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[[Tonga]] is an island nation located within [[Polynesia]] in the [[Pacific Ocean|South Pacific Ocean]] about {{convert|1800|km|mi|round=5|comma=off}} to the northeast of [[New Zealand]] and is neighboured by [[American Samoa]], [[Fiji]], [[New Caledonia]], [[Niue]], [[Samoa]], [[Vanuatu]], [[Wallis and Futuna]]. The island nation consists of [[List of islands and towns in Tonga|171 islands]], which are scattered over {{convert|700000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and grouped into four island groups (Haʻapai, Niua's, Tongatapu and Vavaʻu). Collectively the xxx systems have caused at least $ US in damages and at least xxx deaths. |
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{{Wettest tropical cyclones in Tonga}} |
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Tropical cyclones are the most serious natural hazard that Tonga experiences in terms of total damages and economic loss, with the island nation directly impacted by an average of 10 - 12 tropical cyclones during a decade or at least 1 - 2 tropical cyclones each season. Since 1643, at least 300 possible tropical cyclones have affected the Fijian Islands in the south Pacific Ocean. They generally impact the country during the cyclone season between November and the following April, however, systems have impacted the island nation outside of these times. However, there have been at least 14 seasons where no direct impacts to Fiji have been recorded, while five named systems impacted the island nation during the [[1992-93 South Pacific cyclone season|1992-93 season]]. |
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The effects of tropical cyclones on the island nation are most significant at the coast, however, as Fiji is a small country, the whole island nation can be severely impacted by widespread flooding, landslides and storm-force winds. The frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones impacting Fiji is one of the major barriers, to the island nations economic growth and development. The average annual losses to assets from tropical cyclones amount to about FJ$152 million or about 1.6% of the island nations [[gross domestic product]]. The worst tropical cyclone on record to impact Fiji was [[Cyclone Winston|Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston]] which caused 44 deaths and an estimated 2 billion [[Fijian dollar|FJ$]] (0.9 billion [[United States Dollars|US$]]) in damage. The deadliest tropical cyclone was the February 1931 hurricane and flood which caused 225 deaths. |
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==Background== |
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It is thought that more tropical cyclones impact Tonga, when El Nino conditions are present in the atmosphere. |
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The odds of a tropical cyclone impacting Tonga are greatest, when an El Nino episode |
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It is expected that Tonga will suffer from less tropical cyclones in the future |
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Projections tend to show a decrease in the frequency of tropical cyclones, by the late 21st century but are expected to increase in intensity.<ref>http://www.alerts.met.gov.to/index_files/climate/future_climate.pdf</ref> |
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===Climatology=== |
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On average a tropical cyc |
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Within Tonga, the tropical cyclone season is considered to run between November and April, however, tropical cyclones have occasionally impacted the island nation outside of this period.<ref>https://www.pacificclimatechangescience.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Tonga.pdf</ref> On average one or two tropical cyclones impact the island nation every year, however, the number of impacts varies from year to year with |
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==1800's== |
==1800's== |
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*January 24, 1830 - hurricane - Vavau |
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*April 1848 - A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1840-1923">{{cite report|title=Information Sheet No. 27: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: 1840 – 1923|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|author=Gabites J. F.|date=May 17, 1978}}</ref> |
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*March 1830 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.<ref name="Visher">{{cite book|title=Bulletin 20: Tropical Cyclones of the Pacific|year=1925|pages=37–38|author=Visher, Stephen Sargent|publisher=Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum|chapter=Hurricanes in the Western South Pacific}}{{hdl|2027/mdp.39015023271763}}</ref> |
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*March 1856 - A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1840-1923"/> |
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*March 1864 - A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1840-1923"/> |
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*January |
*January 24, 1833 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga's Vavaʻu island group.<ref name="Visher"/> |
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*March 1875 - A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1840-1923"/> |
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* |
*March 9, 1833 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga's Ha'apai island group.<ref name="Visher"/> |
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*March 31, 1877 - A tropical cyclone impacted the whole of Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1840-1923"/> |
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* |
*1834 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga's Ha'apai island group.<ref name="Visher"/> |
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*February 1891 - A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga and the Ellice Islands.<ref name="Fiji 1840-1923"/> |
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*November 1835 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga's Ha'apai and Vavaʻu island groups.<ref name="Visher"/> |
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*February 7 – 10, 1839 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga's Ha'apai island group.<ref name="Furious Winds">{{Cite book |url={{Google Books URL|id=FThPAAAAQBAJ}} |title=Furious Winds and Parched Islands: Tropical Cyclones (1558–1970) and Droughts (1722–1987) in the Pacific |author1=d'Aubert, AnaMaria |author2=Nunn, Patrick D |isbn=978-1-4691-7008-4 |chapter=Database 1: Tropical Cyclones (1558 - 1970)|date=March 2012 |pages=58–171}}</ref> |
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*1840 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga's Vavaʻu island group.<ref name="Visher"/> |
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*April 5 – 8, 1848 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.<ref name="Visher"/> |
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*April 12 – 15, 1848 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.<ref name="Furious Winds"/> |
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*April 1848 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.<ref name="Information Sheet No. 27">{{cite report|title=Information Sheet No. 27: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: 1840 – 1923|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|author=Gabites, John Fletcher|date=May 17, 1978}}</ref> |
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*March 1856 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.<ref name="Climate Change">{{cite book|author=Basher, Reid|author2=Collen, Bronwen|author3=Fitzharris, Blair|author4=Hay, John|author5=Mullan, Brett|author6=Salinger, Jim|title=Preliminary Studies for South Pacific Climate Change|chapter=Appendix 4: Tropical Cyclones affecting the Southwest Pacific 1830 – 1989|url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/PhD/Papers/Scanned_Papers/Preliminary%20Studies%20for%20South%20Pacific%20Climate%20Change%20-%20NZ%20Met%20Service%20-%20Basher%20et%20al%201992.pdf|date=April 1992|isbn=047707345X|page=51|publisher=The New Zealand Meteorological Service}}</ref> |
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*January 10 – 15, 1863 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga and possibly the island nation of Niue.<ref name="Furious Winds"/> |
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*March 1864 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.<ref name="Information Sheet No. 27"/> |
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*February 12 – 13, 1874 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.<ref name="Furious Winds"/> |
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*April 10, 1874 – A tropical cyclone was located to the southeast of Tonga.<ref name="Furious Winds"/> |
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*March 12–13, 1875 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.<ref name="Information Sheet No. 27"/> |
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*January 1875 – A tropical cyclone impacted Rotuma, Fiji and Tonga.<ref name="Information Sheet No. 27"/> |
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*March 1875 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.<ref name="Information Sheet No. 27"/> |
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*November 15 – 21, 1875 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji, Samoa and Tonga.<ref name="Furious Winds"/><ref name="Information Sheet No. 27"/> |
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*March 14 – 20, 1877 – A tropical cyclone impacted Samoa and Tonga.<ref name="Furious Winds"/> |
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*March 31, 1877 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.<ref name="Information Sheet No. 27"/> |
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*December 19, 1877 - A tropical cyclone existed to the southwest of Tonga.<ref name="Furious Winds"/> |
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*March 3 – 9, 1879 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Samoan and Tongan islands.<ref name="Furious Winds"/> |
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*February 2, 1882 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga and the Cook Islands.<ref name="Furious Winds"/> |
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*January 1, 1883 – A tropical cyclone was located to the north of Tonga.<ref name="Furious Winds"/> |
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*January 12, 1883 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.<ref name="Information Sheet No. 27"/> |
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*January 5, 1887 – A tropical cyclone was located to the south of Tonga.<ref name="Furious Winds"/> |
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*January 26, 1891 – A tropical cyclone was located to the west of Tonga.<ref name="Furious Winds"/> |
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*February 18 – 19, 1891 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tuvalu, Fiji and Tonga.<ref name="Information Sheet No. 27"/><ref name="Furious Winds"/> |
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*January 3, 1896 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.<ref name="Visher"/> |
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==1900's== |
==1900's== |
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* |
*April 1909 – A tropical cyclone impacted Northern Tonga.<ref name="SWP 1939-1969">{{cite report|title=Tropical Storms and Hurricanes in the South West Pacific: November 1939 – April 1969|publisher=New Zealand Meteorological Service|author=Kerr I. S.|date=March 1, 1976|page=81-86|archivedate=February 22, 2017|url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/PhD/Papers/Scanned_Papers/Tropical%20Storms%20and%20Hurricanes%20in%20the%20SW%20Pacific%20Nov%201939%20to%20April%201969%20-%20I.S.%20Kerr%20-%20NZ%20Metservice%201976.pdf|url-status=live|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6oTF2A9LV}}</ref> |
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*January 1912 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji before it recurved and impacted Tonga.<ref name="Information Sheet No. 27"/><ref name="SWP 1939-1969"/> |
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*February 1913 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="SWP 1939-1969"/> |
*February 1913 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="SWP 1939-1969"/> |
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*March 1915 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="SWP 1939-1969"/> |
*March 1915 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="SWP 1939-1969"/> |
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*March 1920 – A tropical cyclone existed in between Fiji and Tonga.<ref name=" |
*March 1920 – A tropical cyclone existed in between Fiji and Tonga.<ref name="Information Sheet No. 27"/> |
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*December 1923 – A tropical cyclone existed in between Fiji and Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1923-1939">{{cite report|title=Information Sheet No. 28: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: 1923 – 1939|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|author=Gabites |
*December 1923 – A tropical cyclone existed in between Fiji and Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1923-1939">{{cite report|title=Information Sheet No. 28: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: 1923 – 1939|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|author=Gabites, John Fletcher|date=May 17, 1978}}</ref> |
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*December 1929 – A tropical cyclone developed near the Tongan island of Nulakita before passing over Rotuma, Viti Levu, Makongai and Ngau. |
*December 1929 – A tropical cyclone developed near the Tongan island of Nulakita before passing over Rotuma, Viti Levu, Makongai and Ngau. |
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*December 1, 1930 – A tropical cyclone severely impacted Fiji, before moving on to Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1923-1939"/> |
*December 1, 1930 – A tropical cyclone severely impacted Fiji, before moving on to Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1923-1939"/> |
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*December 1930 – A tropical cyclone impacted Northern Tonga.<ref name="SWP 1939-1969"/> |
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*March 1932 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="SWP 1939-1969"/> |
*March 1932 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="SWP 1939-1969"/> |
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*March 1935 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="SWP 1939-1969"/> |
*March 1935 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="SWP 1939-1969"/> |
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*February 1936 – A tropical cyclone impacted Northern Tonga.<ref name="SWP 1939-1969"/> |
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*February 1937 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="SWP 1939-1969"/> |
*February 1937 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="SWP 1939-1969"/> |
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*February 1941 – A tropical cyclone impacted Northern Tonga, before it became one of the worst tropical cyclones to impact Fiji on record.<ref name="Fiji 1939-1949">{{cite report|title=Information Sheet No. 7: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: 1939/40 – 1948/49|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|author=Gabites J. F.|date=March 17, 1977}}</ref> |
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===1940=== |
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*December 26-27, 1941 – A tropical cyclone passed about {{convert|100|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} of Tongatapu in Southern Tonga, where it caused gale force winds and minor damage.<ref name="SWP 1939-1969"/> |
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*February 18, 1941 – A tropical cyclone impacted Northern Tonga, before it became one of the worst tropical cyclones to impact Fiji on record.<ref name="SWP 1939-1969"/><ref name="Fiji 1939-1949">{{cite report|title=Information Sheet No. 7: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: 1939/40 – 1948/49|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|author=Gabites, John Fletcher|date=March 17, 1977}}</ref> |
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*December 26–27, 1941 – A tropical cyclone passed about {{convert|100|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} of Tongatapu in Southern Tonga, where it caused gale force winds and minor damage.<ref name="SWP 1939-1969"/> |
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*January 1944 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1939-1949"/> |
*January 1944 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1939-1949"/> |
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* |
*January 30, 1944 – Gale force winds were experienced on Niuafoou and Keppel Island, as a tropical cyclone moved south-eastwards in between the islands.<ref name="SWP 1939-1969"/> |
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*January 16–17, 1946 – A tropical depression moved to the north of Fiji and Northern Tonga, before developing into a tropical cyclone near Niue on January 18.<ref name="SWP 1939-1969"/> |
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*December 8–10, 1948 – A tropical cyclone hovered to the west of Tonga between December 8–10, before it rapidly moved eastwards and passed near Haʻapai and Niue.<ref name="Fiji 1939-1949"/> |
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*December 20 – 21, 1949 – A tropical cyclone passed in between Tonga's Ha'apai and Tongatapu group of islands, where it caused some damage to coconut trees and the nations banana crop.<ref name="Furious Winds" /> |
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==1950== |
==1950== |
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*February 1950 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1949-1959">{{cite report|title=Information Sheet No. 8: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: 1949/50 – 1958/59|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|author=Gabites |
*February 1950 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1949-1959">{{cite report|title=Information Sheet No. 8: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: 1949/50 – 1958/59|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|author=Gabites, John Fletcher|date=March 17, 1977}}</ref> |
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*January 1952 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1949-1959"/> |
*January 1952 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1949-1959"/> |
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*January 1954 – A tropical cyclone impacted Northern Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1949-1959"/> |
*January 1954 – A tropical cyclone impacted Northern Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1949-1959"/> |
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*January 1955 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1949-1959"/> |
*January 1955 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1949-1959"/> |
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*February 1956 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1949-1959"/> |
*February 1956 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1949-1959"/> |
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*January |
*January 17–19, 1960 – An unnamed tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.<ref name="Tongs 1960- Present">{{cite report|title=List of Tropical Cyclones that have affected at least a part of Tonga from 1960 – present|url=http://www.met.gov.to/index_files/TC_list_update.pdf|publisher=Tonga Meteorological Service|date=October 6, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6oTIMXbGc|archivedate=February 22, 2017}}</ref> |
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*March |
*March 14–19, 1961 – An unnamed tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.<ref name="Tongs 1960- Present"/> |
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*November 1963 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Southern Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1959-1968">{{cite report|title=Information Sheet No. 9: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: 1959/60 – 1968/69|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|author=Gabites |
*November 1963 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Southern Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1959-1968">{{cite report|title=Information Sheet No. 9: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: 1959/60 – 1968/69|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|author=Gabites, John Fletcher|date=March 17, 1977}}</ref> |
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*November |
*November 22–23, 1964 – An unnamed tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="Tongs 1960- Present"/> |
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*February |
*February 25–26, 1969 – An unnamed tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.<ref name="Tongs 1960- Present"/> |
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*November 1969 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Southern Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1959-1968"/> |
*November 1969 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Southern Tonga.<ref name="Fiji 1959-1968"/> |
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*January 11–12, 1970 |
*January 11–12, 1970 – An unnamed tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.<ref name="Tongs 1960- Present"/> |
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*February 11–25, 1970 |
*February 11–25, 1970 – Tropical Cyclone Dolly impacted Tonga, Niue and Samoa.<ref name="Tongs 1960- Present"/> |
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*April 8–11, 1970 |
*April 8–11, 1970 – Tropical Cyclone Gillian.<ref name="Tongs 1960- Present"/> |
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*April 13–16, 1970 |
*April 13–16, 1970 – Tropical Cyclone Helen.<ref name="Tongs 1960- Present"/> |
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==1970's== |
==1970's== |
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Season 1970 / 1971 |
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\ PRISCILLA |
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Season 1971 / 1972 |
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\ IDA |
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\ UNNAMED-SP7102 |
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Season 1972 / 1973 |
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\ BEBE |
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\ COLLETTE |
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\ ELENORE |
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\ HENRIETTA |
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\ JULIETTE |
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Season 1973 / 1974 |
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\ PAM |
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\ NATALIE-LOTTIE |
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\ TINA |
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\ UNNAMED-SP7301 |
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Season 1974 / 1975 |
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\ BETTY |
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\ FLORA |
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\ VAL |
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Season 1976 / 1977 |
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\ KIM |
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\ LAURIE |
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\ MARION |
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\ PAT |
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\ UNNAMED-SP197707 |
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Season 1977 / 1978 |
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\ ANNE |
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\ CHARLES |
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\ ERNIE |
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Season 1978 / 1979 |
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\ FAY |
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\ LESLIE |
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\ MELI |
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Season 1979 / 1980 |
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\ OFA |
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\ PENI |
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\ TIA |
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\ VAL |
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\ WALLY |
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==1980's== |
==1980's== |
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Season 1980 / 1981 |
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Betsy |
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\ ARTHUR |
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*Cliff |
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\ BETSY |
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*Unnamed |
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\ DAMAN |
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*Daman |
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\ ESAU |
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*Issac |
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\ UNNAMED-1 |
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\ UNNAMED-SP198006 |
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\ UNNAMED-SP198008 |
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Season 1981 / 1982 |
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*February 1, 1983 - Tropical Cyclone Mark's remnant tropical depression moved over Tonga during February 1, before degenerating into an area of low pressure and persisting between Tonga and Niue over the next few days.<ref name="Mark TCR">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Mark Preliminary Report|date=February 17, 1983|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|author=Prasad, Rajendra}}</ref> |
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\ ISAAC |
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Season 1982 / 1983 |
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*Lance |
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*February 1, 1983 – Tropical Cyclone Mark's remnant tropical depression moved over Tonga during February 1, before degenerating into an area of low pressure and persisting between Tonga and Niue over the next few days.<ref name="Mark TCR">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Mark Preliminary Report|date=February 17, 1983|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|author=Prasad, Rajendra}}</ref> |
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*Unnamed |
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\ SARAH |
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Season 1983 / 1984 |
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*Drena |
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\ CYRIL |
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*January 18 - 20, 1985 - Tropical Cyclone's Eric and Nigel both moved south-eastwards through the Happai Islands, where a wharf was destroyed and 80% of the banana crops were damaged.<ref name="Eric TCR">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Eric Preliminary Report|date=February 12, 1985|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|author=Ready, S.C.}}</ref><ref name="Nigel TCR">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Nigel Preliminary Report|date=February 12, 1985|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|author=Krishna, Ram}}</ref> |
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\ UNNAMED-2 |
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Season 1984 / 1985 |
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*Keli |
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\ DRENA |
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*Lusi |
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*January 18 – 20, 1985 – Tropical Cyclone's Eric and Nigel both moved south-eastwards through the Happai Islands, where a wharf was destroyed and 80% of the banana crops were damaged.<ref name="Eric TCR">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Eric Preliminary Report|date=February 12, 1985|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|author=Ready, S.C.}}</ref><ref name="Nigel TCR">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Nigel Preliminary Report|date=February 12, 1985|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|author=Krishna, Ram}}</ref> |
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*Martin |
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*Unnamed |
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Season 1985 / 1986 |
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*Kerry |
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\ ALFRED |
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\ IMA |
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\ KELI |
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\ MARTIN |
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*November 25, 1986 - A tropical cyclone alert was issued for Tonga during November 25, as Tropical Cyclone Osea approached Fiji before it was cancelled later that day as the system rapidly weakened.<ref name="Osea TCR">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Report 87/3: Tropical Cyclone Osea|date=February 12, 1987|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|author=Singh, Sudah}}</ref> |
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*December 24 – 30, 1986 – Severe Tropical Cyclone Raja caused tropical cyclone alerts and warnings, to be issued for various parts of Tonga including Niuafoou, Tongatapu and the Nomuka group of islands, before all warnings for Tonga were cancelled during December 30.<ref name="Raja TCR">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Report 87/1: Tropical Cyclone Raja|date=January 22, 1987|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|author=Krishna, Ram}}</ref> |
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\ TUSI |
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\ WINI |
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\ ZUMAN |
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Season 1988 / 1989 |
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\ FILI |
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\ GINA |
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\ KERRY |
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\ UNNAMED-1 |
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Season 1989 / 1990 |
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\ OFA |
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\ RAE |
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==1990's== |
==1990's== |
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*February 2 – 5, 1990 – Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa affected the island nation, with the worst hit islands being Niuatoputapu and Tafhai, which recorded severe damage to houses, church buildings, food crops and other vegetation.<ref name="Ofa TCR">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Ofa, January 31 – February 7, 1990 |date=May 3, 1990 |publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service |type=Tropical Cyclone Report 90/4 |author=Prasad, Rajendra |url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/JB_DM393a_TC_Ofa_FMS_1990_Report.pdf |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6NMhpm68N?url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/JB_DM393a_TC_Ofa_FMS_1990_Report.pdf |accessdate=May 12, 2014 |archivedate=February 13, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Overall the system killed one person on Niuafo'ou, while the total damage was estimated at about {{ntsp|3200000||US$}}.<ref name="Ofa TCR"/> |
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*March 23 - 24, 1990 - Tropical Cyclone Rae caused strong winds and high seas at the wave rider buoy at Tongatapu, Tonga, where waves of 6 m (20 ft) were recorded as the winds changed direction.<ref name="Tonga Wave">{{cite report|title=The Wave Climate of the Kingdom of Tonga|author=Barstow, Stephen|author2=Haug, Ola|publisher=South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission|url=https://prdrse4all.spc.int/system/files/TR0201.pdf|access-date=December 27, 2021}}</ref> |
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Season 1990 / 1991 |
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\ SINA |
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Season 1991 / 1992 |
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*December 6 – 10, 1991 – Severe Tropical Cyclone Val caused gale and storm force winds to be reported on the island of Niuatoputapu.<ref name="Val TCR">{{cite report |publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service |title=Tropical Cyclone Val, December 4 - 13, 1991 |archive-date=October 19, 2013 |access-date=October 18, 2013 |author=Pandaram, Sudha |author2=Prasad, Rajendra |date=July 7, 1992 |type=Tropical Cyclone Report 91/2 |url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/JB_DM393d_FJI_1991_TC_Val.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019180511/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/JB_DM393d_FJI_1991_TC_Val.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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\ FRAN |
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Season 1992 / 1993 |
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\ JONI |
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\ KINA |
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\ LIN |
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\ MICK |
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\ NINA |
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\ OLI |
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Season 1993 / 1994 |
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\ TOMAS |
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1994-95 - No TC |
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1995-96 - No TC |
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Season 1996 / 1997 |
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\ EVAN |
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\ HINA |
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\ IAN |
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\ KELI |
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Season 1997 / 1998 |
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\ RON |
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\ SUSAN |
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\ TUI |
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Season 1998 / 1999 |
|||
\ CORA |
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Season 1999 / 2000 |
|||
Ofa subsequently moved more towards the southeast than expected and passed about {{convert|110|km|mi|abbr=on|round=5}} to the east of Niuatoputapu.<ref name="Ofa TCR"/> As a result, the [[Haapai]] and [[Tongatapu]] island groups did not receive any gale-force winds from the system, while Niuatoputapu only experienced storm force winds from the system.<ref name="Ofa TCR"/> Severe damage to houses, church buildings, coconut plantations, food crops and other vegetation, was reported on the islands of [[Tafahi]] and Niuatoputapu.<ref name="Ofa MWL"/> Over 70% of the housing in Niuatoputapu was completely destroyed, while the roofs of the remaining 30% were partially or completely damaged.<ref name="Ofa TCR"/> On Niuafo'ou a moderate amount of damage was reported, but was generally confined to crops and vegetation.<ref name="Ofa TCR"/> One death was attributed to Ofa on Niuafo'ou, while overall the system caused about {{ntsp|3200000||US$}} in damage to Tonga.<ref name="Ofa MWL"/> |
|||
\ MONA |
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\ NEIL |
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\ TROPICALDEPRESSION08F |
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==2000's== |
==2000's== |
||
Season 2000 / 2001 |
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\ PAULA |
|||
Season 2001 / 2002 |
|||
\ WAKA |
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Season 2002 / 2003 |
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\ YOLANDE |
|||
\ AMI |
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\ CILLA |
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\ ESETA |
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\ FILI |
|||
Season 2003 / 2004 |
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\ HETA |
|||
Season 2004 / 2005 |
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\ LOLA |
|||
\ OLAF |
|||
\ RAE |
|||
\ SHEILA |
|||
Season 2005 / 2006 |
|||
\ TAM |
|||
\ URMIL |
|||
\ VAIANU |
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\ WATI |
|||
Season 2006 / 2007 |
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\ ARTHUR |
|||
\ CLIFF |
|||
Season 2007 / 2008 |
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\ DAMAN |
|||
\ ELISA |
|||
\ GENE |
|||
Season 2008 / 2009 |
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\ HETTIE |
|||
*April 3 - 5, 2009 - Strong winds and flooding caused by Tropical Cyclone Lin, knocked down several power lines in Nuku'alofa and damaged some meteorological equipment.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.met.gov.to/index_files/meteorological%20report%20tc_lin.pdf|title=Meteorological Report on Tropical Cyclone "Lin"|publisher=Tonga Meteorological Services|accessdate=March 18, 2017|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5g2M35qK3|archivedate=April 14, 2009|date=April 14, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/Meetings/RA%20V%20TCC-13/documents/Doc_4.1.doc</ref> |
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Season 2009 / 2010 |
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\ MICK |
|||
\ NISHA |
|||
\ OLI |
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\ RENE |
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\ TOMAS |
|||
==2010's== |
==2010's== |
||
Season 2010 / 2011 |
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\ WILMA |
|||
\ ZAKA |
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\ BUNE |
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Season 2011 / 2012 |
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\ CYRIL |
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\ JASMINE |
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Season 2012 / 2013 |
|||
*December 12 - 14, 2012 - A tropical cyclone alert was issued for Niuatoputapu and Niuafo'ou on December 12, 2012, as it was thought that Evan might cause gale-force winds over the islands within 48 hours.<ref>{{cite report|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number One for Tonga on Tropical Cyclone Evan December 12, 2012 23:15 UTC|accessdate=July 24, 2023|date=December 12, 2012|url=https://mtarchive.geol.iastate.edu/2012/12/12/text/Severe/Severe_12.txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service}}</ref> During December 14, the alert was cancelled as Evan was no longer predicted to pass close enough to the islands to produce gale force winds or any damage on either island.<ref>{{cite web|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Six for Tonga on Tropical Cyclone Evan December 14, 2012 15:37 UTC|date=December 14, 2012|accessdate=July 24, 2023|url=https://mtarchive.geol.iastate.edu/2012/12/14/text/Severe/Severe_14.txt}}</ref> |
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\ GARRY |
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Season 2013 / 2014 |
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\ IAN |
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\ KOFI |
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Season 2014 / 2015 |
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\ REUBEN |
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*November 27–29, 2015 – Tropical Cyclone Tuni caused strong winds of up to {{convert|55|km/h|mph|disp=5|abbr=on}} on the island of [[Niuatoputapu]].<ref>http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/RAV_TCC-16_Tonga_CountryReport.pdf</ref> |
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\ ULA |
|||
\ VICTOR |
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\ WINSTON |
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\ ZENA |
|||
\ AMOS |
|||
*May 10, 2017 – Tropical Cyclone Ella passed within {{Convert|15|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} off [[Niuafoou]], where it caused strong winds and heavy rain and minor damage to fruit trees.<ref>{{cite news|title=Two Niuas residents are safe while Cyclone Ella moves away from the island|url=http://www.tonga-broadcasting.net/?p=7416|work=Tonga Broadcasting|date=May 11, 2017|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6qVv4SE7b|archivedate=May 17, 2017}}</ref> |
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Season 2017 / 2018 |
|||
\ GITA |
|||
\ KENI |
|||
*Rene |
*Rene |
||
| Line 80: | Line 348: | ||
*Wilma |
*Wilma |
||
*Cyril |
*Cyril |
||
*Jasmine |
*Jasmine |
||
| Line 86: | Line 354: | ||
*Cyclone Ian |
*Cyclone Ian |
||
*Cyclone Tuni indirectly impacted Tonga between November 27-29, 2015, where it caused strong winds of up to {{convert|55|km/h|mph|disp=5|abbr=on}} on the island of [[Niuatoputapu]].<ref>http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/RAV_TCC-16_Tonga_CountryReport.pdf</ref> |
|||
*Cyclone Ula |
*Cyclone Ula |
||
*Victor |
*Victor |
||
| Line 96: | Line 363: | ||
*Zena |
*Zena |
||
===2018-19=== |
|||
* |
|||
*03F |
|||
*Mona |
|||
*06F |
|||
*Neil |
|||
*08F |
|||
*10F |
|||
*Pola |
|||
*12F |
|||
===2019-20=== |
|||
*Sarai |
|||
*Tino |
|||
*Harold |
|||
== |
===2020-21=== |
||
*December 14, 2020 - Tropical Cyclone Zazu impacted Tonga |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="margin:auto" |
|||
*December 18, 2020 - Severe Tropical Cyclone Yasu impacted Tonga |
|||
! scope="col" | Name |
|||
! scope="col" | Dates of impact |
|||
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Areas affected |
|||
! scope="col" | Damage<br>(FJD) |
|||
! scope="col" | Damage<br>(USD) |
|||
! scope="col" | Deaths |
|||
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Refs |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
||
Latest revision as of 19:30, 23 September 2024
Tonga is an island nation located within Polynesia in the South Pacific Ocean about 1800 kilometres (1120 mi) to the northeast of New Zealand and is neighboured by American Samoa, Fiji, New Caledonia, Niue, Samoa, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna. The island nation consists of 171 islands, which are scattered over 700,000 km2 (270,000 sq mi) and grouped into four island groups (Haʻapai, Niua's, Tongatapu and Vavaʻu). Collectively the xxx systems have caused at least $ US in damages and at least xxx deaths.
Tropical cyclones are the most serious natural hazard that Tonga experiences in terms of total damages and economic loss, with the island nation directly impacted by an average of 10 - 12 tropical cyclones during a decade or at least 1 - 2 tropical cyclones each season. Since 1643, at least 300 possible tropical cyclones have affected the Fijian Islands in the south Pacific Ocean. They generally impact the country during the cyclone season between November and the following April, however, systems have impacted the island nation outside of these times. However, there have been at least 14 seasons where no direct impacts to Fiji have been recorded, while five named systems impacted the island nation during the 1992-93 season.
The effects of tropical cyclones on the island nation are most significant at the coast, however, as Fiji is a small country, the whole island nation can be severely impacted by widespread flooding, landslides and storm-force winds. The frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones impacting Fiji is one of the major barriers, to the island nations economic growth and development. The average annual losses to assets from tropical cyclones amount to about FJ$152 million or about 1.6% of the island nations gross domestic product. The worst tropical cyclone on record to impact Fiji was Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston which caused 44 deaths and an estimated 2 billion FJ$ (0.9 billion US$) in damage. The deadliest tropical cyclone was the February 1931 hurricane and flood which caused 225 deaths.
Background
[edit]It is thought that more tropical cyclones impact Tonga, when El Nino conditions are present in the atmosphere. The odds of a tropical cyclone impacting Tonga are greatest, when an El Nino episode
It is expected that Tonga will suffer from less tropical cyclones in the future
Projections tend to show a decrease in the frequency of tropical cyclones, by the late 21st century but are expected to increase in intensity.[1]
Climatology
[edit]On average a tropical cyc
Within Tonga, the tropical cyclone season is considered to run between November and April, however, tropical cyclones have occasionally impacted the island nation outside of this period.[2] On average one or two tropical cyclones impact the island nation every year, however, the number of impacts varies from year to year with
1800's
[edit]- January 24, 1830 - hurricane - Vavau
- March 1830 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.[3]
- January 24, 1833 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga's Vavaʻu island group.[3]
- March 9, 1833 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga's Ha'apai island group.[3]
- 1834 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga's Ha'apai island group.[3]
- November 1835 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga's Ha'apai and Vavaʻu island groups.[3]
- February 7 – 10, 1839 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga's Ha'apai island group.[4]
- 1840 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga's Vavaʻu island group.[3]
- April 5 – 8, 1848 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.[3]
- April 12 – 15, 1848 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.[4]
- April 1848 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.[5]
- March 1856 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.[6]
- January 10 – 15, 1863 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga and possibly the island nation of Niue.[4]
- March 1864 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.[5]
- February 12 – 13, 1874 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.[4]
- April 10, 1874 – A tropical cyclone was located to the southeast of Tonga.[4]
- March 12–13, 1875 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.[5]
- January 1875 – A tropical cyclone impacted Rotuma, Fiji and Tonga.[5]
- March 1875 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.[5]
- November 15 – 21, 1875 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji, Samoa and Tonga.[4][5]
- March 14 – 20, 1877 – A tropical cyclone impacted Samoa and Tonga.[4]
- March 31, 1877 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.[5]
- December 19, 1877 - A tropical cyclone existed to the southwest of Tonga.[4]
- March 3 – 9, 1879 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Samoan and Tongan islands.[4]
- February 2, 1882 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga and the Cook Islands.[4]
- January 1, 1883 – A tropical cyclone was located to the north of Tonga.[4]
- January 12, 1883 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Tonga.[5]
- January 5, 1887 – A tropical cyclone was located to the south of Tonga.[4]
- January 26, 1891 – A tropical cyclone was located to the west of Tonga.[4]
- February 18 – 19, 1891 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tuvalu, Fiji and Tonga.[5][4]
- January 3, 1896 – A tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.[3]
1900's
[edit]- April 1909 – A tropical cyclone impacted Northern Tonga.[7]
- January 1912 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji before it recurved and impacted Tonga.[5][7]
- February 1913 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.[7]
- March 1915 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.[7]
- March 1920 – A tropical cyclone existed in between Fiji and Tonga.[5]
- December 1923 – A tropical cyclone existed in between Fiji and Tonga.[8]
- December 1929 – A tropical cyclone developed near the Tongan island of Nulakita before passing over Rotuma, Viti Levu, Makongai and Ngau.
- December 1, 1930 – A tropical cyclone severely impacted Fiji, before moving on to Tonga.[8]
- December 1930 – A tropical cyclone impacted Northern Tonga.[7]
- March 1932 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.[7]
- March 1935 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.[7]
- February 1936 – A tropical cyclone impacted Northern Tonga.[7]
- February 1937 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.[7]
1940
[edit]- February 18, 1941 – A tropical cyclone impacted Northern Tonga, before it became one of the worst tropical cyclones to impact Fiji on record.[7][9]
- December 26–27, 1941 – A tropical cyclone passed about 100 km (60 mi)* of Tongatapu in Southern Tonga, where it caused gale force winds and minor damage.[7]
- January 1944 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.[9]
- January 30, 1944 – Gale force winds were experienced on Niuafoou and Keppel Island, as a tropical cyclone moved south-eastwards in between the islands.[7]
- January 16–17, 1946 – A tropical depression moved to the north of Fiji and Northern Tonga, before developing into a tropical cyclone near Niue on January 18.[7]
- December 8–10, 1948 – A tropical cyclone hovered to the west of Tonga between December 8–10, before it rapidly moved eastwards and passed near Haʻapai and Niue.[9]
- December 20 – 21, 1949 – A tropical cyclone passed in between Tonga's Ha'apai and Tongatapu group of islands, where it caused some damage to coconut trees and the nations banana crop.[4]
1950
[edit]- February 1950 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.[10]
- January 1952 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.[10]
- January 1954 – A tropical cyclone impacted Northern Tonga.[10]
- January 1955 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.[10]
- February 1956 – A tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.[10]
- January 17–19, 1960 – An unnamed tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.[11]
- March 14–19, 1961 – An unnamed tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.[11]
- November 1963 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Southern Tonga.[12]
- November 22–23, 1964 – An unnamed tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.[11]
- February 25–26, 1969 – An unnamed tropical cyclone impacted Southern Tonga.[11]
- November 1969 – A tropical cyclone impacted Fiji and Southern Tonga.[12]
- January 11–12, 1970 – An unnamed tropical cyclone impacted Tonga.[11]
- February 11–25, 1970 – Tropical Cyclone Dolly impacted Tonga, Niue and Samoa.[11]
- April 8–11, 1970 – Tropical Cyclone Gillian.[11]
- April 13–16, 1970 – Tropical Cyclone Helen.[11]
1970's
[edit]Season 1970 / 1971 \ PRISCILLA
Season 1971 / 1972 \ IDA \ UNNAMED-SP7102
Season 1972 / 1973 \ BEBE \ COLLETTE \ ELENORE \ HENRIETTA \ JULIETTE
Season 1973 / 1974 \ PAM \ NATALIE-LOTTIE \ TINA \ UNNAMED-SP7301
Season 1974 / 1975 \ BETTY \ FLORA \ VAL
Season 1976 / 1977 \ KIM \ LAURIE \ MARION \ PAT \ UNNAMED-SP197707
Season 1977 / 1978 \ ANNE \ CHARLES \ ERNIE
Season 1978 / 1979 \ FAY \ LESLIE \ MELI
Season 1979 / 1980 \ OFA \ PENI \ TIA \ VAL \ WALLY
1980's
[edit]Season 1980 / 1981 \ ARTHUR \ BETSY \ DAMAN \ ESAU \ UNNAMED-1 \ UNNAMED-SP198006 \ UNNAMED-SP198008
Season 1981 / 1982 \ ISAAC
Season 1982 / 1983
- February 1, 1983 – Tropical Cyclone Mark's remnant tropical depression moved over Tonga during February 1, before degenerating into an area of low pressure and persisting between Tonga and Niue over the next few days.[13]
\ SARAH
Season 1983 / 1984 \ CYRIL \ UNNAMED-2
Season 1984 / 1985 \ DRENA
- January 18 – 20, 1985 – Tropical Cyclone's Eric and Nigel both moved south-eastwards through the Happai Islands, where a wharf was destroyed and 80% of the banana crops were damaged.[14][15]
Season 1985 / 1986 \ ALFRED \ IMA \ KELI \ MARTIN
- November 25, 1986 - A tropical cyclone alert was issued for Tonga during November 25, as Tropical Cyclone Osea approached Fiji before it was cancelled later that day as the system rapidly weakened.[16]
- December 24 – 30, 1986 – Severe Tropical Cyclone Raja caused tropical cyclone alerts and warnings, to be issued for various parts of Tonga including Niuafoou, Tongatapu and the Nomuka group of islands, before all warnings for Tonga were cancelled during December 30.[17]
\ TUSI \ WINI \ ZUMAN
Season 1988 / 1989 \ FILI \ GINA \ KERRY \ UNNAMED-1
Season 1989 / 1990 \ OFA \ RAE
1990's
[edit]- February 2 – 5, 1990 – Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa affected the island nation, with the worst hit islands being Niuatoputapu and Tafhai, which recorded severe damage to houses, church buildings, food crops and other vegetation.[18] Overall the system killed one person on Niuafo'ou, while the total damage was estimated at about US$3.2 million.[18]
- March 23 - 24, 1990 - Tropical Cyclone Rae caused strong winds and high seas at the wave rider buoy at Tongatapu, Tonga, where waves of 6 m (20 ft) were recorded as the winds changed direction.[19]
Season 1990 / 1991 \ SINA
Season 1991 / 1992
- December 6 – 10, 1991 – Severe Tropical Cyclone Val caused gale and storm force winds to be reported on the island of Niuatoputapu.[20]
\ FRAN
Season 1992 / 1993 \ JONI \ KINA \ LIN \ MICK \ NINA \ OLI
Season 1993 / 1994 \ TOMAS
1994-95 - No TC
1995-96 - No TC
Season 1996 / 1997 \ EVAN \ HINA \ IAN \ KELI
Season 1997 / 1998 \ RON \ SUSAN \ TUI
Season 1998 / 1999 \ CORA
Season 1999 / 2000 \ MONA \ NEIL \ TROPICALDEPRESSION08F
2000's
[edit]Season 2000 / 2001 \ PAULA
Season 2001 / 2002 \ WAKA
Season 2002 / 2003 \ YOLANDE \ AMI \ CILLA \ ESETA \ FILI
Season 2003 / 2004 \ HETA
Season 2004 / 2005 \ LOLA \ OLAF \ RAE \ SHEILA
Season 2005 / 2006 \ TAM \ URMIL \ VAIANU \ WATI
Season 2006 / 2007 \ ARTHUR \ CLIFF
Season 2007 / 2008 \ DAMAN \ ELISA \ GENE
Season 2008 / 2009 \ HETTIE
- April 3 - 5, 2009 - Strong winds and flooding caused by Tropical Cyclone Lin, knocked down several power lines in Nuku'alofa and damaged some meteorological equipment.[21][22]
Season 2009 / 2010 \ MICK \ NISHA \ OLI \ RENE \ TOMAS
2010's
[edit]Season 2010 / 2011 \ WILMA \ ZAKA \ BUNE
Season 2011 / 2012 \ CYRIL \ JASMINE
Season 2012 / 2013
- December 12 - 14, 2012 - A tropical cyclone alert was issued for Niuatoputapu and Niuafo'ou on December 12, 2012, as it was thought that Evan might cause gale-force winds over the islands within 48 hours.[23] During December 14, the alert was cancelled as Evan was no longer predicted to pass close enough to the islands to produce gale force winds or any damage on either island.[24]
\ GARRY
Season 2013 / 2014 \ IAN \ KOFI
Season 2014 / 2015 \ REUBEN
- November 27–29, 2015 – Tropical Cyclone Tuni caused strong winds of up to 55 km/h (35 mph)* on the island of Niuatoputapu.[25]
\ ULA \ VICTOR \ WINSTON \ ZENA \ AMOS
- May 10, 2017 – Tropical Cyclone Ella passed within 15 km (10 mi)* off Niuafoou, where it caused strong winds and heavy rain and minor damage to fruit trees.[26]
Season 2017 / 2018 \ GITA \ KENI
- Rene
- Thomas
- Wilma
- Cyril
- Jasmine
- Cyclone Ian
- Cyclone Ula
- Victor
- Winston
- Zena
2018-19
[edit]- 03F
- Mona
- 06F
- Neil
- 08F
- 10F
- Pola
- 12F
2019-20
[edit]- Sarai
- Tino
- Harold
2020-21
[edit]- December 14, 2020 - Tropical Cyclone Zazu impacted Tonga
- December 18, 2020 - Severe Tropical Cyclone Yasu impacted Tonga
References
[edit]- ^ http://www.alerts.met.gov.to/index_files/climate/future_climate.pdf
- ^ https://www.pacificclimatechangescience.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Tonga.pdf
- ^ a b c d e f g h Visher, Stephen Sargent (1925). "Hurricanes in the Western South Pacific". Bulletin 20: Tropical Cyclones of the Pacific. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. pp. 37–38.hdl:2027/mdp.39015023271763
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o d'Aubert, AnaMaria; Nunn, Patrick D (March 2012). "Database 1: Tropical Cyclones (1558 - 1970)". Furious Winds and Parched Islands: Tropical Cyclones (1558–1970) and Droughts (1722–1987) in the Pacific. pp. 58–171. ISBN 978-1-4691-7008-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gabites, John Fletcher (May 17, 1978). Information Sheet No. 27: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: 1840 – 1923 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
- ^ Basher, Reid; Collen, Bronwen; Fitzharris, Blair; Hay, John; Mullan, Brett; Salinger, Jim (April 1992). "Appendix 4: Tropical Cyclones affecting the Southwest Pacific 1830 – 1989". Preliminary Studies for South Pacific Climate Change (PDF). The New Zealand Meteorological Service. p. 51. ISBN 047707345X.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kerr I. S. (March 1, 1976). Tropical Storms and Hurricanes in the South West Pacific: November 1939 – April 1969 (PDF) (Report). New Zealand Meteorological Service. p. 81-86. Archived from the original on February 22, 2017.
- ^ a b Gabites, John Fletcher (May 17, 1978). Information Sheet No. 28: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: 1923 – 1939 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
- ^ a b c Gabites, John Fletcher (March 17, 1977). Information Sheet No. 7: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: 1939/40 – 1948/49 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
- ^ a b c d e Gabites, John Fletcher (March 17, 1977). Information Sheet No. 8: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: 1949/50 – 1958/59 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
- ^ a b c d e f g h List of Tropical Cyclones that have affected at least a part of Tonga from 1960 – present (Report). Tonga Meteorological Service. October 6, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2017.
- ^ a b Gabites, John Fletcher (March 17, 1977). Information Sheet No. 9: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: 1959/60 – 1968/69 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
- ^ Prasad, Rajendra (February 17, 1983). Tropical Cyclone Mark Preliminary Report (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
- ^ Ready, S.C. (February 12, 1985). Tropical Cyclone Eric Preliminary Report (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
- ^ Krishna, Ram (February 12, 1985). Tropical Cyclone Nigel Preliminary Report (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
- ^ Singh, Sudah (February 12, 1987). Tropical Cyclone Report 87/3: Tropical Cyclone Osea (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
- ^ Krishna, Ram (January 22, 1987). Tropical Cyclone Report 87/1: Tropical Cyclone Raja (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
- ^ a b Prasad, Rajendra (May 3, 1990). Tropical Cyclone Ofa, January 31 – February 7, 1990 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report 90/4). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 13, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
- ^ Barstow, Stephen; Haug, Ola. The Wave Climate of the Kingdom of Tonga (PDF) (Report). South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
- ^ Pandaram, Sudha; Prasad, Rajendra (July 7, 1992). Tropical Cyclone Val, December 4 - 13, 1991 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report 91/2). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
- ^ Meteorological Report on Tropical Cyclone "Lin" (PDF) (Report). Tonga Meteorological Services. April 14, 2009. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
- ^ http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/Meetings/RA%20V%20TCC-13/documents/Doc_4.1.doc
- ^ Special Weather Bulletin Number One for Tonga on Tropical Cyclone Evan December 12, 2012 23:15 UTC (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. December 12, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ "Special Weather Bulletin Number Six for Tonga on Tropical Cyclone Evan December 14, 2012 15:37 UTC". December 14, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/RAV_TCC-16_Tonga_CountryReport.pdf
- ^ "Two Niuas residents are safe while Cyclone Ella moves away from the island". Tonga Broadcasting. May 11, 2017. Archived from the original on May 17, 2017.