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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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|image_skyline = Tombeau de Suleiman Chah.jpg |
|image_skyline = Tombeau de Suleiman Chah.jpg |
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|image_caption = View of the building complex of the Tomb of Suleyman Shah (its second location, 1973 – February 2015), seen from the [[Euphrates]] river |
|image_caption = View of the building complex of the Tomb of Suleyman Shah (its second location, 1973 – February 2015), seen from the [[Euphrates]] river |
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|official_name = Tomb of Suleyman Shah |
|official_name = Tomb of Suleyman Shah |
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|native_name = Süleyman Şah Türbesi |
|native_name = Süleyman Şah Türbesi |
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|pushpin_mapsize = 300 |
|pushpin_mapsize = 300 |
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|subdivision_type = Country |
|subdivision_type = Country |
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|subdivision_name = {{flag|Syria}} ( |
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Syria}} {{small|(geographic location)}}<br>{{flag|Turkey}} {{small|(ownership)}} |
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|subdivision_type1 = Governorate |
|subdivision_type1 = Governorate |
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|subdivision_name1 = [[Aleppo Governorate]] |
|subdivision_name1 = [[Aleppo Governorate]] |
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The '''Tomb of Suleyman Shah''' ({{lang-tr|Süleyman Şah Türbesi}}) is, according to Ottoman tradition, the grave (tomb, mausoleum) housing the relics of [[Suleyman Shah]] (c. 1178–1236), grandfather of [[Osman I]] (d. 1323/4), the founder of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. This legendary tomb has since 1236 had three locations, all in present-day [[Syria]]. |
The '''Tomb of Suleyman Shah''' ({{lang-ar|ضريح سليمان شاه}}; {{lang-tr|Süleyman Şah Türbesi}}) is, according to Ottoman tradition, the grave (tomb, mausoleum) housing the relics of [[Suleyman Shah]] (c. 1178–1236), grandfather of [[Osman I]] (d. 1323/4), the founder of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. This legendary tomb has since 1236 had three locations, all in present-day [[Syria]]. |
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From 1236 until 1973, its first location was near castle [[Qal'at Ja'bar]] in present-day [[Raqqa Governorate]], Syria. |
From 1236 until 1973, its first location was near castle [[Qal'at Ja'bar]] in present-day [[Raqqa Governorate]], Syria. |
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Under the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] (1923), breaking up the Ottoman Empire into [[Turkey]], Syria, and other states, the tomb site |
Under the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] (1923), breaking up the Ottoman Empire into [[Turkey]], Syria, and other states, the tomb site remains the property of Turkey. |
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In 1973, when the area around castle [[Qal'at Ja'bar]] was due to be flooded under [[Lake Assad]], the tomb by agreement between Turkey and Syria was moved {{ |
In 1973, when the area around castle [[Qal'at Ja'bar]] was due to be flooded under [[Lake Assad]], the tomb by agreement between Turkey and Syria was moved {{cvt|85|km}} northward on the Euphrates River in Syria, {{cvt|27|km}} from the Turkish border. |
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In early 2015, during the [[Syrian |
In early 2015, during the [[Syrian civil war]], Turkey unilaterally moved the tomb again to a new site in Syria, about {{cvt|180|m}} from the Turkish border, {{cvt|22|km}} west of [[Kobanî]] and just north of the Syrian village of Ashme,<ref name="hurriyet-relocation">{{cite web |title=Minister invites Turks to visit planned tomb site in Syria | date=24 February 2015 |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/minister-invites-turks-to-visit-planned-tomb-site-in-syria.aspx?pageID=517&nID=78752&NewsCatID=338 |access-date=13 March 2015 |publisher=Hürriyet Daily News}}</ref> evacuating the approximately 40 Turkish soldiers guarding the tomb.<ref name="reuters-relocation">{{cite news |title=Turkish military enters Syria to evacuate soldiers, relocate tomb |date=22 February 2015 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-turkey-idUSKBN0LQ03U20150222 |access-date=22 February 2015 |work=Reuters}}</ref> The Turkish government has stated that the relocation is temporary,<ref name="xinhua-relocation"/> and that it does not constitute any change to the status of the tomb site.<ref name=gov.15/><ref name=mfa14/> |
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==Death of Suleyman Shah== |
==Death of Suleyman Shah== |
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Suleyman Shah (c. 1178–1236) was, according to some but not all Ottoman genealogies, the grandfather of [[Osman I]] (d. 1323/4), the founder of the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=İnalcık |first=Halil |title=Osmanlı Beyliği'nin Kurucusu Osman Beg |pages=484–90 |date=2007 |journal= |
Suleyman Shah (c. 1178–1236) was, according to some but not all Ottoman genealogies, the grandfather of [[Osman I]] (d. 1323/4), the founder of the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=İnalcık |first=Halil |title=Osmanlı Beyliği'nin Kurucusu Osman Beg |pages=484–90 |date=2007 |journal=Belleten |volume=7}}</ref> Suleyman Shah is believed to have drowned in the [[Euphrates]] river near castle [[Qal'at Ja'bar]] in present-day [[Raqqa Governorate]], Syria, and was, according to legend, buried near that castle, in a tomb.<ref name="Sourdel">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Sourdel |first=D. |editor=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |title=ḎJabar or Ḳalat ḎJabar |edition=2nd |year=2009 |publisher=Brill online|display-editors=etal}}</ref> |
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==Legal status of tomb== |
==Legal status of tomb== |
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Article 9 of the [[Treaty of Ankara (1921)|Treaty of Ankara]], signed by [[France]] and Turkey in 1921, states that the tomb of Suleyman Shah (at its first location) "shall remain, with its appurtenances, the property of Turkey, who may appoint guardians for it and may hoist the Turkish flag there". |
Article 9 of the [[Treaty of Ankara (1921)|Treaty of Ankara]], signed by [[France]] and Turkey in 1921, states that the tomb of Suleyman Shah (at its first location) "shall remain, with its appurtenances, the property of Turkey, who may appoint guardians for it and may hoist the Turkish flag there". |
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Initially, an 11-man symbolic garrison of Turkish soldiers was guarding the tomb.<ref name=Aljaz23feb15/> |
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| ⚫ | [[File:CaberKalesi.jpg|300px|thumbnail|[[Qal'at Ja'bar]] castle in Syria, as it is surrounded since 1973 by the waters of [[Lake Assad]]. Previously, this was a fortified hilltop overlooking the [[Euphrates]] valley. According to legend [[Suleyman Shah]] in 1236 drowned in the Euphrates near this castle, and was buried near the castle. With the creation of this lake in 1973 the tomb was relocated, {{cvt|85|km}} northward on the Euphrates River, {{cvt|27|km}} from the Turkish border.]] |
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This status quo was confirmed by Article 3 of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923).<ref>[http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne Treaty of Lausanne]. Signed 24 July 1923. Retrieved 11 September 2015.</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The Protocol of 2003 between the Republic of Türkiye and the Syrian Arab Republic regarding the Tomb of Suleyman Shah (at its second location) gave Turkey transit rights to the Tomb through Syrian territory, in order to maintain and carry out repairs at the Tomb.<ref>{{cite web |language=tr |url=http://www2.tbmm.gov.tr/d22/1/1-0551.pdf |title=Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi Baskanligina |website=Tbmm.gov.tr |access-date=2016-08-28 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010122149/http://www2.tbmm.gov.tr/d22/1/1-0551.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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Initially, an 11-man symbolic garrison of Turkish soldiers were guarding the tomb.<ref name=Aljaz23feb15/> |
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| ⚫ | Since 2014, the official position of Turkey appears to be that the land around the second location (1973 – February 2015) of the tomb is or was the sovereign territory of Turkey.<ref name="xinhua-relocation"/><ref name="AA">{{cite news |date=2014-10-03 |title=Turkey to defend Syria exclave at all costs: President |url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/news/399380--turkey-to-defend-syria-exclave-at-all-costs-president |agency=[[Anadolu Agency]] |access-date=2014-10-18}}</ref> Turkey required visitors to the site to carry passports.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/a-piece-of-turkey-lies-in-the-middle-of-the-syrian-desert |title=A Piece of Turkey Lies in the Middle of the Syrian Desert |publisher= CNN Global Public Square blog|via= The Washington Institute |first= Soner |last= Cagaptay |access-date= 27 February 2015 |date=9 April 2012}}</ref> However, there is no evidence to date that other countries, including Syria, have publicly supported this position. |
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| ⚫ | [[File:CaberKalesi.jpg|300px|thumbnail|[[Qal'at Ja'bar]] castle in Syria, as it is surrounded since 1973 by the waters of [[Lake Assad]]. Previously, this was a fortified hilltop overlooking the [[Euphrates]] valley. According to legend [[Suleyman Shah]] in 1236 drowned in the Euphrates near this castle, and was buried near the castle. With the creation of this lake in 1973 the tomb was relocated, {{ |
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| ⚫ | The Protocol of 2003 between the Republic of |
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| ⚫ | Since 2014, the official position of Turkey appears to be that the land around the second location (1973 – February 2015) of the tomb is or was the sovereign territory of Turkey.<ref name="xinhua-relocation" |
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The Syrian position is that the latest relocation of the tomb in February 2015 (to its third location) is a breach of the Treaty of Ankara.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Haifa |last=Said |url=http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=29576 |title= |
The Syrian position is that the first relocation relinquished any Turkish rights over the sovereignty of the site, and the latest relocation of the tomb in February 2015 (to its third location) is a breach of the Treaty of Ankara.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Haifa |last=Said |url=http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=29576 |title=Turkey's transgression into Syrian territory proves its connection with ISIS, Foreign Ministry says |publisher=[[Syrian Arab News Agency]] |date=2015-02-22 |access-date=2015-02-22}}</ref> |
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==First relocation== |
==First relocation== |
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In 1973, the area around castle [[Qal'at Ja'bar]], with the location of the tomb, was due to be flooded when the [[Tabqa Dam]] would create [[Lake Assad]]. |
In 1973, the area around castle [[Qal'at Ja'bar]], with the location of the tomb, was due to be flooded when the [[Tabqa Dam]] would create [[Lake Assad]]. |
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[[File:Tombeau de Suleiman Chah.jpg|300px|thumbnail|View of the Tomb of Suleyman Shah on its second location (1973 – February 2015)]] |
[[File:Tombeau de Suleiman Chah.jpg|300px|thumbnail|View of the Tomb of Suleyman Shah on its second location (1973 – February 2015)]] |
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The tomb by agreement between Turkey and Syria then was moved to a new location at {{coord|36|38|22|N|38|12|27|E|}} some {{ |
The tomb by agreement between Turkey and Syria then was moved to a new location at {{coord|36|38|22|N|38|12|27|E|}} some {{cvt|85|km}} northward<ref name="Burns">{{cite book |title=Monuments of Syria. An historical guide |last=Burns |first=R. |year=1999 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |location=London |isbn=1-86064-244-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/monumentsofsyria0000burn/page/180 180–181] |url=https://archive.org/details/monumentsofsyria0000burn/page/180 }}</ref> but also on the Euphrates riverside and also in Syria, {{cvt|10|km}} northwest of the town of [[Sarrin]], in [[Aleppo Governorate]], and some {{cvt|27|km}} from the Turkish border. |
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Until February 2015, Turkey maintained at this site a small military presence as an |
Until February 2015, Turkey maintained at this site a small military presence as an honor guard. |
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==Events during the Syrian |
==Events during the Syrian civil war== |
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On 5 August 2012, during the [[Syrian |
On 5 August 2012, during the [[Syrian civil war]], the Turkish prime minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] stated that "The tomb of Suleyman Shah [in Syria] and the land surrounding it is our territory. We cannot ignore any unfavorable act against that monument, as it would be an attack on our territory, as well as an attack on NATO land... Everyone knows his duty, and will continue to do what is necessary".<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ankara-warns-against-attack-on-tomb.aspx?pageID=238&nID=27233&NewsCatID=338 Ankara warns against attack on tomb], Hürriyet Daily News, 7 August 2012.</ref> |
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=== ISIL threats === |
=== ISIL threats === |
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On 20 March 2014, [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL) threatened to attack |
On 20 March 2014, the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL) threatened to attack Turkey's territory tomb site unless the Turkish troops guarding it were withdrawn within three days.<ref name=Zaman26-3-14>[http://www.todayszaman.com/news-343121-erdogan-attacking-tomb-of-suleyman-sah-means-attacking-turkey.html Erdoğan: Attacking tomb of Süleyman Şah means attacking Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034114/http://todayszaman.com/news-343121-erdogan-attacking-tomb-of-suleyman-sah-means-attacking-turkey.html |date=2014-03-27 }}, Today's Zaman, 26 March 2014.</ref><ref name=BBC22Feb15>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-31572257|work=BBC|title=Turkey enters Syria to evacuate Suleyman Shah tomb|date=22 February 2015|access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref> |
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The Turkish government reacted by saying it would retaliate against any such attack, and did not withdraw its guards.<ref name=Zaman26-3-14/><ref name=Zaman30Sep14>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/latest-news_pro-government-daily-says-turkish-tomb-in-syria-besieged-by-isil_360284.html|title=Government confirms ISIL militants advancing on Turkish tomb in Syria|work=TodaysZaman|date=30 September 2014| |
The Turkish government reacted by saying it would retaliate against any such attack, and did not withdraw its guards.<ref name=Zaman26-3-14/><ref name=Zaman30Sep14>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/latest-news_pro-government-daily-says-turkish-tomb-in-syria-besieged-by-isil_360284.html|title=Government confirms ISIL militants advancing on Turkish tomb in Syria|work=TodaysZaman|date=30 September 2014|access-date=10 September 2015|archive-date=28 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128073822/http://www.todayszaman.com/latest-news_pro-government-daily-says-turkish-tomb-in-syria-besieged-by-isil_360284.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the threatened attack did not take place.<ref name=BBC22Feb15/> Due to (such) tensions, the garrison at the tomb was increased to 38 men, in 2014 or earlier.<ref name=Aljaz23feb15/> |
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On 27 March 2014, recordings were released on YouTube of a conversation, probably recorded at then Turkish Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]]'s office on 13 March, purportedly involving Ahmet Davutoğlu, Foreign Ministry Undersecretary Feridun Sinirlioğlu, then [[National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)|National Intelligence Organization]] (MİT) head [[Hakan Fidan]], and Deputy Chief of General Staff General Yaşar Güler, discussing possible Turkish intervention or incursion into Syria ahead of the Turkish local elections of 30 March.<ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/news-343248-ankara-bar-association-challenges-youtube-ban.html ‘Ankara Bar Association challenges YouTube ban’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627061442/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-343248-ankara-bar-association-challenges-youtube-ban.html |date=2015-06-27 }}. Today’s Zaman, 28 March 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/news-343357-turkish-journalist-detained-over-leak-of-key-syria-meeting.html ‘Turkish journalist detained over leak of key Syria meeting’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627052738/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-343357-turkish-journalist-detained-over-leak-of-key-syria-meeting.html |date=2015-06-27 }}. Today’s Zaman, 29 March 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2015.</ref> |
On 27 March 2014, recordings were released on YouTube of a conversation, probably recorded at then Turkish Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]]'s office on 13 March, purportedly involving Ahmet Davutoğlu, Foreign Ministry Undersecretary Feridun Sinirlioğlu, the then [[National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)|National Intelligence Organization]] (MİT) head [[Hakan Fidan]], and the Deputy Chief of the General Staff General Yaşar Güler, discussing possible Turkish intervention or incursion into Syria ahead of the Turkish local elections of 30 March.<ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/news-343248-ankara-bar-association-challenges-youtube-ban.html ‘Ankara Bar Association challenges YouTube ban’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627061442/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-343248-ankara-bar-association-challenges-youtube-ban.html |date=2015-06-27 }}. Today’s Zaman, 28 March 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/news-343357-turkish-journalist-detained-over-leak-of-key-syria-meeting.html ‘Turkish journalist detained over leak of key Syria meeting’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627052738/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-343357-turkish-journalist-detained-over-leak-of-key-syria-meeting.html |date=2015-06-27 }}. Today’s Zaman, 29 March 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2015.</ref> |
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Davutoğlu is heard saying on the tape: “Prime Minister [Erdogan] said that in current conjuncture, this attack [on Suleiman Shah Tomb] must be seen as an opportunity for us”. And Hakan Fidan answering: “I’ll send 4 men from Syria, if that’s what it takes. I’ll make up a cause of war by ordering a missile attack on Turkey; we can also prepare an attack on Suleiman Shah Tomb if necessary.”<ref>[http://rt.com/news/turkey-syria-phone-leak-861/ YouTube ban: How Turkish officials conspired to stage Syria attack to provoke war] RT, 28 March 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2015.</ref> |
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Between June and September 2014, while ISIL held 49 Turkish consulate personnel in [[Mosul]] hostage (see [[Fall of Mosul#Aftermath]]), there was a |
Between June and September 2014, while ISIL held 49 Turkish consulate personnel in [[Mosul]] hostage (see [[Fall of Mosul#Aftermath]]), there was a rumor that Turkey had agreed to disengage from the Süleyman Shah Tomb in exchange for the hostages’ release.<ref name=Aljaz23feb15>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/02/turkey-shah-euphrates-tomb-150223054349727.html|title=The truth about Operation Shah Euphrates|work=Al Jazeera |date=23 February 2015 |access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref> |
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On 30 September 2014, Turkish Deputy Prime Minister [[Bülent Arınç]] said that ISIL militants were advancing on the Suleyman Shah tomb.<ref name=Zaman30Sep14/> An earlier report of pro-government newspaper ''[[Yeni Şafak]]'', citing anonymous sources, had mentioned 1,100 ISIL militants surrounding the tomb.<ref name=Zaman30Sep14/> On 1 October, however, President Erdoğan denied that ISIL had encircled the tomb.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2014/10/01/president-erdogan-denies-claims-isis-encircled-suleiman-shah-tomb|title=President Erdoğan denies claims ISIS encircled Suleiman Shah Tomb — Politics — Daily Sabah|work=dailysabah.com| |
On 30 September 2014, Turkish Deputy Prime Minister [[Bülent Arınç]] said that ISIL militants were advancing on the Suleyman Shah tomb.<ref name=Zaman30Sep14/> An earlier report of pro-government newspaper ''[[Yeni Şafak]]'', citing anonymous sources, had mentioned 1,100 ISIL militants surrounding the tomb.<ref name=Zaman30Sep14/> On 1 October, however, President Erdoğan denied that ISIL had encircled the tomb.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2014/10/01/president-erdogan-denies-claims-isis-encircled-suleiman-shah-tomb|title=President Erdoğan denies claims ISIS encircled Suleiman Shah Tomb — Politics — Daily Sabah|work=dailysabah.com| |
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date=1 October 2014| |
date=1 October 2014|access-date=8 September 2015}}</ref> |
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On 2 October 2014, Turkish Parliament authorized the use of the Turkish military force against ISIL. One argument mentioned in the parliamentary debate was the increasing security risks to the Süleyman Shah Tomb.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/02/world/meast/isis-air-strikes/ Turkish lawmakers OK military action against ISIS] CNN, 3 October 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2015.</ref> |
On 2 October 2014, Turkish Parliament authorized the use of the Turkish military force against ISIL. One argument mentioned in the parliamentary debate was the increasing security risks to the Süleyman Shah Tomb.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/02/world/meast/isis-air-strikes/ Turkish lawmakers OK military action against ISIS] CNN, 3 October 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2015.</ref> |
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===Second relocation (2015)=== |
===Second relocation (2015)=== |
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In early 2015, according to [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]], the tomb was surrounded by ISIL.<ref name=Aljaz23feb15/> |
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The BBC however stated, that after having driven ISIL out of [[Kobanî]] in January 2015, the Kurdish [[People's Protection Units]] (YPG) and Syrian rebels took control of several villages surrounding the |
The BBC, however, stated, that after having driven ISIL out of [[Kobanî]] in January 2015, the Kurdish [[People's Protection Units]] (YPG) and Syrian rebels took control of several villages surrounding the tomb.<ref name=BBC22Feb15/> |
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{{location map+ |Syria |float=right |width=220 |caption=Different locations of Süleyman's tomb |
{{location map+ |Syria |float=right |width=220 |caption=Different locations of Süleyman's tomb |places= |
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{{location map~ |Syria |lat=37.3 |long=36.4 |label=<span style="font-size:120%">[[Turkey]]</span>|mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=1}} |
{{location map~ |Syria |lat=37.3 |long=36.4 |label=<span style="font-size:120%">[[Turkey]]</span>|mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=1}} |
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{{location map~ |Syria |lat=36.864599|long=38.089747|label=<span style="font-size:85%">Eşme Köyü</span> |marksize=7}} |
{{location map~ |Syria |lat=36.864599|long=38.089747|label=<span style="font-size:85%">Eşme Köyü</span> |marksize=7}} |
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{{location map~ |Syria |lat=36.638611 |long=38.2075 |label=<span style="font-size:85%">Karakozak</span>|position=left |
{{location map~ |Syria |lat=36.638611 |long=38.2075 |label=<span style="font-size:85%">Karakozak</span>|position=left |marksize=7}} |
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{{location map~ |Syria |lat=36.0 |long=37.9 |label=<span style="font-size:85%">[[Lake Assad]]</span>|position=left |mark=Red Arrow Right.svg |marksize=7}} |
{{location map~ |Syria |lat=36.0 |long=37.9 |label=<span style="font-size:85%">[[Lake Assad]]</span>|position=left |mark=Red Arrow Right.svg |marksize=7}} |
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{{location map~ |Syria |lat=35.8975 |long=38.480833 |label=<span style="font-size:85%">[[Caber Kalesi]]</span>|mark=Red pog.svg |marksize=7}} |
{{location map~ |Syria |lat=35.8975 |long=38.480833 |label=<span style="font-size:85%">[[Caber Kalesi]]</span>|mark=Red pog.svg |marksize=7}} |
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}} |
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===="Operation Shah Euphrates"==== |
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{{Main|Operation Shah Euphrates}} |
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In the night of 21–22 February 2015, a convoy of 572 Turkish troops in 39 tanks and 57 armoured vehicles entered Syria through [[Kobanî]] to evacuate<ref name=BBC22Feb15/> the 38-man Turkish military garrison<ref name=Aljaz23feb15/> guarding the Suleyman Shah tomb and move the remains of Suleyman Shah to a different site.<ref name=BBC22Feb15/> |
In the night of 21–22 February 2015, a convoy of 572 Turkish troops in 39 tanks and 57 armoured vehicles entered Syria through [[Kobanî]] to evacuate<ref name=BBC22Feb15/> the 38-man Turkish military garrison<ref name=Aljaz23feb15/> guarding the Suleyman Shah tomb and move the remains of Suleyman Shah to a different site.<ref name=BBC22Feb15/> |
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Those remains were moved to a site in Syria closer to the border in an area under Turkish military control, after which the rest of the old mausoleum was demolished.<ref name=BBC22Feb15/> One soldier died in the overnight raid.<ref name=BBC22Feb15/><ref name="reuters-relocation" |
Those remains were moved to a site in Syria closer to the border in an area under Turkish military control, after which the rest of the old mausoleum was demolished.<ref name=BBC22Feb15/> One soldier died in the overnight raid.<ref name=BBC22Feb15/><ref name="reuters-relocation"/> |
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ISIL did not impede this Turkish operation.<ref name=Aljaz23feb15/> A local Syrian Kurdish official said the Kurds had allowed the Turkish forces to cross their territory, but Turkish Prime Minister Davutoglu denied such cooperation.<ref name=Aljaz23feb15/> Syrian Kurdish leader [[Salih Muslim]] revealed the close collaboration of Syrian Kurds and Turkish forces for this operation, with positive top level planning in Ankara (Turkey) and operation monitoring.<ref name="Tastekin&Muslim_2016">{{citation |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/11/turkey-syria-issue-arrest-warrant-for-pyd-chief-muslim.html |title=Why Turkey issued arrest warrant for this Kurdish leader |first1=Fehim |last1=Taştekin |first2=Salih |last2=Muslim |date=November 27, 2016 | |
ISIL did not impede this Turkish operation.<ref name=Aljaz23feb15/> A local Syrian Kurdish official said the Kurds had allowed the Turkish forces to cross their territory, but Turkish Prime Minister Davutoglu denied such cooperation.<ref name=Aljaz23feb15/> Syrian Kurdish leader [[Salih Muslim]] revealed the close collaboration of Syrian Kurds and Turkish forces for this operation, with positive top level planning in Ankara (Turkey) and operation monitoring.<ref name="Tastekin&Muslim_2016">{{citation |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/11/turkey-syria-issue-arrest-warrant-for-pyd-chief-muslim.html |title=Why Turkey issued arrest warrant for this Kurdish leader |first1=Fehim |last1=Taştekin |first2=Salih |last2=Muslim |date=November 27, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128131331/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/11/turkey-syria-issue-arrest-warrant-for-pyd-chief-muslim.html |archive-date=November 28, 2016 }}</ref> The operation went smoothly, and Syrian Kurds coordinators left Ankara.<ref name="Tastekin&Muslim_2016"/> After this Turkish evacuation, entitled ‘Operation Shah Euphrates’, [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] assumed the area to be "most probably" under full ISIL control.<ref name=Aljaz23feb15/> |
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====New location==== |
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Since then, the tomb has been located in Turkish-controlled territory {{cvt|180|m}} inside Syria,<ref name="hurriyet-relocation"/> just north of the Syrian village of Ashme<ref>The name of Ashme is spelled normally Eşme in Turkish media and often Esme in English-language media.</ref> and less than {{cvt|2|km}} southeast of the Turkish village of Esmesi (Esmeler or Esme or Eshme) in the southernmost Turkish [[Birecik|Birecik District]] of [[Şanliurfa]],<ref name="reuters-relocation"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/28286732.asp|publisher=Hürriyet|title=Süleyman Şah'ın yeni türbesi için hummalı çalışma|date=24 February 2015|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> {{cvt|5|km}} east of the Euphrates, {{cvt|10|km}} northeast of the Syrian town of [[Jarabulus]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.orsam.org.tr/en/article_Print.aspx?ID=2776|publisher=ORSAM |title=Meaning and Possible Consequences of Shah Euphrates Operation|date=28 February 2015|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref> and {{cvt|22|km}} west of [[Kobanî]].<ref name="reuters-relocation"/> |
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The tomb is since then located in Turkish-controlled territory, about {{convert|180|m}} inside Syria,<ref name="hurriyet-relocation" /> |
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just north of the Syrian village of Ashme<ref>The name of Ashme is spelled normally Eşme in Turkish media and often Esme in English-language media.</ref> |
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and less than {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of the Turkish village of Esmesi (Esmeler or Esme or Eshme) in the southernmost Turkish [[Birecik|Birecik District]] of [[Şanliurfa]],<ref name="reuters-relocation"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/28286732.asp|publisher=Hürriyet|title=Süleyman Şah’ın yeni türbesi için hummalı çalışma|date=24 February 2015|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref> |
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{{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of the Euphrates, {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of the Syrian town of [[Jarabulus]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.orsam.org.tr/en/article_Print.aspx?ID=2776|publisher=ORSAM |title=Meaning and Possible Consequences of Shah Euphrates Operation|date=28 February 2015|accessdate=13 March 2015}}</ref> |
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and {{convert|22|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of [[Kobanî]].<ref name="reuters-relocation"/> |
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The Turkish Foreign Minister has stated that the relocation is only a temporary measure<ref name="xinhua-relocation">{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2015-02/23/c_127511712.htm |title=Evacuated military post in Syria still on Turkish land: FM | |
The Turkish Foreign Minister has stated that the relocation is only a temporary measure<ref name="xinhua-relocation">{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2015-02/23/c_127511712.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222225556/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2015-02/23/c_127511712.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 22, 2015 |title=Evacuated military post in Syria still on Turkish land: FM |access-date=22 February 2015 |publisher=Xinhua }}</ref> |
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and that it does not constitute any change to the status of the tomb.<ref name=mfa14>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-98_-27-march-2014_-regarding-the-illegal-exposure-of-certain-audio-records-with-regard-to-the-tomb-of--suleymansah-memorial.en.mfa |title=No: 98, 27 March 2014, Press Release Regarding the Illegal Exposure of Certain Audio Records with Regard to the Tomb of Süleymanşah Memorial Outpost / Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs |website=Mfa.gov.tr |date=2014-03-27 | |
and that it does not constitute any change to the status of the tomb.<ref name=mfa14>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-98_-27-march-2014_-regarding-the-illegal-exposure-of-certain-audio-records-with-regard-to-the-tomb-of--suleymansah-memorial.en.mfa |title=No: 98, 27 March 2014, Press Release Regarding the Illegal Exposure of Certain Audio Records with Regard to the Tomb of Süleymanşah Memorial Outpost / Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs |website=Mfa.gov.tr |date=2014-03-27 |access-date=2016-08-28}}</ref><ref name=gov.15>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-70_-22-february-2015_-press-release-regarding-the-temporary-relocation-of-the-tomb-of-s%C3%BCleyman-%C5%9Fah-and-memorial-outpost.en.mfa |title=No: 70, 22 February 2015, Press Release Regarding the Temporary Relocation of the Tomb of Süleyman Şah and Memorial Outpost / Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs |website=Mfa.gov.tr |date=2015-02-22 |access-date=2016-08-28}}</ref> |
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The Syrian government said the raid was an act of "flagrant aggression" and that it would hold Ankara responsible for its repercussions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Feb-22/288305-syria-condemns-turkeys-flagrant-aggression-in-north.ashx#sthash.mn9yNy3I.dpuf|title=Syria condemns Turkey's 'flagrant aggression' in north|work=The Daily Star Newspaper — Lebanon| |
The Syrian government said the raid was an act of "flagrant aggression" and that it would hold Ankara responsible for its repercussions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Feb-22/288305-syria-condemns-turkeys-flagrant-aggression-in-north.ashx#sthash.mn9yNy3I.dpuf|title=Syria condemns Turkey's 'flagrant aggression' in north|work=The Daily Star Newspaper — Lebanon|access-date=4 March 2015|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031846/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Feb-22/288305-syria-condemns-turkeys-flagrant-aggression-in-north.ashx#sthash.mn9yNy3I.dpuf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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====Return==== |
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On 2 April 2018, Turkey's Deputy Prime Minister [[Fikri Işık]] said the tomb would be relocated to its original location in northern Syria.<ref>{{cite news|title=Süleyman |
On 2 April 2018, Turkey's Deputy Prime Minister [[Fikri Işık]] said the tomb would be relocated to its original location in northern Syria.<ref>{{cite news|title=Süleyman Shah's tomb will return to original location as 'Turkish land,' Deputy PM says|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2018/04/02/suleyman-shahs-tomb-will-return-to-original-location-as-turkish-land-deputy-pm-says|date=2 April 2018}}</ref>{{Update needed|date=July 2024}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Latest revision as of 01:37, 3 August 2024
Tomb of Suleyman Shah
Süleyman Şah Türbesi | |
|---|---|
 View of the building complex of the Tomb of Suleyman Shah (its second location, 1973 – February 2015), seen from the Euphrates river | |
  Tomb of Suleyman Shah | |
| Coordinates: 36°52′45″N 38°6′20″E / 36.87917°N 38.10556°E | |
| Country |  Syria (geographic location) Turkey (ownership) |
| Governorate | Aleppo Governorate |
| Elevation | 475 m (1,558 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
The Tomb of Suleyman Shah (Arabic: ضريح سليمان شاه; Turkish: Süleyman Şah Türbesi) is, according to Ottoman tradition, the grave (tomb, mausoleum) housing the relics of Suleyman Shah (c. 1178–1236), grandfather of Osman I (d. 1323/4), the founder of the Ottoman Empire. This legendary tomb has since 1236 had three locations, all in present-day Syria.
From 1236 until 1973, its first location was near castle Qal'at Ja'bar in present-day Raqqa Governorate, Syria.
Under the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), breaking up the Ottoman Empire into Turkey, Syria, and other states, the tomb site remains the property of Turkey.
In 1973, when the area around castle Qal'at Ja'bar was due to be flooded under Lake Assad, the tomb by agreement between Turkey and Syria was moved 85 km (53 mi) northward on the Euphrates River in Syria, 27 km (17 mi) from the Turkish border.
In early 2015, during the Syrian civil war, Turkey unilaterally moved the tomb again to a new site in Syria, about 180 m (590 ft) from the Turkish border, 22 km (14 mi) west of Kobanî and just north of the Syrian village of Ashme,[1] evacuating the approximately 40 Turkish soldiers guarding the tomb.[2] The Turkish government has stated that the relocation is temporary,[3] and that it does not constitute any change to the status of the tomb site.[4][5]
Death of Suleyman Shah
[edit]Suleyman Shah (c. 1178–1236) was, according to some but not all Ottoman genealogies, the grandfather of Osman I (d. 1323/4), the founder of the Ottoman Empire.[6] Suleyman Shah is believed to have drowned in the Euphrates river near castle Qal'at Ja'bar in present-day Raqqa Governorate, Syria, and was, according to legend, buried near that castle, in a tomb.[7]
Legal status of tomb
[edit]Article 9 of the Treaty of Ankara, signed by France and Turkey in 1921, states that the tomb of Suleyman Shah (at its first location) "shall remain, with its appurtenances, the property of Turkey, who may appoint guardians for it and may hoist the Turkish flag there". Initially, an 11-man symbolic garrison of Turkish soldiers was guarding the tomb.[8]
The Protocol of 2003 between the Republic of Türkiye and the Syrian Arab Republic regarding the Tomb of Suleyman Shah (at its second location) gave Turkey transit rights to the Tomb through Syrian territory, in order to maintain and carry out repairs at the Tomb.[9] Since 2014, the official position of Turkey appears to be that the land around the second location (1973 – February 2015) of the tomb is or was the sovereign territory of Turkey.[3][10] Turkey required visitors to the site to carry passports.[11] However, there is no evidence to date that other countries, including Syria, have publicly supported this position.
The Syrian position is that the first relocation relinquished any Turkish rights over the sovereignty of the site, and the latest relocation of the tomb in February 2015 (to its third location) is a breach of the Treaty of Ankara.[12]
First relocation
[edit]In 1973, the area around castle Qal'at Ja'bar, with the location of the tomb, was due to be flooded when the Tabqa Dam would create Lake Assad.
The tomb by agreement between Turkey and Syria then was moved to a new location at 36°38′22″N 38°12′27″E / 36.63944°N 38.20750°E some 85 km (53 mi) northward[13] but also on the Euphrates riverside and also in Syria, 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of the town of Sarrin, in Aleppo Governorate, and some 27 km (17 mi) from the Turkish border.
Until February 2015, Turkey maintained at this site a small military presence as an honor guard.
Events during the Syrian civil war
[edit]On 5 August 2012, during the Syrian civil war, the Turkish prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated that "The tomb of Suleyman Shah [in Syria] and the land surrounding it is our territory. We cannot ignore any unfavorable act against that monument, as it would be an attack on our territory, as well as an attack on NATO land... Everyone knows his duty, and will continue to do what is necessary".[14]
ISIL threats
[edit]On 20 March 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) threatened to attack Turkey's territory tomb site unless the Turkish troops guarding it were withdrawn within three days.[15][16] The Turkish government reacted by saying it would retaliate against any such attack, and did not withdraw its guards.[15][17] However, the threatened attack did not take place.[16] Due to (such) tensions, the garrison at the tomb was increased to 38 men, in 2014 or earlier.[8]
On 27 March 2014, recordings were released on YouTube of a conversation, probably recorded at then Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu's office on 13 March, purportedly involving Ahmet Davutoğlu, Foreign Ministry Undersecretary Feridun Sinirlioğlu, the then National Intelligence Organization (MİT) head Hakan Fidan, and the Deputy Chief of the General Staff General Yaşar Güler, discussing possible Turkish intervention or incursion into Syria ahead of the Turkish local elections of 30 March.[18][19]
Between June and September 2014, while ISIL held 49 Turkish consulate personnel in Mosul hostage (see Fall of Mosul#Aftermath), there was a rumor that Turkey had agreed to disengage from the Süleyman Shah Tomb in exchange for the hostages’ release.[8]
On 30 September 2014, Turkish Deputy Prime Minister Bülent Arınç said that ISIL militants were advancing on the Suleyman Shah tomb.[17] An earlier report of pro-government newspaper Yeni Şafak, citing anonymous sources, had mentioned 1,100 ISIL militants surrounding the tomb.[17] On 1 October, however, President Erdoğan denied that ISIL had encircled the tomb.[20]
On 2 October 2014, Turkish Parliament authorized the use of the Turkish military force against ISIL. One argument mentioned in the parliamentary debate was the increasing security risks to the Süleyman Shah Tomb.[21]
Second relocation (2015)
[edit]In early 2015, according to Al Jazeera, the tomb was surrounded by ISIL.[8] The BBC, however, stated, that after having driven ISIL out of Kobanî in January 2015, the Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) and Syrian rebels took control of several villages surrounding the tomb.[16]
Different locations of Süleyman's tomb
"Operation Shah Euphrates"
[edit]In the night of 21–22 February 2015, a convoy of 572 Turkish troops in 39 tanks and 57 armoured vehicles entered Syria through Kobanî to evacuate[16] the 38-man Turkish military garrison[8] guarding the Suleyman Shah tomb and move the remains of Suleyman Shah to a different site.[16] Those remains were moved to a site in Syria closer to the border in an area under Turkish military control, after which the rest of the old mausoleum was demolished.[16] One soldier died in the overnight raid.[16][2]
ISIL did not impede this Turkish operation.[8] A local Syrian Kurdish official said the Kurds had allowed the Turkish forces to cross their territory, but Turkish Prime Minister Davutoglu denied such cooperation.[8] Syrian Kurdish leader Salih Muslim revealed the close collaboration of Syrian Kurds and Turkish forces for this operation, with positive top level planning in Ankara (Turkey) and operation monitoring.[22] The operation went smoothly, and Syrian Kurds coordinators left Ankara.[22] After this Turkish evacuation, entitled ‘Operation Shah Euphrates’, Al Jazeera assumed the area to be "most probably" under full ISIL control.[8]
New location
[edit]Since then, the tomb has been located in Turkish-controlled territory 180 m (590 ft) inside Syria,[1] just north of the Syrian village of Ashme[23] and less than 2 km (1.2 mi) southeast of the Turkish village of Esmesi (Esmeler or Esme or Eshme) in the southernmost Turkish Birecik District of Şanliurfa,[2][24] 5 km (3.1 mi) east of the Euphrates, 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of the Syrian town of Jarabulus[25] and 22 km (14 mi) west of Kobanî.[2]
The Turkish Foreign Minister has stated that the relocation is only a temporary measure[3] and that it does not constitute any change to the status of the tomb.[5][4] The Syrian government said the raid was an act of "flagrant aggression" and that it would hold Ankara responsible for its repercussions.[26]
Return
[edit]On 2 April 2018, Turkey's Deputy Prime Minister Fikri Işık said the tomb would be relocated to its original location in northern Syria.[27][needs update]
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Minister invites Turks to visit planned tomb site in Syria". Hürriyet Daily News. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d "Turkish military enters Syria to evacuate soldiers, relocate tomb". Reuters. 22 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
- ^ a b c "Evacuated military post in Syria still on Turkish land: FM". Xinhua. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
- ^ a b "No: 70, 22 February 2015, Press Release Regarding the Temporary Relocation of the Tomb of Süleyman Şah and Memorial Outpost / Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Mfa.gov.tr. 2015-02-22. Retrieved 2016-08-28.
- ^ a b "No: 98, 27 March 2014, Press Release Regarding the Illegal Exposure of Certain Audio Records with Regard to the Tomb of Süleymanşah Memorial Outpost / Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Mfa.gov.tr. 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2016-08-28.
- ^ İnalcık, Halil (2007). "Osmanlı Beyliği'nin Kurucusu Osman Beg". Belleten. 7: 484–90.
- ^ Sourdel, D. (2009). "ḎJabar or Ḳalat ḎJabar". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; et al. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill online.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "The truth about Operation Shah Euphrates". Al Jazeera. 23 February 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
- ^ "Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi Baskanligina" (PDF). Tbmm.gov.tr (in Turkish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2016-08-28.
- ^ "Turkey to defend Syria exclave at all costs: President". Anadolu Agency. 2014-10-03. Retrieved 2014-10-18.
- ^ Cagaptay, Soner (9 April 2012). "A Piece of Turkey Lies in the Middle of the Syrian Desert". CNN Global Public Square blog. Retrieved 27 February 2015 – via The Washington Institute.
- ^ Said, Haifa (2015-02-22). "Turkey's transgression into Syrian territory proves its connection with ISIS, Foreign Ministry says". Syrian Arab News Agency. Retrieved 2015-02-22.
- ^ Burns, R. (1999). Monuments of Syria. An historical guide. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 180–181. ISBN 1-86064-244-6.
- ^ Ankara warns against attack on tomb, Hürriyet Daily News, 7 August 2012.
- ^ a b Erdoğan: Attacking tomb of Süleyman Şah means attacking Turkey Archived 2014-03-27 at the Wayback Machine, Today's Zaman, 26 March 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Turkey enters Syria to evacuate Suleyman Shah tomb". BBC. 22 February 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
- ^ a b c "Government confirms ISIL militants advancing on Turkish tomb in Syria". TodaysZaman. 30 September 2014. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
- ^ ‘Ankara Bar Association challenges YouTube ban’ Archived 2015-06-27 at the Wayback Machine. Today’s Zaman, 28 March 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
- ^ ‘Turkish journalist detained over leak of key Syria meeting’ Archived 2015-06-27 at the Wayback Machine. Today’s Zaman, 29 March 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
- ^ "President Erdoğan denies claims ISIS encircled Suleiman Shah Tomb — Politics — Daily Sabah". dailysabah.com. 1 October 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
- ^ Turkish lawmakers OK military action against ISIS CNN, 3 October 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
- ^ a b Taştekin, Fehim; Muslim, Salih (November 27, 2016), Why Turkey issued arrest warrant for this Kurdish leader, archived from the original on November 28, 2016
- ^ The name of Ashme is spelled normally Eşme in Turkish media and often Esme in English-language media.
- ^ "Süleyman Şah'ın yeni türbesi için hummalı çalışma". Hürriyet. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ^ "Meaning and Possible Consequences of Shah Euphrates Operation". ORSAM. 28 February 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
- ^ "Syria condemns Turkey's 'flagrant aggression' in north". The Daily Star Newspaper — Lebanon. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
- ^ "Süleyman Shah's tomb will return to original location as 'Turkish land,' Deputy PM says". 2 April 2018.