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{{Short description|Theatre that is experimental in style or subject matter}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2019}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
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'''Fringe theatre''' is [[theatre]] that is produced outside of the main theatre institutions, and that is often small-scale and non-traditional in style or subject matter.<ref name="macmillandictionary">{{cite web|url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/fringe-theatre|title=Fringe theatre definition and synonyms &#124; Macmillan Dictionary|publisher=macmillandictionary.com|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> The term comes from the [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Kemp, Robert, ''More that is Fresh in Drama'', Edinburgh Evening News, 14 August 1948</ref> In [[London]], the fringe are small-scale theatres, many of them located above pubs, and the equivalent to New York's [[Off-Off-Broadway]] theatres and Europe's "free theatre" groups.<ref name="cambridge"/>
'''Fringe theatre''' is [[theatre]] that is produced outside of the main theatre institutions, and that is often small-scale and non-traditional in style or subject matter.<ref name="macmillandictionary">{{cite web|url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/fringe-theatre|title=Fringe theatre definition and synonyms &#124; Macmillan Dictionary|publisher=macmillandictionary.com|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> The term comes from the [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Kemp, Robert, ''More that is Fresh in Drama'', Edinburgh Evening News, 14 August 1948</ref> In [[London]], the fringe are small-scale theatres, many of them located above pubs, and the equivalent to New York's [[Off-Off-Broadway]] theatres and Europe's "free theatre" groups.<ref name="cambridge"/>


In [[unjuried]] theatre festivals, also known as '''fringe festivals''' or '''open-access festivals''', all submissions are accepted, and sometimes the participating acts may be chosen by lottery, in contrast to [[juried (competition)|juried]] festivals in which acts are selected based on their artistic qualities. Unjuried festivals (such as the Edinburgh Fringe, [[Edmonton Fringe Festival]], [[Adelaide Fringe]], and [[Fringe World]]) permit artists to perform a wide variety of works.
In [[unjuried]] theatre festivals, also known as '''fringe festivals''' or '''open-access festivals''', all submissions are accepted, and sometimes the participating acts may be chosen by lottery, in contrast to [[juried (competition)|juried]] festivals in which acts are selected based on their artistic qualities. Unjuried festivals (such as the [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]], [[Edmonton Fringe Festival]], [[Adelaide Fringe]], and [[Fringe World]]) permit artists to perform a wide variety of works.


==History==
==History==
In 1947, eight theatre companies showed up at the [[Edinburgh International Festival]], hoping to gain recognition from the mass gathering at the festival. In 1948, [[Robert Kemp (playwright)|Robert Kemp]], a Scottish journalist and playwright, described the situation, "Round the fringe of official Festival drama, there seems to be more private enterprise than before ... I am afraid some of us are not going to be at home during the evenings!".<ref name="ReferenceA"/> [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]] was founded under the name [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe 1947|"Festival Adjuncts", in 1947]].
In 1947, eight theatre companies showed up at the [[Edinburgh International Festival]], hoping to gain recognition from the mass gathering at the festival. In 1948, [[Robert Kemp (playwright)|Robert Kemp]], a Scottish journalist and playwright, described the situation, "Round the fringe of official Festival drama, there seems to be more private enterprise than before ... I am afraid some of us are not going to be at home during the evenings!".<ref name="ReferenceA"/> [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]] was founded under the name [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe 1947|"Festival Adjuncts", in 1947]].


The fringe movement in Britain has been said to start in the 1960s, similar to the United States' [[Off-Off-Broadway]] theatres and Europe's "free theatre" groups. The term came into use in the late 1950s, and the show ''[[Beyond the Fringe]]'' premiered in Edinburgh in 1960, before transferring to [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and is the [[West End theatre|West End]]. One of the early innovators in fringe theatre was an American bookseller, [[James Haynes]], who in 1963 created the [[Traverse Theatre]] in Edinburgh. Also noted in this period is the [[La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club]], [[Jerzy Grotowski]]'s Theatre of 13 Rows, and [[Józef Szajna]]'s Studio Theatre in Warsaw.<ref name=cambridge>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ubr35UeE-UQC&pg=PA129 |title=The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre|isbn=9780521446549|access-date=10 October 2014|last1=Banham|first1=Martin|date=7 March 1996}}</ref>
The fringe movement in Britain has been said to start in the 1960s, similar to the United States' [[Off-Off-Broadway]] theatres and Europe's "free theatre" groups. The term came into use in the late 1950s, and the show ''[[Beyond the Fringe]]'' premiered in Edinburgh in 1960, before transferring to [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and is the [[West End theatre|West End]]. One of the early innovators in fringe theatre was an American bookseller, [[James Haynes]], who in 1963 created the [[Traverse Theatre]] in Edinburgh. Also noted in this period is the [[La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club]], [[Jerzy Grotowski]]'s Theatre of 13 Rows, and [[Józef Szajna]]'s Studio Theatre in Warsaw.<ref name=cambridge>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ubr35UeE-UQC&pg=PA129 |title=The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre|isbn=9780521446549|access-date=10 October 2014|last1=Banham|first1=Martin|date=7 March 1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref>


The [[Adelaide Fringe]] in [[Adelaide]], South Australia, now second-largest annual arts festival in the world (after Edinburgh Fringe), started in 1960 as an adjunct to the main [[Adelaide Festival of Arts]].<ref name=vault1960>{{cite web|url=http://fringevault.com.au/mini_sites/introduction/1960|title=1960: Introduction|website=Fringe Vault|access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|website=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-24/adelaide-fringe-still-a-fringe-as-attention-turns-interstate/8296886|title=Adelaide Fringe: World's second largest arts festival 'still a fringe', as attention turns to interstate|first=Malcolm|last=Sutton|date=24 February 2017|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref>
The [[Adelaide Fringe]] in [[Adelaide]], South Australia, now second-largest annual arts festival in the world (after Edinburgh Fringe), started in 1960 as an adjunct to the main [[Adelaide Festival of Arts]].<ref name=vault1960>{{cite web|url=http://fringevault.com.au/mini_sites/introduction/1960|title=1960: Introduction|website=Fringe Vault|access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|website=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-24/adelaide-fringe-still-a-fringe-as-attention-turns-interstate/8296886|title=Adelaide Fringe: World's second largest arts festival 'still a fringe', as attention turns to interstate|first=Malcolm|last=Sutton|date=24 February 2017|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref>


Haynes, while at the helm of the Traverse, was receiving state support and even got a new theatre in 1969. In 1969, Haynes created the [[Arts Lab]] in London, but it only lasted for two years. [[Peter Brook]] along with another American [[Charles Marowitz]] opened the [[Open Space Theatre]] on [[Tottenham Court Road]] in London in 1968. Young British writers, after the [[May 1968 events in France]], wrote [[agitprop]] plays, including [[David Hare (playwright)|David Hare]], [[Howard Brenton]], [[David Edgar (playwright)|David Edgar]].<ref name="cambridge"/>
Haynes, while at the helm of the Traverse, was receiving state support and even got a new theatre in 1969. In 1969, Haynes created the [[Arts Lab]] in [[London]], but it only lasted for two years. [[Peter Brook]] along with another American [[Charles Marowitz]] opened the [[Open Space Theatre]] on [[Tottenham Court Road]] in London in 1968. Young British writers, after the [[May 1968 events in France]], wrote [[agitprop]] plays, including [[David Hare (playwright)|David Hare]], [[Howard Brenton]], [[David Edgar (playwright)|David Edgar]].<ref name="cambridge"/>


Meanwhile, in the United States, experimental theatre was growing due to the political protest of the [[Vietnam War]]. [[The Living Theatre]], founded by [[Julian Beck]], is considered the leader of the "[[flower power]]" and "hippie" movement.<ref name="cambridge"/>
Meanwhile, in the United States, experimental theatre was growing due to the political protest of the [[Vietnam War]]. [[The Living Theatre]], founded by [[Julian Beck]], is considered the leader of the "[[flower power]]" and "hippie" movement.<ref name="cambridge"/>
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Fringe theatres were attractive to people in the 1960s due to their adventurousness but became less wild in the 1970s while the standards of production rose.<ref name="cambridge"/>
Fringe theatres were attractive to people in the 1960s due to their adventurousness but became less wild in the 1970s while the standards of production rose.<ref name="cambridge"/>


In 1982, the first fringe festival in North America{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} was started in Edmonton, Alberta. It was then a theatre component of the larger Summerfest but evolved to become a stand-alone event, the [[Edmonton International Fringe Festival]], one of the largest annual arts events in Canada and still the largest fringe in North America by attendance.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} The oldest{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} fringe festival in the United States is Orlando, FL, founded in 1992. There are more fringe festivals in North America than any other continent.
In 1982, the first fringe festival in North America{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} was started in [[Edmonton]], Alberta. It was then a theatre component of the larger Summerfest but evolved to become a stand-alone event, the [[Edmonton International Fringe Festival]], one of the largest annual arts events in Canada and still the largest fringe in North America by attendance.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} The oldest{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} fringe festival in the United States is [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], FL, founded in 1992. There are more fringe festivals in North America than any other continent.


==Fringe theatre festival organization==
==Festival organization==
One distinction between fringe festivals and conventional [[arts festival]]s is the method used to choose participants. Typically, conventional festivals use a jury selection process, whereas many fringe festivals do not use a jury process in their selection criteria, hence the descriptor [[unjuried]] or open-access. There are exceptions to this; some fringe festivals (e.g., [[New York International Fringe Festival]]) do employ a jury-based selection process.<ref>Batchelder, X. (2006). The world's largest arts festival, The Edinburgh Festival Fringe: mechanics, myth and management. (Electronic Thesis or Dissertation). Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Create & Showcase | website= Festival City ADL | date=20 April 2021 | url=https://festivalcityadelaide.com.au/get-involved/create-showcase/ | access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref>Caust, Jo. (2019). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333836104_Open_Access_Arts_Festivals_and_Artists_Who_Benefits Open Access Arts Festivals and Artists: Who Benefits?]. ''[[The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society]]''. 49. 1-16. 10.1080/10632921.2019.1617811. </ref>
One distinction between fringe festivals and conventional [[arts festival]]s is the method used to choose participants. Typically, conventional festivals use a jury selection process, whereas many fringe festivals do not use a jury process in their selection criteria, hence the descriptor [[unjuried]] or open-access. There are exceptions to this; some fringe festivals (e.g., [[New York International Fringe Festival]]) do employ a jury-based selection process.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Batchelder |first1=Xela |title=The world's largest arts festival, The Edinburgh Festival Fringe: Mechanics, myth and management |date=2006 |type=PhD dissertation |publisher=The Ohio State University |url=http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1149104422 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Create & Showcase | website= Festival City ADL | date=20 April 2021 | url=https://festivalcityadelaide.com.au/get-involved/create-showcase/ | access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Caust |first1=Josephine |title=Open Access Arts Festivals and Artists: Who Benefits? |journal=The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society |date=2019 |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=291–306 |doi=10.1080/10632921.2019.1617811 |s2cid=197704849 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333836104}}</ref>


All performers are welcome to apply, regardless of their professional or amateur status. No restrictions are made as to the nature, style or theme of the performance, though some festivals have children's areas with appropriate content limitations. Festivals may have too many applicants for the number of available spaces; in this case, applicants are chosen based on an unrelated criterion, such as order of application or a random draw.
All performers are welcome to apply, regardless of their professional or amateur status. No restrictions are made as to the nature, style or theme of the performance, though some festivals have children's areas with appropriate content limitations. Festivals may have too many applicants for the number of available spaces; in this case, applicants are chosen based on an unrelated criterion, such as order of application or a random draw.
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. Productions can be reviewed by newspapers or publications specific to the festival, and awards may be given by certain organisations. Awards or favourable reviews can increase the tickets sales of productions or lead to extra dates being added {{Original research inline|date=February 2011}}.
. Productions can be reviewed by newspapers or publications specific to the festival, and awards may be given by certain organisations. Awards or favourable reviews can increase the tickets sales of productions or lead to extra dates being added {{Original research inline|date=February 2011}}.


==Elements of a typical fringe theatre production==
==Elements of a typical production==
The limitations and opportunities that the fringe festival format presents lead to some common features.
The limitations and opportunities that the fringe festival format presents lead to some common features.


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{{col-2}}
{{col-2}}
;North America
;North America
* [[Asheville Fringe Festival]] — Asheville, NC http://www.ashevillefringe.org/
* [[Asheville Fringe Festival]] — Asheville, NC <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ashevillefringe.org/|title=Asheville Fringe Arts Festival|website=Asheville Fringe Arts Festival|accessdate=14 April 2023}}</ref>
* [[Atlanta Fringe Festival]] — Atlanta, GA
* [[Atlanta Fringe Festival]] — Atlanta, GA
* [[Atlantic Fringe Festival]] — Halifax, NS
* [[Atlantic Fringe Festival]] — Halifax, NS
* [http://www.borderlightcle.org BorderLight Fringe Festival] - Cleveland, OH
* [[Boulder International Fringe Festival]] - Boulder, CO<ref name="boulderfringe2">{{cite web|url=http://boulderfringe.com/|title=&#124; Boulder International Fringe Festival|publisher=boulderfringe.com|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref>
* [[Boulder International Fringe Festival]] - Boulder, CO<ref name="boulderfringe2">{{cite web|url=http://boulderfringe.com/|title=&#124; Boulder International Fringe Festival|publisher=boulderfringe.com|access-date=25 March 2016|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322091729/http://www.boulderfringe.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Calgary Fringe Festival]] — Calgary, AB
* [[Calgary Fringe Festival]] — Calgary, AB
* [[Capital Fringe Festival]] — Washington, DC
* [[Capital Fringe Festival]] — Washington, DC
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* [[Kansas City Fringe]] - Kansas City, MO<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kcfringe.org/|title=New 2018 Fringe Festival KC - Kansas City Fringe Festival|website=Kansas City Fringe Festival}}</ref>
* [[Kansas City Fringe]] - Kansas City, MO<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kcfringe.org/|title=New 2018 Fringe Festival KC - Kansas City Fringe Festival|website=Kansas City Fringe Festival}}</ref>
* [[London Fringe Theatre Festival (Ontario)]] — London, ON
* [[London Fringe Theatre Festival (Ontario)]] — London, ON
⚫
* [[Minnesota Fringe Festival]] — Minneapolis, MN
* [[Maui Fringe Festival]] — Wailuku, HI
* [[Maui Fringe Festival]] — Wailuku, HI
⚫
* [[Minnesota Fringe Festival]] — Minneapolis, MN
* [[New Orleans Fringe]] - New Orleans, LA<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nolafringe.org/ |title=Index of / |access-date=2 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523050212/http://nolafringe.org/ |archive-date=23 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Mississauga Multilingual Fringe Festival]] — Mississauga, Ontario, CA
* [[New York International Fringe Festival]] — New York, NY
* [[New York International Fringe Festival]] — New York, NY
* [[O'ahu Fringe Festival]] — Honolulu, HI
* [[O'ahu Fringe Festival]] — Honolulu, HI
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* [[St. Lou Fringe Festival]] — St. Louis, MO
* [[St. Lou Fringe Festival]] — St. Louis, MO
* [[Sault Ste. Marie Fringe North International Fringe Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fringenorth.ca/|website=Fringe North|title=Fringe North|access-date=27 May 2018}}</ref> — Sault Ste. Marie, ON
* [[Sault Ste. Marie Fringe North International Fringe Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fringenorth.ca/|website=Fringe North|title=Fringe North|access-date=27 May 2018}}</ref> — Sault Ste. Marie, ON
* [[Theatre Crude Fringe Festival]] — Oklahoma City, OK http://www.theatrecrude.org/
* [[Theatre Crude Fringe Festival]] — Oklahoma City, OK [http://www.theatrecrude.org/ Theatre Crude Fringe Festival | Oklahoma City]
* [[Time-Based Art Festival]] — Portland, OR
* [[Time-Based Art Festival]] — Portland, OR
* [[Toronto Fringe Festival]] — Toronto, ON
* [[Toronto Fringe Festival]] — Toronto, ON
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* [[Amsterdam Fringe Festival]]
* [[Amsterdam Fringe Festival]]
* [[Bath Fringe Festival]]
* [[Bath Fringe Festival]]
* [[Bergen Fringe Festival]] - Bergen, Norway
* [[Brighton Festival Fringe]]
* [[Brighton Festival Fringe]]
* [[Budapest Fringe Festival]]
* [[Budapest Fringe Festival]]
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* [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]]
* [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]]
* [https://www.fringemi.com FringeMi], [[Milan]], Italy
* [https://www.fringemi.com FringeMi], [[Milan]], Italy
* Reykjavík Fringe Festival, [[Reykjavík]], Iceland
* [[Lahti Fringe Festival]], [[Lahti]], Finland
* [[Lahti Fringe Festival]], [[Lahti]], Finland
* [[Limerick Fringe]]
* [[Limerick Fringe]]
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* [[Ludlow Fringe Festival]] - [[Ludlow]], England
* [[Ludlow Fringe Festival]] - [[Ludlow]], England
* [[Malvern Fringe Festival]] - Malvern, England
* [[Malvern Fringe Festival]] - Malvern, England
* [[Oslo Fringe Festival]] - Oslo, Norway
* [[Paris Fringe Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20160523-france-first-ever-paris-fringe-festival-challenge-traditionalist-french-theatre|title=First-ever Paris Fringe seeks to challenge 'traditionalist' French theatre|publisher=France 24|author=Holman, Rachel HOLMAN|date=May 23, 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Paris Fringe Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20160523-france-first-ever-paris-fringe-festival-challenge-traditionalist-french-theatre|title=First-ever Paris Fringe seeks to challenge 'traditionalist' French theatre|publisher=France 24|author=Holman, Rachel HOLMAN|date=May 23, 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Prague Fringe Festival]]
* [[Prague Fringe Festival]]
* [[Reading Fringe Festival]]
* [[Reading Fringe Festival]]
* [[Windsor Fringe Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.windsorfringe.co.uk/|title=Windsor Fringe 22|website=www.windsorfringe.co.uk|accessdate=14 April 2023}}</ref>
* [http://sbfringe.ro/ Sibiu Fringe Festival - Romania]
* Sibiu Fringe Festival, Romania<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sbfringe.ro/|title=Sibiu International Fringe Festival 2016|website=SIBIU FRINGE|accessdate=14 April 2023}}</ref>
* [[Shaftesbury Fringe Festival]]
* [[Shaftesbury Fringe Festival]]
* [[Southside Fringe Festival]] - [[Glasgow]], Scotland
* [[Southside Fringe Festival]] - [[Glasgow]], Scotland
* [[Stockholm Fringe Festival]] - [[Stockholm]], Sweden
* [[Stockholm Fringe Festival]] - [[Stockholm]], Sweden
* [[Trondheim Fringe Festival]] - Trondheim, Norway
* [[Gothenburg Fringe Festival]] - [[Gothenburg]], Sweden<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gothenburgfringefestival.com/|title=Gothenburg Fringe|website=Gothenburg Fringe Festival}}</ref>
* [[Gothenburg Fringe Festival]] - [[Gothenburg]], Sweden<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gothenburgfringefestival.com/|title=Gothenburg Fringe|website=Gothenburg Fringe Festival}}</ref>
* [[Fringe by the Sea]] - [[North Berwick]], East Lothian, Scotland
* [[Fringe by the Sea]] - [[North Berwick]], East Lothian, Scotland
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* [[Melbourne Fringe Festival]]
* [[Melbourne Fringe Festival]]
* [[The Sydney Fringe]]
* [[The Sydney Fringe]]
* [[Electrofringe]]
* Electrofringe
;New Zealand
;New Zealand
* [[New Zealand Fringe Festival]]
* [[New Zealand Fringe Festival]]

Latest revision as of 09:40, 9 August 2024

Performers at the 2013 Brighton Fringe Festival

Fringe theatre is theatre that is produced outside of the main theatre institutions, and that is often small-scale and non-traditional in style or subject matter.[1] The term comes from the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.[2] In London, the fringe are small-scale theatres, many of them located above pubs, and the equivalent to New York's Off-Off-Broadway theatres and Europe's "free theatre" groups.[3]

In unjuried theatre festivals, also known as fringe festivals or open-access festivals, all submissions are accepted, and sometimes the participating acts may be chosen by lottery, in contrast to juried festivals in which acts are selected based on their artistic qualities. Unjuried festivals (such as the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Edmonton Fringe Festival, Adelaide Fringe, and Fringe World) permit artists to perform a wide variety of works.

History

[edit]

In 1947, eight theatre companies showed up at the Edinburgh International Festival, hoping to gain recognition from the mass gathering at the festival. In 1948, Robert Kemp, a Scottish journalist and playwright, described the situation, "Round the fringe of official Festival drama, there seems to be more private enterprise than before ... I am afraid some of us are not going to be at home during the evenings!".[2] Edinburgh Festival Fringe was founded under the name "Festival Adjuncts", in 1947.

The fringe movement in Britain has been said to start in the 1960s, similar to the United States' Off-Off-Broadway theatres and Europe's "free theatre" groups. The term came into use in the late 1950s, and the show Beyond the Fringe premiered in Edinburgh in 1960, before transferring to Broadway and is the West End. One of the early innovators in fringe theatre was an American bookseller, James Haynes, who in 1963 created the Traverse Theatre in Edinburgh. Also noted in this period is the La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club, Jerzy Grotowski's Theatre of 13 Rows, and Józef Szajna's Studio Theatre in Warsaw.[3]

The Adelaide Fringe in Adelaide, South Australia, now second-largest annual arts festival in the world (after Edinburgh Fringe), started in 1960 as an adjunct to the main Adelaide Festival of Arts.[4][5]

Haynes, while at the helm of the Traverse, was receiving state support and even got a new theatre in 1969. In 1969, Haynes created the Arts Lab in London, but it only lasted for two years. Peter Brook along with another American Charles Marowitz opened the Open Space Theatre on Tottenham Court Road in London in 1968. Young British writers, after the May 1968 events in France, wrote agitprop plays, including David Hare, Howard Brenton, David Edgar.[3]

Meanwhile, in the United States, experimental theatre was growing due to the political protest of the Vietnam War. The Living Theatre, founded by Julian Beck, is considered the leader of the "flower power" and "hippie" movement.[3]

By the early 1970s, many fringe theatres began to receive small subsidies. After the 1973–74 stock market crash, many fringe companies were forced to close. New playwrights were established at the Bush Theatre and King's Head Theatre, both of whom survived the crash. 7:84 and Red Ladder Theatre Company were some of the surviving touring fringe groups.[3]

Fringe theatres were attractive to people in the 1960s due to their adventurousness but became less wild in the 1970s while the standards of production rose.[3]

In 1982, the first fringe festival in North America[citation needed] was started in Edmonton, Alberta. It was then a theatre component of the larger Summerfest but evolved to become a stand-alone event, the Edmonton International Fringe Festival, one of the largest annual arts events in Canada and still the largest fringe in North America by attendance.[citation needed] The oldest[citation needed] fringe festival in the United States is Orlando, FL, founded in 1992. There are more fringe festivals in North America than any other continent.

Festival organization

[edit]

One distinction between fringe festivals and conventional arts festivals is the method used to choose participants. Typically, conventional festivals use a jury selection process, whereas many fringe festivals do not use a jury process in their selection criteria, hence the descriptor unjuried or open-access. There are exceptions to this; some fringe festivals (e.g., New York International Fringe Festival) do employ a jury-based selection process.[6][7][8]

All performers are welcome to apply, regardless of their professional or amateur status. No restrictions are made as to the nature, style or theme of the performance, though some festivals have children's areas with appropriate content limitations. Festivals may have too many applicants for the number of available spaces; in this case, applicants are chosen based on an unrelated criterion, such as order of application or a random draw.

The number of performances varies among different fringe festivals. Larger festivals may have thousands of performances (e.g., Edinburgh's 2013 festival had 45,464 performances).[9]

Fringe festivals typically have a common organising group that handles ticketing, scheduling, and some overall promotion (such as a program including all performers). Each production pays a set fee to this group, which usually includes their stage time as well as the organizational elements. The organising group and/or the venues often rely on a large pool of volunteers.

Ticket pricing varies between festivals. At UK fringe festivals, groups can decide their own ticket prices, and some sell tickets at fixed rates in one or two tiers, or in groups of 5 or 10.[citation needed]

Although it is unusual for the organising group to choose any winners of the festival, other organisations often make their own judgements of festival entries[citation needed] . Productions can be reviewed by newspapers or publications specific to the festival, and awards may be given by certain organisations. Awards or favourable reviews can increase the tickets sales of productions or lead to extra dates being added [original research?].

Elements of a typical production

[edit]

The limitations and opportunities that the fringe festival format presents lead to some common features.

Shows are not judged or juried. Depending on the popularity, some fringe festivals may use a lottery system to determine which shows are selected.

Shows are typically technically sparse. They are commonly presented in shared venues, often with shared technicians and limited technical time, so sets and other technical theatre elements are kept simple. Venues may be adapted from other uses.

Casts tend to be smaller than mainstream theatre; since many of the performing groups are traveling, and venues (and thus potential income) tend to be fairly small, expenses must usually be kept to a minimum. One-person shows are therefore quite common at fringe festivals. [citation needed]

Fringe festival productions often showcase new scripts, especially ones on more obscure, edgy, or unusual material. The lack of artistic vetting combined with relatively easy entry make risk-taking more feasible.[10]

While most mainstream theatre shows are two or three acts long, taking two to three hours with intermissions, fringe shows tend to be closer to one-hour, single-act productions. The typically lowered ticket prices of a fringe theatre show permit audiences to attend multiple shows in a single evening.[11]

Performers sometimes billet in the homes of local residents, further reducing their costs.[12][13][14]

List of fringe festivals

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Fringe theatre definition and synonyms | Macmillan Dictionary". macmillandictionary.com. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  2. ^ a b Kemp, Robert, More that is Fresh in Drama, Edinburgh Evening News, 14 August 1948
  3. ^ a b c d e f Banham, Martin (7 March 1996). The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521446549. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  4. ^ "1960: Introduction". Fringe Vault. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
  5. ^ Sutton, Malcolm (24 February 2017). "Adelaide Fringe: World's second largest arts festival 'still a fringe', as attention turns to interstate". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  6. ^ Batchelder, Xela (2006). The world's largest arts festival, The Edinburgh Festival Fringe: Mechanics, myth and management (PhD dissertation). The Ohio State University.
  7. ^ "Create & Showcase". Festival City ADL. 20 April 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  8. ^ Caust, Josephine (2019). "Open Access Arts Festivals and Artists: Who Benefits?". The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society. 49 (5): 291–306. doi:10.1080/10632921.2019.1617811. S2CID 197704849.
  9. ^ "Edinburgh Fringe ticket sales up 5% - BBC News". BBC News. 26 August 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  10. ^ "FringeNYC Application - 2014 Application". Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  11. ^ "How Fringe Tickets Work". nofringe.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  12. ^ "Billet HOST Form | Boulder International Fringe Festival". boulderfringe.com. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  13. ^ "Toronto Fringe Billet OFFER form | Performers Site: Toronto Fringe July 2016". performers.fringetoronto.com. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  14. ^ "Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival - HOST AN ARTIST". Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  15. ^ "Asheville Fringe Arts Festival". Asheville Fringe Arts Festival. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  16. ^ "| Boulder International Fringe Festival". boulderfringe.com. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  17. ^ "Charm City Fringe Festival". charmcityfringe.com. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  18. ^ "Elgin Fringe Festival". elginfringefestival.com. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  19. ^ "Hamilton Fridge Festival". hamiltonfringe.ca. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  20. ^ "Hollywood Fringe". hollywoodfringe.org. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  21. ^ "New 2018 Fringe Festival KC - Kansas City Fringe Festival". Kansas City Fringe Festival.
  22. ^ "Fringe North". Fringe North. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  23. ^ Holman, Rachel HOLMAN (23 May 2016). "First-ever Paris Fringe seeks to challenge 'traditionalist' French theatre". France 24.
  24. ^ "Windsor Fringe 22". www.windsorfringe.co.uk. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  25. ^ "Sibiu International Fringe Festival 2016". SIBIU FRINGE. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  26. ^ "Gothenburg Fringe". Gothenburg Fringe Festival.
  27. ^ "Butterworth Fringe Festival - Penang, Malaysia - 12 & 13 Aug 2017". Butterworth Fringe Festival.
  28. ^ "Fringe Manila – Manila's Arts Festival". www.fringemanila.com.
  29. ^ "Rainforest Fringe". www.rainforestfringe.com.
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