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===About me=== |
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Reto Flückiger is a Biologist absolving, as a further education, a Master course in Agricultural Science. In this aim he is involved in a lecture about the improvement of Wikipedia-Entries on selected Alternative Crops. |
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= '''''Oxalis tuberosa''''' = |
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{{taxobox |
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|image = OxalisTuberosa.jpg |
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|image_caption = Yellow and purple ''Oxalis tuberosa'' (oca) tubers |
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|regnum = [[Plant]]ae |
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |
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|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] |
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|ordo = [[Oxalidales]] |
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|familia = [[Oxalidaceae]] |
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|genus = ''[[Oxalis]]'' |
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|species = '''''O. tuberosa''''' |
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|binomial = ''Oxalis tuberosa'' |
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|binomial_authority = [[Juan Ignacio Molina|Molina]] |
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|}} |
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'''''Oxalis tuberosa''''' is an annual plant that overwinters as underground stem [[tuber]]s. These tubers are known as '''oca''' , '''oka''', or '''New Zealand Yam'''. The plant was brought into cultivation in the central and southern [[Andes]] for its [[tubers]], which are used as a [[root vegetable]]. The plant is not known in the wild, but populations of wild ''Oxalis'' species that bear smaller tubers are known from four areas of the central Andean region. Introduced to [[Europe]] in 1830 as a competitor to the [[potato]] and to [[New Zealand]] as early as 1860, it has become popular in that country under the name '''New Zealand yam''' and is now a common table vegetable. <ref>Eve Emshwiller, Terra Theim, Alfredo Grau, Victor Nina and Franz Terrazas. (2009). Origins of domestication and polyploidy in oca (''Oxalis tuberosa'': Oxalidaceae) 3: AFLP data of oca and four wild, tuber-bearing taxa. ''American Journal of Botany.'' 96(10):1839-1848. [doi:10.3732/ajb.0800359]</ref> <ref name="Lost">National Research Council. (1989). Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.</ref>. |
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==Edibility== |
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The stem tubers of oca form in the ground in the autumn. These are commonly boiled before eating although they can also be eaten raw. The leaves and young shoots can be eaten as a green vegetable. |
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The flavour is slightly tangy, and texture ranges from crunchy (like a [[carrot]]) when undercooked, to starchy or mealy when fully cooked. Though the original Andean varieties are widely variable in colour from purple to yellow, the usual New Zealand variety is a fleshy pink.<ref name="Lost" /> |
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Oca can be boiled, baked or fried. In the [[Andes]] it is used in stews and soups, served like potatoes or can be served as a sweet. Oca is eaten raw in [[Mexico]] with salt, lemon, and hot pepper.<ref name="Lost" /> |
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Oca are fairly high in [[oxalates]], concentrated in the skin<ref>Albihn, P. B. E.; and Savage, G. P. (2001). "The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (''Oxalis tuberosa'' Mol)". ''J. of the Science of Food and Agr''. 81: 1027-1033.</ref>. The traditional Andean preparation methods were geared towards reducing the oxalate level of the harvested vegetable. This is done by exposure to sunlight which decreases the organic acid content and thereby increases the sweet taste of the oca. The bioavailability of oxalate appears to be similar to spinach <ref> The Bioavailability of Oxalate from Oca (Oxalis tuberosa) [http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022534705659563] </ref>. Recent oca [[cultivars]] have a lower oxalate content, and have also been selected for more flexibility in day lengths.<ref name="Lost" /> |
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==Cultivation== |
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[[Image:Oca.jpg|right|thumb|Pink Oxalis tuberosa (oca) tubers]] |
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Oca is one of the important staple crops of the [[Andes Mountains|Andean highlands]], second only to the [[potato]] due to its easy propagation, and tolerance for poor soil, high altitude and harsh climates.<ref name="Lost" /> |
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{| style="border-collapse:collapse; float:right; clear:right; font-size: 80%" border="1" cellpadding="4" |
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|+ '''Nutritional value per 100 g''' |
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|- bgcolor = lightgrey |
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! |
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| '''fresh''' |
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| '''dried''' |
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|- |
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![[Energy]] (J) |
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|255 |
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|1360 |
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|- |
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![[Water]] (g) |
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|84.1 |
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|15.3 |
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|- |
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![[Protein]] (g) |
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|1.0 |
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|4.3 |
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|- |
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![[Carbohydrates]] (g) |
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|13.3 |
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|75.4 |
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|- |
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![[Ash]] (g) |
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|1.0 |
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|3.9 |
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|- |
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![[Calcium]] (mg) |
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|2 |
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|52 |
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|- |
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![[Phosphorous]] (mg) |
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|36 |
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|171 |
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|- |
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![[Iron]] (mg) |
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|1.6 |
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|9.9 |
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|- |
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![[Retinol]] (µg) |
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|1 |
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|0 |
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|- |
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![[Riboflavin]] (mg) |
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|0.13 |
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|0.08 |
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|- |
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![[Niacin]] (mg) |
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|0.43 |
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|0.85 |
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|- |
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![[Vitamin C]] (mg) |
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|38.4 |
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|2.4 |
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|} |
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===Distribution=== |
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Outside of the Andean region Oxalis tuberosa is cultivated commercially in Mexico and New Zealand. Compared to potatoes, which are now cultivated in 130 countries around the world, these tubers are essentially still unknown outside of the Andean region. |
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===Propagation=== |
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Oca is usually propagated vegetatively by planting of whole tubers. Further is propagation by planting of cuttings, which is sometimes applied, or by seed propagation, which is never used in practice.<ref name="Lost" /> |
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===Climate requirements=== |
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Oca need a long [[growing season]], and are [[day length dependent]], forming tubers when the day length shortens in autumn. In areas with harsh winter climates, early frosts may cut back the foliage before the tubers have a chance to form. In tropical areas where the days are unchanging in length, oca will not set a crop successfully.<ref name="Lost" /> |
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===Soil requirements=== |
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The crop grows with very low production inputs and in generall on plots of marginal soil quality and tolerates acidities between about pH 5.3 and 7.8.<ref name="Lost" /> |
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===Cropping factors=== |
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The cultural practice is similar to potatoes. Planting is done in rows or hills 80-100 cm apart with plants, spaced 40-60 cm apart in the rows.<ref name="Rea">M. Frére, J. Rea, J.Q. Rijks(1975) Ullucus tuberosus. In:Estudio agroclimatolgico de la zona Andina (informe tecnico). Organizacion de las naciones unidas para la alimentacion y la agriculture, Rome</ref>.). Monoculture predominates, but interplanting of several tuber species in one field is common in Andean production. In many instances Andean farmers will allow a mixture containing two or three tuber crops to be planted in one field. Often this mixture consists of several different clones of each species. Such mixed fields may later be sorted into tuber types during harvest or before cooking. Mixed planting with legumes or grain crops is occasionally practiced.<ref name="Lost" /> |
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===Pest and Diseases=== |
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Crops in the Andes are usually infected with viruses, causing chronic yield depression. Adequate techniques to remove viruses have to be applied before the varieties can be used outside the Andean region.<ref name="Lost" /> Cultivation is also constrained by the oca weevil (Ariodistus tuberculatus), Andean potato weevil (Premnotrypes spp) and the ulluco weevil (Cylydrorhinus spp), beetles often destroying entire crops. Further notable pests are nematodes. <ref name="Sperling">Sperling, C.R.; and King, S.R. (1990). "Advances in new crops: Worldwide potential.". ''J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.). Advances in new crops. Timber Press, Portland, OR''. p. 428-435.</ref> |
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===Yields=== |
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Yields vary with the cultural method. Annals from Andean countries report about 7-10 tons per hectare for Oxalis tuberosa production. But with adequate inputs and virus free propagation material, oca production can range from 35 to 55 tons per hectare.<ref name="Sperling" /> <ref name="Lost" /> |
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===Limitations=== |
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As already mentioned, viruses, day length restrictions and the precence of oxalates can be considered as limiting factors. Scientists work with specific breeding, selection and virus cleaning programs on these purposes. <ref name="Lost" /> |
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===Agricultural potential=== |
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Potential distribution to other suitable ecogeographical zones of for example Asia and Africa is possible. The cultivation and use of Oxalis tuberosa in New Zealand already indicates a wider utilization and agricultural interest than has been previously recognized.<ref> King, S.R.; and Gersoff, S.N. (1986). "Nutritional Evaluation of Three Underexploited |
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Andean Tubers: Oxalis tuberosa (Oxalidaceae), Ullucus tuberosus (Basellaceae), and Tropaeolum tuberosum (Tropaeolaceae) ". Economic Botany, 41 (4). p. 503-511.</ref> |
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==Alternative names== |
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* '''Apilla''' in [[Bolivia]] |
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* '''Hibia''' in [[Colombia]] |
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* '''Yam ''' in many other places, such as [[Polynesia]] and [[New Zealand]]. |
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The ''[[Dioscorea]]'' vegetables known elsewhere as [[yam (vegetable)|yam]]s are generally very uncommon in these countries. |
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Yams are commonly confused with [[Sweet potato]]es, although they are not closely related. In New Zealand [[Sweet potato]]es are commonly referred to by their [[Māori language|Māori]] name of ''kūmara''. |
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==See also== |
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* [[Mashua]] |
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* [[New World Crops]] |
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* [[Yacon]] |
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* [[Ulluco]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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*Davidson, Alan. Oxford Companion to Food (1999). "Oca", p. 547 {{ISBN|0-19-211579-0}} |
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==External links== |
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{{commons|Oxalis tuberosa}} |
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*[http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1398&page=82 Oca in ''Lost Crops of the Incas''] |
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*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Oxalis_tuberosus_nex.html NewCROP page on oca] |
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*[http://www.cipotato.org/artc/germplasm.asp Genetic Resource Conservation of oca and other Andean tubers at International Potato Center] |
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*[http://www.cipotato.org/artc/oca.asp Oxalis tuberosa at the International Potato Center] |
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*[http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis%20tuberosa Oxalis tuberosa in the Plants for a Future website] |
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[[ay:Apilla]] |
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[[cs:Oka (plodina)]] |
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[[de:Knolliger Sauerklee]] |
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[[es:Oxalis tuberosa]] |
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[[fr:Oca du Pérou]] |
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[[it:Oxalis tuberosa]] |
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[[lt:Gumbinis kiškiakopūstis]] |
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[[nl:Oca]] |
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[[qu:Uqa]] |
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[[ru:Кислица клубненосная]] |
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[[fi:Oka (kasvi)]] |
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[[sv:Oca]] |
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[[uk:Ока (рослина)]] |
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Latest revision as of 23:09, 22 July 2017
About me
[edit]Oxalis tuberosa
[edit]
| Retomax | |
|---|---|
| |
| Yellow and purple Oxalis tuberosa (oca) tubers | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| (unranked): | |
| (unranked): | |
| (unranked): | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | O. tuberosa
|
| Binomial name | |
| Oxalis tuberosa | |
Oxalis tuberosa is an annual plant that overwinters as underground stem tubers. These tubers are known as oca , oka, or New Zealand Yam. The plant was brought into cultivation in the central and southern Andes for its tubers, which are used as a root vegetable. The plant is not known in the wild, but populations of wild Oxalis species that bear smaller tubers are known from four areas of the central Andean region. Introduced to Europe in 1830 as a competitor to the potato and to New Zealand as early as 1860, it has become popular in that country under the name New Zealand yam and is now a common table vegetable. [1] [2].
Edibility
[edit]The stem tubers of oca form in the ground in the autumn. These are commonly boiled before eating although they can also be eaten raw. The leaves and young shoots can be eaten as a green vegetable.
The flavour is slightly tangy, and texture ranges from crunchy (like a carrot) when undercooked, to starchy or mealy when fully cooked. Though the original Andean varieties are widely variable in colour from purple to yellow, the usual New Zealand variety is a fleshy pink.[2]
Oca can be boiled, baked or fried. In the Andes it is used in stews and soups, served like potatoes or can be served as a sweet. Oca is eaten raw in Mexico with salt, lemon, and hot pepper.[2]
Oca are fairly high in oxalates, concentrated in the skin[3]. The traditional Andean preparation methods were geared towards reducing the oxalate level of the harvested vegetable. This is done by exposure to sunlight which decreases the organic acid content and thereby increases the sweet taste of the oca. The bioavailability of oxalate appears to be similar to spinach [4]. Recent oca cultivars have a lower oxalate content, and have also been selected for more flexibility in day lengths.[2]
Cultivation
[edit]
Oca is one of the important staple crops of the Andean highlands, second only to the potato due to its easy propagation, and tolerance for poor soil, high altitude and harsh climates.[2]
| fresh | dried | |
| Energy (J) | 255 | 1360 |
| Water (g) | 84.1 | 15.3 |
| Protein (g) | 1.0 | 4.3 |
| Carbohydrates (g) | 13.3 | 75.4 |
| Ash (g) | 1.0 | 3.9 |
| Calcium (mg) | 2 | 52 |
| Phosphorous (mg) | 36 | 171 |
| Iron (mg) | 1.6 | 9.9 |
| Retinol (µg) | 1 | 0 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 0.13 | 0.08 |
| Niacin (mg) | 0.43 | 0.85 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 38.4 | 2.4 |
Distribution
[edit]Outside of the Andean region Oxalis tuberosa is cultivated commercially in Mexico and New Zealand. Compared to potatoes, which are now cultivated in 130 countries around the world, these tubers are essentially still unknown outside of the Andean region.
Propagation
[edit]Oca is usually propagated vegetatively by planting of whole tubers. Further is propagation by planting of cuttings, which is sometimes applied, or by seed propagation, which is never used in practice.[2]
Climate requirements
[edit]Oca need a long growing season, and are day length dependent, forming tubers when the day length shortens in autumn. In areas with harsh winter climates, early frosts may cut back the foliage before the tubers have a chance to form. In tropical areas where the days are unchanging in length, oca will not set a crop successfully.[2]
Soil requirements
[edit]The crop grows with very low production inputs and in generall on plots of marginal soil quality and tolerates acidities between about pH 5.3 and 7.8.[2]
Cropping factors
[edit]The cultural practice is similar to potatoes. Planting is done in rows or hills 80-100 cm apart with plants, spaced 40-60 cm apart in the rows.[5].). Monoculture predominates, but interplanting of several tuber species in one field is common in Andean production. In many instances Andean farmers will allow a mixture containing two or three tuber crops to be planted in one field. Often this mixture consists of several different clones of each species. Such mixed fields may later be sorted into tuber types during harvest or before cooking. Mixed planting with legumes or grain crops is occasionally practiced.[2]
Pest and Diseases
[edit]Crops in the Andes are usually infected with viruses, causing chronic yield depression. Adequate techniques to remove viruses have to be applied before the varieties can be used outside the Andean region.[2] Cultivation is also constrained by the oca weevil (Ariodistus tuberculatus), Andean potato weevil (Premnotrypes spp) and the ulluco weevil (Cylydrorhinus spp), beetles often destroying entire crops. Further notable pests are nematodes. [6]
Yields
[edit]Yields vary with the cultural method. Annals from Andean countries report about 7-10 tons per hectare for Oxalis tuberosa production. But with adequate inputs and virus free propagation material, oca production can range from 35 to 55 tons per hectare.[6] [2]
Limitations
[edit]As already mentioned, viruses, day length restrictions and the precence of oxalates can be considered as limiting factors. Scientists work with specific breeding, selection and virus cleaning programs on these purposes. [2]
Agricultural potential
[edit]Potential distribution to other suitable ecogeographical zones of for example Asia and Africa is possible. The cultivation and use of Oxalis tuberosa in New Zealand already indicates a wider utilization and agricultural interest than has been previously recognized.[7]
Alternative names
[edit]- Apilla in Bolivia
- Hibia in Colombia
- Yam in many other places, such as Polynesia and New Zealand.
The Dioscorea vegetables known elsewhere as yams are generally very uncommon in these countries. Yams are commonly confused with Sweet potatoes, although they are not closely related. In New Zealand Sweet potatoes are commonly referred to by their Māori name of kūmara.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Eve Emshwiller, Terra Theim, Alfredo Grau, Victor Nina and Franz Terrazas. (2009). Origins of domestication and polyploidy in oca (Oxalis tuberosa: Oxalidaceae) 3: AFLP data of oca and four wild, tuber-bearing taxa. American Journal of Botany. 96(10):1839-1848. [doi:10.3732/ajb.0800359]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l National Research Council. (1989). Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
- ^ Albihn, P. B. E.; and Savage, G. P. (2001). "The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (Oxalis tuberosa Mol)". J. of the Science of Food and Agr. 81: 1027-1033.
- ^ The Bioavailability of Oxalate from Oca (Oxalis tuberosa) [1]
- ^ M. Frére, J. Rea, J.Q. Rijks(1975) Ullucus tuberosus. In:Estudio agroclimatolgico de la zona Andina (informe tecnico). Organizacion de las naciones unidas para la alimentacion y la agriculture, Rome
- ^ a b Sperling, C.R.; and King, S.R. (1990). "Advances in new crops: Worldwide potential.". J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.). Advances in new crops. Timber Press, Portland, OR. p. 428-435.
- ^ King, S.R.; and Gersoff, S.N. (1986). "Nutritional Evaluation of Three Underexploited Andean Tubers: Oxalis tuberosa (Oxalidaceae), Ullucus tuberosus (Basellaceae), and Tropaeolum tuberosum (Tropaeolaceae) ". Economic Botany, 41 (4). p. 503-511.
Bibliography
[edit]- Davidson, Alan. Oxford Companion to Food (1999). "Oca", p. 547 ISBN 0-19-211579-0
External links
[edit]