George VII of Georgia: Difference between revisions

George VII
გიორგი VII
George VII ; გიორგი VII
King of Georgia (more...)
Reign	1393–1407
Predecessor	Bagrat V
Successor	Constantine I
Born	1360s
Died	1407
Burial	Svetitskhoveli Cathedral
Spouse	Nestan-Darejan
Dynasty	Bagrationi
Father	Bagrat V of Georgia
Mother	Helena Megale Komnene
Religion	Georgian Orthodox Church
Khelrtva

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George VII (Georgian: გიორგი VII, romanized: giorgi VII) (died 1405 or 1407) of the Bagrationi dynasty, was king (mepe) of Georgia from 1393 to 1407 (alternatively, from 1395 to 1405).^[1] George put up a stiff resistance and had to spend much of his reign fighting against Timur.

Biography

Early life and co-ruler

George was the son of the Georgian King Bagrat V and his first wife Helena Megale Komnene (died of bubonic plague, 1366).^[2] Bagrat appointed him co-ruler in 1369.^[3]

When Tbilisi fell on 22 November 1386, its inhabitants were massacred and Bagrat fell into captivity. Timur's army spent the winter in Karabakh. To regain his freedom, Bagrat pretended to convert to Islam and Timur sent him back under surveillance of a 12,000 strong army which was to enforce the Georgian Kingdom's conversion to islam. Bagrat secretly informed his son George, who raised an army and destroyed the Timurid troops, and freed Bagrat.^[4]

In 1392, George I of Imereti was killed during campaign against Vameq I Dadiani, allowing Prince George to unite with the great feudal lords of the West Georgia and invade the rebellious territories. The Kingdom of Western Georgia was annexed by Kingdom of Georgia, while the surviving members of the rebel family took refuge in the Caucasus Mountains.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Reign

In 1393, Bagrat died and George assumed full royal powers. He spent most of his reign fighting Timur who led seven more expeditions against the stubborn Georgian kingdom from 1387 to 1403, leaving the country in ruins.

In 1396, Constantine who has been exiled to the North Caucasus took advantage of the Timurid invasions of Georgia and the death of Vameq I Dadiani, he returned to Imereti and organized a new rebellion.^[5] Without much resistance, the new rebel captured numerous fortresses and had himself crowned Constantine II of Imereti, but failed to unite with the region's great feudal lords. After demanding the vassalization of the dukes of Svaneti, Mingrelia and Guria, but he was killed in 1401. As Constantine was childless, the crown of the Kingdom of Western Georgia was to be passed on to his young and weak nephew, Demetrius, George VII who took advantage of a temporary ceasefire with Timur to invade western Georgia and once again put an end to the separatist kingdom.^[8]^[9]^[10]

In 1399, George VII attacked the Timurid army besieging the castle of Alinja. The Georgian army cut it way through the besiegers temporarily freeing the Jalayirid Prince Tahir and some of those inside the castle, while the Timurid general Seif ad-Din fled.^[11]^[4]^[3] While the Georgian army was withdrawing from the castle, an army sent by Miran Shah under the command of Abu Bakr arrived and a battle broke out. As the Timurid army advanced the Georgians attacked, resulting in a Georgian victory.^[3]^[12]

This event prompted Timur to return in 1399. He captured Shaki and devastated the neighboring region of Hereti and Kakheti.^[13] In the spring of 1400, Timur moved back to destroy the Georgian state once and for all. He demanded that George should hand over the Jalayirid Tahir but George refused with explanation that this would be against the Caucasian traditions and met Timur at the Sagim River in Kvemo Kartli, but suffered a defeat.^[14] After the war, of those who survived the fighting and reprisals, many thousands died of hunger and disease, and 60,000 survivors were enslaved and carried away by Timur's troops.^[15]

In late 1401, Timur invaded the Georgia once again.^[16] George VII had to sue for peace, and sent his brother Constantine with the contributions. Timur made peace with George on condition that the King of Georgia supplied him troops during his campaign against Ottoman Empire and granted the Muslims special privileges.^[17] Once the Ottomans were defeated at the Battle of Ankara, Timur, back to Erzurum in 1402, decided to punish George VII for not having come to present his congratulations on his victory. Historians reported that 700 towns were destroyed and their inhabitants massacred by Timurid forces.^[18]^[19]

In the aftermath of Timur's death in February 1405 and the subsequent power struggles among his heirs, Timur's empire became fragmented as Miran Shah and his sons struggled over control of Persia. In the midst of this chaos, George, who had returned from Imereti, engaged in battles to regain lost territories. He managed to conquer Nakhchivan and Ganja while also causing destruction in places like Ani, Erzurum, and Tabriz. Despite commanding an army of merely 5,000 men, George succeeded in expanding Georgia's borders temporarily to their former extent.^[20]

According to Vakhushti of Kartli, He was killed in battle against the Turkoman nomads, apparently of the Qara Qoyunlu clan. Today, some historians consider this information of Vakhushti doubtful and claim that George VII died of natural causes.^[21]

George VII may have died childless, as his brother Constantine I became the next king.

References

^ Kʻartʻuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi (in Georgian). Tʻbilisis universitetis gamomcʻemloba. 1998. pp. 530–543. ISBN 978-5-511-00896-7.
^ Ivane Javakhishvili, The History of the Georgian Nation, vol. 3, Tbilisi, 1982, p.180
^ ^a ^b ^c Rayfield 2012, p. 149.
^ ^a ^b Baumer 2023, p. 75.
^ ^a ^b Brosset 1856, p. 248.
^ Bagrationi, Vakhushti (1976). Nakashidze, N.T. (ed.). История Царства Грузинского [History of the Kingdom of Georgia] (PDF) (in Russian). Tbilisi: Metsniereba. pp. 129–130.
^ Toumanoff, Cyril (1949–51). "The Fifteenth-Century Bagratids and the Institution of Collegial Sovereignty in Georgia". Traditio. 7: 183.
^ Brosset 1856, p. 249.
^ Toumanoff, Cyril (1949–51). "The Fifteenth-Century Bagratids and the Institution of Collegial Sovereignty in Georgia". Traditio. 7: 183.
^ Bagrationi, Vakhushti (1976). Nakashidze, N.T. (ed.). История Царства Грузинского [History of the Kingdom of Georgia] (PDF) (in Russian). Tbilisi: Metsniereba. pp. 41–42.
^ Bedrosian 1997, p. 268.
^ Javakhishvili 1949, p. 193.
^ Hodong Kim, "The Early History of the Moghul Nomads: The Legacy of the Chaghatai Khanate." The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy. Ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss i David Morgan. Leiden: Brill, 1998.
^ Mirza Muhammad Haidar. The Tarikh-i-Rashidi (A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia). Traduit per Edward Denison Ross, editat per N. Elias. Londres, 1895.
^ Minorsky, Vladimir, "Tiflis", in: M. Th. Houtsma, E. van Donzel (1993), E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, p. 757. Brill, ISBN 90-04-08265-4.
^ Beatrice Forbes Manz, The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1989. ISBN 0-521-63384-2
^ Sicker, Martin (2000), The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to Siege of Vienna, p. 155. Praeger, ISBN 0-275-96892-8.
^ The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asi
^ Minorsky, Vladimir, "Tiflis", in: M. Th. Houtsma, E. van Donzel (1993), E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, p. 757. Brill, ISBN 90-04-08265-4.
^ Rayfield 2012, p. 152.
^ Tavadze, L. (2008) About the reasons of Georgian King George VII death, Studies in the Middle Ages History of Georgia, Vol. IX. p. 41–45 ISBN 978-9941-12-174-6

Sources

Baumer, Christoph (2023). History of the Caucasus. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780755636303.
Brosset, Marie-Félicité (1856). Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle - IIe partie: Histoire moderne. Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Javakhishvili, Ivane (1949). Histoire de la Géorgie. XIe – XVe siècles (in Georgian). Tbilisi: Publication d'État de la RSS de Géorgie..
Minorsky, Vladimir (1930). Transcaucasica (in French). Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner.
Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires : A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books.
Bedrosian, Robert (1997). "Armenian during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.). The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times. Vol. I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. St. Martin's Press.

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 | issue        =
 | full name    =
-| house        = [[Bagrationi dynasty]]
+| house        = [[Bagrationi dynasty|Bagrationi]]
 | house-type   = Dynasty
 | father       = [[Bagrat V of Georgia]]
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 | signature_type = [[Khelrtva]]
 | religion     = [[Georgian Orthodox Church]]
+}}
-}}'''George VII''' ({{lang-ka|გიორგი VII|tr}})  (died 1405 or 1407) was [[List of monarchs of Georgia|king]] (''[[mepe]]'') of [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]] from 1393 to 1407 (alternatively, from 1395 to 1405).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GFpAAAAMAAJ |title=Kʻartʻuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi |date=1998 |publisher=Tʻbilisis universitetis gamomcʻemloba |isbn=978-5-511-00896-7 |pages=530–543 |language=ka}}</ref> [[Bagrat V of Georgia|Bagrat V's]] son and successor, George put up a stiff resistance and had to spend much of his reign fighting [[Timur]] and his [[Timurid Empire|Empire]].
+'''George VII''' ({{lang-ka|გიორგი VII|tr}})  (died 1405 or 1407) of the [[Bagrationi dynasty]], was [[List of monarchs of Georgia|king]] (''[[mepe]]'') of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] from 1393 to 1407 (alternatively, from 1395 to 1405).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GFpAAAAMAAJ |title=Kʻartʻuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi |date=1998 |publisher=Tʻbilisis universitetis gamomcʻemloba |isbn=978-5-511-00896-7 |pages=530–543 |language=ka}}</ref> George put up a stiff resistance and had to spend much of his reign fighting against [[Timur]].
-During his father's lifetime, he ruled over different parts of Georgia, and he is referred to as a king in the sources from that time. During the reign of George VII in 1394-1403, Timur invaded Georgia many times. During [[Timurid invasions of Georgia|Timur's invasions on Georgia]], his army brutally destroyed [[Kingdom of Hereti|Hereti]], [[Kakheti]], [[Trialeti]], [[Kvemo Kartli|Kvemo]] and [[Shida Kartli|Shida]] [[Kartli]], [[Imereti]]. The main goal of Tamerlane was to conquer and convert the country to [[Islam]]. Despite the great cruelty, he was still unable to overcome the resistance of the [[Georgians|Georgian]] people and capture King George.
 ==Biography==
-===Early life===
-George was the son of the king [[Bagrat V of Georgia|Bagrat V]] and his first wife [[Helena Megale Komnene|Elene]] of [[Empire of Trebizond|Trebizond]] (died of [[bubonic plague]], 1366).<ref>Ivane Javakhishvili, The History of the Georgian Nation, vol. 3, Tbilisi, 1982, p.180</ref> Bagrat appointed him co-ruler in 1369.
+=== Early life and co-ruler ===
-When [[Tbilisi]] [[Siege of Tbilisi (1386)|fell]] on 22 November 1386, its inhabitants were massacred and Bagrat fell into captivity. [[Timurid Empire|Timur's]] army spent the winter in [[Karabakh]]. To regain his freedom, Bagrat pretended to convert to [[Islam]] and [[Timur]] sent him back under surveillance of a 12,000 strong army which was to enforce [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgian Kingdom]] conversion to islam. Bagrat secretly informed his son George,  who raised an army and destroyed the Timurid troops, and freeing Bagrat.{{Sfn| Baumer|2023|p=75}}
+George was the son of the [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] King [[Bagrat V of Georgia|Bagrat V]] and his first wife [[Helena Megale Komnene]] (died of [[bubonic plague]], 1366).<ref>Ivane Javakhishvili, The History of the Georgian Nation, vol. 3, Tbilisi, 1982, p.180</ref> Bagrat appointed him co-ruler in 1369.{{Sfn|Rayfield|2012|p=149}}
+When [[Tbilisi]] [[Siege of Tbilisi (1386)|fell]] on 22 November 1386, its inhabitants were massacred and Bagrat fell into captivity. [[Timurid Empire|Timur's]] army spent the winter in [[Karabakh]]. To regain his freedom, Bagrat pretended to convert to [[Islam]] and [[Timur]] sent him back under surveillance of a 12,000 strong army which was to enforce the [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgian Kingdom's]] conversion to islam. Bagrat secretly informed his son George, who raised an army and destroyed the Timurid troops, and freed Bagrat.{{Sfn| Baumer|2023|p=75}}
+In 1392, [[George I of Imereti]] was killed during campaign against [[Vameq I Dadiani]], allowing Prince  George to unite with the great feudal lords of the West Georgia and invade the rebellious territories. The [[Kingdom of Western Georgia]] was annexed by [[Kingdom of Georgia]], while the surviving members of the rebel family took refuge in the [[Caucasus Mountains]].{{Sfn|Brosset|1856|p=248}}<ref name="Vakh">{{cite book |last=Bagrationi |first=Vakhushti |url=http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/3067/1/Istoria_Carstva_Gruzinskogo.pdf |publisher=Metsniereba |year=1976 |editor=Nakashidze, N.T. |location=Tbilisi |pages=129–130 |language=Russian |script-title=ru:История Царства Грузинского |trans-title=History of the Kingdom of Georgia |authorlink=Prince Vakhushti of Kartli}}</ref><ref name="toum">{{cite journal |last=Toumanoff |first=Cyril |author-link=Cyril Toumanoff |year=1949–51 |title=The Fifteenth-Century Bagratids and the Institution of Collegial Sovereignty in Georgia |journal=Traditio |volume=7 |page=183}}</ref>
+=== Reign ===
+[[File:Caucasus_1405_map_de_alt.svg|thumb|[[Kingdom of Georgia]] at the start of reign of George VII|230x230px]]
+In 1393, [[Bagrat V of Georgia|Bagrat]] died and George assumed full royal powers. He spent most of his reign fighting [[Timur]] who led seven more expeditions against the stubborn [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgian kingdom]] from 1387 to 1403, leaving the country in ruins.
+In 1396, [[Constantine II of Imereti|Constantine]] who has been exiled to the [[North Caucasus]] took advantage of the [[Timurid invasions of Georgia]] and the death of [[Vameq I Dadiani]], he returned to [[Imereti]] and organized a new rebellion.{{Sfn|Brosset|1856|p=248}} Without much resistance, the new rebel captured numerous fortresses and had himself crowned [[Constantine II of Imereti]], but failed to unite with the region's great feudal lords. After demanding the vassalization of the dukes of [[Svaneti]], [[Mingrelia]] and [[Guria]], but he was killed in 1401. As Constantine was childless, the crown of the [[Kingdom of Western Georgia]] was to be passed on to his young and weak nephew, [[Demetrius, Duke of Imereti|Demetrius]], George VII who took advantage of a temporary ceasefire with [[Timur]] to invade western Georgia and once again put an end to the separatist kingdom.{{Sfn|Brosset|1856|p=249}}<ref name="toum2">{{cite journal |last=Toumanoff |first=Cyril |author-link=Cyril Toumanoff |year=1949–51 |title=The Fifteenth-Century Bagratids and the Institution of Collegial Sovereignty in Georgia |journal=Traditio |volume=7 |page=183}}</ref><ref name="Vakh2">{{cite book |last=Bagrationi |first=Vakhushti |url=http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/3067/1/Istoria_Carstva_Gruzinskogo.pdf |publisher=Metsniereba |year=1976 |editor=Nakashidze, N.T. |location=Tbilisi |pages=41–42 |language=Russian |script-title=ru:История Царства Грузинского |trans-title=History of the Kingdom of Georgia |authorlink=Prince Vakhushti of Kartli}}</ref>
+In 1399, George VII attacked the Timurid army [[Siege of Alinja|besieging the castle of Alinja]]. The Georgian army cut it way through the besiegers temporarily freeing the [[Jalayirid Sultanate|Jalayirid]] Prince Tahir and some of those inside the castle, while the Timurid general Seif ad-Din fled.{{sfn|Bedrosian|1997|p=268}}{{sfn|Baumer|2023|p=75}}{{Sfn|Rayfield|2012|p=149}} While the Georgian army was withdrawing from the castle, an army sent by [[Miran Shah]] under the command of Abu Bakr arrived and a [[Battle of Alinja (1399)|battle broke out]]. As the Timurid army advanced the Georgians attacked, resulting in a Georgian victory.{{Sfn|Rayfield|2012|p=149}}{{sfn|Javakhishvili|1949|p=193}}
-===Reign===
-In 1393, [[Bagrat V of Georgia|Bagrat]] died and George assumed full royal powers. He spent most of his reign fighting [[Timur]] who led seven more expeditions against the stubborn [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgian kingdom]] from 1387 to 1403, leaving the country in ruins.
+This event prompted Timur to return in 1399. He captured [[Shaki, Azerbaijan|Shaki]] and devastated the neighboring region of [[Kingdom of Hereti|Hereti]] and [[Kakheti]].<ref>Hodong Kim, "The Early History of the Moghul Nomads: The Legacy of the Chaghatai Khanate." ''The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy.'' Ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss i David Morgan. Leiden: Brill, 1998.</ref> In the spring of 1400, Timur moved back to destroy the Georgian state once and for all. He demanded that George should hand over the [[Jalayirid Sultanate|Jalayirid]] Tahir but George refused with explanation that this would be against the Caucasian traditions and met Timur at the Sagim River in [[Kvemo Kartli]], but suffered a defeat.<ref>Mirza Muhammad Haidar. ''The Tarikh-i-Rashidi (A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia)''. Traduit per Edward Denison Ross, editat per N. Elias. Londres, 1895.</ref> After the war, of those who survived the fighting and reprisals, many thousands died of hunger and disease, and 60,000 survivors were enslaved and carried away by Timur's troops.<ref name="Islam Conquests">[[Vladimir Minorsky|Minorsky, Vladimir]], "Tiflis", in: M. Th. Houtsma, E. van Donzel (1993), ''E. J. Brill's First [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], 1913–1936'', p. 757. Brill, {{ISBN|90-04-08265-4}}.</ref>
-While [[Timur|Tamerlane]] was campaigned in India in 1399, The [[Georgians]] took advantage, George VII and  Sayyid Ali of [[Shaki, Azerbaijan|Shaki]] attacked Timurid's forces besieging Alinja and rescued the daughter of [[Ahmad Jalayir]] the ruler of [[Jalayirid Sultanate]].{{cn|date=February 2024}}
+In late 1401, Timur invaded the Georgia once again.<ref name=":4">Beatrice Forbes Manz, ''The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane.'' Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1989. {{ISBN|0-521-63384-2}}</ref> George VII had to sue for peace, and sent his brother [[Constantine I of Georgia|Constantine]] with the contributions. Timur [[Truce of Shamkor|made peace with George]] on condition that the King of Georgia supplied him troops during his campaign against [[Ottoman Empire]] and granted the [[Muslims]] special privileges.<ref>Sicker, Martin (2000), ''The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to Siege of Vienna'', p. 155. Praeger, {{ISBN|0-275-96892-8}}.</ref> Once the Ottomans were defeated at the [[Battle of Ankara]], Timur, back to [[Erzurum]] in 1402, decided to punish George VII for not having come to present his congratulations on his victory. Historians reported that 700 towns were destroyed and their inhabitants massacred by Timurid forces.<ref name=":12">The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asi</ref><ref name="Islam Conquests2">[[Vladimir Minorsky|Minorsky, Vladimir]], "Tiflis", in: M. Th. Houtsma, E. van Donzel (1993), ''E. J. Brill's First [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], 1913–1936'', p. 757. Brill, {{ISBN|90-04-08265-4}}.</ref>
-Finally, in 1403 George had to make peace with the fierce enemy, recognising Timur as a suzerain and paying him tribute, but retaining the right to be crowned as a [[Christians|Christian]] monarch
 In the aftermath of Timur's death in February 1405 and the subsequent power struggles among his heirs, Timur's empire became fragmented as [[Miran Shah]] and his sons struggled over control of [[Persia]]. In the midst of this chaos, George, who had returned from Imereti, engaged in battles to regain lost territories. He managed to conquer [[Nakhchivan (city)|Nakhchivan]] and [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]] while also causing destruction in places like [[Ani]], [[Erzurum]], and [[Tabriz]]. Despite commanding an army of merely 5,000 men, George succeeded in expanding Georgia's borders temporarily to their former extent.{{Sfn|Rayfield|2012|p=152}}
+According to [[Vakhushti of Kartli]], He was killed in battle against the [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkoman]] nomads, apparently of the [[Qara Qoyunlu]] clan. Today, some historians consider this information of Vakhushti doubtful and claim that George VII died of natural causes.<ref>Tavadze, L. (2008) About the reasons of Georgian King George VII death, Studies in the Middle Ages History of Georgia,  Vol. IX. p. 41–45 {{ISBN|978-9941-12-174-6}}</ref>
-===Death===
-According to [[Vakhushti of Kartli|Vakhushti]], He was killed in battle against the [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] nomads, apparently of the [[Kara Koyunlu]] clan. Today, some historians consider this information of Vakhushti doubtful and claim that George VII died of natural causes.<ref>Tavadze, L. (2008) About the reasons of Georgian King George VII death, Studies in the Middle Ages History of Georgia,  Vol. IX. p. 41–45 {{ISBN|978-9941-12-174-6}}</ref>
 George VII may have died childless, as his brother [[Constantine I of Georgia|Constantine I]] became the next king.
@@ Line 56: / Line 62: @@
 ==Sources==
 * {{Cite book |last=Baumer |first=Christoph |title=History of the Caucasus |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2023 |isbn=9780755636303 |language=English}}
+* {{cite book |last=Brosset |first=Marie-Félicité |date=1856 |title=Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle - IIe partie: Histoire moderne |publisher=Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences |url=https://archive.org/details/BrossetHistGeo2/ }}
+*{{cite book |date=1949 |first1=Ivane |language=ka |last1=Javakhishvili |location=Tbilisi |publisher=Publication d'État de la RSS de Géorgie |title=Histoire de la Géorgie. XIe – XVe siècles}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator -->.
+*{{cite book|first1=Vladimir|last1=Minorsky|author-link=Vladimir Minorsky
+|title=Transcaucasica|date=1930|publisher=[[Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner]]|url=https://archive.org/details/Transcaucasica|language=fr}}
 * {{cite book |last=Rayfield |first=Donald |title=Edge of Empires : A History of Georgia |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2012}}
+*{{cite book |last=Bedrosian |first=Robert |year=1997 |chapter=Armenian during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods |title=The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times |volume=I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century |editor-first=Richard G. |editor-last=Hovannisian |publisher=St. Martin's Press }}
 ==Further reading==
@@ Line 67: / Line 78: @@
 {{s-start}}
+{{succession box
-{{succession box | title= [[List of the Kings of Georgia|King of Georgia]] | before= [[Bagrat V of Georgia|Bagrat V]] | after= [[Constantine I of Georgia|Constantine I]]| years= 1393–1407}}
+| title = [[List of monarchs of Georgia|King of Georgia]]
+| before = [[Bagrat V of Georgia|Bagrat V]]
+| after = [[Constantine I of Georgia|Constantine I]]
+| years = 1393–1407
+}}
 {{s-end}}
 {{Kings of United Georgia}}
@@ Line 77: / Line 93: @@
 [[Category:14th-century births]]
 [[Category:1400s deaths]]
-[[Category:Eastern Orthodox monarchs]]