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{{Short description|Surname in the Indian subcontinent}}
{{Mergefrom|Chaudhri|Chaudhri (surname)|Chaudhari (surname)|Chaudhary|date=April 2024|discuss=Talk:Chowdhury#Merging several articles}}{{Short description|Surname in the Indian subcontinent}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Redirect|Chaudhry|the fifth Prime Minister of Fiji|Mahendra Chaudhry}}
{{Infobox surname
{{Infobox surname
|name = Chowdhury
|name = Chowdhury
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|region = Indian subcontinent
|region = Indian subcontinent
|origin =
|origin =
|variant = [[Chaudhary]], Chaudri, Choudhary, Chaudhry, Chowdary, Chowdhary, Chaudry, Choudary, Choudhry, Chaudhuri, Chaudhari, Chudhry, Choudhari, Choudhury, Chowdhuri, Chowduri, Chaudhurani, Choudhurani, Chowdhurani, Chowdhrani, Choudhrani, Chaudhrani.
|variant = [[Chaudhary]], Chaudri, Choudhary, Chaudhry, Chowdary, Chowdhry, Chowdhary, Chaudry, Choudary, Choudhry, Chaudhuri, Chaudhari, Chudhry, Choudhari, Choudhury, Chowdhuri, Chowduri, Chaudhurani, Choudhurani, Chowdhurani, Chowdhrani, Choudhrani, Chaudhrani.
|footnotes =
|footnotes =
}}
}}


'''Chowdhury''' is a title of honour, usually hereditary, originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How well do you know about the origins of some Indian Occupational Surnames?|url=https://www.thebizdom.in/how-well-do-you-know-about-the-origins-of-some-indian-occupational-surnames/ |publisher=TheBizdom |date=22 February 2020 |access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Sourcing from reputable publication and author is preferred|date=February 2022}} It is an adaption from [[Sanskrit]]. During the [[Mughal rule]], it was a title awarded to eminent people, while during [[British rule]], the term was associated with [[zamindar]]s and social leaders. The common female equivalent was Chowdhurani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karim |first=Elita |date=August 1, 2008 |title=A Dedicated Educationist |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2008/08/01/history.htm |department=History |work=Star Weekend Magazine |volume=7 |issue=31 |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202130631/http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2008/08/01/history.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many landlords under the [[Permanent Settlement]] carried this surname.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} Land reforms after the [[partition of India]] abolished the permanent settlement.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} In modern times, the term is a common South Asian surname for both males and females.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
'''Chowdhury''' is a title of honour, usually hereditary, originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="Hanks"/> It is an adaption from [[Sanskrit]]. During the [[Mughal rule]], it was a title awarded to eminent people, while during [[British rule]], the term was associated with [[zamindar]]s and social leaders. The common female equivalent was Chowdhurani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karim |first=Elita |date=August 1, 2008 |title=A Dedicated Educationist |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2008/08/01/history.htm |department=History |work=Star Weekend Magazine |volume=7 |issue=31 |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202130631/http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2008/08/01/history.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==Meaning and significance==
==Meaning==
"Chowdhury" is a term adapted from the [[Sanskrit]] words ''čatus'' "four-way, all-round" and ''dhurīya'' "undertaking a burden", denoting the head of a community or caste.<ref name="Hanks" >{{cite encyclopedia |last=Hanks |first=Patrick |title=Chowdhury |date=17 November 2016|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199677764.001.0001/acref-9780199677764-e-07692 |access-date= |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199677764.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-967776-4 |oclc= |last2=Coates |first2=Richard |last3=McClure |first3=Peter |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
"Chowdhury" is a term adapted from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''caturdhara'', literally "holder of four" (four denoting a measure of land), from ''chatur'' ("four") and ''dhara'' ("holder" or "possessor").<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=chaudhury|title=Chaudhury Name Meaning & Chaudhury Family History at Ancestry.com|website=www.ancestry.com}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2022}} The name is a Sanskrit term denoting the head of a community or caste.<ref name="Hanks" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://surnames.behindthename.com/name/chaudhary/submitted|title=User-submitted surname Choudhry|last=Campbell|first=Mike|website=Behind the Name|access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2022}}{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2022|reason=See [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 266#Behindthename.com?]] and [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 39#Behind the Name]]}} It was a title awarded to persons of eminence, including both Muslims and Hindus, during the [[Mughal Empire]]. It was also used as a title by military commanders responsible for four separate forces, including the cavalry, navy, infantry and elephant corps.<ref name="Hanks"/> These people belonged to the [[zamindar]] families in [[British India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DfeBAAAAMAAJ&q=chowdhury+title+brahmin|page=204|publisher=Anthropology Survey of India|year = 2002}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=January 2022}}

==Significance==
It was a title awarded to persons of eminence, including both Muslims and Hindus, during the [[Mughal Empire]]. It was also used as a title by military commanders responsible for four separate forces, including the cavalry, navy, infantry and elephant corps.<ref name="Hanks"/> These people belonged to the [[zamindar]] families in [[British India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DfeBAAAAMAAJ&q=chowdhury+title+brahmin|page=204|publisher=Anthropology Survey of India|year = 2002}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=January 2022}} Many landlords under the [[Permanent Settlement]] carried this surname.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} Land reforms after the [[partition of India]] abolished the permanent settlement.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} In modern times, the term is a common South Asian surname for both males and females.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}


===Regional ===
===Regional ===



In the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]], the titular ''[[Raja]]s'' of the [[Bohmong Circle]] and [[Mong Circle]] have the surname Chowdhury.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ext.bd.undp.org/insidestory/Lists/InsideStoryEventsMaster/DispForm.aspx?ID=110|title=InsideStoryEventsMaster - Raj Punyah Ceremony Held Both in Bandarban...|website=ext.bd.undp.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-71831|title=Saching Prue new Mong King|date=18 January 2009|website=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Feature: 'Kingdom' system in Bangladesh's Chittagong Hill Tracts still in force |url=http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90851/6553229.html |access-date=4 March 2022 |work=people.cn |date=15 December 2008 |archive-date=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628220349/http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90851/6553229.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unpo.org/article/14112|title=UNPO: Chittagong Hill Tracts: Stalemate For Land Commission|website=unpo.org}}</ref>
In the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]], the titular ''[[Raja]]s'' of the [[Bohmong Circle]] and [[Mong Circle]] have the surname Chowdhury.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ext.bd.undp.org/insidestory/Lists/InsideStoryEventsMaster/DispForm.aspx?ID=110|title=InsideStoryEventsMaster - Raj Punyah Ceremony Held Both in Bandarban...|website=ext.bd.undp.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-71831|title=Saching Prue new Mong King|date=18 January 2009|website=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Feature: 'Kingdom' system in Bangladesh's Chittagong Hill Tracts still in force |url=http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90851/6553229.html |access-date=4 March 2022 |work=people.cn |date=15 December 2008 |archive-date=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628220349/http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90851/6553229.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unpo.org/article/14112|title=UNPO: Chittagong Hill Tracts: Stalemate For Land Commission|website=unpo.org}}</ref>
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The [[Bengali Muslim]] Mirashdars{{NoteTag|''Mirashdar'' is a term referring to a landowner who pays taxes directly to the government.<ref>{{cite book|last=Laskar|first=Nitish Ranjan|title=Mahishya Das of Cachar and their Social Background|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjRuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Mirashdar,+he+being+a+land+holder+in+his+own+right+and+paying+revenue+direct+to+the+Govt%22|series=Proceedings of North East India History Association|year=1985|publisher=North East India History Association|page=456}}</ref>}} living in the former [[Kachari Kingdom]] were given titles by the Kachari Raja, which in modern-day acts as a surname for them.<ref name=heads>{{cite book|title=Principal Heads of the History and Statistics of the Dacca Division|chapter=Cachar District: Statement No. XVIII: Glossary of Local Terms |pages=406–408|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/principalheadsh00unkngoog/page/n419|year=1868|location=[[Calcutta]]|author=E M Lewis|publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company}}</ref>
The [[Bengali Muslim]] Mirashdars{{NoteTag|''Mirashdar'' is a term referring to a landowner who pays taxes directly to the government.<ref>{{cite book|last=Laskar|first=Nitish Ranjan|title=Mahishya Das of Cachar and their Social Background|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjRuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Mirashdar,+he+being+a+land+holder+in+his+own+right+and+paying+revenue+direct+to+the+Govt%22|series=Proceedings of North East India History Association|year=1985|publisher=North East India History Association|page=456}}</ref>}} living in the former [[Kachari Kingdom]] were given titles by the Kachari Raja, which in modern-day acts as a surname for them.<ref name=heads>{{cite book|title=Principal Heads of the History and Statistics of the Dacca Division|chapter=Cachar District: Statement No. XVIII: Glossary of Local Terms |pages=406–408|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/principalheadsh00unkngoog/page/n419|year=1868|location=[[Calcutta]]|author=E M Lewis|publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company}}</ref>


In Bihar, the [[Pasi (caste)|Pasi]] are also known as the ''Chaudhary'', a community traditionally connected with [[toddy tapping]].<ref name="S Gopal pages 759">People of India Bihar Volume XVI Part Two edited by S Gopal & Hetukar Jha pages 759 to 765 Seagull Books</ref>
In Bihar, the [[Pasi (caste)|Pasi]] are also known as the ''Chaudhary'', a community traditionally connected with [[toddy tapping]].<ref name="S Gopal pages 759">People of India Bihar Volume XVI Part Two edited by S Gopal & Hetukar Jha pages 759 to 765 Seagull Books</ref>


In [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], Chaudhary surname is mainly used by [[Jats|Jat]] community while some other caste also using it are [[Gurjar|Gurjars]], [[Ahir|Ahirs]], etc. This surname is popular in North India and it conveys honour and strength.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surname Choudhary: Meaning Origin Variants |url=https://www.igenea.com/en/surnames/c/choudhary |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=www.igenea.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhindar |first=Imran |title=FROM SIALKOT TO VANCOUVER |publisher=Lulu Chaudhary |year=2018 |isbn=9781642547917 |pages=28 |language=En-US}}</ref> It is typically used as a prefix before the given name, often represented by the prefix 'Ch' such as [[Charan Singh|Ch. Charan Singh]], 5th prime minister of India and [[Devi Lal|Ch. Devi Lal]], 6th deputy prime minister of India.
Many Marwaris coming from [[Agarwal]] and [[Maheshwari]] sub community also use surname as [[Choudhary]] or [[Chaudhary]].


Many [[Prajapati]] [[Kumhar|Kumhars]] also use surname as [[Chaudhary]]. They use prefix 'Ch' before the given name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhartiya |first=Ranjeet |date=2021-10-02 |title=अलग-अलग राज्यों में कुम्हार जाति उपजातियां और समुदाय के बारे में विवरण |url=https://jankaritoday.com/surname-of-kumhar-caste/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Jankari Today |language=en-GB}}</ref>
Many [[Prajapati]] [[Kumhar|Kumhars]] also use surname as [[Chaudhary]]. They use prefix 'Ch' before the given name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhartiya |first=Ranjeet |date=2021-10-02 |title=अलग-अलग राज्यों में कुम्हार जाति उपजातियां और समुदाय के बारे में विवरण |url=https://jankaritoday.com/surname-of-kumhar-caste/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Jankari Today |language=en-GB}}</ref>


[[Deshastha Brahmin]]s and [[Kamma (caste)|Kammas]] from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana who got this as a title during [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahis of Golconda]] and [[Nizams of Hyderabad]] also use Chowdhari or Chowdhury as their surnames.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gaikwad |first1=V. R. |last2=Tripathy |first2=Ram Niranjan |title=Socio-psychological Factors Influencing Industrial Entrepreneurship in Rural Areas: A Case Study in Tanuku Region of West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh |date=1970 |publisher=National Institute of Community Development |pages=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sb4tAAAAMAAJ&q=Socio-psychological%20Factors%20Influencing%20Industrial%20Entrepreneurship%20in%20Rural%20Areas%20A%20Case%20Study%20in%20Tanuku%20Region%20of%20West%20Godavari,%20Andhra%20Pradesh |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5gzTp13AXQC&pg=PA112|title=State and Society: A Reader in Comparative Political Sociology|author=Coenraad M. Brand|year=1973|page=112|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520024908 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealing the missing links|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2016-07-24/Revealing-the-missing-links/244188|publisher=Hans India|date=24 July 2016}}</ref>
[[Deshastha Brahmin]]s and [[Kamma (caste)|Kammas]] from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana who got this as a title during [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahis of Golconda]] and [[Nizams of Hyderabad]] also use Chowdhari or Chowdhury as their surnames.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gaikwad |first1=V. R. |last2=Tripathy |first2=Ram Niranjan |title=Socio-psychological Factors Influencing Industrial Entrepreneurship in Rural Areas: A Case Study in Tanuku Region of West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh |date=1970 |publisher=National Institute of Community Development |pages=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sb4tAAAAMAAJ&q=Socio-psychological%20Factors%20Influencing%20Industrial%20Entrepreneurship%20in%20Rural%20Areas%20A%20Case%20Study%20in%20Tanuku%20Region%20of%20West%20Godavari,%20Andhra%20Pradesh |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5gzTp13AXQC&pg=PA112|title=State and Society: A Reader in Comparative Political Sociology|author=Coenraad M. Brand|year=1973|page=112|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520024908 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealing the missing links|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2016-07-24/Revealing-the-missing-links/244188|publisher=Hans India|date=24 July 2016}}</ref>

In the [[Punjab]], Chaudhary is used by several [[List of Punjabi tribes|Punjabi tribes]]. It is typically used as a prefix before the given name, often represented by the prefix 'Ch'.


==Alternate spellings==
==Alternate spellings==
Its alternate spellings include: Chaudhary, Chaudri, [[Chaudhri (surname)|Chaudhri]], Choudhary, Chaudhry, Chowdary, Chowdhary, Chaudry, Choudary, Choudhry, Chaudhuri, Chaudhari, Chudhry, Choudhari, Choudhury, Chowdhuri and Chowdury.<ref name="Hanks">{{cite book|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AyDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA501|page=501|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|author=Patrick Hanks, Richard Coates, Peter McClure|isbn = 9780192527479}}</ref> The female equivalent is Chaudhurani and alternate spellings include: Choudhurani, Chowdhurani, Chowdhrani, Choudhrani, Chaudhrani.
Its alternate spellings include: Chaudhary, Chaudri, [[Chaudhri (surname)|Chaudhri]], Choudhary, Chaudhry, Chowdary, Chowdhary, Chaudry, Choudary, Choudhry, Chaudhuri, Chaudhari, Chudhry, Choudhari, Choudhury, Chowdhuri and Chowdury.<ref name="Hanks"/> The female equivalent is Chaudhurani and alternate spellings include: Choudhurani, Chowdhurani, Chowdhrani, Choudhrani, Chaudhrani.


==Notable people==
==Notable people==
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[[File:Faizunnesa.jpg|thumb|[[Faizunnesa Choudhurani]]]]
[[File:Faizunnesa.jpg|thumb|[[Faizunnesa Choudhurani]]]]
[[File:Saheb Qiblah.gif|thumb|[[Abdul Latif Chowdhury Fultali]]]]
[[File:Saheb Qiblah.gif|thumb|[[Abdul Latif Chowdhury Fultali]]]]

[[File:Abdul Hamid Chowdhury.jpg|thumb|[[Abdul Hamid Chowdhury]]]]
[[File:Abdul Hamid Chowdhury.jpg|thumb|[[Abdul Hamid Chowdhury]]]]
[[File:Tawfiq-e-Elahi Chowdhury.jpg|thumb|Dr. [[Tawfiq-e-Elahi Chowdhury]]]]
[[File:Tawfiq-e-Elahi Chowdhury.jpg|thumb|Dr. [[Tawfiq-e-Elahi Chowdhury]]]]
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[[File:HabibullahBaharChowdhury.jpg|thumb|[[Habibullah Bahar Chowdhury]]]]
[[File:HabibullahBaharChowdhury.jpg|thumb|[[Habibullah Bahar Chowdhury]]]]
[[File:Abu Sayeed Chowdhury at the office of the Vice-Chancellor of Dacca University, November 1970.png|thumb|[[Abu Sayeed Chowdhury]]]]
[[File:Abu Sayeed Chowdhury at the office of the Vice-Chancellor of Dacca University, November 1970.png|thumb|[[Abu Sayeed Chowdhury]]]]
[[File:Mohammad Ali of Bogra.jpg|thumb|[[Mohammad Ali Bogra|Syed Mohammad Ali Chowdhury]]]]
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Mohammad Ali of Bogra.jpg|thumb|[[Mohammad Ali Bogra|Syed Mohammad Ali Chowdhury]]]] -->
[[File:মাওলানা মুহাম্মদ হুছামুদ্দীন চৌধুরী ফুলতলী.jpg|thumb|[[Husam Uddin Chowdhury Fultali]]]]
[[File:মাওলানা মুহাম্মদ হুছামুদ্দীন চৌধুরী ফুলতলী.jpg|thumb|[[Husam Uddin Chowdhury Fultali]]]]
* Justice [[A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury]], 9th President of Bangladesh
* Justice [[A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury]], 9th President of Bangladesh
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* [[Aminul Islam Chowdhury]] (born 1921), founding chairman of [[Chittagong Chamber of Commerce & Industry]]
* [[Aminul Islam Chowdhury]] (born 1921), founding chairman of [[Chittagong Chamber of Commerce & Industry]]
* [[Amir Khasru Mahmud Chowdhury]] (born 1949), former Minister of Commerce
* [[Amir Khasru Mahmud Chowdhury]] (born 1949), former Minister of Commerce
* [[Amirul Islam Chowdhury]] (born 1942), 7th vice-chancellor of [[Jahangirnagar University]] and former president of [[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]
* [[Amirul Islam Chowdhury]] (born 1942), 7th vice-chancellor of [[Jahangirnagar University]] and former president of [[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]
* [[Anisul Haque Chowdhury (Rangpur politician)|Anisul Haque Chowdhury]] (1926–2011), politician
* [[Anisul Haque Chowdhury (Rangpur politician)|Anisul Haque Chowdhury]] (1926–2011), politician
* [[Anisul Haque Chowdhury (Dinajpur politician)|Anisul Haque Chowdhury Rizu]], politician
* [[Anisul Haque Chowdhury (Dinajpur politician)|Anisul Haque Chowdhury Rizu]], politician
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* [[Anwarul Kabir Chowdhury]], former parliamentarian
* [[Anwarul Kabir Chowdhury]], former parliamentarian
* [[Anwarul Karim Chowdhury]] (born 1943), former UN Under Secretary General
* [[Anwarul Karim Chowdhury]] (born 1943), former UN Under Secretary General
* [[Ariful Haque Choudhury]] (born 1959), former Mayor of [[Sylhet]]
* [[Ariful Haque Choudhury]] (born 1959), former mayor of [[Sylhet]]
* [[Ayesha Bedora Choudhury]] (1935–1971), doctor
* [[Ayesha Bedora Choudhury]] (1935–1971), doctor
* [[Azizul Haque Choudhury]], politician
* [[Azizul Haque Choudhury]], politician
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* [[Golam Ali Chowdhury]], Zamindar of Haturia and philanthropist
* [[Golam Ali Chowdhury]], Zamindar of Haturia and philanthropist
* [[Golam Jilani Chowdhury]], former chairman of Sunamganj District Council
* [[Golam Jilani Chowdhury]], former chairman of Sunamganj District Council
* [[A.K. Golam Jilani|A.K. Golam Jilani Chowdhury]] (1904–1932), independence revolutionary
* [[Golam Mabud|Golam Mabud Chowdhury]] (born 1984), Sylhet Division cricketer
* [[Golam Mohiuddin Chowdhury]], retired major general
* [[Golam Mohiuddin Chowdhury]], retired major general
* [[Golam Wahed Choudhury]] (1926–1997), Bangladeshi diplomat and political scientist
* [[Gulzar Ahmed Chowdhury]] (1937–2019), politician
* [[Gulzar Ahmed Chowdhury]] (1937–2019), politician
* [[Hamidul Huq Choudhury]] (1901–1992), former Minister of Foreign Affairs
* [[Hamidul Huq Choudhury]] (1901–1992), former Minister of Foreign Affairs
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* [[Mafiz Ali Chowdhury]] (1919–1994), former Minister of Natural Wealth, Science and Technology Research and Atomic Energy
* [[Mafiz Ali Chowdhury]] (1919–1994), former Minister of Natural Wealth, Science and Technology Research and Atomic Energy
* [[Mahbub Kabir Chowdhury]], politician
* [[Mahbub Kabir Chowdhury]], politician
* [[Mahmudul Islam Chowdhury]] (born 1950), former Mayor of Chittagong
* [[Mahmudul Islam Chowdhury]] (born 1950), former mayor of Chittagong
* [[Mahmudul Karim Chowdhury]] (1938–2005), president of Bangladesh Fisherman's Society
* [[Mahmudul Karim Chowdhury]] (1938–2005), president of Bangladesh Fisherman's Society
* [[Mahmud Us Samad Chowdhury]], former [[Member of parliament#Bangladesh|MP]] for [[Sylhet-3]]
* [[Mahmud Us Samad Chowdhury]], former [[Member of parliament#Bangladesh|MP]] for [[Sylhet-3]]
Line 157: Line 156:
* [[Mifta Uddin Chowdhury Rumi]], former High Court justice
* [[Mifta Uddin Chowdhury Rumi]], former High Court justice
* [[Md. Miftah Uddin Choudhury|Miftah Uddin Choudhury]] (born 1955), former High Court judge
* [[Md. Miftah Uddin Choudhury|Miftah Uddin Choudhury]] (born 1955), former High Court judge
* [[Mina Zaman Chowdhury]] Jatiya Party (Ershad) politician and the former Member of Bangladesh Parliament
* [[Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury]] (1928–2006), fifth Prime Minister of Bangladesh
* [[Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury]] (1928–2006), fifth Prime Minister of Bangladesh
* [[Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury (Jamaat-e-Islami politician)|Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury]] (died 2013), leader of [[Mujib Bahini]] Jaldhaka branch
* [[Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury (Jamaat-e-Islami politician)|Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury]] (died 2013), leader of [[Mujib Bahini]] Jaldhaka branch
* [[Moazzem Ahmed Chowdhury]], former MNA
* [[Moazzem Ahmed Chowdhury]], former MNA
* [[Mofazzal Hossain Chowdhury]] (born 1948), former Minister of Shipping
* [[Mofazzal Hossain Chowdhury]] (born 1948), former Minister of Shipping
* [[Mohammad Abdul Jalil|Mohammad Abdul Jalil Choudhury]] (1942–1989), co-founder of [[Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal]]
* [[Mokhlechhar Rahman Chowdhury]], politician
* [[Mokhlechhar Rahman Chowdhury]], politician
* [[Monirul Haq Chowdhury]] (born 1946), advisor to BNP Chairman
* [[Monirul Haq Chowdhury]] (born 1946), advisor to BNP Chairman
Line 208: Line 209:
* [[Salman Shah (actor)|Chowdhury Muhammad Shahriar Emon]], actor better known as Salman Shah
* [[Salman Shah (actor)|Chowdhury Muhammad Shahriar Emon]], actor better known as Salman Shah
* [[Samarjit Roy Chowdhury]], painter
* [[Samarjit Roy Chowdhury]], painter
* [[SBM Mizanur Rahman|SBM Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury]] (died 1971), civil servant and freedom fighter
* [[Serajul Islam Choudhury]] (born 1936), literary critic and essayist
* [[Serajul Islam Choudhury]] (born 1936), literary critic and essayist
* [[Serajunnessa Choudhury]] (1910–1974), politician and businesswoman
* [[Serajunnessa Choudhury]] (1910–1974), politician and businesswoman
* [[Shafi Ahmed Chowdhury]], businessman and politician
* [[Shafi Ahmed Chowdhury]], businessman and politician
* [[Shafiul Alam Chowdhury Nadel]], politician and director of [[Bangladesh Cricket Board]]
* [[Shafiul Alam Chowdhury Nadel]] MP (born 1969), member of [[Bangladesh Parliament]] for [[Moulvibazar-2]], politician, organising secretary of [[Bangladesh Awami League]] and director of [[Bangladesh Cricket Board]]
* [[Shahadat Hossain Chowdhury]] (born 1959), election commissioner and retired brigadier general
* [[Shahadat Hossain Chowdhury]] (born 1959), election commissioner and retired brigadier general
* [[Shahadat Hossain Chowdhury (politician)|Shahadat Hossain Chowdhury]] (died 2021), politician
* [[Shahadat Hossain Chowdhury (politician)|Shahadat Hossain Chowdhury]] (died 2021), politician
* [[Shahdab Akbar Chowdhury|Shahdab Akbar Chowdhury Labu]], politician
* [[Shahdab Akbar Chowdhury|Shahdab Akbar Chowdhury Labu]], politician
* [[Shahdeen Malik|Shahdeen Malik Chowdhury]], lawyer
* [[Shah-e-Jahan Chowdhury]], politician
* [[Shah-e-Jahan Chowdhury]], politician
* [[Shahjahan Chowdhury]], president of Cox's Bazar BNP branch
* [[Shahjahan Chowdhury]], president of Cox's Bazar BNP branch
Line 230: Line 233:
* [[Shamsul Haque Chowdhury]] (born 1957), general secretary of [[Chittagong Abahani Limited]]
* [[Shamsul Haque Chowdhury]] (born 1957), general secretary of [[Chittagong Abahani Limited]]
* [[Shamsul Huda Chaudhury]] (1920–2000), third Speaker of the Bangladesh National Parliament
* [[Shamsul Huda Chaudhury]] (1920–2000), third Speaker of the Bangladesh National Parliament
* [[Shankar Gobind Chowdhury]] (1926–1995), former Governor of Natore
* [[Shankar Gobind Chowdhury]] (1926–1995), former governor of Natore
* [[Shawkat Chowdhury]] (born 1963), politician
* [[Shawkat Chowdhury]] (born 1963), politician
* [[Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury]] (born 1966), Speaker of the Bangladesh National Parliament
* [[Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury]] (born 1966), Speaker of the Bangladesh National Parliament
Line 372: Line 375:
* [[Arindam Chaudhuri]], Indian author
* [[Arindam Chaudhuri]], Indian author
* [[Farukh Choudhary]], Indian Association football player who plays for [[Jamshedpur FC]] in the [[Indian Super League]]
* [[Farukh Choudhary]], Indian Association football player who plays for [[Jamshedpur FC]] in the [[Indian Super League]]
⚫
* [[Rahul Chaudhari]], Indian kabaddi player
* [[Charan Singh|Chaudhary Charan Singh]], 6th Prime Minister of India
* [[Pratik Chaudhari]] (born 1989), Indian footballer playing as a defender for Jamshedpur
* [[Pratik Chaudhari]] (born 1989), Indian footballer playing as a defender for Jamshedpur
⚫
* [[Veerabhadram Chowdary]], film director
⚫
* [[Renuka Chowdhury]], Union Minister of State
⚫
* [[Jagapathi Babu|Veeramachineni Jagapathi Rao Chowdary]], Telugu film actor
* [[Chaudhary Devi Lal]], Deputy Prime Minister of India
* [[Chaudhary Devi Lal]], Deputy Prime Minister of India
⚫
* [[K. V. Chowdary]], Indian Revenue Service Central Vigilance Commissioner
⚫
* [[Chaudhary Harmohan Singh Yadav]], Shaurya Chakra awardee<ref name="M. L. Ahuja">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCrZLq_gEcUC&q=chaudhary+yadav&pg=PA340|title=Handbook of General Elections and Electoral Reforms in India, 1952-1999|publisher=Mittal Publications|first=M. L.|last=Ahuja|year=2000|pages=302, 340|isbn=9788170997665}}</ref>
* [[Shagun Chowdhary]], Indian shooter
* [[Shagun Chowdhary]], Indian shooter
* [[Chaudhary Brahm Prakash Yadav]], Chief Minister, Delhi
* [[Chaudhary Brahm Prakash Yadav]], Chief Minister, Delhi
* [[Mohinder Singh Chaudhury]], Indian politician
* [[Mohinder Singh Chaudhury]], Indian politician
⚫
* [[Aadesh Chaudhary]], Indian actor
* [[R. B. Choudary]], Indian film producer
* [[R. B. Choudary]], Indian film producer
⚫
* [[Y. S. Chowdary]], Indian central minister for state
* [[Gurmeet Choudhary]], Indian television actor
* [[Gurmeet Choudhary]], Indian television actor
* [[Ranjit Chowdhry]], Indian actor
* [[Ranjit Chowdhry]], Indian actor
* [[Karmveer Choudhary]], Indian actor
* [[Karmveer Choudhary]], Indian actor
⚫
* [[Kamla Chaudhry]] (born 1908), Indian short story writer
⚫
* [[Yuvika Chaudhary]] (born 1983), Indian actress
*[[Ankush Chaudhari]], Marathi film actor
*[[Ankush Chaudhari]], Marathi film actor
*Chaudhary Gurjar family of Kairana
*Chaudhary Gurjar family of Kairana
Line 408: Line 400:
**[[Chaudhary Mohammad Ilyas|Chaudhary Mohammad Ilyas Khan]] (born 1954), politician
**[[Chaudhary Mohammad Ilyas|Chaudhary Mohammad Ilyas Khan]] (born 1954), politician
**[[Habib Ur Rehman|Chaudhary Habib Ur Rehman]] (born 1957), politician
**[[Habib Ur Rehman|Chaudhary Habib Ur Rehman]] (born 1957), politician



====Andhra Pradesh and Telangana====

⚫
* [[Jagapathi Babu|Veeramachineni Jagapathi Rao Chowdary]], Telugu film actor
⚫
* [[K. V. Chowdary]], Indian Revenue Service Central Vigilance Commissioner
⚫
* [[Renuka Chowdhury]], Union Minister of State
* [[T. Ramaswamy Choudary]], Lawyer, poet, playwright and reformer among the Telugu-speaking people
⚫
* [[Veerabhadram Chowdary]],Telugu film director
⚫
* [[Y. S. Chowdary]], Indian central minister for state
* [[Y. V. S. Chowdary]], Telugu cinema writer, director, producer
* [[Narendra Choudary]], Media entrepreneur and businessman
* [[Simran Choudhary]], Actress and model
* [[Chandini Chowdary]], Actress

⚫
====Assam====
⚫
[[File:Moinul Hoque Choudhury.gif|thumb|[[Moinul Hoque Choudhury]]]]
⚫
* [[Abdul Jalil Choudhury]] (1925–1989), Islamic scholar and politician
⚫
* [[Ambikagiri Raichoudhury]], Assamese poet
⚫
* [[Anwaruddin Choudhury]] (born 1959), naturalist
⚫
* [[Avinov Choudhury]] (born 1999), cricketer
⚫
* [[Khalilur Rahman Chowdhury]], MLA for [[Jamunamukh Assembly constituency|Jamunamukh]]
⚫
* [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhury]], Chief Minister of Assam and Governor of Punjab
⚫
* [[Moinul Hoque Choudhury]], five-time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], two-time [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] representative and Minister of Industrial Development
⚫
* [[Mrinal Datta Chaudhuri]], theoretical economist, academic and professor of the [[Delhi School of Economics]].
⚫
* [[Rashida Haque Choudhury]], former Minister of State of Social Welfare
⚫
* [[Rita Chowdhury]], established poet and novelist, [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] recipient
⚫
* Choudhury family of Bagbari, Karimganj
⚫
** [[Najib Ali Choudhury]], Islamic scholar and teacher
⚫
** [[Abdul Munim Choudhury]], former MLA of [[Karimganj South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karimganj South]]

==== Uttar Pradesh ====

⚫
* [[Rahul Chaudhari]], Indian kabaddi player
⚫
* [[Chaudhary Harmohan Singh Yadav]], Shaurya Chakra awardee<ref name="M. L. Ahuja">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCrZLq_gEcUC&q=chaudhary+yadav&pg=PA340|title=Handbook of General Elections and Electoral Reforms in India, 1952-1999|publisher=Mittal Publications|first=M. L.|last=Ahuja|year=2000|pages=302, 340|isbn=9788170997665}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Aadesh Chaudhary]], Indian actor
⚫
* [[Kamla Chaudhry]] (born 1908), Indian short story writer
⚫
* [[Yuvika Chaudhary]] (born 1983), Indian actress
*Tewatia Jat Chaudhary Singh family of Noorpur, Meerut
*Tewatia Jat Chaudhary Singh family of Noorpur, Meerut
**[[Chaudhary Charan Singh]] (1902–1987), 5th prime minister of India
**[[Chaudhary Charan Singh]] (1902–1987), 5th prime minister of India
**[[Chaudhary Ajit Singh]] (1939–2021), former union minister
**[[Chaudhary Ajit Singh]] (1939–2021), former union minister
**[[Jayant Singh|Chaudhary Jayant Singh]] (born 1978), chairman of National People's Party
**[[Jayant Singh|Chaudhary Jayant Singh]] (born 1978), chairman of National People's Party



====West Bengal====
====West Bengal====
Line 445: Line 477:
** [[Rubi Noor|Begum Rubi Choudhurani]] (1945–2008), four-time MLA
** [[Rubi Noor|Begum Rubi Choudhurani]] (1945–2008), four-time MLA
** [[Isha Khan Choudhury]] (born 1971), politician
** [[Isha Khan Choudhury]] (born 1971), politician

⚫
====Assam====
⚫
[[File:Moinul Hoque Choudhury.gif|thumb|[[Moinul Hoque Choudhury]]]]
⚫
* [[Abdul Jalil Choudhury]] (1925–1989), Islamic scholar and politician
⚫
* [[Ambikagiri Raichoudhury]], Assamese poet
⚫
* [[Anwaruddin Choudhury]] (born 1959), naturalist
⚫
* [[Avinov Choudhury]] (born 1999), cricketer
⚫
* [[Khalilur Rahman Chowdhury]], MLA for [[Jamunamukh Assembly constituency|Jamunamukh]]
⚫
* [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhury]], Chief Minister of Assam and Governor of Punjab
⚫
* [[Moinul Hoque Choudhury]], five-time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], two-time [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] representative and Minister of Industrial Development
⚫
* [[Mrinal Datta Chaudhuri]], theoretical economist, academic and professor of the [[Delhi School of Economics]].
⚫
* [[Rashida Haque Choudhury]], former Minister of State of Social Welfare
⚫
* [[Rita Chowdhury]], established poet and novelist, [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] recipient
⚫
* Choudhury family of Bagbari, Karimganj
⚫
** [[Najib Ali Choudhury]], Islamic scholar and teacher
⚫
** [[Abdul Munim Choudhury]], former MLA of [[Karimganj South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karimganj South]]


===Nepal===
===Nepal===
Line 562: Line 578:
**[[Arsalan Iftikhar Chaudhry]] (born 1976), medical doctor
**[[Arsalan Iftikhar Chaudhry]] (born 1976), medical doctor
*Chaudhry family of Sain De Khuie, Faisalabad
*Chaudhry family of Sain De Khuie, Faisalabad
**[[Chaudhry Mohammad Sarwar]] (born 1950), former Governor of Punjab
**[[Chaudhry Mohammad Sarwar]] (born 1950), former governor of Punjab
**[[Anas Sarwar|Chaudhry Anas Sarwar]] (born 1983), leader of the Scottish Labour Party
**[[Anas Sarwar|Chaudhry Anas Sarwar]] (born 1983), leader of the Scottish Labour Party
*Sahi Chaudhry family
*Sahi Chaudhry family

Latest revision as of 05:25, 11 September 2024

Chowdhury
Pronunciationchow-dhuree
chaw-dree
chow-dree
Origin
MeaningHolder of four; four-way duties; four responsibilities
Region of originIndian subcontinent
Other names
Variant form(s)Chaudhary, Chaudri, Choudhary, Chaudhry, Chowdary, Chowdhry, Chowdhary, Chaudry, Choudary, Choudhry, Chaudhuri, Chaudhari, Chudhry, Choudhari, Choudhury, Chowdhuri, Chowduri, Chaudhurani, Choudhurani, Chowdhurani, Chowdhrani, Choudhrani, Chaudhrani.

Chowdhury is a title of honour, usually hereditary, originating from the Indian subcontinent.[1] It is an adaption from Sanskrit. During the Mughal rule, it was a title awarded to eminent people, while during British rule, the term was associated with zamindars and social leaders. The common female equivalent was Chowdhurani.[2]

Meaning

"Chowdhury" is a term adapted from the Sanskrit words čatus "four-way, all-round" and dhurīya "undertaking a burden", denoting the head of a community or caste.[1]

Significance

It was a title awarded to persons of eminence, including both Muslims and Hindus, during the Mughal Empire. It was also used as a title by military commanders responsible for four separate forces, including the cavalry, navy, infantry and elephant corps.[1] These people belonged to the zamindar families in British India.[3][verification needed] Many landlords under the Permanent Settlement carried this surname.[citation needed] Land reforms after the partition of India abolished the permanent settlement.[citation needed] In modern times, the term is a common South Asian surname for both males and females.[citation needed]

Regional

In the Chittagong Hill Tracts, the titular Rajas of the Bohmong Circle and Mong Circle have the surname Chowdhury.[4][5][6][7]

The Bengali Muslim Mirashdars[note 1] living in the former Kachari Kingdom were given titles by the Kachari Raja, which in modern-day acts as a surname for them.[9]

In Bihar, the Pasi are also known as the Chaudhary, a community traditionally connected with toddy tapping.[10]

In Rajasthan, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Chaudhary surname is mainly used by Jat community while some other caste also using it are Gurjars, Ahirs, etc. This surname is popular in North India and it conveys honour and strength.[11][12] It is typically used as a prefix before the given name, often represented by the prefix 'Ch' such as Ch. Charan Singh, 5th prime minister of India and Ch. Devi Lal, 6th deputy prime minister of India.

Many Prajapati Kumhars also use surname as Chaudhary. They use prefix 'Ch' before the given name.[13]

Deshastha Brahmins and Kammas from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana who got this as a title during Qutb Shahis of Golconda and Nizams of Hyderabad also use Chowdhari or Chowdhury as their surnames.[14][15][16]

Alternate spellings

Its alternate spellings include: Chaudhary, Chaudri, Chaudhri, Choudhary, Chaudhry, Chowdary, Chowdhary, Chaudry, Choudary, Choudhry, Chaudhuri, Chaudhari, Chudhry, Choudhari, Choudhury, Chowdhuri and Chowdury.[1] The female equivalent is Chaudhurani and alternate spellings include: Choudhurani, Chowdhurani, Chowdhrani, Choudhrani, Chaudhrani.

Notable people

Bangladesh

Faizunnesa Choudhurani
Abdul Latif Chowdhury Fultali
Abdul Hamid Chowdhury
Dr. Tawfiq-e-Elahi Chowdhury
Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury
Habibullah Bahar Chowdhury
Abu Sayeed Chowdhury
Husam Uddin Chowdhury Fultali

India

Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri


Andhra Pradesh and Telangana

Assam

Moinul Hoque Choudhury

Uttar Pradesh


West Bengal

Nepal

Fiji

Pakistan

Choudhry Rahmat Ali

United Kingdom

United States

Chaudhurani

Fictional characters

Notes

  1. ^ Mirashdar is a term referring to a landowner who pays taxes directly to the government.[8]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Hanks, Patrick; Coates, Richard; McClure, Peter (17 November 2016). "Chowdhury". The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199677764.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-967776-4.
  2. ^ Karim, Elita (1 August 2008). "A Dedicated Educationist". History. Star Weekend Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  3. ^ The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 51. Anthropology Survey of India. 2002. p. 204.
  4. ^ "InsideStoryEventsMaster - Raj Punyah Ceremony Held Both in Bandarban..." ext.bd.undp.org.
  5. ^ "Saching Prue new Mong King". The Daily Star. 18 January 2009.
  6. ^ "Feature: 'Kingdom' system in Bangladesh's Chittagong Hill Tracts still in force". people.cn. 15 December 2008. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  7. ^ "UNPO: Chittagong Hill Tracts: Stalemate For Land Commission". unpo.org.
  8. ^ Laskar, Nitish Ranjan (1985). Mahishya Das of Cachar and their Social Background. Proceedings of North East India History Association. North East India History Association. p. 456.
  9. ^ E M Lewis (1868). "Cachar District: Statement No. XVIII: Glossary of Local Terms". Principal Heads of the History and Statistics of the Dacca Division. Calcutta: Calcutta Central Press Company. pp. 406–408.
  10. ^ People of India Bihar Volume XVI Part Two edited by S Gopal & Hetukar Jha pages 759 to 765 Seagull Books
  11. ^ "Surname Choudhary: Meaning Origin Variants". www.igenea.com. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  12. ^ Bhindar, Imran (2018). FROM SIALKOT TO VANCOUVER. Lulu Chaudhary. p. 28. ISBN 9781642547917.
  13. ^ Bhartiya, Ranjeet (2 October 2021). "अलग-अलग राज्यों में कुम्हार जाति उपजातियां और समुदाय के बारे में विवरण". Jankari Today. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  14. ^ Gaikwad, V. R.; Tripathy, Ram Niranjan (1970). Socio-psychological Factors Influencing Industrial Entrepreneurship in Rural Areas: A Case Study in Tanuku Region of West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh. National Institute of Community Development. p. 33.
  15. ^ Coenraad M. Brand (1973). State and Society: A Reader in Comparative Political Sociology. University of California Press. p. 112. ISBN 9780520024908.
  16. ^ "Revealing the missing links". Hans India. 24 July 2016.
  17. ^ Ahuja, M. L. (2000). Handbook of General Elections and Electoral Reforms in India, 1952-1999. Mittal Publications. pp. 302, 340. ISBN 9788170997665.
  18. ^ Abbasi, Talha. "Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan". Pakistani Leaders Online. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  19. ^ Hossain, Anowar (2003). Muslim women's struggle for freedom in colonial Bengal: (1873-1940). Progressive Publishers. p. 266. ISBN 9788180640308.
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