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{{Use American English|date=August 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Short description|American jazz pianist and singer (1907–1974)}}
{{Infobox musical artist
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Billie Goodson Pierce
| name = Billie Goodson Pierce
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Portrait of Billie Goodson Pierce.jpg
| image = Portrait of Billie Goodson Pierce.jpg
| image_size =
| landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank -->
| alt =
| alt =
| caption = Portrait of Billie Goodson Pierce playing the piano with husband De De Pierce playing trumpet in the background.
| caption = Pierce playing the piano with husband De De Pierce on trumpet in the background, 1949
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| alias =
| birth_date = June 8, 1907
| birth_date = June 8, 1907
| birth_place = [[Marianna, Florida]]
| birth_place = [[Marianna, Florida]], U.S.
| origin =
| origin =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1974|9|29|1907|6|8}}
| death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|1974|9|29|1907|6|8}}}}
| death_place = [[New Orleans, Louisiana]]
| death_place = [[New Orleans, Louisiana]], U.S.
| genre = Jazz
| genre = [[Jazz]]
| occupation = Jazz and blues pianist, singer, dancer
| occupation = Pianist, singer
| instrument = Piano
| years_active = <!-- YYYY–YYYY (or –present) -->
| years_active = <!-- YYYY–YYYY (or –present) -->
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = <!-- {{URL|www.example.com}} -->
| website = <!-- {{URL|www.example.com}} -->
| module =
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}}


'''Wilhelmina Madison Goodson''', known professionally as '''Billie Pierce''' (June 8, 1907 &ndash; September 29, 1974) was an American [[jazz]] pianist and singer, who performed and recorded with her husband [[De De Pierce]].<ref name="Dead"/> Her style has been described as a "potent mixture of barrelhouse, [[boogie-woogie]], and [[ragtime]]".<ref>Muir, John. ''Encyclopedia of the Blues: K-Z'', s.v. “Pierce, Billie.” New York: Routledge, 2006.</ref> After settling in New Orleans in 1930, she played in the bands of [[Armand J. Piron|A.J. Piron]], [[Alphonse Picou]], [[Emile Barnes]], and [[George Lewis (clarinetist)|George Lewis]].<ref name="Dead" />
'''Wilhelmina Madison Goodson''' (June 8, 1907 – September 29, 1974), known professionally as '''Billie Pierce''', was an American [[jazz]] pianist and singer, who performed and recorded with her husband [[De De Pierce]].<ref name="Dead" /> Her style has been described as a "potent mixture of barrelhouse, [[boogie-woogie]], and [[ragtime]]".<ref>Muir, John. ''Encyclopedia of the Blues: K-Z'', s.v. "Pierce, Billie." New York: Routledge, 2006.</ref> After settling in New Orleans in 1930, she played in the bands of [[Armand J. Piron|A.J. Piron]], [[Alphonse Picou]], [[Emile Barnes]], and [[George Lewis (clarinetist)|George Lewis]].<ref name="Dead" />


== Early life ==
== Early life ==
[[File:De De & Billie Pierce, New Orleans Jazz musicians.jpg|thumb|De De & Billie Pierce, 1970s]]
Wilhelmina (Billie) Goodson was born on June 8, 1907 in her mother's home town of [[Marianna, Florida]], United States,<ref name="Dead" /> and grew up in [[Pensacola, Florida]]. She was one of six piano-playing sisters (including [[Ida Goodson]] and Sadie Goodson) whose father, Madison H. Goodson, and mother, Sarah Jenkins Goodson, also played the piano.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Notable Black Women|last=Smith|first=Jessie|publisher=Gale Research Inc.|year=1996|isbn=9780810347496|location=Detroit, Michigan|pages=523|url=https://archive.org/details/notableblackamer00jess_0}}</ref> There was a seventh daughter, Maggie, who died young. Billie was the second youngest of the girls; the order of the sisters from oldest to youngest went Mabel (b. 1899), Della (1901), Sadie (1903), Edna (1904), Billie (1907), and Ida (1909).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://home.nps.gov/jazz/learn/historyculture/upload/New_Orleans_Jazzwomen_RS-2.pdf|title=A Feminist Perspective of New Orleans Jazzwomen|last=Tucker|first=Sherrie|publisher=National Park Service|year=2004|location=New Orleans|pages=337–348}}</ref>
Wilhelmina (Billie) Goodson was born on June 8, 1907, in her mother's home town of [[Marianna, Florida]],<ref name="Dead" /> and grew up in [[Pensacola, Florida]]. She was one of six piano-playing sisters (including [[Ida Goodson]] and Sadie Goodson) whose father, Madison H. Goodson, and mother, Sarah Jenkins Goodson, also played the piano.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Notable Black Women|last=Smith|first=Jessie|publisher=Gale Research Inc.|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8103-4749-6|location=Detroit, Michigan|pages=523|url=https://archive.org/details/notableblackamer00jess_0}}</ref> There was a seventh daughter, Maggie, who died young. Billie was the second youngest of the girls; the order of the sisters from oldest to youngest went Mabel (b. 1899), Della (1901), Sadie (1903), Edna (1904), Billie (1907), and Ida (1909).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://home.nps.gov/jazz/learn/historyculture/upload/New_Orleans_Jazzwomen_RS-2.pdf|title=A Feminist Perspective of New Orleans Jazzwomen|last=Tucker|first=Sherrie|publisher=National Park Service|year=2004|location=New Orleans|pages=337–348}}</ref>


Goodson was never formally trained to read music. Both of her parents musicians, they played hymns and sang in the choir at the Baptist church where Madison Goodson was a Deacon. According to Billie, she was about two years old when she first started to play the piano.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Ashenfelder|first=Michael|date=2007-08-13|title=New Orleans Piano Players (review)|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/219278|journal=Notes|language=en|volume=64|issue=1|pages=135–137|doi=10.1353/not.2007.0101|s2cid=191518089|issn=1534-150X}}</ref>
Goodson was never formally trained to read music. Both of her parents musicians, they played hymns and sang in the choir at the Baptist church where Madison Goodson was a Deacon. According to Billie, she was about two years old when she first started to play the piano.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Ashenfelder|first=Michael|date=August 13, 2007|title=New Orleans Piano Players (review)|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/219278|journal=Notes|language=en|volume=64|issue=1|pages=135–137|doi=10.1353/not.2007.0101|s2cid=191518089|issn=1534-150X}}</ref>


Though her parents disapproved of ragtime, blues, and jazz, only playing religious music, Billie and her sisters were drawn to it. When Ms. Pierce was about ten years old, she and her sisters would go down to the Belmont Theatre to listen to [[Ma Rainey]], [[Ida Cox]], and [[Bessie Smith]] when they passed through [[Pensacola, Florida]]. In 1922, when Ms. Pierce was almost thirteen, [[Bessie Smith]] passed through town again. Bessie's pianist, [[Clarence Williams (musician)|Clarence Williams]], suffered a heart attack and Ms. Pierce subbed in to played piano with [[Bessie Smith]] for two weeks at the Belmont Theatre.<ref name=":1" />
Though her parents disapproved of ragtime, blues, and jazz, only playing religious music, Billie and her sisters were drawn to it. When Ms. Pierce was about ten years old, she and her sisters would go down to the Belmont Theatre to listen to [[Ma Rainey]], [[Ida Cox]], and [[Bessie Smith]] when they passed through [[Pensacola, Florida]]. In 1922, when Ms. Pierce was almost thirteen, [[Bessie Smith]] passed through town again. Bessie's pianist, [[Clarence Williams (musician)|Clarence Williams]], suffered a heart attack and Ms. Pierce subbed in to played piano with [[Bessie Smith]] for two weeks at the Belmont Theatre.<ref name=":1" />
Line 40: Line 33:
== Career ==
== Career ==


At the age of 15 (in 1922), Pierce began playing piano professionally. Some accounts claim she toured with [[Ma Rainey|Gertrude "Ma" Rainey]];<ref>{{Cite book|title=The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz, Vol. 3|last=Kernfeld|first=Barry|publisher=Macmillan|year=1988|isbn=9780333691892|pages=292}}</ref> however, during this time she was actually accompanying [[Ida Cox]] at the Belmont Theatre.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-2002009981|title=Pierce, Billie (jazz) {{!}} Grove Music|year=2003|language=en|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.j2009981|access-date=2018-02-28|last1=Kernfeld|first1=Barry}}</ref> After her time accompanying Ms. Cox, Billie toured as a singer, dancer, and pianist.<ref name=":2" /> At the beginning of the 1920s, Billie would only accompany bands on the Florida leg of their tours. In 1929, she was working in a nine-piece band named the Nighthawks Orchestra in [[Birmingham, Alabama]] when she heard that her sister, Sadie, had fallen ill and needed a temporary replacement. Sadie and her husband, Abbey "Chinee" Foster on drums, in [[Buddie Petit|Buddy Petit]]'s band on the SS Madison in [[New Orleans]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Jazz|last1=Feather|first1=Leonard|last2=Gitler|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1999|isbn=978-0195320008|location=New York|pages=529}}</ref>
At the age of 15 (in 1922), Pierce began playing piano professionally. Some accounts claim she toured with [[Ma Rainey|Gertrude "Ma" Rainey]];<ref>{{Cite book|title=The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz, Vol. 3|last=Kernfeld|first=Barry|publisher=Macmillan|year=1988|isbn=978-0-333-69189-2|pages=292}}</ref> however, during this time she was actually accompanying [[Ida Cox]] at the Belmont Theatre.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-2002009981|title=Pierce, Billie (jazz) {{!}} Grove Music|year=2003|language=en|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.j2009981|access-date=February 28, 2018|last1=Kernfeld|first1=Barry}}</ref> After her time accompanying Ms. Cox, Billie toured as a singer, dancer, and pianist.<ref name=":2" /> At the beginning of the 1920s, Billie would only accompany bands on the Florida leg of their tours. In 1929, she was working in a nine-piece band named the Nighthawks Orchestra in [[Birmingham, Alabama]] when she heard that her sister, Sadie, had fallen ill and needed a temporary replacement. Sadie and her husband, Abbey "Chinee" Foster on drums, in [[Buddie Petit|Buddy Petit]]'s band on the SS Madison in [[New Orleans]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Jazz|last1=Feather|first1=Leonard|last2=Gitler|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-532000-8|location=New York|pages=529}}</ref>


Pierce settled in New Orleans in 1930. By the 1930s, she was leading a four-piece group at the Kingfish (also known as the Pig Pen).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1802877|title=Pierce, De De (1904-1973), jazz musicians {{!}} American National Biography|website=www.anb.org|language=en|doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1802877|access-date=2019-04-08}}</ref> Pierce toured more widely with the Mighty Wiggle Carnival (owned by Jack Shaffer),<ref name=":0" /> Joe Jesse's orchestra, and her own touring review.<ref name=":2" />
Pierce settled in New Orleans in 1930. By the 1930s, she was leading a four-piece group at the Kingfish (also known as the Pig Pen).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1802877|title=Pierce, De De (1904–1973), jazz musicians {{!}} American National Biography|website=www.anb.org|language=en|doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1802877|isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 |access-date=April 8, 2019}}</ref> Pierce toured more widely with the Mighty Wiggle Carnival (owned by Jack Shaffer),<ref name=":0" /> Joe Jesse's orchestra, and her own touring review.<ref name=":2" />


In 1932, she played piano with [[Alphonse Picou]]'s five-piece (along with Johnny Dave, banjo; Ernest Milton, drums; Picou, clarinet; Lawrence Toca trumpet) at the Rialto Nightclub on Jefferson Davis Parkway for a couple of years.<ref name=":0" /> She performed at the Blue Jay Club, where she met trumpeter [[De De Pierce]], who at the time was playing with a band led by Billie’s sister at Mama's and Papa's, a nearby club.<ref name=":3" /> From 1933 to 1934, she and De De were members of a band including clarinetist, [[George Lewis (clarinetist)|George Lewis]], at a dime-a-dance hall, the Kingfish.<ref name=":2" /> Billie and De De married on March 28, 1935 at St. Peter Claver Church.<ref name=":0" />
In 1932, she played piano with [[Alphonse Picou]]'s five-piece (along with Johnny Dave, banjo; Ernest Milton, drums; Picou, clarinet; Lawrence Toca trumpet) at the Rialto Nightclub on Jefferson Davis Parkway for a couple of years.<ref name=":0" /> She performed at the Blue Jay Club, where she met trumpeter [[De De Pierce]], who at the time was playing with a band led by Billie's sister at Mama's and Papa's, a nearby club.<ref name=":3" /> From 1933 to 1934, she and De De were members of a band including clarinetist, [[George Lewis (clarinetist)|George Lewis]], at a dime-a-dance hall, the Kingfish.<ref name=":2" /> Billie and De De married on March 28, 1935, at St. Peter Claver Church.<ref name=":0" />


Billie Pierce first recorded with [[Emile Barnes]] in 1946 (issued in 1997) and under her own name in 1953.<ref name=":2" />
Billie Pierce first recorded with [[Emile Barnes]] in 1946 (issued in 1997) and under her own name in 1953.<ref name=":2" />


Billie and De De Pierce played with their own ensemble, which served as the [[house band]] at Luthjen's Dance Hall on and off for 24 years.<ref name=":0" /> Billie led the band with the piano and vocals. De De lost his vision due to glaucoma in the 1950s around the same time that Billie suffered a stroke, which paralyzed her for several months, putting a temporary hold on their career.<ref name=":0" /> Their careers picked up again in the 1960s as [[Dixieland|Dixieland jazz]] experienced a revival.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biographical Dictionary of Afro-American and African Musicians|last=Southern|first=Eileen|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1982|isbn=9780313213397|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00sout/page/307 307]|url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00sout/page/307}}</ref> She was a regular on the [[Dixieland|New Orleans jazz]] scene in the 1950s through the early 1970s, playing in the [[Preservation Hall Jazz Band]].<ref name="Dead" />
Billie and De De Pierce played with their own ensemble, which served as the [[house band]] at Luthjen's Dance Hall on and off for 24 years.<ref name=":0" /> Billie led the band with the piano and vocals. De De lost his vision due to glaucoma in the 1950s around the same time that Billie suffered a stroke, which paralyzed her for several months, putting a temporary hold on their career.<ref name=":0" /> Their careers picked up again in the 1960s as [[Dixieland]] jazz experienced a revival.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biographical Dictionary of Afro-American and African Musicians|last=Southern|first=Eileen|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1982|isbn=978-0-313-21339-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00sout/page/307 307]|url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00sout/page/307}}</ref> She was a regular on the [[Dixieland|New Orleans jazz]] scene in the 1950s through the early 1970s, playing in the [[Preservation Hall Jazz Band]].<ref name="Dead" />


Pierce died on September 29, 1974, in [[New Orleans]], Louisiana, at the age of 67.<ref name=":2" /> Her husband had died the previous November, aged 69.<ref name="Dead">{{cite web|url=http://thedeadrockstarsclub.com/1970.html|title=The Dead Rock Stars Club : 1970|website=Thedeadrockstarsclub.com|access-date=2016-11-12}}</ref>
Pierce died on September 29, 1974, in [[New Orleans]], Louisiana, at the age of 67.<ref name=":2" /> Her husband had died the previous November, aged 69.<ref name="Dead">{{cite web|url=http://thedeadrockstarsclub.com/1970.html|title=The Dead Rock Stars Club : 1970|website=Thedeadrockstarsclub.com|access-date=November 12, 2016}}</ref>


==Discography==
== Discography ==
'''With [[De De Pierce]]'''
'''With [[De De Pierce]]'''
* ''Blues and Tonks from the Delta'' (Riverside, 1961)
* ''Blues and Tonks from the Delta'' (Riverside, 1961)
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* ''1960'' (G.H.B., 1994)
* ''1960'' (G.H.B., 1994)


==References==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


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[[Category:People from Marianna, Florida]]
[[Category:People from Marianna, Florida]]
[[Category:20th-century American women singers]]
[[Category:20th-century American women singers]]
[[Category:American female jazz singers]]
[[Category:American women jazz singers]]
[[Category:American jazz singers]]
[[Category:American jazz singers]]
[[Category:Women jazz pianists]]
[[Category:American women jazz pianists]]
[[Category:Preservation Hall Jazz Band members]]
[[Category:Preservation Hall Jazz Band members]]
[[Category:20th-century American singers]]
[[Category:20th-century American singers]]
[[Category:African-American Catholics]]
[[Category:African-American women musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American women singers]]

Latest revision as of 06:48, 5 April 2024

Billie Goodson Pierce
Pierce playing the piano with husband De De Pierce on trumpet in the background, 1949
Background information
BornJune 8, 1907
Marianna, Florida, U.S.
DiedSeptember 29, 1974(1974-09-29) (aged 67)
New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
GenresJazz
Occupation(s)Pianist, singer

Wilhelmina Madison Goodson (June 8, 1907 – September 29, 1974), known professionally as Billie Pierce, was an American jazz pianist and singer, who performed and recorded with her husband De De Pierce.[1] Her style has been described as a "potent mixture of barrelhouse, boogie-woogie, and ragtime".[2] After settling in New Orleans in 1930, she played in the bands of A.J. Piron, Alphonse Picou, Emile Barnes, and George Lewis.[1]

Early life

[edit]
De De & Billie Pierce, 1970s

Wilhelmina (Billie) Goodson was born on June 8, 1907, in her mother's home town of Marianna, Florida,[1] and grew up in Pensacola, Florida. She was one of six piano-playing sisters (including Ida Goodson and Sadie Goodson) whose father, Madison H. Goodson, and mother, Sarah Jenkins Goodson, also played the piano.[3] There was a seventh daughter, Maggie, who died young. Billie was the second youngest of the girls; the order of the sisters from oldest to youngest went Mabel (b. 1899), Della (1901), Sadie (1903), Edna (1904), Billie (1907), and Ida (1909).[4]

Goodson was never formally trained to read music. Both of her parents musicians, they played hymns and sang in the choir at the Baptist church where Madison Goodson was a Deacon. According to Billie, she was about two years old when she first started to play the piano.[5]

Though her parents disapproved of ragtime, blues, and jazz, only playing religious music, Billie and her sisters were drawn to it. When Ms. Pierce was about ten years old, she and her sisters would go down to the Belmont Theatre to listen to Ma Rainey, Ida Cox, and Bessie Smith when they passed through Pensacola, Florida. In 1922, when Ms. Pierce was almost thirteen, Bessie Smith passed through town again. Bessie's pianist, Clarence Williams, suffered a heart attack and Ms. Pierce subbed in to played piano with Bessie Smith for two weeks at the Belmont Theatre.[5]

Career

[edit]

At the age of 15 (in 1922), Pierce began playing piano professionally. Some accounts claim she toured with Gertrude "Ma" Rainey;[6] however, during this time she was actually accompanying Ida Cox at the Belmont Theatre.[7] After her time accompanying Ms. Cox, Billie toured as a singer, dancer, and pianist.[7] At the beginning of the 1920s, Billie would only accompany bands on the Florida leg of their tours. In 1929, she was working in a nine-piece band named the Nighthawks Orchestra in Birmingham, Alabama when she heard that her sister, Sadie, had fallen ill and needed a temporary replacement. Sadie and her husband, Abbey "Chinee" Foster on drums, in Buddy Petit's band on the SS Madison in New Orleans.[8]

Pierce settled in New Orleans in 1930. By the 1930s, she was leading a four-piece group at the Kingfish (also known as the Pig Pen).[9] Pierce toured more widely with the Mighty Wiggle Carnival (owned by Jack Shaffer),[4] Joe Jesse's orchestra, and her own touring review.[7]

In 1932, she played piano with Alphonse Picou's five-piece (along with Johnny Dave, banjo; Ernest Milton, drums; Picou, clarinet; Lawrence Toca trumpet) at the Rialto Nightclub on Jefferson Davis Parkway for a couple of years.[4] She performed at the Blue Jay Club, where she met trumpeter De De Pierce, who at the time was playing with a band led by Billie's sister at Mama's and Papa's, a nearby club.[9] From 1933 to 1934, she and De De were members of a band including clarinetist, George Lewis, at a dime-a-dance hall, the Kingfish.[7] Billie and De De married on March 28, 1935, at St. Peter Claver Church.[4]

Billie Pierce first recorded with Emile Barnes in 1946 (issued in 1997) and under her own name in 1953.[7]

Billie and De De Pierce played with their own ensemble, which served as the house band at Luthjen's Dance Hall on and off for 24 years.[4] Billie led the band with the piano and vocals. De De lost his vision due to glaucoma in the 1950s around the same time that Billie suffered a stroke, which paralyzed her for several months, putting a temporary hold on their career.[4] Their careers picked up again in the 1960s as Dixieland jazz experienced a revival.[10] She was a regular on the New Orleans jazz scene in the 1950s through the early 1970s, playing in the Preservation Hall Jazz Band.[1]

Pierce died on September 29, 1974, in New Orleans, Louisiana, at the age of 67.[7] Her husband had died the previous November, aged 69.[1]

Discography

[edit]

With De De Pierce

  • Blues and Tonks from the Delta (Riverside, 1961)
  • Vocal Blues and Cornet in the Classic Tradition (Riverside, 1961)
  • Jazz at Preservation Hall 2 (Atlantic, 1963)
  • New Orleans' Billie & De De and Their Preservation Hall Jazz Band (Preservation Hall 1966)
  • New Orleans Jazz (Arhoolie, 1971)
  • Billie and De De Pierce at Luthjen's (Center, 1976)
  • 1960 (G.H.B., 1994)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "The Dead Rock Stars Club : 1970". Thedeadrockstarsclub.com. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
  2. ^ Muir, John. Encyclopedia of the Blues: K-Z, s.v. "Pierce, Billie." New York: Routledge, 2006.
  3. ^ Smith, Jessie (1996). Notable Black Women. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Inc. p. 523. ISBN 978-0-8103-4749-6.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Tucker, Sherrie (2004). A Feminist Perspective of New Orleans Jazzwomen (PDF). New Orleans: National Park Service. pp. 337–348.
  5. ^ a b Ashenfelder, Michael (August 13, 2007). "New Orleans Piano Players (review)". Notes. 64 (1): 135–137. doi:10.1353/not.2007.0101. ISSN 1534-150X. S2CID 191518089.
  6. ^ Kernfeld, Barry (1988). The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz, Vol. 3. Macmillan. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-333-69189-2.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Kernfeld, Barry (2003). "Pierce, Billie (jazz) | Grove Music". doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.j2009981. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
  8. ^ Feather, Leonard; Gitler (1999). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Jazz. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 529. ISBN 978-0-19-532000-8.
  9. ^ a b "Pierce, De De (1904–1973), jazz musicians | American National Biography". www.anb.org. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1802877. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
  10. ^ Southern, Eileen (1982). Biographical Dictionary of Afro-American and African Musicians. Greenwood Press. pp. 307. ISBN 978-0-313-21339-7.
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