameha I]] and [[William Charles Lunalilo]] are the only two kings not resting at the mausoleum. William Charles Lunalilo, the shortest-reigning Hawaiian monarch, (one year and 25 days only), was buried in the [[Lunalilo Tomb]] in the church cemetery resting in the courtyard of [[Kawaiahao Church|Kawaiahaʻo Church]].{{sfn|Parker|2008|page=11}} [[Nāhienaena|Princess Nāhiʻenaʻena]] and [[Keōpūolani|Queen Keōpūolani]] are buried on [[Maui]] at [[Waiola Church]].{{sfn|Kam|2017|page=180}}


[[Robert Crichton Wyllie]], Minister of Foreign Affairs, was buried here in October 1865.<ref name="focus"/>
⚫
Over time, the remains of almost all of Hawaii's monarchs, their consorts, and various princes and princesses would rest at the Royal Mausoleum. [[Kamehameha I]] and [[William Charles Lunalilo]] are the only two kings not resting at the mausoleum. William Charles Lunalilo, the shortest-reigning Hawaiian monarch, (one year and 25 days only), was buried in a church cemetery resting in the courtyard of [[Kawaiahao Church|Kawaiaha{{okina}}o Church]]. [[Nāhienaena|Princess Nāhi{{okina}}ena{{okina}}ena]] and [[Keōpūolani|Queen Keōpūolani]] are buried on [[Maui]] at [[Waiola Church]].
[[File:Royal Mausoleum 7-58.JPG|thumb|right|Mausoleum as seen in 1958]]
[[File:Royal Mausoleum 7-58.JPG|thumb|right|Mausoleum as seen in 1958]]
Kamehameha I's remains were hidden in a traditional practice to preserve the ''[[Mana (Oceanian mythology)|mana]]'' (power) of the ali{{okina}}i at the time of the [[Hawaiian religion]].<ref name="worlds"/> For several generations, descendants of [[Hoolulu|Ho{{okina}}olulu]], one of the few chosen to help bury the remains of Kamehameha, have been appointed as caretakers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mai'ohos feel drawn to royal burial site Six generations have cared for the Nuuanu mausoleum for Hawaii's kings |first=Sally |last=Apgar |url= http://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/03/05/news/story04.html |date= March 5, 2006 |newspaper=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]}}</ref>
Kamehameha I's remains were hidden in a traditional practice to preserve the ''[[Mana (Oceanian mythology)|mana]]'' (power) of the aliʻi at the time of the [[Hawaiian religion]].<ref name="worlds" /> For several generations, descendants of [[Hoolulu|Hoʻolulu]], one of the few chosen to help bury the remains of Kamehameha, have been appointed as caretakers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mai'ohos feel drawn to royal burial site Six generations have cared for the Nuuanu mausoleum for Hawaii's kings |first=Sally |last=Apgar |url= http://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/03/05/news/story04.html |date= March 5, 2006 |newspaper=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]}}</ref>

=== Additional modifications ===
On November 9, 1887, after the main mausoleum building became too crowded, the caskets belonging to members of the Kamehameha Dynasty were moved to the newly built Kamehameha Tomb, an underground vault commissioned by [[Charles Reed Bishop]], husband of [[Bernice Pauahi Bishop]].{{sfn|Parker|2008|page=13}}{{sfn|Kam|2017|pages=187–190}} The Territory of Hawaii built a second underground crypt, the Wyllie Tomb (formerly known as the Queen Emma Tomb) in 1904 to separate the caskets of Robert Crichton Wyllie and the relatives of Queen Emma.{{sfn|Parker|2008|page=13}}{{sfn|Kam|2017|pages=190–192}} In 1907, the Territory of Hawaii allocated $20,000 for the construction of a separate underground vault for the Kalākaua family. Queen Liliʻuokalani and Prince [[Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole]] were consulted in the construction process. On June 24, 1910, the caskets from the Kalākaua family were moved to newly construct Kalākaua Crypt in a torchlit nighttime ceremony supervised by the former queen.{{sfn|Parker|2008|page=14}}{{sfn|Kam|2017|pages=192–196}} <ref>{{cite news |last=Thrum |first=Thomas G. |author-link=Thomas G. Thrum |year=1911 |title=New Kalakaua Dynasty Tomb |work=All about Hawaii: The recognized book of authentic information on Hawaii |publisher=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-sKAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA105}}</ref>


⚫
In 1922 the main building was converted to a chapel after the last royal remains were moved to tombs constructed on the grounds. The chapel was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] August 7, 1972.<ref name="focus" />
⚫
Mauna {{okina}}Ala was removed from the public lands of the [[United States]] by a [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uprVDd-fpcazo40mbU2-qXSJoy73PJlS/view?usp=share_link joint resolution] of [[Congress of the United States|Congress]] in 1900, two years after the Annexation in 1898 of Hawaii Territories by President [[William McKinley]].


In 2023, [[Abigail Kinoiki Kekaulike Kawānanakoa]] (1926–2022) became the most recent person to be buried in the Royal Mausoleum. Prior to her death there had not been a burial at the Royal Mausoleum since [[David Kalākaua Kawānanakoa]] in 1953. A new tomb was constructed since the Kalākaua vault was at capacity.<ref name="Fawcett2023">{{cite news|last=Fawcett|first=Denby|title=Is The Funeral Of Abigail Kawananakoa The Last Hawaiian Royal Burial?|newspaper=Honolulu Civil Beat|location=Honolulu|date=January 17, 2023|page=|url=https://www.civilbeat.org/2023/01/denby-fawcett-is-the-funeral-of-abigail-kawananakoa-the-last-hawaiian-royal-burial/|access-date=January 21, 2023}}</ref>
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The Mausoleum is one of the only places in Hawaii where the flag of Hawaii can officially fly alone without the American flag;<ref name=khnl>{{cite news| title=The Royal Mausoleum, the sacred resting place of Hawaii's Alii| url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/10774621/the-royal-mausoleum-the-sacred-resting-place-of-hawaiis-alii| first=Mari-Ela| last=David| work=[[KHNL]] News| date=July 22, 2009| access-date=2014-12-22}}</ref> the other three places are ʻIolani Palace, the [[Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park|Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau Heiau]] and [[Thomas Square]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Clark|first=John|title=The Kamehameha III Statue in Thomas Square|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=53|year=2019|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/742979|oclc=60626541|pages=147–149|doi=10.1353/hjh.2019.0008|s2cid=214511964 |issn=2169-7639}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fuller|first=Landry|title=Flying high|url=https://www.westhawaiitoday.com/2016/08/02/north-hawaii-news/flying-high/|date=August 2, 2016|newspaper=West Hawaii Today|location=Kailua-Kona|publisher=Oahu Publications, Inc.|access-date=April 1, 2020}}</ref>


== Legal Status ==
June 24, 1910, the caskets from the Kalākaua family were moved to an underground vault excavated from rock.<ref>{{cite news |title= New Kalakaua Dynasty Tomb |work=All about Hawaii: The recognized book of authentic information on Hawaii |author-link=Thomas G. Thrum |last=Thrum |first=Thomas G. |publisher=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |year=1911 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-sKAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA105 }}</ref>
⚫
Mauna ʻAla was removed from the public lands of the [[United States]] by a joint resolution of [[Congress of the United States|Congress]] in 1900, two years after the annexation in 1898 of Hawaii by the [[Newlands Resolution]] and President [[William McKinley]].


⚫
The Mausoleum is one of the only places in Hawaii where the flag of Hawaii can officially fly alone without the American flag.<ref name=khnl>{{cite news| title=The Royal Mausoleum, the sacred resting place of Hawaii's Alii| url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/10774621/the-royal-mausoleum-the-sacred-resting-place-of-hawaiis-alii| first=Mari-Ela| last=David| work=[[KHNL]] News| date=July 22, 2009| access-date=2014-12-22}}</ref> The other three places are Iolani Palace, the [[Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park|Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau Heiau]] and [[Thomas Square]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Clark|first=John|title=The Kamehameha III Statue in Thomas Square|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=53|year=2019|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/742979|oclc=60626541|pages=147–149|doi=10.1353/hjh.2019.0008|s2cid=214511964 |issn=2169-7639}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fuller|first=Landry|title=Flying high|url=https://www.westhawaiitoday.com/2016/08/02/north-hawaii-news/flying-high/|date=August 2, 2016|newspaper=West Hawaii Today|location=Kailua-Kona|publisher=Oahu Publications, Inc.|access-date=April 1, 2020}}</ref>
⚫
In 1922 the main building was converted to a chapel, and the royal remains were moved to tombs constructed on the grounds. The chapel was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] August 7, 1972.<ref name="focus">{{cite web |first=Dorothy |last=Riconda |url={{NRHP url|id=72000422}} |title=The Royal Mausoleum nomination form |work=National Register of Historic Places |publisher=National Park Service |date=November 15, 1971 |access-date=2009-10-13 }}</ref>


==Kahu of the Royal Mausoleum==
== Kahu of the Royal Mausoleum ==
These are the keepers or ''kahu'' of the Royal Mausoleum at Mauna Ala:{{sfn|Parker|2008|page=55}}<ref name="Maioho">{{cite news |last=Apgar |first=Sally |title=Mai'ohos feel drawn to royal burial site – Six generations have cared for the Nuuanu mausoleum for Hawaii's kings |newspaper=Honolulu Star Bulletin |date=March 5, 2006 |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/03/05/news/story04.html |access-date=June 5, 2014}}</ref>
These are the keepers or ''kahu'' of the Royal Mausoleum at Mauna Ala:{{sfn|Parker|2008|page=55}}<ref name="Maioho">{{cite news |last=Apgar |first=Sally |title=Mai'ohos feel drawn to royal burial site – Six generations have cared for the Nuuanu mausoleum for Hawaii's kings |newspaper=Honolulu Star Bulletin |date=March 5, 2006 |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/03/05/news/story04.html |access-date=June 5, 2014}}</ref>
* Nahalau, till 1873{{sfn|Kaeo|Queen Emma|1976|page=14}}
⚫
* Nahalau, till 1873<ref name="NewsMolokai">{{cite book|last1=Kaeo|first=Peter|author-link1=Peter Kaeo|last2=Queen Emma|author-link2=Queen Emma of Hawaii|editor-last=Korn|editor-first= Alfons L.|title=News from Molokai, Letters Between Peter Kaeo & Queen Emma, 1873–1876|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2QhAAAAMAAJ|year=1976|publisher=The University Press of Hawaii|location=Honolulu|isbn= 978-0824803995|page=14}}</ref>
* Joseph Keaoa, from July 10, 1873<ref name="NewsMolokai"/>
* Joseph Keaoa, from July 10, 1873{{sfn|Kaeo|Queen Emma|1976|page=14}}
* Haumea, from May 3, 1878
* Haumea, from May 3, 1878
* [[Pius F. Koakanu]], until March, 1885<ref>{{cite news|title=Na Nu Hou Hawaii|newspaper=Ko Hawaii Paeaina|location=Honolulu|date=March 7, 1885|volume=VIII|issue=10|page=2}}</ref>
* [[Pius F. Koakanu]], until March, 1885<ref>{{cite news|title=Na Nu Hou Hawaii|newspaper=Ko Hawaii Paeaina|location=Honolulu|date=March 7, 1885|volume=VIII|issue=10|page=2}}</ref>
Line 56: Line 64:
* [[Poʻomaikelani]] (1839–1895), from October 15, 1888
* [[Poʻomaikelani]] (1839–1895), from October 15, 1888
:*Wiliokai (mentioned in Queen Liliʻuokalani's diary entry), until March 24, 1893<ref>Liliʻuokalani (March 25, 1893). "Saturday, March 25, 1893". Diary entry of Liliʻuokalani. Hawaii State Archives. Call Number: M93, Liliʻuokalani Diary 1893.</ref>
:*Wiliokai (mentioned in Queen Liliʻuokalani's diary entry), until March 24, 1893<ref>Liliʻuokalani (March 25, 1893). "Saturday, March 25, 1893". Diary entry of Liliʻuokalani. Hawaii State Archives. Call Number: M93, Liliʻuokalani Diary 1893.</ref>
* [[Maria Beckley Kahea|Maria Angela Kahaʻawelani Beckley Kahea]] (1847–1909), from March 24, 1893 to July 11, 1909
* [[Maria Beckley Kahea|Maria Angela Kahaʻawelani Beckley Kahea]] (1847–1909), from March 24, 1893, to July 11, 1909
* David Kaipeʻelua Kahea (1845–1921), from March 24, 1893 to 1915 (jointly with wife)<ref name="Kahea1921">{{cite news|title=Former Caretaker Of Royal Mausoleum Dies On Birthday|newspaper=The Honolulu Advertiser|location=Honolulu|date=October 28, 1921|page=12|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39516958/obituary_for_david_kahea/|access-date=February 1, 2020}}</ref>
* David Kaipeʻelua Kahea (1845–1921), from March 24, 1893, to 1915 (jointly with wife)<ref name="Kahea1921">{{cite news|title=Former Caretaker Of Royal Mausoleum Dies On Birthday|newspaper=The Honolulu Advertiser|location=Honolulu|date=October 28, 1921|page=12|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39516958/obituary_for_david_kahea/|access-date=February 1, 2020}}</ref>
* Frederick Malulani Beckley Kahea (1882–1949), from 1915 to 1947
* Frederick Malulani Beckley Kahea (1882–1949), from 1915 to 1947
* William Edward Bishop Kaiheʻekai Taylor (1882–1956), from 1947 to 1956
* William Edward Bishop Kaiheʻekai Taylor (1882–1956), from 1947 to 1956
Line 63: Line 71:
* ʻ[[Iolani Luahine]], from 1961 to 1965
* ʻ[[Iolani Luahine]], from 1961 to 1965
* Lydia Namahanaikaleleokalani Taylor Maiʻoho, from 1966 to 1994
* Lydia Namahanaikaleleokalani Taylor Maiʻoho, from 1966 to 1994
* William "Bill" John Kaiheʻekai Maiʻoho, from 1995 to 2015<ref>{{cite news|last1=Star-Advertiser staff|title=Hawaii's Royal Mausoleum curator dies|url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/breaking/20150211_Hawaiis_Royal_Mausoleum_curator_dies.html?id=291599551|access-date=9 May 2015|agency=Honolulu Star Advertiser|publisher=staradvertiser.com|date=February 11, 2015}}</ref>
* William "Bill" John Kaiheʻekai Maiʻoho, from 1995 to 2015<ref>{{cite news <!--|last1=Star-Advertiser staff--> |title=Hawaii's Royal Mausoleum curator dies|url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/breaking/20150211_Hawaiis_Royal_Mausoleum_curator_dies.html?id=291599551|access-date=9 May 2015|work=Honolulu Star Advertiser |date=February 11, 2015}}</ref>
* William Bishop Kaiheʻekai "Kai" Maiʻoho, from 2015 to present<ref>{{cite news|last1=Star-Advertiser staff|title=New curator serving at Oahu's royal mausoleum|url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/breaking-news/new-curator-serving-at-oahus-royal-mausoleum/|access-date=December 14, 2015|agency=Honolulu Star Advertiser|publisher=staradvertiser.com|date=October 22, 2015}}</ref>
* William Bishop Kaiheʻekai "Kai" Maiʻoho, from 2015 to May 1, 2023<ref>{{cite news|last1=Star-Advertiser staff|title=New curator serving at Oahu's royal mausoleum|url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/breaking-news/new-curator-serving-at-oahus-royal-mausoleum/|access-date=December 14, 2015|agency=Honolulu Star Advertiser|publisher=staradvertiser.com|date=October 22, 2015}}</ref>


==See also==
== See also ==
* [[List of burials at the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii]]
* [[List of burials at the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii]]
* [[Thomas Nettleship Staley]] First Anglican Bishop of Honolulu
* [[Thomas Nettleship Staley]] First Anglican Bishop of Honolulu
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{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


== Bibliography ==
==Further reading==
⚫
*{{cite book|last1=Kaeo|first=Peter|author-link1=Peter Kaeo|last2=Queen Emma|author-link2=Queen Emma of Hawaii|editor-last=Korn|editor-first= Alfons L.|title=News from Molokai, Letters Between Peter Kaeo & Queen Emma, 1873–1876|year=1976|publisher=The University Press of Hawaii|location=Honolulu|hdl=10125/39980|isbn=978-0-8248-0399-5|oclc=2225064}}
* {{cite book|last=Kam|first=Ralph Thomas|title=Death Rites and Hawaiian Royalty: Funerary Practices in the Kamehameha and Kalakaua Dynasties, 1819–1953|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kvanAAACAAJ|year=2017|publisher=McFarland, Inc. |location=|isbn=978-1476668468|oclc=1005979182}}
*{{cite book|last=Kam|first=Ralph Thomas|title=Death Rites and Hawaiian Royalty: Funerary Practices in the Kamehameha and Kalakaua Dynasties, 1819–1953|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kvanAAACAAJ|year=2017|publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers|location=S. I.|isbn=978-1-4766-6846-8|oclc=966566652}}
*{{cite book|last=Parker|first=David "Kawika"|chapter=Crypts of the Ali`i The Last Refuge of the Hawaiian Royalty|title=Tales of Our Hawaiʻi|location=Honolulu|publisher=Alu Like, Inc|year=2008|url=http://www.alulike.org/services/talesofourhawaii_vol3.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231028/http://www.alulike.org/services/talesofourhawaii_vol3.pdf|archive-date=November 11, 2013|oclc=309392477}}


==External links==
== External links ==
{{commons category|Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii}}
{{Commons category|Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii}}
* [http://ksdl.ksbe.edu/maunaala/ma.swf Interactive Map]
* [http://ksdl.ksbe.edu/maunaala/ma.swf Interactive Map]
* {{cite web |url=http://www.minnickassociates.com/projects/maunaala/maunaala.html |title=Mauna'ala:The Royal Mausoleum, Nu'uanu Valley, Oahu, Hawai'i |publisher=Minnick Associates |author=D. Thor Minnick |year=2002 |access-date=2009-10-13 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.minnickassociates.com/projects/maunaala/maunaala.html |title=Mauna'ala:The Royal Mausoleum, Nu'uanu Valley, Oahu, Hawai'i |publisher=Minnick Associates |author=D. Thor Minnick |year=2002 |access-date=2009-10-13 }}
* {{Find a Grave cemetery}}
* {{Find a Grave cemetery}}
* [http://www.pbase.com/goislands/2006_01_20_mauna_ala Mauna {{okina}}Ala, Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii Photo Gallery]
* [http://www.pbase.com/goislands/2006_01_20_mauna_ala Mauna ʻAla, Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii Photo Gallery]
* {{HABS |survey=HI-23 |id=hi0026 |title=Royal Mausoleum, 2261 Nuuanu Avenue, Honolulu, Honolulu County, HI |photos=4 |data=7 |cap=1}}
* {{HABS |survey=HI-23 |id=hi0026 |title=Royal Mausoleum, 2261 Nuuanu Avenue, Honolulu, Honolulu County, HI |photos=4 |data=7 |cap=1}}
* [http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/dsp/parks/oahu/royal-mausoleum-state-monument/ Royal Mausoleum State Monument]
* [http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/dsp/parks/oahu/royal-mausoleum-state-monument/ Royal Mausoleum State Monument]
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[[Category:Buildings and structures in Honolulu]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Honolulu]]
[[Category:Burial sites of Hawaiian royal houses]]
[[Category:Burial sites of Hawaiian royal houses]]
[[Category:Cemeteries in Hawaii]]
[[Category:Burial monuments and structures in Hawaii]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Honolulu]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Honolulu]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Oahu]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Oahu]]

Latest revision as of 15:53, 30 May 2024

Royal Mausoleum
The main building is now a chapel
Royal Mausoleum (Mauna ʻAla) is located in Hawaii
Royal Mausoleum (Mauna ʻAla)
Location2261 Nuʻuanu Ave., Honolulu, Hawaii
Coordinates21°19′31″N 157°50′50″W / 21.32528°N 157.84722°W / 21.32528; -157.84722
Area3.34 acres (1.35 ha)
Built1863
ArchitectTheodore C. Heuck
Architectural styleGothic
NRHP reference No.72000422[1]
Added to NRHPAugust 7, 1972

Mauna ʻAla (Fragrant Hills) in the Hawaiian language, is the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii (also called Royal Mausoleum State Monument) and the final resting place of Hawaii's two prominent royal families: the Kamehameha Dynasty and the Kalākaua Dynasty.[2]

Background

[edit]

In the early 19th century, the area near an ancient burial site was known as Pohukaina.[3] It is believed to be the name of a chief (sometimes spelled Pahukaina) who according to legend chose a cave in Kanehoalani in the Koʻolau Range for his resting place.[4] The land belonged to Kekauluohi, who later ruled as Kuhina Nui, as part of her birthright.[5][6]

After 1825, the first Western-style royal tomb was constructed for the bodies of King Kamehameha II and his queen Kamāmalu near the current ʻIolani Palace. They were buried on August 23, 1825. The idea was heavily influenced by the tombs at Westminster Abbey during Kamehameha II's trip to London. The mausoleum was a small house made of coral blocks with a thatched roof. It had no windows, and it was the duty of two chiefs to guard the iron-locked koa door day and night. No one was allowed to enter the vault except for burials or Memorial Day, a Hawaiian holiday celebrated on December 30.[5] Over time, as more bodies were added, the small vault became crowded, so other chiefs and retainers were buried in unmarked graves nearby. In 1865 a selected eighteen coffins were removed to the Royal Mausoleum named Mauna ʻAla in Nuʻuanu Valley.[7][8] But many chiefs remain on the site including: Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, Chiefess Kapiʻolani, and Haʻalilio.[9]

Prior to the 19th century, the remains of aliʻi of Hawaiʻi island were buried at Hale o Keawe and Hale o Līloa. Other Western-style tombs include a burial site at Honolulu Fort which was lost when the fort was demolished in 1857, a tomb in Lahaina located near Halekamani, and a tomb on the island of Mokuʻula in Lahaina. The royal remains from the last two burial sites were transferred to the cemetery of Waiola Church in 1884.[10]

Construction

[edit]

The 2.75-acre (11,000 m2) mausoleum was designed by architect Theodore Heuck.[11] By 1862, the Royal Tomb at Pohukaina was full and there were no space for the coffins of Prince Albert, who died August 27, 1862, and King Kamehameha IV, who died November 30, 1863.[12] Kamehameha IV's funeral was delayed for three months while a new mausoleum was built.[2]

Immediately Kamehameha V, brother of Kamehameha IV, started construction of a new mausoleum building in the Nuʻuanu Valley on a site chosen by Kamehameha IV and his wife Queen Emma. The Right Reverend Thomas Nettleship Staley, first Anglican Bishop of Honolulu (1823–1898), oversaw construction. The west (ʻEwa) wing was completed at the end of January 1864. A large funeral procession February 3, 1864, brought the body of Kamehameha IV from ʻIolani Palace. His casket was placed on a stand in the new wing. Later in the evening, bearers brought the casket of Ka Haku o Hawaiʻi (as Prince Albert was known) and laid him to rest alongside his father. Queen Emma was so overcome with grief that she camped on the grounds of Mauna ʻAla, and slept in the mausoleum.[2]

The mausoleum was completed in 1865, adjacent to the public 1844 Oahu Cemetery. The mausoleum seemed a fitting place to bury other past monarchs of the Kingdom of Hawaii and their families. The remains of past deceased royals were transferred in a torchlit ceremony at night leading from Pohukaina to the Nuʻuanu Valley on October 30, 1865.[13][2][7]

Kamehameha Dynasty Tomb

Robert Crichton Wyllie, Minister of Foreign Affairs, was buried here in October 1865.[14] Over time, the remains of almost all of Hawaii's monarchs, their consorts, and various princes and princesses would rest at the Royal Mausoleum.[15]

Kamehameha I and William Charles Lunalilo are the only two kings not resting at the mausoleum. William Charles Lunalilo, the shortest-reigning Hawaiian monarch, (one year and 25 days only), was buried in the Lunalilo Tomb in the church cemetery resting in the courtyard of Kawaiahaʻo Church.[16] Princess Nāhiʻenaʻena and Queen Keōpūolani are buried on Maui at Waiola Church.[17]

Mausoleum as seen in 1958

Kamehameha I's remains were hidden in a traditional practice to preserve the mana (power) of the aliʻi at the time of the Hawaiian religion.[2] For several generations, descendants of Hoʻolulu, one of the few chosen to help bury the remains of Kamehameha, have been appointed as caretakers.[18]

Additional modifications

[edit]

On November 9, 1887, after the main mausoleum building became too crowded, the caskets belonging to members of the Kamehameha Dynasty were moved to the newly built Kamehameha Tomb, an underground vault commissioned by Charles Reed Bishop, husband of Bernice Pauahi Bishop.[19][20] The Territory of Hawaii built a second underground crypt, the Wyllie Tomb (formerly known as the Queen Emma Tomb) in 1904 to separate the caskets of Robert Crichton Wyllie and the relatives of Queen Emma.[19][21] In 1907, the Territory of Hawaii allocated $20,000 for the construction of a separate underground vault for the Kalākaua family. Queen Liliʻuokalani and Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole were consulted in the construction process. On June 24, 1910, the caskets from the Kalākaua family were moved to newly construct Kalākaua Crypt in a torchlit nighttime ceremony supervised by the former queen.[22][23] [24]

In 1922 the main building was converted to a chapel after the last royal remains were moved to tombs constructed on the grounds. The chapel was added to the National Register of Historic Places August 7, 1972.[14]

In 2023, Abigail Kinoiki Kekaulike Kawānanakoa (1926–2022) became the most recent person to be buried in the Royal Mausoleum. Prior to her death there had not been a burial at the Royal Mausoleum since David Kalākaua Kawānanakoa in 1953. A new tomb was constructed since the Kalākaua vault was at capacity.[25]

[edit]

Mauna ʻAla was removed from the public lands of the United States by a joint resolution of Congress in 1900, two years after the annexation in 1898 of Hawaii by the Newlands Resolution and President William McKinley.

The Mausoleum is one of the only places in Hawaii where the flag of Hawaii can officially fly alone without the American flag.[26] The other three places are Iolani Palace, the Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau Heiau and Thomas Square.[27][28]

Kahu of the Royal Mausoleum

[edit]

These are the keepers or kahu of the Royal Mausoleum at Mauna Ala:[29][30]

  • Nahalau, till 1873[31]
  • Joseph Keaoa, from July 10, 1873[31]
  • Haumea, from May 3, 1878
  • Pius F. Koakanu, until March, 1885[32]
  • Lanihau, from March 6, 1885[33]
  • Keano, from July 31, 1886
  • Naholowaʻa, from September 17, 1888
  • Poʻomaikelani (1839–1895), from October 15, 1888
  • Wiliokai (mentioned in Queen Liliʻuokalani's diary entry), until March 24, 1893[34]
  • Maria Angela Kahaʻawelani Beckley Kahea (1847–1909), from March 24, 1893, to July 11, 1909
  • David Kaipeʻelua Kahea (1845–1921), from March 24, 1893, to 1915 (jointly with wife)[35]
  • Frederick Malulani Beckley Kahea (1882–1949), from 1915 to 1947
  • William Edward Bishop Kaiheʻekai Taylor (1882–1956), from 1947 to 1956
  • Emily Kekahaloa Namauʻu Taylor, from 1956 to 1961
  • ʻIolani Luahine, from 1961 to 1965
  • Lydia Namahanaikaleleokalani Taylor Maiʻoho, from 1966 to 1994
  • William "Bill" John Kaiheʻekai Maiʻoho, from 1995 to 2015[36]
  • William Bishop Kaiheʻekai "Kai" Maiʻoho, from 2015 to May 1, 2023[37]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  2. ^ a b c d e Kaiheʻekai Maiʻoho, William John (2003). "Nuʻuanu, Oʻahu – Memories: Mauna ʻAla". Pacific Worlds & Associates. Retrieved December 8, 2009.
  3. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Pohukaina
  4. ^ Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society. Bulletin Publishing Company. 1930. p. 34.
  5. ^ a b The Friends of ʻIolani Palace (2001). "Ka Pa Aliʻi: Protecting This Sacred Place: September 8, 2001 – Old Archives Building". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ Jim Bartels (2003). "Pohukaina". Pacific Worlds web site. Retrieved April 7, 2010.
  7. ^ a b "Ka Hoihoi Ia Ana O Na Kino Kupapau O Na Alii I Make Mua Ma Ka Ilina Hou O Na Alii". Ka Nupepa Kuokoa. Vol. IV, no. 44. November 4, 1865. p. 2. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  8. ^ Kam 2017, pp. 181–183.
  9. ^ Parker 2008, pp. 45–49.
  10. ^ Kam 2017, pp. 177–180.
  11. ^ Kam 2017, pp. 184–186.
  12. ^ Kam 2017, pp. 183–187.
  13. ^ Parker 2008, pp. 9–11.
  14. ^ a b Riconda, Dorothy (November 15, 1971). "The Royal Mausoleum nomination form". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Retrieved October 13, 2009.
  15. ^ Parker 2008, pp. 19–49.
  16. ^ Parker 2008, p. 11.
  17. ^ Kam 2017, p. 180.
  18. ^ Apgar, Sally (March 5, 2006). "Mai'ohos feel drawn to royal burial site Six generations have cared for the Nuuanu mausoleum for Hawaii's kings". Honolulu Star-Bulletin.
  19. ^ a b Parker 2008, p. 13.
  20. ^ Kam 2017, pp. 187–190.
  21. ^ Kam 2017, pp. 190–192.
  22. ^ Parker 2008, p. 14.
  23. ^ Kam 2017, pp. 192–196.
  24. ^ Thrum, Thomas G. (1911). "New Kalakaua Dynasty Tomb". All about Hawaii: The recognized book of authentic information on Hawaii. Honolulu Star-Bulletin.
  25. ^ Fawcett, Denby (January 17, 2023). "Is The Funeral Of Abigail Kawananakoa The Last Hawaiian Royal Burial?". Honolulu Civil Beat. Honolulu. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
  26. ^ David, Mari-Ela (July 22, 2009). "The Royal Mausoleum, the sacred resting place of Hawaii's Alii". KHNL News. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
  27. ^ Clark, John (2019). "The Kamehameha III Statue in Thomas Square". The Hawaiian Journal of History. 53. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 147–149. doi:10.1353/hjh.2019.0008. ISSN 2169-7639. OCLC 60626541. S2CID 214511964.
  28. ^ Fuller, Landry (August 2, 2016). "Flying high". West Hawaii Today. Kailua-Kona: Oahu Publications, Inc. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  29. ^ Parker 2008, p. 55.
  30. ^ Apgar, Sally (March 5, 2006). "Mai'ohos feel drawn to royal burial site – Six generations have cared for the Nuuanu mausoleum for Hawaii's kings". Honolulu Star Bulletin. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
  31. ^ a b Kaeo & Queen Emma 1976, p. 14.
  32. ^ "Na Nu Hou Hawaii". Ko Hawaii Paeaina. Vol. VIII, no. 10. Honolulu. March 7, 1885. p. 2.
  33. ^ "Lanihau (w) office record". state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
  34. ^ Liliʻuokalani (March 25, 1893). "Saturday, March 25, 1893". Diary entry of Liliʻuokalani. Hawaii State Archives. Call Number: M93, Liliʻuokalani Diary 1893.
  35. ^ "Former Caretaker Of Royal Mausoleum Dies On Birthday". The Honolulu Advertiser. Honolulu. October 28, 1921. p. 12. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  36. ^ "Hawaii's Royal Mausoleum curator dies". Honolulu Star Advertiser. February 11, 2015. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
  37. ^ Star-Advertiser staff (October 22, 2015). "New curator serving at Oahu's royal mausoleum". staradvertiser.com. Honolulu Star Advertiser. Retrieved December 14, 2015.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
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