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[[File:Baskaks.jpg|thumb|275px|A ''darugha'' from the [[The Golden Horde|Horde]] in a [[Rus' (region)|Rus]]' city. Painting by [[Sergey Ivanov (painter)|Sergey Ivanov]]]]
[[File:Baskaks.jpg|thumb|275px|A ''darugha'' from the [[The Golden Horde|Horde]] in a Rus' city. Painting by [[Sergey Ivanov (painter)|Sergey Ivanov]].]]

⚫
'''''Darughachi''''' (Mongol form) or '''''Basqaq''''' (Turkic form) were originally designated officials in the [[Mongol Empire]] that were in charge of taxes and administration in a certain province. The plural form of the Mongolian word is ''[[darugha]]''.<ref name="Britnell">{{cite book |title=Pragmatic literacy, East and West, 1200–1330 |last=Britnell |first=R. H. |year=1997 |publisher=The Boydell Press |isbn=978-0-85115-695-8 |page=223 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V_0xfZsdsn0C&q=darugha+darughachi+singular+plural&pg=PA223 |accessdate=June 13, 2011}}</ref> They were sometimes referred to as [[governors]].<ref>Elizabeth Endicott-West, ''Mongolian Rule in China, Local Administration in the Yuan Dynasty'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989); Idem, " Imperial Governance in Yuan Times," ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'', 46.2 (1986): 523–549.</ref> The term corresponds to ''dārugheh'' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: داروغه )<ref>Dehkhoda Persian dictionary: داروغه . [ غ َ / غ ِ ] (ترکی – مغولی ، اِ) رئیس شبگردان . سرپاسبانان . داروغه که در زبان مغولی به معنی «رئیس » است یک اصطلاح عمومی اداری است [http://www.loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-35c0ff4f1c3840d49ee8cfb5c387ba73-fa.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718162037/http://www.loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-35c0ff4f1c3840d49ee8cfb5c387ba73-fa.html |date=2011-07-18 }}</ref> and ''basqaq'' or ''baskak in'' [[Turkish language|Turkic]] or to ''dálǔhuāchì'' in [[Pinyin]] or ''ta lu hua ch'ih'' in [[Wade–Giles]] ([[Traditional Chinese characters]]: 達魯花赤; [[Simplified Chinese characters]]: 达鲁花赤) in [[Chinese language|Chinese]].


⚫
'''''Darughachi''''' (Mongol form) or '''''Basqaq''''' (Turkic form) which originally designated officials in the [[Mongol Empire]] in charge of taxes and administration in a certain province, is the plural form of the Mongolian word ''[[darugha]]''.<ref name="Britnell">{{cite book |title=Pragmatic literacy, East and West, 1200–1330 |last=Britnell |first=R. H. |year=1997 |publisher=The Boydell Press |isbn=978-0-85115-695-8 |page=223 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V_0xfZsdsn0C&q=darugha+darughachi+singular+plural&pg=PA223 |accessdate=June 13, 2011}}</ref> They were sometimes referred to as [[governors]].<ref>Elizabeth Endicott-West, ''Mongolian Rule in China, Local Administration in the Yuan Dynasty'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989); Idem, " Imperial Governance in Yuan Times," ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'', 46.2 (1986): 523–549.</ref> The term corresponds to the [[Persian language|Persian]] داروغه ''dārugheh''<ref>Dehkhoda Persian dictionary: داروغه . [ غ َ / غ ِ ] (ترکی – مغولی ، اِ) رئیس شبگردان . سرپاسبانان . داروغه که در زبان مغولی به معنی «رئیس » است یک اصطلاح عمومی اداری است [http://www.loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-35c0ff4f1c3840d49ee8cfb5c387ba73-fa.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718162037/http://www.loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-35c0ff4f1c3840d49ee8cfb5c387ba73-fa.html |date=2011-07-18 }}</ref> and the [[Turkish language|Turkic]] ''basqaq'' (also spelled ''baskak'') and to ''ta lu hua ch'ih'' (in [[Wade–Giles]] romanization, 達魯花赤 in [[Traditional Chinese characters]], 达鲁花赤 in [[Simplified Chinese characters]], dálǔhuāchì in [[Pinyin]] romanization) in [[Chinese language|Chinese]].
==History==
==History==
⚫
This title was established under the rule of [[Genghis Khan]] from 1211.<ref name = "Britnell" /> ''[[The Secret History of the Mongols]]'' relates that after the invasion and conquest of the [[Kipchaks]] and the [[Rus' (region)|Rus]] between 1237 and 1240, Ögödei placed daruγačin and tammačin to govern the peoples whose cities were Ornas, Saḳsīn, [[Bolghar]] and [[Kiev]].<ref name="Ostrowski">Donald Ostrowski ''The tamma and the Dual-Administrative Structure of the Mongol Empire'' Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 61, no 2, 1998, p. 262-277 {{DOI|10.1017/S0041977X0001380X}} </ref>
This title was established under the rule of [[Genghis Khan]] from 1211.<ref name = "Britnell" />

⚫
When the [[khagan]] [[Ögödei]] defeated the [[Jin Dynasty (1115-1234)]] (Chin), he placed [[alginchi | alginči]], tammačin and darugačin in [[Nanging]] and [[Jungdu]].<ref name = "Ostrowski">Donald Ostrowski ''The tamma and the Dual-Administrative Structure of the Mongol Empire'' Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 61, no 2, 1998, p. 262-277 {{DOI| 10.1017/S0041977X0001380X}} </ref>

''[[The Secret History of the Mongols]]'' relates that after the invasion and conquest of the [[Kipchaks]] and the [[Rus' (region)|Rus']] countries between 1237 and 1240, Ögödei placed daruγačin and tammačin to govern the peoples whose cities are Ornas, Saḳsīn, [[Bolghar]] and [[Kiev]].<ref name = "Ostrowski" />

⚫
Under the [[Yuan Dynasty]], the title of '' Zhangguan'' replaced the former designation - there was one such official for each administrative subdivision, where he combined the functions of governor and chief of the armies. This title was also given to a person at the head of a central government office. This charge usually fell to a Mongol, probably to a [[Semu]], thus guaranteeing the preservation of power within the Mongols. Some other populations, however, could have an administrative title with close functions.

Under the [[Golden Horde]], there was also an official named {{lang-zh |八思哈| r = basiha}}

{{chinese | court = o | c = 達魯花赤| p = dálǔhuāchì|mong = ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ|monr=Daruγači}}


⚫
Under the [[Yuan Dynasty]], the title of '' Zhangguan'' replaced the former designation - there was one such official for each administrative subdivision, where functions of governor and chief of the armies were combined. This title was also given to a person at the head of a central government office. This charge usually fell to a Mongol, probably to a [[Semu]], thus guaranteeing the preservation of power within the Mongols. Some other populations, however, could have an administrative title with close functions.{{chinese | court = o | c = 達魯花赤| p = dálǔhuāchì|mong = ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ|monr=Daruγači}}
⚫
The texts of Yanghe, in the Uighur dialect of Tourfan say that he should be paid a large sum of gold and silver when the Darugha [[Turfan]] was replaced.<ref>Abdurishid Yakup, The Turfan Dialect of Uyghur, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005 p. 300</ref>


⚫
The texts of Yanghe, mentuin that he should be paid a large sum of gold and silver when the Darugha [[Turfan]] was replaced.<ref>Abdurishid Yakup, The Turfan Dialect of Uyghur, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005 p. 300</ref>
⚫
The Turkic term ''basqaq'' does not appear in Mongolian sources.<ref name = "Ostrowski" /> In Russian sources, the ''darughachi'' were almost always referred to as ''baskak'' (plural ''baskaki'').<ref>See for example the reference to one under the year 1269 in A. N. Nasonov, ed., ''Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis Starshego i Mladshego Izvodov'' (Moscow and Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1950), 319.</ref> They appear in the thirteenth-century soon after the Mongol Conquest but were withdrawn by 1328 and the [[Grand Prince of Vladimir]] (usually the [[List of Russian rulers#Grand Princes of Moscow|Prince of Moscow]]) became the khan's tax collector and imperial son in law (''[[kürgen]]''), entrusted with gathering the ''dan''' or tribute from the [[Rus' (region)|Rus]]' principalities for the [[Golden Horde]].<ref>Charles J. Halperin, ''Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History''(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987); Donald Ostrowski, ''Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304–1589'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).</ref>


⚫
The Turkic term ''basqaq'' does not appear in Mongolian sources.<ref name = "Ostrowski" /> In Russian sources, the ''darughachi'' were almost always referred to as ''baskak'' (plural: ''baskaki'').<ref>See for example the reference to one under the year 1269 in A. N. Nasonov, ed., ''Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis Starshego i Mladshego Izvodov'' (Moscow and Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1950), 319.</ref> They appear in the 13th-century soon after the [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongol Conquest]] but were withdrawn by 1328 and the [[Grand Prince of Vladimir]] (usually the [[List of Russian rulers#Grand Princes of Moscow|Prince of Moscow]]) became the khan's tax collector and imperial son in law (''[[kürgen]]''), entrusted with gathering the ''dan''' or tribute from the Rus' principalities for the [[Golden Horde]].<ref>Charles J. Halperin, ''Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History''(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987); Donald Ostrowski, ''Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304–1589'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).</ref>
In the 13th century, chiefs of Mongol ''darughas'' were stationed in [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]]<ref>Henry Hoyle Howorth-History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part 2., p.128</ref> and [[Baghdad]].<ref>Judith G. Kolbas-The Mongols in Iran: Chingiz Khan to Uljaytu, 1220–1309, p.156</ref>


The Mongol Empire attempted to send darughachi to [[Goryeo]] of Korea in 1231, after the first (of six) [[Mongol invasions of Korea|invasions]]. According to some records, 72 darughachi were sent and Mongol military garrisons withdrawn. However, repeated rebellions and continued Goryeo resistance to Mongol dominion (the original darughachi that were stationed were all killed by Goryeo forces in the summer of 1232) made the stationing of darughachi difficult.<ref>"Henthorn, W. E., [https://archive.org/stream/koreamongolinvas00hent#page/70/mode/2up Korea: The Mongol Invasions], p. 71. Leiden, the Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1963."</ref> While there are questions regarding the actual number of darughachi stationed (the extant record denoting 72 darughachi was itself a derivation of an older record that has been lost; Goryeo was too small a territory to merit so many darughachi; the names of none of the 72 darughachi remain, which is unusual considering the importance of their position), most reliable sources (including the ''[[Goryeo-sa]]'') indicate that at least some darughachi were stationed in Goryeo for the duration of its vassaldom to the Mongol Empire.<ref> "Henthorn, W. E., [https://archive.org/stream/koreamongolinvas00hent#page/72/mode/2up Korea: The Mongol Invasions], p. 72. Leiden, the Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1963."</ref> While further mention of the darughachi in Korea is scarce in extant sources, after peace was secured between Goryeo and the Mongol Empire in 1259 establishing Korea as a vassal to the Empire, the stationing of darughachi in Korea was likely a more stable proposition.
In the 13th century, chiefs of Mongol ''darughas'' were stationed in [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]]<ref>Henry Hoyle Howorth-History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part 2., p.128</ref> and [[Baghdad]].<ref>Judith G. Kolbas-The Mongols in Iran: Chingiz Khan to Uljaytu, 1220–1309, p.156</ref> The Mongol Empire attempted to send darughachi to [[Goryeo]] in 1231, after the first (of six) [[Mongol invasions of Korea|invasions]]. According to some records, 72 darughachi were sent and the Mongol military garrisons were withdrawn. However, repeated rebellions and continued Goryeo resistance to Mongol dominion (the original darughachi that were stationed were all killed by Goryeo forces in the summer of 1232) made the stationing of darughachi difficult.<ref>"Henthorn, W. E., [https://archive.org/stream/koreamongolinvas00hent#page/70/mode/2up Korea: The Mongol Invasions], p. 71. Leiden, the Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1963."</ref> While there are questions regarding the actual number of darughachi stationed, most reliable sources (including the ''[[Goryeo-sa]]'') indicate that at least some darughachi were stationed in Goryeo for the duration of its vassaldom to the Mongol Empire.<ref> "Henthorn, W. E., [https://archive.org/stream/koreamongolinvas00hent#page/72/mode/2up Korea: The Mongol Invasions], p. 72. Leiden, the Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1963."</ref> It should be noted that the extant record denoted 72 darughachi was itself a derivation of an older record that has been lost; Goryeo was too small a territory to merit so many darughachi; the names of none of the 72 darughachi remain, which is unusual considering the importance of their position. While further mention of the darughachi in Korea is scarce in extant sources; after peace was secured between Goryeo and the Mongol Empire in 1259 establishing Korea as a vassal to the Empire, the stationing of darughachi in Korea was likely a more stable proposition.


After 1921 the word ''darga'' (boss) ([[Khalkha]] pronunciation of ''darugha'') replaced the aristocratic ''[[noyan]]'' as the term for high-level officials in [[Mongolia]].<ref name="atwood">
After 1921 the word ''darga'' (boss) ([[Khalkha]] for ''darugha'') replaced the aristocratic ''[[noyan]]'' as the term for high-level officials in [[Mongolia]].<ref name="atwood">
C.P.Atwood ''Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire'', 2004 {{ISBN|0816046719}} {{ISBN|978-0816046713}} p. 412.
C.P.Atwood ''Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire'', 2004 {{ISBN|0816046719}} {{ISBN|978-0816046713}} p. 412.
</ref>
</ref>

Revision as of 19:27, 28 May 2022

A darugha from the Horde in a Rus' city. Painting by Sergey Ivanov.

Darughachi (Mongol form) or Basqaq (Turkic form) were originally designated officials in the Mongol Empire that were in charge of taxes and administration in a certain province. The plural form of the Mongolian word is darugha.[1] They were sometimes referred to as governors.[2] The term corresponds to dārugheh (Persian: داروغه )[3] and basqaq or baskak in Turkic or to dálǔhuāchì in Pinyin or ta lu hua ch'ih in Wade–Giles (Traditional Chinese characters: 達魯花赤; Simplified Chinese characters: 达鲁花赤) in Chinese.

History

This title was established under the rule of Genghis Khan from 1211.[1] The Secret History of the Mongols relates that after the invasion and conquest of the Kipchaks and the Rus between 1237 and 1240, Ögödei placed daruγačin and tammačin to govern the peoples whose cities were Ornas, Saḳsīn, Bolghar and Kiev.[4]

Under the Yuan Dynasty, the title of Zhangguan replaced the former designation - there was one such official for each administrative subdivision, where functions of governor and chief of the armies were combined. This title was also given to a person at the head of a central government office. This charge usually fell to a Mongol, probably to a Semu, thus guaranteeing the preservation of power within the Mongols. Some other populations, however, could have an administrative title with close functions.

Darughachi
Chinese name
Chinese達魯花赤
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyindálǔhuāchì
Mongolian name
Mongolian scriptᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ
Transcriptions
SASM/GNCDaruγači

The texts of Yanghe, mentuin that he should be paid a large sum of gold and silver when the Darugha Turfan was replaced.[5]

The Turkic term basqaq does not appear in Mongolian sources.[4] In Russian sources, the darughachi were almost always referred to as baskak (plural: baskaki).[6] They appear in the 13th-century soon after the Mongol Conquest but were withdrawn by 1328 and the Grand Prince of Vladimir (usually the Prince of Moscow) became the khan's tax collector and imperial son in law (kürgen), entrusted with gathering the dan' or tribute from the Rus' principalities for the Golden Horde.[7]

In the 13th century, chiefs of Mongol darughas were stationed in Vladimir[8] and Baghdad.[9] The Mongol Empire attempted to send darughachi to Goryeo in 1231, after the first (of six) invasions. According to some records, 72 darughachi were sent and the Mongol military garrisons were withdrawn. However, repeated rebellions and continued Goryeo resistance to Mongol dominion (the original darughachi that were stationed were all killed by Goryeo forces in the summer of 1232) made the stationing of darughachi difficult.[10] While there are questions regarding the actual number of darughachi stationed, most reliable sources (including the Goryeo-sa) indicate that at least some darughachi were stationed in Goryeo for the duration of its vassaldom to the Mongol Empire.[11] It should be noted that the extant record denoted 72 darughachi was itself a derivation of an older record that has been lost; Goryeo was too small a territory to merit so many darughachi; the names of none of the 72 darughachi remain, which is unusual considering the importance of their position. While further mention of the darughachi in Korea is scarce in extant sources; after peace was secured between Goryeo and the Mongol Empire in 1259 establishing Korea as a vassal to the Empire, the stationing of darughachi in Korea was likely a more stable proposition.

After 1921 the word darga (boss) (Khalkha for darugha) replaced the aristocratic noyan as the term for high-level officials in Mongolia.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Britnell, R. H. (1997). Pragmatic literacy, East and West, 1200–1330. The Boydell Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-85115-695-8. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
  2. ^ Elizabeth Endicott-West, Mongolian Rule in China, Local Administration in the Yuan Dynasty (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989); Idem, " Imperial Governance in Yuan Times," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 46.2 (1986): 523–549.
  3. ^ Dehkhoda Persian dictionary: داروغه . [ غ َ / غ ِ ] (ترکی – مغولی ، اِ) رئیس شبگردان . سرپاسبانان . داروغه که در زبان مغولی به معنی «رئیس » است یک اصطلاح عمومی اداری است [1] Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ a b Donald Ostrowski The tamma and the Dual-Administrative Structure of the Mongol Empire Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 61, no 2, 1998, p. 262-277 doi:10.1017/S0041977X0001380X
  5. ^ Abdurishid Yakup, The Turfan Dialect of Uyghur, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005 p. 300
  6. ^ See for example the reference to one under the year 1269 in A. N. Nasonov, ed., Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis Starshego i Mladshego Izvodov (Moscow and Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1950), 319.
  7. ^ Charles J. Halperin, Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987); Donald Ostrowski, Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304–1589 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
  8. ^ Henry Hoyle Howorth-History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part 2., p.128
  9. ^ Judith G. Kolbas-The Mongols in Iran: Chingiz Khan to Uljaytu, 1220–1309, p.156
  10. ^ "Henthorn, W. E., Korea: The Mongol Invasions, p. 71. Leiden, the Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1963."
  11. ^ "Henthorn, W. E., Korea: The Mongol Invasions, p. 72. Leiden, the Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1963."
  12. ^ C.P.Atwood Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, 2004 ISBN 0816046719 ISBN 978-0816046713 p. 412.
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