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{{short description|Software to use for recording and utilising bibliographic citations (references)}}
{{short description|Software to use for recording and utilising bibliographic citations (references)}}
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{{Distinguish|Reference software}}
{{No citations|date=March 2018}}
{{More citations|date=March 2018}}


'''Reference management software''', '''citation management software''', '''company reference software''' or '''personal bibliographic management software''' is software for scholars and authors to use for recording and utilising bibliographic [[citation]]s (references) as well as managing project references either as a company or an individual.<ref name=Francese2013>{{cite journal | last1 = Francese | first1 = Enrico | year = 2013 | title = Usage of Reference Management Software at the University of Torino | journal = JLIS.it | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | publisher = University of Florence | doi = 10.4403/jlis.it-8679 | url = http://leo.cilea.it/index.php/jlis/article/view/8679 | accessdate = 2016-09-09}}</ref> Once a citation has been recorded, it can be used time and again in generating [[bibliography|bibliographies]], such as lists of references in scholarly books, articles and essays. The development of reference management packages has been driven by the rapid expansion of [[scientific literature]].
'''Reference management software''', '''citation management software''', or '''bibliographic management software''' is software that stores a database of [[bibliographic record]]s and produces [[bibliographic citation]]s (references) for those records, needed in [[scholarly research]]. Once a record has been stored, it can be used time and again in generating [[bibliography|bibliographies]], such as lists of references in scholarly books and articles. Modern reference management applications can usually be integrated with [[word processor]]s so that a reference list in one of the many different bibliographic formats required by publishers and [[scholarly journal]]s is produced automatically as an article is written, reducing the risk that a cited source is not included in the reference list. They will also have a facility for importing bibliographic records from [[bibliographic database]]s.


⚫
Reference management software does not do the same job as a [[bibliographic database]] that tries to store records of {{em|all}} [[publication]]s published within a given scope such as a particular [[academic discipline]] or group of disciplines. Such bibliographic databases are large and have to be housed on major [[Server (computing)|server]] installations. Reference management software collects a much smaller database, of the publications that have been used or are likely to be used by a particular researcher or group of researchers, and such a database can easily be stored on an individual's [[personal computer]].
These software packages normally consist of a [[database]] in which full bibliographic references can be entered, plus a system for generating selective lists of articles in the different formats required by publishers and [[scholarly journal]]s. Modern reference management packages can usually be integrated with [[word processor]]s so that a [[reference list]] in the appropriate format is produced automatically as an article is written, reducing the risk that a cited source is not included in the reference list. They will also have a facility for importing the details of publications from [[bibliographic database]]s.


Many reference management applications enable users to search bibliographic records in online bibliographic databases and [[library catalog]]s. An early [[communications protocol]] used to access library catalogs, and still in service at many libraries,<ref>For example: {{cite web |title=Z39.50 Gateway to Library Catalogs |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |url=https://www.loc.gov/z3950/ |access-date=2023-05-08}} And: {{cite web |title=Z-BRARY – Directory of Z39.50 and SRU Targets |url=https://z-brary.com/ |website=z-brary.com |access-date=2023-05-08}}</ref> is [[Z39.50]], which predated the invention of the [[World Wide Web]]. Although Z39.50 is still in use, today most bibliographic databases are available as [[web site]]s that allow exporting selected [[bibliographic record]]s in various bibliographic data formats that are imported by reference management software.
⚫
Reference management software does not do the same job as a [[bibliographic database]], which tries to list all articles published in a particular discipline or group of disciplines. Such bibliographic databases are large and have to be housed on major [[Server (computing)|server]] installations. Reference management software collects a much smaller database, of the publications that have been used or are likely to be used by a particular author or group, and such a database can easily be housed on an individual's [[personal computer]].

Apart from managing references, most reference management software also enables users to search references from online libraries. These online libraries are usually based on [[Z39.50]] public protocol. Users just need to specify the IP address, database name and keywords to start a Z39.50 search. It is quicker and more efficient than a web browser. However, Z39.50 is a little out of date. Some popular scientific websites, such as [[Google Scholar]], [[IEEE Xplore]] and [[arXiv]], do not support the Z39.50 protocol.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}


==Citation creators==
==Citation creators==
'''Citation creators''' or citation generators are online tools which facilitate the creation of [[Citation|works cited]] and [[bibliographies]]. Citation creators use [[web form]]s to take input and format the output according to guidelines and standards, such as the [[Modern Language Association]]'s [[MLA Style Manual]], [[American Psychological Association]]'s [[APA style]], [[The Chicago Manual of Style]], or [[Turabian]] format. Some citation creators generate only run-time output, while others store the citation data for later use.{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}
'''Citation creators''' or citation generators are online tools which facilitate the creation of [[Citation|works cited]] and [[bibliographies]]. Citation creators use [[web form]]s to take input and format the output according to guidelines and standards, such as the [[Modern Language Association]]'s [[MLA Style Manual]], [[American Psychological Association]]'s [[APA style]], [[The Chicago Manual of Style]], or [[Turabian]] format. Some citation creators generate only run-time output, while others store the citation data for later use.{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}


<!-- ==Reference management software usage in different academic fields==
==In different academic fields==
{{expand section|date=September 2022}}
===Reference management software among legal scholars===
-->
==Reference management software among legal scholars==
⚫
A comparison of usage of Refworks, Endnote, and Zotero among the legal scholars at the Oxford University Law Faculty was performed by survey. 0% of survey participants used Refworks; 40% used Endnote; 17% used Zotero, mostly research students. The difficulty of using Refworks, Endnote, and Zotero by Oxford legal scholars was estimated by the author as well. A comparison of these tools for legal scholars was made across several usage scenarios, including: installing and setting up [[Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities|OSCOLA citation style]]; building a personal legal bibliographic library and using extracting metadata from legal bibliographic databases; generating footnotes and bibliographies for academic publications; using and modifying OSCOLA citation style.<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.2139/ssrn.2184098
| issn = 2042-115X
| volume = 4
| issue = 1
| last = Meredith
| first = Sandra
| title = Critical review of referencing software when used with OSCOLA
| journal = European Journal of Law and Technology
| date = 2013-01-21
}}</ref>

==Reference management in Wikipedia==
{{Selfref|For instructions how to use citations in Wikipedia, see [[Wikipedia:Inline citation]]}}
[[Wikipedia]], which runs on [[MediaWiki]] software, has built-in tools for the management of references. These tools - in many ways - have the function of reference-management software, in that they:

# automatically number the references
# generate the reference list
# set up links between the component of the citation in the text and the reference list

[[Wikidata]] stores various attributes of scientific journals and journal articles in the main, item, namespace of Wikidata.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Sources#Scientific,_newspaper_or_magazine_article | title=Help:Sources - Wikidata}}</ref>


===Research on software usage===
Unlike traditional reference-management tools, MediaWiki does not store references in a database constructed to facilitate ease of citation.
⚫
In 2013, a comparison of usage of [[EndNote]], [[RefWorks]], and [[Zotero]] among the legal scholars at the Oxford University Law Faculty was performed by survey. 0% of survey participants used RefWorks; 40% used Endnote; 17% used Zotero, mostly research students. The difficulty of using RefWorks, Endnote, and Zotero by Oxford legal scholars was estimated by the author as well. A comparison of these tools for legal scholars was made across several usage scenarios, including: installing and setting up [[Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities|OSCOLA citation style]]; building a personal legal bibliographic library and using extracting metadata from legal bibliographic databases; generating footnotes and bibliographies for academic publications; using and modifying OSCOLA citation style.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meredith |first=Sandra |date=2013-01-21 |title=Critical review of referencing software when used with OSCOLA |journal=European Journal of Law and Technology |volume=4 |issue=1 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2184098 |issn=2042-115X}}</ref> In the same year, a survey conducted at the [[University of Turin]] found that knowledge of software was high but adoption was not, and the most known and used software was EndNote.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Francese |first=Enrico |year=2013 |title=Usage of Reference Management Software at the University of Torino |url=https://www.jlis.it/index.php/jlis/article/view/244 |journal=JLIS.it |publisher=University of Florence |volume=4 |issue=2 |doi=10.4403/jlis.it-8679 |access-date=2022-06-04}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 45: Line 22:
* [[COinS]] – method to embed bibliographic metadata in the HTML code of web pages
* [[COinS]] – method to embed bibliographic metadata in the HTML code of web pages
* [[Z39.50]] – international standard client–server, application layer communications protocol for searching and retrieving information from a database over a TCP/IP computer network; widely used in library environments
* [[Z39.50]] – international standard client–server, application layer communications protocol for searching and retrieving information from a database over a TCP/IP computer network; widely used in library environments
⚫
* [[Reference software]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references />


==External links==
==Further reading==
* {{Cite web |url=https://isg.beel.org/blog/2013/10/14/what-makes-a-bad-reference-manager/ |title=What makes a bad reference manager? |last=Beel |first=Joeran |website=Intelligent Systems Group, University of Siegen |date=2013-10-14 |access-date=2016-09-08}}
* {{cite web| last = TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN LIBRARY| title = Reference Management Software Comparison - 6th Update| accessdate = 2016-08-09| date = 2016-08-04| url = https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/doc/1320978/1320978.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fenner |first1=Martin |last2=Scheliga |first2=Kaja |last3=Bartling |first3=Sönke |date=2014 |chapter=Reference management |editor1-last=Bartling |editor1-first=Sönke |editor2-last=Friesike |editor2-first=Sascha |title=Opening Science: The Evolving Guide on How the Internet Is Changing Research, Collaboration and Scholarly Publishing |location=New York |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |pages=125–137 |isbn=9783319000251 |oclc=871176030 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-00026-8_8 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite web| last = Apache OpenOffice | title = Bibliographic | url=http://www.openoffice.org/bibliographic/ |date=2008-11-04 | accessdate = 2016-09-08}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/doc/1320978/1320978.pdf |title=Reference management software comparison |last=Universitätsbibliothek Technische Universität München |date=June 2020 |access-date=2022-06-04}}
* {{cite web| last=Docear Blog | title = Which one is the best reference management software? | url= http://www.docear.org/2013/08/27/off-topic-which-one-is-the-best-reference-management-software-tool/ | accessdate=2016-09-08 | date=2013-08-27}}
* {{cite web| last=Docear Blog | title = What makes a '''bad''' reference manager? | url=http://www.docear.org/2013/10/14/what-makes-a-bad-reference-manager/ |accessdate=2016-09-08 |date = 2013-10-14 }}


{{Reference management software}}
{{Reference management software}}

Latest revision as of 04:04, 12 August 2024

Not to be confused with Reference software.

Reference management software, citation management software, or bibliographic management software is software that stores a database of bibliographic records and produces bibliographic citations (references) for those records, needed in scholarly research. Once a record has been stored, it can be used time and again in generating bibliographies, such as lists of references in scholarly books and articles. Modern reference management applications can usually be integrated with word processors so that a reference list in one of the many different bibliographic formats required by publishers and scholarly journals is produced automatically as an article is written, reducing the risk that a cited source is not included in the reference list. They will also have a facility for importing bibliographic records from bibliographic databases.

Reference management software does not do the same job as a bibliographic database that tries to store records of all publications published within a given scope such as a particular academic discipline or group of disciplines. Such bibliographic databases are large and have to be housed on major server installations. Reference management software collects a much smaller database, of the publications that have been used or are likely to be used by a particular researcher or group of researchers, and such a database can easily be stored on an individual's personal computer.

Many reference management applications enable users to search bibliographic records in online bibliographic databases and library catalogs. An early communications protocol used to access library catalogs, and still in service at many libraries,[1] is Z39.50, which predated the invention of the World Wide Web. Although Z39.50 is still in use, today most bibliographic databases are available as web sites that allow exporting selected bibliographic records in various bibliographic data formats that are imported by reference management software.

Citation creators

[edit]

Citation creators or citation generators are online tools which facilitate the creation of works cited and bibliographies. Citation creators use web forms to take input and format the output according to guidelines and standards, such as the Modern Language Association's MLA Style Manual, American Psychological Association's APA style, The Chicago Manual of Style, or Turabian format. Some citation creators generate only run-time output, while others store the citation data for later use.[citation needed]

In different academic fields

[edit]

Research on software usage

[edit]

In 2013, a comparison of usage of EndNote, RefWorks, and Zotero among the legal scholars at the Oxford University Law Faculty was performed by survey. 0% of survey participants used RefWorks; 40% used Endnote; 17% used Zotero, mostly research students. The difficulty of using RefWorks, Endnote, and Zotero by Oxford legal scholars was estimated by the author as well. A comparison of these tools for legal scholars was made across several usage scenarios, including: installing and setting up OSCOLA citation style; building a personal legal bibliographic library and using extracting metadata from legal bibliographic databases; generating footnotes and bibliographies for academic publications; using and modifying OSCOLA citation style.[2] In the same year, a survey conducted at the University of Turin found that knowledge of software was high but adoption was not, and the most known and used software was EndNote.[3]

See also

[edit]
  • Comparison of reference management software
  • COinS – method to embed bibliographic metadata in the HTML code of web pages
  • Z39.50 – international standard client–server, application layer communications protocol for searching and retrieving information from a database over a TCP/IP computer network; widely used in library environments

References

[edit]
  1. ^ For example: "Z39.50 Gateway to Library Catalogs". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2023-05-08. And: "Z-BRARY – Directory of Z39.50 and SRU Targets". z-brary.com. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  2. ^ Meredith, Sandra (2013-01-21). "Critical review of referencing software when used with OSCOLA". European Journal of Law and Technology. 4 (1). doi:10.2139/ssrn.2184098. ISSN 2042-115X.
  3. ^ Francese, Enrico (2013). "Usage of Reference Management Software at the University of Torino". JLIS.it. 4 (2). University of Florence. doi:10.4403/jlis.it-8679. Retrieved 2022-06-04.

Further reading

[edit]
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