Félix I: Difference between revisions

Félix I
	The complete rocket
Type	Experiment of the Brazilian Army Technical School
Participants	Graduates of the 1958 Brazilian Army Technical School
Outcome	Project cancelled due to media and popular pressure.

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Félix I (officially "F-360-BD") was a Brazilian Army Technical School (today's Military Institute of Engineering^[1]) project led by Lieutenant Colonel Manoel dos Santos Lage which aimed, in 1959, to launch the Flamengo cat into space. But the project was canceled due to pressure from animal advocacy groups, and the launch never took place.

History

Origins

The project, also known as "Operation Meow",^[2] with limited financial resources, was part of the graduation class of 1958 of the Army Technical School that aimed to create a sounding rocket, something unheard of in Brazil at the time.^[3]^[4] The official name was "Rocket Sonda 360-BD", unrelated to the later Sonda I [pt].^[5]

The rocket had an outer diameter of 400 mm, a length of 4.3 meters, and a total mass of 350 kg with the payload, and it used only a single stage and was propelled by gunpowder,^[6] reaching a maximum speed of 1.950 m/s.^[7] Lieutenant-Colonel Myearel dos Santos Lage's ultimate goal,^[a] head of the Rocket Program and leader of the project, but not shared by the institution, was to develop a satellite launch vehicle.^[10]^[4] The project also had the collaboration of scientists Carlos Chagas Filho and César Lattes.^[11] Carlos Chagas Filho was responsible for the idea of choosing a cat, because he was interested in observing how these animals reacted under laboratory conditions.^[12] Most of the material used to build the rocket was obtained from the War Arsenal.^[2]

The project, which aimed to test a guided missile costing Cr$600,000,^[b] was nicknamed "Felix I" by the Rio de Janeiro press after they discovered their intention to launch a cat, Flamengo, into space. Originally they planned for the rocket to reach the 300 km mark, but this was abandoned due to difficulties in the calculations.^[10]^[14]^[15] The final decision was that the class of 1958 would develop a rocket that reached an apogee of 120 km and the class of 1950 would work on one that reached 300 km, with the ultimate goal of developing a Thor-type rocket that would reach orbits greater than 500 km by June 1960.^[16]^[4]

Initially the rocket was to be launched in 1957, but it was delayed twice and by December 1958 they hoped to launch in early January 1959.^[4]

Flight plan

The rocket would be launched from a base in Cabo Frio. Its accelerometer would be connected to a transmitter at a frequency of 73 Mc/s.^[17] César Lattes was responsible for building three transmitters and the instruments aimed at cosmic ray detection;^[c] Lieutenant-Colonel Carlos Alberto Braga Coelho built the electronics of the rocket; Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF) developed the instruments for monitoring the cat's health; and astronomer Mário Ferreira Dias, from the Valongo Observatory, developed the calculations related to the flight.^[19]

The combustion chamber was built by the Army War Arsenal in company with the students of the Armaments Course, with the carbon steel plate produced by the Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional. The rocket was painted silver with red stripes in a spiral, to help the visibility of the rocket in flight, as the process would be monitored by the National Observatory.^[7]

The rocket thrust was predicted to be 1,920 kgf with 6G of acceleration, 19.3s of combustion, and a final velocity of 1,960 m/s. The propellant, developed by the Army Technical School, was called "BD 1000C Gunpowder".^[20] The rocket would carry a 180-kilogram payload of gunpowder to reach the ionosphere.^[4]

The payload fairing, with a final mass of 30 kg, would contain an acrylic chamber for the cat, as well as the other instruments for the mission. The chamber, with the return speed estimated at 1,800 m/s,^[21] would initially be rescued by two $4.5m^{2}$ air braking devices, and would be followed by a 68 kg parachute developed by the Army Air Ground Division Core, open at an altitude of 5,000 meters,^[22] all in an automatic way.^[23] The cat would have four hours of oxygen^[12] and would be placed face up on a nylon mattress. The flight would last 40 minutes, falling into the sea 30 kilometers from the launch pad, off Angra dos Reis, and would be rescued by the Brazilian Navy. Rescuing the cat alive was considered the greatest challenge of the project.^[4]^[24] The rocket stages would be rescued by two parachutes.^[25] Finally, the flight date would be analyzed by César Lattes.^[26]

If the mission was successful, the future rockets would be made available to the National Nuclear Energy Council and the Biophysics Institute [pt] for scientific research.^[27]

Flamengo

Flamengo,^[d] popularly known as "Meow",^[29] the tomcat of Lieutenant-Colonel Lage's daughters, was one of the twelve candidates for the flight. He was the leading candidate and would only be released if he was in good health on the day of the flight^[4]^[30] and his presence on the flight was already confirmed in December 1958.^[28] But in October 1958, the Diário do Paraná announced that Carlos Chagas Filho would replace the animal with an amoeba, arguing that a microscopic animal would be of greater scientific use in the study of cosmic rays.^[31]^[32] Despite this, Colonel Lage kept the cat in the project^[33] and when asked in 1959 about the reason for launching the cat, he replied: "... the recovery of this cat, alive, will be an extraordinary achievement".^[14]^[e] On 19 December 1958 the cat posed for the media inside the Technical School.^[34] If the launch had taken place, it would have been Latin America's first living being in space.^[35]

Controversy

Carlos Chagas Filho, when the experiment began to gain visibility in the media, renounced any renewed interest in sending a cat on the mission and the possibility of any scientific learning, besides citing that the acrylic capsule would face difficulties with drastic temperature changes.^[33]^[32]

In addition to the disagreement with Carlos Chagas Filho, the project team received protests from the "North American Feline Society," something that the project manager disregarded, believing in the safety of the vehicle. The SUIPA [pt] also opposed the use of the cat.^[36]^[37]

Members of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and other experts were also skeptical of Flamengo's chances of survival, and Leo Rosen, vice president of SUIPA, also reiterated the group's position against the experiment^[38] SUIPA also sent an appeal and a petition, signed by, among others, Rachel de Queiroz and Carlos Drummond de Andrade, to the Commander of the Army Technical School and to the Minister of War, General Teixeira Lott, against launching the cat in the rocket.^[39]^[30]^[40] On the issue of animal experiments, SUIPA only advocated when extremely necessary, and was skeptical of the need for the cat experiment.^[41] The Brazilian government received thousands of letters protesting against the experiment, but the Army ignored them.^[13] And despite all the protests, including from Europe, the project leader continued with his plans.^[28]^[42]

In November 1958 it was announced that the launch would be held in secret to "avoid sensationalism"^[15] and in the same month Colonel João Luís Vieira Maldonado, director of the Meteorology Service, said that the rocket would only carry sounding devices, and no longer the cat.^[43] However, in January 1959, Colonel Lage still hoped to make the launch with the cat^[14] and in February of the same year they planned to launch in March.^[44] However, in May 1959, the launch had not yet occurred and freshmen from the National Engineering School held a parade where, among other things, they criticized and satirized the project.^[45] In December 1958 the Army announced that it would test a prototype of the rocket before the official launch.^[46]

End of project

In January 1959 the rocket was on display at the Armament Museum of the Army Technical School.^[8] By 1961 it was already clear that the launch had not taken place.^[47]^[f] It was the last rocket project that Colonel Lage participated in^[49] and was terminated without flying.^[50] Finally, on 18 October 1963, the cat Félicette made a suborbital flight as part of the French space program, returned alive, and was sacrificed after two months for an autopsy and study of her brain.^[51] Colonel Lage was transferred from the Army Technical School in 1960 and all the equipment related to the rocket was disassembled.^[52] Myearel Lage, already a General, born on 4 June 1910, died on 5 August 1977.^[53] The Army Technical School was abolished in favor of the Military Institute of Engineering.^[54]

Because of the project, at that time Brazil was considered one of the three countries with space technology, alongside the United States and the Soviet Union.^[55] In terms of satellite launch capabilities, years later Brazil developed the unsuccessful VLS project, terminated in 2016. The country is currently working on the VLM project.^[56]

Notes

^ In 1951, as an artillery officer, Manoel dos Santos Lage designed, built and launched, as part of the Army Technical School, Brazil's first single-stage rocket.^[8] In 1958 he was responsible for the first Brazilian two-stage rocket.^[9]
^ About $1500.^[13]
^ Cosmic-ray instruments posed a miniaturization challenge.^[18]
^ Name in reference to Associação Atlética Flamengo.^[28]
^ Original: "... a recuperação desse gato, vivo, será um feito extraordinário".
^ In 1968, in Ceará, there was a similar project.^[48]

References

^ IME, História.
^ ^a ^b Diario de Noticias, 23 de dezembro de 1958b, p. 14.
^ Silva 2020, pp. 95–96.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Diário de Pernambuco, 19 de dezembro de 1958, p. 15.
^ Silva 2020, p. 96.
^ Silva 2020, pp. 96–97.
^ ^a ^b Silva 2020, p. 101.
^ ^a ^b Manchete, 24 de janeiro de 1959, p. 68.
^ Manchete, 4 de janeiro de 1958, p. 67.
^ ^a ^b Silva 2020, p. 97.
^ Silva 2020, pp. 98–99.
^ ^a ^b Silva 2020, p. 108.
^ ^a ^b Spokane Daily Chronicle, 31 de dezembro de 1958, p. 12.
^ ^a ^b ^c Manchete, 24 de janeiro de 1959, p. 69.
^ ^a ^b Diario Carioca, 1 de novembro de 1958, p. 12.
^ Silva 2020, p. 98.
^ Silva 2020, p. 99.
^ Silva 2020, p. 111.
^ Silva 2020, p. 100.
^ Silva 2020, p. 103.
^ Silva 2020, p. 107.
^ Silva 2020, p. 105.
^ Silva 2020, pp. 107, 111.
^ Diário de Notícias, 18 de dezembro de 1958, pp. 1–2.
^ Ultima Hora, 18 de dezembro de 1958, p. 7.
^ Silva 2020, p. 112.
^ Diário de Notícias, 29 de outubro de 1958, p. 14.
^ ^a ^b ^c Tribuna da Imprensa, 20-21 de dezembro de 1959, p. 7.
^ Diario de Noticias, 23 de dezembro de 1958a, p. 1.
^ ^a ^b Tribuna da Imprensa, 18 de dezembro de 1958, p. 1.
^ Diario do Paraná, 28 de outubro de 1958, p. 1.
^ ^a ^b Diario do Parana, 5 de novembro de 1958, p. 1.
^ ^a ^b Silva 2020, p. 110.
^ Jornal do Brasil, 16 de dezembro de 1958, p. 7.
^ Izola 1994, p. 50.
^ Última Hora, 1 de novembro de 1958, p. 1.
^ O Jornal, 31 de outubro de 1958, p. 4.
^ Diário de Notícias, 20 de dezembro de 1958, p. 15.
^ Luta Democratica, 20 de dezembro de 1958, p. 5.
^ O Jornal, 20 de dezembro de 1958, p. 5.
^ Diario Carioca, 21-22 de dezembro de 1958, p. 8.
^ Tribuna da Imprensa, 20-21 de dezembro de 1959, p. 1, Inglaterra protesta contra gato no foguete.
^ Tribuna da Imprensa, 14 de novembro de 1958, p. 5.
^ Última Hora, 3 de fevereiro de 1959, p. 7.
^ Jornal do Brasil, 16 de maio de 1959, p. 7.
^ Diário de Notícias, 18 de dezembro de 1958, p. 1.
^ Diario Carioca, 12 de maio de 1963, p. 11.
^ O Jornal, 10 de julho de 1968, p. 9.
^ Izola 1994, p. 53.
^ Izola 1994, p. 54.
^ Folha de São Paulo, 17 de julho de 2019.
^ Izola 1994, p. 63.
^ Silva 2020, pp. 27, 46.
^ Izola 1994, p. 9.
^ Izola 1994, p. 49.
^ Revista Fapesp, janeiro de 2022.

Bibliography

(Chronological order)

Lemos, Carlos (4 January 1958). "Foguete tupiniquim aprovado com grau 10". Manchete (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 5, no. 298. pp. 64–67.
"Ameba substituirá gato no foguete". Diário do Paraná (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 4, no. 1084. 28 October 1958. p. 1.
"Foguete de três estágios". Diário de Notícias (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 34, no. 203. 29 October 1958. p. 14.
"Gato no foguete brasileiro vai causar protesto". O Jornal (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 37, no. 11705. 31 October 1958. p. 4.
"Tem gato na tuba: Exército, Físico e S.U.I.P.A. divergem sôbre o animal do foguete". Última Hora (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 8, no. 2557. 1 November 1958. p. 2.
"O 'Gato Voador' será lançado em segredo". Diario Carioca (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 31, no. 9297. 1 November 1958. p. 11.
"Virus e Celulas em Lugar do Gato: Foguete". Diario do Paraná (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 4, no. 1091. 5 November 1958. p. 1.
"Em lugar de gato foguete levará aparelhos de sondagem". Tribuna da Imprensa (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 10, no. 2694. 14 November 1958. p. 5.
"Gato do 'Félix I" posa sexta-feita". Jornal do Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 68, no. 294. 16 December 1958. p. 7.
"SUIPA não quer gato no foguete". Tribuna da Imprensa (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 10, no. 2722. 18 December 1958. p. 1.
"O Exército Testará Antes Um Protótipo do Foguete". Diário de Notícias (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 39, no. 11073. 18 December 1958. pp. 1–2.
"Adiada a viagem: foguete (com gato dentro) só será lançado em janeiro". Ultima Hora (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 8, no. 11. 18 December 1958. p. 7.
"Flamengo o candidato mais forte a ser lançado no Félix I de patas pra cima". Diário de Pernambuco (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 134, no. 288. 19 December 1958. p. 15.
""Flamengo" não sobreviverá!". Diário de Notícias (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 34, no. 248. 20 December 1958. p. 15.
"Toma vulto o protesto contra a remessa do gato no foguete". O Jornal (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 37, no. 11750. 20 December 1958. p. 5.
"Apêlo ao Exército para que não ponha o gato no foguete". Luta Democratica (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 5, no. 1497. 20 December 1958. p. 5.
"A S.U.I.P.A. é quem fala por êles". Diario Carioca (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 31, no. 9340. 21 December 1958. p. 8.
"Flamengo descerá de pára-quedas no vôo que realizará no "Félix I"". Diário de Notícias (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 34, no. 250. 23 December 1958. p. 1.
"J". Diário de Notícias (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 34, no. 250. 23 December 1958. p. 14.
"SUIPA não impedirá viagem do "Flamengo"". Tribuna da Imprensa (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 10, no. 2724. December 1958. p. 7.
"Brazil Getting Ready to Fire Cat in Space". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Vol. 73, no. 87. 31 December 1958. p. 12.
Carlos, Newton (24 January 1959). "O "Félix I" vai ganhar um irmão teleguiado". Manchete (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 7, no. 353. pp. 66–69.
"Félix em março". Última Hora (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 7, no. 2091. 3 February 1959. p. 7.
"Calouros desfilaram com Delgado e Fidel Castro". Jornal do Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 61, no. 113. 16 May 1959. p. 7.
"Na Estratosfera". Diario Carioca (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 33, no. 10085. 12 May 1961. p. 11.
"Ceará entra na corrida espacial". O Jornal (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 41, no. 14350. 10 July 1968. p. 9.
Izola, Dawson Tadeu (1994). História dos Foguetes no Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese) (1 ed.). FATEC-SP. p. 87.
Haidar, Sílvia (17 July 2019). "Félicette, primeira gata a fazer uma viagem espacial, teve sua história praticamente esquecida". Folha de São Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese).
Silva, Bernardino Coelho da (2020). Coronel Lage (in Brazilian Portuguese). Clube de Autores. p. 270. ISBN 9786500136357.
Zaparolli, Domingos (January 2022). "Launch remains distant". Revista Fapesp (311 ed.).
"História do Instituto Militar de Engenharia". ime.eb.mil.br (in Brazilian Portuguese).

[10] In 1951, as an artillery officer, Manoel dos Santos Lage designed, built and launched, as part of the Army Technical School, Brazil's first single-stage rocket.^[8] In 1958 he was responsible for the first Brazilian two-stage rocket.^[9]

[15] About $1500.^[13]

[21] Cosmic-ray instruments posed a miniaturization challenge.^[18]

[32] Name in reference to Associação Atlética Flamengo.^[28]

[38] Original: "... a recuperação desse gato, vivo, será um feito extraordinário".

[54] In 1968, in Ceará, there was a similar project.^[48]

[FOOTNOTE''IME'',_História-1] IME, História.

[FOOTNOTE''Diario_de_Noticias'',_23_de_dezembro_de1958b14-2] Diario de Noticias, 23 de dezembro de 1958b, p. 14.

[FOOTNOTESilva202095–96-3] Silva 2020, pp. 95–96.

[FOOTNOTE''Diário_de_Pernambuco'',_19_de_dezembro_de195815-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Diário de Pernambuco, 19 de dezembro de 1958, p. 15.

[FOOTNOTESilva202096-5] Silva 2020, p. 96.

[FOOTNOTESilva202096–97-6] Silva 2020, pp. 96–97.

[FOOTNOTESilva2020101-7] Silva 2020, p. 101.

[FOOTNOTE''Manchete'',_24_de_janeiro_de195968-8] Manchete, 24 de janeiro de 1959, p. 68.

[FOOTNOTE''Manchete'',_4_de_janeiro_de195867-9] Manchete, 4 de janeiro de 1958, p. 67.

[FOOTNOTESilva202097-11] Silva 2020, p. 97.

[FOOTNOTESilva202098–99-12] Silva 2020, pp. 98–99.

[FOOTNOTESilva2020108-13] Silva 2020, p. 108.

[FOOTNOTE''Spokane_Daily_Chronicle'',_31_de_dezembro_de195812-14] Spokane Daily Chronicle, 31 de dezembro de 1958, p. 12.

[FOOTNOTE''Manchete'',_24_de_janeiro_de195969-16] Manchete, 24 de janeiro de 1959, p. 69.

[FOOTNOTE''Diario_Carioca'',_1_de_novembro_de195812-17] Diario Carioca, 1 de novembro de 1958, p. 12.

[FOOTNOTESilva202098-18] Silva 2020, p. 98.

[FOOTNOTESilva202099-19] Silva 2020, p. 99.

[FOOTNOTESilva2020111-20] Silva 2020, p. 111.

[FOOTNOTESilva2020100-22] Silva 2020, p. 100.

[FOOTNOTESilva2020103-23] Silva 2020, p. 103.

[FOOTNOTESilva2020107-24] Silva 2020, p. 107.

[FOOTNOTESilva2020105-25] Silva 2020, p. 105.

[FOOTNOTESilva2020107,_111-26] Silva 2020, pp. 107, 111.

[FOOTNOTE''Diário_de_Notícias'',_18_de_dezembro_de19581–2-27] Diário de Notícias, 18 de dezembro de 1958, pp. 1–2.

[FOOTNOTE''Ultima_Hora'',_18_de_dezembro_de19587-28] Ultima Hora, 18 de dezembro de 1958, p. 7.

[FOOTNOTESilva2020112-29] Silva 2020, p. 112.

[FOOTNOTE''Diário_de_Notícias'',_29_de_outubro_de195814-30] Diário de Notícias, 29 de outubro de 1958, p. 14.

[FOOTNOTE''Tribuna_da_Imprensa'',_20-21_de_dezembro_de19597-31] Tribuna da Imprensa, 20-21 de dezembro de 1959, p. 7.

[FOOTNOTE''Diario_de_Noticias'',_23_de_dezembro_de1958a1-33] Diario de Noticias, 23 de dezembro de 1958a, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTE''Tribuna_da_Imprensa'',_18_de_dezembro_de19581-34] Tribuna da Imprensa, 18 de dezembro de 1958, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTE''Diario_do_Paraná'',_28_de_outubro_de19581-35] Diario do Paraná, 28 de outubro de 1958, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTE''Diario_do_Parana'',_5_de_novembro_de19581-36] Diario do Parana, 5 de novembro de 1958, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTESilva2020110-37] Silva 2020, p. 110.

[FOOTNOTE''Jornal_do_Brasil'',_16_de_dezembro_de19587-39] Jornal do Brasil, 16 de dezembro de 1958, p. 7.

[FOOTNOTEIzola199450-40] Izola 1994, p. 50.

[FOOTNOTE''Última_Hora'',_1_de_novembro_de19581-41] Última Hora, 1 de novembro de 1958, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTE''O_Jornal'',_31_de_outubro_de19584-42] O Jornal, 31 de outubro de 1958, p. 4.

[FOOTNOTE''Diário_de_Notícias'',_20_de_dezembro_de195815-43] Diário de Notícias, 20 de dezembro de 1958, p. 15.

[FOOTNOTE''Luta_Democratica'',_20_de_dezembro_de19585-44] Luta Democratica, 20 de dezembro de 1958, p. 5.

[FOOTNOTE''O_Jornal'',_20_de_dezembro_de19585-45] O Jornal, 20 de dezembro de 1958, p. 5.

[FOOTNOTE''Diario_Carioca'',_21-22_de_dezembro_de19588-46] Diario Carioca, 21-22 de dezembro de 1958, p. 8.

[FOOTNOTE''Tribuna_da_Imprensa'',_20-21_de_dezembro_de19591Inglaterra_protesta_contra_gato_no_foguete-47] Tribuna da Imprensa, 20-21 de dezembro de 1959, p. 1, Inglaterra protesta contra gato no foguete.

[FOOTNOTE''Tribuna_da_Imprensa'',_14_de_novembro_de19585-48] Tribuna da Imprensa, 14 de novembro de 1958, p. 5.

[FOOTNOTE''Última_Hora'',_3_de_fevereiro_de19597-49] Última Hora, 3 de fevereiro de 1959, p. 7.

[FOOTNOTE''Jornal_do_Brasil'',_16_de_maio_de19597-50] Jornal do Brasil, 16 de maio de 1959, p. 7.

[FOOTNOTE''Diário_de_Notícias'',_18_de_dezembro_de19581-51] Diário de Notícias, 18 de dezembro de 1958, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTE''Diario_Carioca'',_12_de_maio_de196311-52] Diario Carioca, 12 de maio de 1963, p. 11.

[FOOTNOTE''O_Jornal'',_10_de_julho_de19689-53] O Jornal, 10 de julho de 1968, p. 9.

[FOOTNOTEIzola199453-55] Izola 1994, p. 53.

[FOOTNOTEIzola199454-56] Izola 1994, p. 54.

[FOOTNOTE''Folha_de_São_Paulo'',_17_de_julho_de2019-57] Folha de São Paulo, 17 de julho de 2019.

[FOOTNOTEIzola199463-58] Izola 1994, p. 63.

[FOOTNOTESilva202027,_46-59] Silva 2020, pp. 27, 46.

[FOOTNOTEIzola19949-60] Izola 1994, p. 9.

[FOOTNOTEIzola199449-61] Izola 1994, p. 49.

[FOOTNOTE''Revista_Fapesp'',_janeiro_de2022-62] Revista Fapesp, janeiro de 2022.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
 {{Short description|Brazilian space project}}
-{{Redirect|Félix I||Pope Felix I}}
+{{For|the pope|Pope Felix I}}
 {{Infobox event
-| title                    = Félix I
+| title = Félix I
+| image = Félix I completo.jpg
-| type                     = Experiment of the Brazilian Army Technical School
+| image_upright = 0.75
-| participants             = Graduates of the 1958 Brazilian Army Technical School
+| caption = The complete rocket
-| outcome                  = Project cancelled due to media and popular pressure.
+| type = Experiment of the Brazilian Army Technical School
+| participants = Graduates of the 1958 Brazilian Army Technical School
+| outcome = Project cancelled due to media and popular pressure.
 }}
-'''Félix I''' (officially "'''F-360-BD'''") was a Brazilian Army Technical School project led by Lieutenant Colonel Myearel dos Santos Lage which aimed, in 1959, to launch the Flamengo cat into space. But the project was canceled due to pressure from animal advocacy groups, and the launch never took place.
+'''Félix I''' (officially "'''F-360-BD'''") was a [[Instituto Militar de Engenharia|Brazilian Army Technical School]] (today's [[Instituto Militar de Engenharia|Military Institute of Engineering]]{{sfn|''IME'', História}}) project led by Lieutenant Colonel Manoel dos Santos Lage which aimed, in 1959, to launch the Flamengo cat into space. But the project was canceled due to pressure from animal advocacy groups, and the launch never took place.
 ==History==
 ===Origins===
-The project, with limited financial resources, was part of the graduation class of 1958 of the Army Technical School that aimed to create a [[sounding rocket]], something unheard of in Brazil at the time.{{sfn|Silva|2020|pp=95-96}}{{sfn|''Diário de Pernambuco'', 19 de dezembro de|1958|p=15}} The official name was "Rocket Sonda 360-BD", unrelated to the later {{ill|Sonda I|pt|Sonda I}}.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=96}}
+The project, also known as "Operation Meow",{{sfn|''Diario de Noticias'', 23 de dezembro de|1958b|p=14}} with limited financial resources, was part of the graduation class of 1958 of the Army Technical School that aimed to create a [[sounding rocket]], something unheard of in Brazil at the time.{{sfn|Silva|2020|pp=95-96}}{{sfn|''Diário de Pernambuco'', 19 de dezembro de|1958|p=15}} The official name was "Rocket Sonda 360-BD", unrelated to the later {{ill|Sonda I|pt|Sonda I}}.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=96}}
-The rocket had an outer diameter of 400&nbsp;mm, a length of 4.3 meters, and a total mass of 350&nbsp;kg with the payload, and it used only a single stage and was propelled by gunpowder,{{sfn|Silva|2020|pp=96-97}} reaching a maximum speed of 1.950&nbsp;m/s.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=101}} Lieutenant-Colonel Myearel dos Santos Lage's ultimate goal,{{efn|In 1951, as an artillery officer, Manoel dos Santos Lage designed, built and launched, as part of the Army Technical School, Brazil's first single-stage rocket.{{sfn|''Manchete'', 24 de janeiro de|1959|p=68}} In 1958 he was responsible for the first Brazilian two-stage rocket.{{sfn|''Manchete'', 4 de janeiro de|1958|p=67}}}} head of the Rocket Program and leader of the project, but not shared by the institution, was to develop a satellite launch vehicle.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=97}}{{sfn|''Diário de Pernambuco'', 19 de dezembro de|1958|p=15}} The project also had the collaboration of scientists [[Carlos Chagas Filho]] and [[César Lattes]].{{sfn|Silva|2020|pp=98-99}} Carlos Chagas Filho was responsible for the idea of choosing a cat, because he was interested in observing how these animals reacted under laboratory conditions.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=108}}
+The rocket had an outer diameter of 400&nbsp;mm, a length of 4.3 meters, and a total mass of 350&nbsp;kg with the payload, and it used only a single stage and was propelled by gunpowder,{{sfn|Silva|2020|pp=96-97}} reaching a maximum speed of 1.950&nbsp;m/s.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=101}} Lieutenant-Colonel Myearel dos Santos Lage's ultimate goal,{{efn|In 1951, as an artillery officer, Manoel dos Santos Lage designed, built and launched, as part of the Army Technical School, Brazil's first single-stage rocket.{{sfn|''Manchete'', 24 de janeiro de|1959|p=68}} In 1958 he was responsible for the first Brazilian two-stage rocket.{{sfn|''Manchete'', 4 de janeiro de|1958|p=67}}}} head of the Rocket Program and leader of the project, but not shared by the institution, was to develop a satellite launch vehicle.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=97}}{{sfn|''Diário de Pernambuco'', 19 de dezembro de|1958|p=15}} The project also had the collaboration of scientists [[Carlos Chagas Filho]] and [[César Lattes]].{{sfn|Silva|2020|pp=98-99}} Carlos Chagas Filho was responsible for the idea of choosing a cat, because he was interested in observing how these animals reacted under laboratory conditions.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=108}} Most of the material used to build the rocket was obtained from the War Arsenal.{{sfn|''Diario de Noticias'', 23 de dezembro de|1958b|p=14}}
 The project, which aimed to test a guided missile costing [[Brazilian cruzeiro (1942–1967)|Cr$]]600,000,{{efn|About $1500.{{sfn|''Spokane Daily Chronicle'', 31 de dezembro de|1958|p=12}}}} was nicknamed "Felix I" by the Rio de Janeiro press after they discovered their intention to launch a cat, Flamengo, into space. Originally they planned for the rocket to reach the 300&nbsp;km mark, but this was abandoned due to difficulties in the calculations.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=97}}{{sfn|''Manchete'', 24 de janeiro de|1959|p=69}}{{sfn|''Diario Carioca'', 1 de novembro de|1958|p=12}} The final decision was that the class of 1958 would develop a rocket that reached an apogee of 120&nbsp;km and the class of 1950 would work on one that reached 300&nbsp;km, with the ultimate goal of developing a [[Thor (rocket family)|Thor-type]] rocket that would reach orbits greater than 500&nbsp;km by June 1960.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=98}}{{sfn|''Diário de Pernambuco'', 19 de dezembro de|1958|p=15}}
@@ Line 21: / Line 24: @@
 ====Flight plan====
+[[File:Foguete Félix I.jpg|thumb|206x206px|Colonel Lage with the rocket]]
-The rocket would be launched from a base in [[Cabo Frio]]. Its accelerometer would be connected to a transmitter at a frequency of 73 Mc/s.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=99}} Dr. César Lattes was responsible for building three transmitters and the instruments aimed at cosmic ray detection;{{efn|Cosmic-ray instruments posed a miniaturization challenge.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=111}}}} Lieutenant-Colonel Carlos Alberto Braga Coelho built the electronics of the rocket; Dr. Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF) developed the instruments for monitoring the cat's health; and astronomer Mário Ferreira Dias, from the [[Valongo Observatory]], developed the calculations related to the flight.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=100}}
+The rocket would be launched from a base in [[Cabo Frio]]. Its accelerometer would be connected to a transmitter at a frequency of 73 Mc/s.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=99}} César Lattes was responsible for building three transmitters and the instruments aimed at cosmic ray detection;{{efn|Cosmic-ray instruments posed a miniaturization challenge.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=111}}}} Lieutenant-Colonel Carlos Alberto Braga Coelho built the electronics of the rocket; Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF) developed the instruments for monitoring the cat's health; and astronomer Mário Ferreira Dias, from the [[Valongo Observatory]], developed the calculations related to the flight.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=100}}
 The combustion chamber was built by the Army War Arsenal in company with the students of the Armaments Course, with the carbon steel plate produced by the [[Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional]]. The rocket was painted silver with red stripes in a spiral, to help the visibility of the rocket in flight, as the process would be monitored by the [[National Observatory (Brazil)|National Observatory]].{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=101}}
@@ Line 27: / Line 31: @@
 The rocket thrust was predicted to be 1,920 kgf with 6G of acceleration, 19.3s of combustion, and a final velocity of 1,960&nbsp;m/s. The propellant, developed by the Army Technical School, was called "BD 1000C Gunpowder".{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=103}} The rocket would carry a 180-kilogram payload of gunpowder to reach the [[ionosphere]].{{sfn|''Diário de Pernambuco'', 19 de dezembro de|1958|p=15}}
-The [[payload fairing]], with a final mass of 30&nbsp;kg, would contain an acrylic chamber for the cat, as well as the other instruments for the mission. The chamber, with the return speed estimated at 1,800&nbsp;m/s,{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=107}} would initially be rescued by two <math>4.5 m^2</math> air braking devices, and would be followed by a 68&nbsp;kg parachute developed by the Army Air Ground Division Core, open at an altitude of 5,000 meters,{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=105}} all in an automatic way.{{sfn|Silva|2020|pp=107, 111}} The cat would have four hours of oxygen{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=108}} and would be placed face up on a nylon mattress. The flight would last 40 minutes, falling into the sea 30 kilometers from the launch pad, off [[Angra dos Reis]], and would be rescued by the [[Brazilian Navy]]. Rescuing the cat alive was considered the greatest challenge of the project.{{sfn|''Diário de Pernambuco'', 19 de dezembro de|1958|p=15}}{{sfn|''Diário de Notícias'', 18 de dezembro de|1958|pp=1-2}} Finally, the flight date would be analyzed by [[César Lattes]].{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=112}}
+The [[payload fairing]], with a final mass of 30&nbsp;kg, would contain an acrylic chamber for the cat, as well as the other instruments for the mission. The chamber, with the return speed estimated at 1,800&nbsp;m/s,{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=107}} would initially be rescued by two <math>4.5 m^2</math> air braking devices, and would be followed by a 68&nbsp;kg parachute developed by the Army Air Ground Division Core, open at an altitude of 5,000 meters,{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=105}} all in an automatic way.{{sfn|Silva|2020|pp=107, 111}} The cat would have four hours of oxygen{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=108}} and would be placed face up on a nylon mattress. The flight would last 40 minutes, falling into the sea 30 kilometers from the launch pad, off [[Angra dos Reis]], and would be rescued by the [[Brazilian Navy]]. Rescuing the cat alive was considered the greatest challenge of the project.{{sfn|''Diário de Pernambuco'', 19 de dezembro de|1958|p=15}}{{sfn|''Diário de Notícias'', 18 de dezembro de|1958|pp=1-2}} The rocket stages would be rescued by two parachutes.{{sfn|''Ultima Hora'', 18 de dezembro de|1958|p=7}} Finally, the flight date would be analyzed by [[César Lattes]].{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=112}}
 If the mission was successful, the future rockets would be made available to the National Nuclear Energy Council and the {{ill|Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute|pt|Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho|lt=Biophysics Institute}} for scientific research.{{sfn|''Diário de Notícias'', 29 de outubro de|1958|p=14}}
 ===Flamengo===
+[[File:Gato Flamengo.jpg|left|thumb|206x206px|Flamengo in 1958. Caption: “The cat will return alive!”]]
-Flamengo,{{efn|Name in reference to [[Associação Atlética Flamengo]].{{sfn|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 20-21 de dezembro de|1959|p=7}}}} the tomcat of Lieutenant-Colonel Lage's daughters, was one of the twelve candidates for the flight. He was the leading candidate and would only be released if he was in good health on the day of the flight{{sfn|''Diário de Pernambuco'', 19 de dezembro de|1958|p=15}}{{sfn|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 18 de dezembro de|1958|p=1}} and his presence on the flight was already confirmed in December 1958.{{sfn|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 20-21 de dezembro de|1959|p=7}} But in October 1958, the Diário do Paraná announced that [[Carlos Chagas Filho]] would replace the animal with an [[amoeba]], arguing that a microscopic animal would be of greater scientific use in the study of cosmic rays.{{sfn|''Diario do Paraná'', 28 de outubro de|1958|p=1}}{{sfn|''Diario do Parana'', 5 de novembro de|1958|p=1}} Despite this, Colonel Lage kept the cat in the project{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=110}} and when asked in 1959 about the reason for launching the cat, he replied: "... the recovery of this cat, alive, will be an extraordinary achievement".{{sfn|''Manchete'', 24 de janeiro de|1959|p=69}}{{efn|Original: "... a recuperação desse gato, vivo, será um feito extraordinário".}} On 19 December 1958 the cat posed for the media inside the Technical School.{{sfn|''Jornal do Brasil'', 16 de dezembro de|1958|p=7}} If the launch had taken place, it would have been Latin America's first living being in space.{{sfn|Izola|1994|p=50}}
+Flamengo,{{efn|Name in reference to [[Associação Atlética Flamengo]].{{sfn|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 20-21 de dezembro de|1959|p=7}}}} popularly known as "Meow",{{sfn|''Diario de Noticias'', 23 de dezembro de|1958a|p=1}} the tomcat of Lieutenant-Colonel Lage's daughters, was one of the twelve candidates for the flight. He was the leading candidate and would only be released if he was in good health on the day of the flight{{sfn|''Diário de Pernambuco'', 19 de dezembro de|1958|p=15}}{{sfn|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 18 de dezembro de|1958|p=1}} and his presence on the flight was already confirmed in December 1958.{{sfn|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 20-21 de dezembro de|1959|p=7}} But in October 1958, the Diário do Paraná announced that [[Carlos Chagas Filho]] would replace the animal with an [[amoeba]], arguing that a microscopic animal would be of greater scientific use in the study of cosmic rays.{{sfn|''Diario do Paraná'', 28 de outubro de|1958|p=1}}{{sfn|''Diario do Parana'', 5 de novembro de|1958|p=1}} Despite this, Colonel Lage kept the cat in the project{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=110}} and when asked in 1959 about the reason for launching the cat, he replied: "... the recovery of this cat, alive, will be an extraordinary achievement".{{sfn|''Manchete'', 24 de janeiro de|1959|p=69}}{{efn|Original: "... a recuperação desse gato, vivo, será um feito extraordinário".}} On 19 December 1958 the cat posed for the media inside the Technical School.{{sfn|''Jornal do Brasil'', 16 de dezembro de|1958|p=7}} If the launch had taken place, it would have been Latin America's first living being in space.{{sfn|Izola|1994|p=50}}
 ===Controversy===
 [[Carlos Chagas Filho]], when the experiment began to gain visibility in the media, renounced any renewed interest in sending a cat on the mission and the possibility of any scientific learning, besides citing that the acrylic capsule would face difficulties with drastic temperature changes.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=110}}{{sfn|''Diario do Parana'', 5 de novembro de|1958|p=1}}
+[[File:Flamengo e sua dona.jpg|thumb|214x214px|Flamengo and his owner in 1958]]
+In addition to the disagreement with Carlos Chagas Filho, the project team received protests from the "North American Feline Society," something that the project manager disregarded, believing in the safety of the vehicle. The {{ill|International Union Society for the Protection of Animals|pt|Sociedade União Internacional Protetora dos Animais|lt=SUIPA}} also opposed the use of the cat.{{sfn|''Última Hora'', 1 de novembro de|1958|p=1}}{{sfn|''O Jornal'', 31 de outubro de|1958|p=4}}
-In addition to the disagreement with Carlos Chagas Filho, the project team received protests from the "North American Feline Society," something that the project manager disregarded, believing in the safety of the vehicle. The {{ill|International Union Society for the Protection of Animals|pt|Sociedade União Internacional Protetora dos Animais|lt=SUIPA}} also opposed the use of the cat.{{sfn|''Última Hora'', 1 de novembro de|1958|p=1}}{{sfn|''O Jornal'', 31 de outubro de|1958|p=4}} Members of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and other experts were also skeptical of Flamengo's chances of survival, and Leo Rosen, vice president of SUIPA, also reiterated the group's position against the experiment{{sfn|''Diário de Notícias'', 20 de dezembro de|1958|p=15}} SUIPA also sent an appeal and a petition, signed by, among others, [[Rachel de Queiroz]] and [[Carlos Drummond de Andrade]], to the Commander of the Army Technical School and to the Minister of War, General [[Henrique Teixeira Lott|Teixeira Lott]], against launching the cat in the rocket.{{sfn|''Luta Democratica'', 20 de dezembro de|1958|p=5}}{{sfn|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 18 de dezembro de|1958|p=1}}{{sfn|''O Jornal'', 20 de dezembro de|1958|p=5}} On the issue of animal experiments, SUIPA only advocated when extremely necessary, and was skeptical of the need for the cat experiment.{{sfn|''Diario Carioca'', 21-22 de dezembro de|1958|p=8}} The Brazilian government received thousands of letters protesting against the experiment, but the Army ignored them.{{sfn|''Spokane Daily Chronicle'', 31 de dezembro de|1958|p=12}} And despite all the protests, including from Europe, the project leader continued with his plans.{{sfn|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 20-21 de dezembro de|1959|p=7}}{{sfn|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 20-21 de dezembro de|1959|p=1|loc=Inglaterra protesta contra gato no foguete}}
+Members of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and other experts were also skeptical of Flamengo's chances of survival, and Leo Rosen, vice president of SUIPA, also reiterated the group's position against the experiment{{sfn|''Diário de Notícias'', 20 de dezembro de|1958|p=15}} SUIPA also sent an appeal and a petition, signed by, among others, [[Rachel de Queiroz]] and [[Carlos Drummond de Andrade]], to the Commander of the Army Technical School and to the Minister of War, General [[Henrique Teixeira Lott|Teixeira Lott]], against launching the cat in the rocket.{{sfn|''Luta Democratica'', 20 de dezembro de|1958|p=5}}{{sfn|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 18 de dezembro de|1958|p=1}}{{sfn|''O Jornal'', 20 de dezembro de|1958|p=5}} On the issue of animal experiments, SUIPA only advocated when extremely necessary, and was skeptical of the need for the cat experiment.{{sfn|''Diario Carioca'', 21-22 de dezembro de|1958|p=8}} The Brazilian government received thousands of letters protesting against the experiment, but the Army ignored them.{{sfn|''Spokane Daily Chronicle'', 31 de dezembro de|1958|p=12}} And despite all the protests, including from Europe, the project leader continued with his plans.{{sfn|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 20-21 de dezembro de|1959|p=7}}{{sfn|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 20-21 de dezembro de|1959|p=1|loc=Inglaterra protesta contra gato no foguete}}
-In November 1958 it was announced that the launch would be held in secret to "avoid sensationalism"{{sfn|''Diario Carioca'', 1 de novembro de|1958|p=12}} and in the same month Colonel João Luís Vieira Maldonado, director of the Meteorology Service, said that the rocket would only carry sounding devices, and no longer the cat.{{sfn|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 14 de novembro de|1958|p=5}} However, in January 1959, Colonel Lage still hoped to make the launch with the cat{{sfn|''Manchete'', 24 de janeiro de|1959|p=69}} and in February of the same year they planned to launch in March.{{sfn|''Última Hora'', 3 de fevereiro de|1959|p=7}} However, in May 1959, the launch had not yet occurred and freshmen from the National Engineering School held a parade where, among other things, they criticized and satirized the project.{{sfn|''Jornal do Brasil'', 16 de maio de|1959|p=7}} In December 1958 the Army announced that it would test a prototype of the rocket before the official launch.{{sfn|''Diário de Notícias'', 18 de dezembro de|1958|p=1}}
+In November 1958 it was announced that the launch would be held in secret to "avoid [[sensationalism]]"{{sfn|''Diario Carioca'', 1 de novembro de|1958|p=12}} and in the same month Colonel João Luís Vieira Maldonado, director of the Meteorology Service, said that the rocket would only carry sounding devices, and no longer the cat.{{sfn|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 14 de novembro de|1958|p=5}} However, in January 1959, Colonel Lage still hoped to make the launch with the cat{{sfn|''Manchete'', 24 de janeiro de|1959|p=69}} and in February of the same year they planned to launch in March.{{sfn|''Última Hora'', 3 de fevereiro de|1959|p=7}} However, in May 1959, the launch had not yet occurred and freshmen from the National Engineering School held a parade where, among other things, they criticized and satirized the project.{{sfn|''Jornal do Brasil'', 16 de maio de|1959|p=7}} In December 1958 the Army announced that it would test a prototype of the rocket before the official launch.{{sfn|''Diário de Notícias'', 18 de dezembro de|1958|p=1}}
 ==End of project==
 In January 1959 the rocket was on display at the Armament Museum of the Army Technical School.{{sfn|''Manchete'', 24 de janeiro de|1959|p=68}} By 1961 it was already clear that the launch had not taken place.{{sfn|''Diario Carioca'', 12 de maio de|1963|p=11}}{{efn|In 1968, in [[Ceará]], there was a similar project.{{sfn|''O Jornal'', 10 de julho de|1968|p=9}}}} It was the last rocket project that Colonel Lage participated in{{sfn|Izola|1994|p=53}} and was terminated without flying.{{sfn|Izola|1994|p=54}} Finally, on 18 October 1963, the cat [[Félicette]] made a [[suborbital flight]] as part of the [[French space program]], returned alive, and was sacrificed after two months for an autopsy and study of her brain.{{sfn|''Folha de São Paulo'', 17 de julho de|2019}} Colonel Lage was transferred from the Army Technical School in 1960 and all the equipment related to the rocket was disassembled.{{sfn|Izola|1994|p=63}} Myearel Lage, already a General, born on 4 June 1910, died on 5 August 1977.{{sfn|Silva|2020|pp=27, 46}} The Army Technical School was abolished in favor of the [[Instituto Militar de Engenharia|Military Institute of Engineering]].{{sfn|Izola|1994|p=9}}
-Because of the project, at that time Brazil was considered one of the three countries with space technology, alongside the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]].{{sfn|Izola|1994|p=49}} In terms of satellite launch capabilities, years later Brazil developed the unsuccessful [[VLS-1|VLS]] project, terminated in 2016. It is currently working on the [[VLM (rocket)|VLM]] project, whose officials hope to carry out its first launch in 2025.{{sfn|''Revista Fapesp'', janeiro de|2022}}
+Because of the project, at that time Brazil was considered one of the three countries with space technology, alongside the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]].{{sfn|Izola|1994|p=49}} In terms of satellite launch capabilities, years later Brazil developed the unsuccessful [[VLS-1|VLS]] project, terminated in 2016. The country is currently working on the [[VLM (rocket)|VLM]] project.{{sfn|''Revista Fapesp'', janeiro de|2022}}
 ==See also==
 *[[Félicette]]
 *[[Animals in space]]
+==Notes==
+{{notelist}}
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
-==Notes==
-{{notelist}}
 ==Bibliography==
-{{Refbegin|5}}
+{{Refbegin|20em}}
 (Chronological order)
 *{{Cite news|url=http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/DocReader.aspx?bib=004120&pesq=%22Myearel%20dos%20Santos%20Lage%22&pasta=year%20195&hf=memoria.bn.br&pagfis=21425|title=Foguete tupiniquim aprovado com grau 10|first=Carlos|last=Lemos|pages=64–67|magazine=Manchete|date=4 January 1958|issue=298|volume=5|ref={{harvid|''Manchete'', 4 de janeiro de|1958}}|lang=pt-br}}
@@ Line 71: / Line 77: @@
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+*{{Cite news|url=http://memoria.bn.br/docreader/DocReader.aspx?bib=386030&pagfis=53176|title=Adiada a viagem: foguete (com gato dentro) só será lançado em janeiro|newspaper=Ultima Hora|page=7|date=1958-12-18|volume=8|issue=11|ref={{harvid|''Ultima Hora'', 18 de dezembro de|1958}}|lang=pt-br}}
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+*{{Cite news|url=http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/DocReader.aspx?bib=030678&pesq=%22gato,%20foguete%22&pasta=year%20195&hf=memoria.bn.br&pagfis=12753|title=Apêlo ao Exército para que não ponha o gato no foguete|page=5|journal=Luta Democratica|date=20 December 1958|volume=5|issue=1497|ref={{harvid|''Luta Democratica'', 20 de dezembro de|1958}}|lang=pt-br}}
 *{{Cite news|url=http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/DocReader.aspx?bib=093092_04&pesq=%22gato,%20foguete%22&pasta=year%20195&hf=memoria.bn.br&pagfis=43824|title=A S.U.I.P.A. é quem fala por êles|date=21 December 1958|page=8|journal=Diario Carioca|issue=9340|volume=31|ref={{harvid|''Diario Carioca'', 21-22 de dezembro de|1958}}|lang=pt-br}}
+*{{Cite news|url=https://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/DocReader.aspx?bib=093726_03&Pesq=%22v%c3%b4o%20que%20realizar%c3%a1%20no%20F%c3%a9lix%20I%22&pagfis=27361|title=Flamengo descerá de pára-quedas no vôo que realizará no "Félix I"|newspaper=Diário de Notícias|page=1|date=1958-12-23|volume=34|issue=250|ref={{harvid|''Diario de Noticias'', 23 de dezembro de|1958a}}|lang=pt-br}}
+*{{Cite news|url=http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/093726_03/27374|title=J|newspaper=Diário de Notícias|page=14|date=1958-12-23|volume=34|issue=250|ref={{harvid|''Diario de Noticias'', 23 de dezembro de|1958b}}|lang=pt-br}}
 *{{Cite news|url=http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/DocReader.aspx?bib=154083_01&pesq=%22gato,%20foguete%22&pasta=year%20195&hf=memoria.bn.br&pagfis=43769|title=SUIPA não impedirá viagem do "Flamengo"|page=7|date=December 1958|volume=10|issue=2724|journal=Tribuna da Imprensa|ref={{harvid|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 20-21 de dezembro de|1959}}|lang=pt-br}}
 *{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19581231&id=bABYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FfcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5671,6833417|title=Brazil Getting Ready to Fire Cat in Space|date=31 December 1958|journal=Spokane Daily Chronicle|volume=73|page=12|issue=87|ref={{harvid|''Spokane Daily Chronicle'', 31 de dezembro de|1958}}}}
@@ Line 83: / Line 92: @@
 *{{Cite news|url=http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/DocReader.aspx?bib=093092_05&pesq=%22gato,%20foguete%22&pasta=year%20196&hf=memoria.bn.br&pagfis=6051|title=Na Estratosfera|page=11|date=12 May 1961|journal=Diario Carioca|issue=10085|volume=33|ref={{harvid|''Diario Carioca'', 12 de maio de|1963}}|lang=pt-br}}
 *{{Cite news|url=http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/DocReader.aspx?bib=110523_06&pesq=%22gato,%20foguete%22&pasta=year%20196&hf=memoria.bn.br&pagfis=65991|date=10 July 1968|journal=O Jornal|title=Ceará entra na corrida espacial|volume=41|issue=14350|ref={{harvid|''O Jornal'', 10 de julho de|1968}}|page=9|language=pt-br}}
-*{{Cite book|url=http://pt.scribd.com/doc/184724861/Historia-dos-Foguetes-no-Brasil|title=História dos Foguetes no Brasil|first=Dawson Tadeu|last=Izola|publisher=FATEC-SP|edition=1|year=1994|pages=87|language=pt-br}}
+*{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275892138_Historia_dos_Foguetes_no_Brasil|title=História dos Foguetes no Brasil|first=Dawson Tadeu|last=Izola|publisher=FATEC-SP|edition=1|year=1994|pages=87|language=pt-br}}
 *{{Cite news|url=https://gatices.blogfolha.uol.com.br/2019/07/17/felicette-primeira-gata-a-fazer-uma-viagem-espacial-teve-sua-historia-praticamente-esquecida/|title=Félicette, primeira gata a fazer uma viagem espacial, teve sua história praticamente esquecida|first=Sílvia|last=Haidar|date=17 July 2019|journal=Folha de São Paulo|ref={{harvid|''Folha de São Paulo'', 17 de julho de|2019}}|lang=pt-br}}
 *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ixgREAAAQBAJ|title=Coronel Lage|year=2020|first=Bernardino Coelho da|last=Silva|pages=270|isbn=9786500136357|publisher=Clube de Autores|language=pt-br}}
 *{{Cite news|url=https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/launch-remains-distant/|title=Launch remains distant|magazine=Revista Fapesp|edition=311|date=January 2022|first=Domingos|last=Zaparolli|ref={{harvid|''Revista Fapesp'', janeiro de|2022}}|lang=en}}
+*{{cite web|url=https://www.ime.eb.mil.br/historia.html|title=História do Instituto Militar de Engenharia|website=ime.eb.mil.br|ref={{harvid|''IME'', História}}|lang=pt-BR}}
 {{Refend}}
@@ Line 92: / Line 102: @@
 [[Category:1958 in spaceflight]]
 [[Category:Animals in space]]
-[[Category:Scientific controversies]]
+[[Category:Astronomical controversies]]
 [[Category:Individual cats]]
 [[Category:Cancelled space missions]]