Jump to content

Proto-Indo-European numerals: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Rm link to a User page - we don't do that as per MOS:DRAFTNOLINK
Guherto (talk | contribs)
225 edits
Fixed Kurdish entries
Line 136: Line 136:
! Number !! Reconstruction (Sihler) !! Reflexes<ref name="Fortson p131" /><ref name="Gvozdanovic">{{harvcoltxt|Gvozdanovic|1991|pp=}}</ref>
! Number !! Reconstruction (Sihler) !! Reflexes<ref name="Fortson p131" /><ref name="Gvozdanovic">{{harvcoltxt|Gvozdanovic|1991|pp=}}</ref>
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | one || {{PIE|*Hoi-no-}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "one" and "first"". In: ''Sborník prací Filosofické fakulty Brněnské university'', A 47. Brno: MU, 1999. p. 7-27. A 47. {{ISBN|80-210-2098-9}}.</ref> || [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] njã > një (dialectal nji;njo), [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] vienas, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] viens, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] oinos, [[German language|''Gm.'']] ein/eins, [[English language|''Eng.'']] ān/one, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] οἶος oîos, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] aēuua, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] óin/aon, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' akh, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] ūnus, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] unu, [[Oscan language|''Osc.'']] uinus, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] edinŭ, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] einn, [[Old Prussian language|''OPruss.'']] aīns, [[Ossetian language|''Osset.'']] iu/ieu, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] aiva-/yek, ''[[Kamviri]]'' ev, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] jeden, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] odin, [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] aika, [[Umbrian language|''Umbr.'']] uns, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] ains, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] un
| rowspan="2" | one || {{PIE|*Hoi-no-}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "one" and "first"". In: ''Sborník prací Filosofické fakulty Brněnské university'', A 47. Brno: MU, 1999. p. 7-27. A 47. {{ISBN|80-210-2098-9}}.</ref> || [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] njã > një (dialectal nji;njo), [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] vienas, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] viens, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] oinos, [[German language|''Gm.'']] ein/eins, [[English language|''Eng.'']] ān/one, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] οἶος oîos, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] aēuua, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] óin/aon, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' akh, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] ūnus, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] unu, [[Oscan language|''Osc.'']] uinus, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] edinŭ, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] einn, [[Old Prussian language|''OPruss.'']] aīns, [[Ossetian language|''Osset.'']] iu/ieu, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] aiva-/yek, ''[[Kamviri]]'' ev, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] jeden, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] odin, [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] aika, [[Umbrian language|''Umbr.'']] uns, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] ains, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] un, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish (Kurmanji)'']] yek, êk
|-
|-
| {{PIE|*sem-}}<ref>de Vaan, Michiel. "Proto-Indo-European *sm and *si ‘one’". In: ''The Precursors of Proto-Indo-European''. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill|Rodopi, 2019. pp. 203–218. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004409354_015</ref> || [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] mi/mek/meg, [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] gjithë, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] sa, sav-as, [[English language|''Eng.'']] sum/some, [[German language|''Gm.'']] saman/zusammen, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] εἷς heîs, [[Hittite language|''Hitt.'']] san, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] hakeret, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] samail/samhail, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] semel, [[Lycian language|''Lyc.'']] sñta, ''[[Kamviri]]'' sâ~, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] hama/hamin, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] odin, yedin, perviy [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] sakŕ̥t, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] sas/ṣe, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] hafal, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] sami, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] sama, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish'']] yek, ek, hev- as prefix.
| {{PIE|*sem-}}<ref>de Vaan, Michiel. "Proto-Indo-European *sm and *si ‘one’". In: ''The Precursors of Proto-Indo-European''. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill|Rodopi, 2019. pp. 203–218. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004409354_015</ref> || [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] mi/mek/meg, [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] gjithë, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] sa, sav-as, [[English language|''Eng.'']] sum/some, [[German language|''Gm.'']] saman/zusammen, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] εἷς heîs, [[Hittite language|''Hitt.'']] san, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] hakeret, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] samail/samhail, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] semel, [[Lycian language|''Lyc.'']] sñta, ''[[Kamviri]]'' sâ~, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] hama/hamin, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] odin, yedin, perviy [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] sakŕ̥t, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] sas/ṣe, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] hafal, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] sami, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] sama
|-
|-
| two || {{PIE|*du(w)o-}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "two"". In: ''Sborník prací Filosofické fakulty brněnské university''. Brno: Masarykova universita, 1998. p. 5-25. A 46. {{ISBN|80-210-1796-1}}.</ref> || [[Hittite language|''Hitt.'']] dā-, [[Luvian language|''Luv.'']] tuwa/i-, [[Lycian language|''Lyc.'']] kbi-, [[Milyan language|''Mil.'']] tba-, [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] dvā(u), [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] duua, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] duva/do, [[Ossetian language|''Osset.'']] dyuuæ/duuæ, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' zū', ''[[Kamviri]]'' dü, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] δύο dúo, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] duō, [[Oscan language|''Osc.'']] dus, [[Umbrian language|''Umbr.'']] tuf, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] doi, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] tveir, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] twai, [[English language|''Eng.'']] twā/two, [[German language|''Gm.'']] zwêne/zwei, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] vo, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] dá/dó, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] dau, [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] erkow/yerku/yergu, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] wu/wi, [[Old Prussian language|''OPruss.'']] dwāi, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] divi, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] dù, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] dŭva, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] dwa, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] dva, [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] dy;di/dy;dў, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish'']] du.
| two || {{PIE|*du(w)o-}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "two"". In: ''Sborník prací Filosofické fakulty brněnské university''. Brno: Masarykova universita, 1998. p. 5-25. A 46. {{ISBN|80-210-1796-1}}.</ref> || [[Hittite language|''Hitt.'']] dā-, [[Luvian language|''Luv.'']] tuwa/i-, [[Lycian language|''Lyc.'']] kbi-, [[Milyan language|''Mil.'']] tba-, [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] dvā(u), [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] duua, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] duva/do, [[Ossetian language|''Osset.'']] dyuuæ/duuæ, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' zū', ''[[Kamviri]]'' dü, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] δύο dúo, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] duō, [[Oscan language|''Osc.'']] dus, [[Umbrian language|''Umbr.'']] tuf, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] doi, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] tveir, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] twai, [[English language|''Eng.'']] twā/two, [[German language|''Gm.'']] zwêne/zwei, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] vo, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] dá/dó, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] dau, [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] erkow/yerku/yergu, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] wu/wi, [[Old Prussian language|''OPruss.'']] dwāi, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] divi, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] dù, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] dŭva, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] dwa, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] dva, [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] dy;di/dy;dў, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish (Kurmanji)'']] du
|-
|-
| three || {{PIE|*trei-}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "three"". In: ''Lingua Posnaniensis'', Polsko: neznámý, 1998, vol. 40, No 1, p. 33-45. {{ISSN|0079-4740}}.</ref> || [[Hittite language|''Hitt.'']] teriyaš ''(gen. pl.)'', [[Lycian language|''Lyc.'']] trei, [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] tráyas, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] θrāiiō, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] çi/se, [[Ossetian language|''Osset.'']] ærtæ/ærtæ, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' tre, ''[[Kamviri]]'' tre, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] τρεῖς treîs, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] trēs, [[Oscan language|''Osc.'']] trís, [[Umbrian language|''Umbr.'']] trif, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] trei, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] þrír, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] þreis, [[English language|''Eng.'']] þrēo/three, [[German language|''Gm.'']] drī/drei, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] treis, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] treí/trí, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] tri, [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] erek῾/yerek῾/yerek῾, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] tre/trai, [[Old Prussian language|''OPruss.'']] tri, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] trīs, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] trỹs, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] trije, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] trzy, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] tri, [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] tre/tre. se`(thr>s).
| three || {{PIE|*trei-}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "three"". In: ''Lingua Posnaniensis'', Polsko: neznámý, 1998, vol. 40, No 1, p. 33-45. {{ISSN|0079-4740}}.</ref> || [[Hittite language|''Hitt.'']] teriyaš ''(gen. pl.)'', [[Lycian language|''Lyc.'']] trei, [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] tráyas, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] θrāiiō, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] çi/se, [[Ossetian language|''Osset.'']] ærtæ/ærtæ, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' tre, ''[[Kamviri]]'' tre, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] τρεῖς treîs, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] trēs, [[Oscan language|''Osc.'']] trís, [[Umbrian language|''Umbr.'']] trif, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] trei, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] þrír, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] þreis, [[English language|''Eng.'']] þrēo/three, [[German language|''Gm.'']] drī/drei, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] treis, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] treí/trí, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] tri, [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] erek῾/yerek῾/yerek῾, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] tre/trai, [[Old Prussian language|''OPruss.'']] tri, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] trīs, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] trỹs, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] trije, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] trzy, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] tri, [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] tre/tre. ''[[Kurmanji|Kurdish (Kurmanji)]]'' sê
|-
|-
| four || {{PIE|*kʷetwor-}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "four"." In: ''Indogermanische Forschungen'', Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1998, vol. 103, No 1, p. 112-134. {{ISSN|0019-7262}}.</ref> || [[Lycian language|''Lyc.'']] teteri, [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] catvāras, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] caθuuārō, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] /čahār, [[Ossetian language|''Osset.'']] cyppar/cuppar, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' tsor, ''[[Kamviri]]'' što, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] τέτταρες téttares, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] quattuor, [[Oscan language|''Osc.'']] petora, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] patru, [[Umbrian language|''Umbr.'']] petor, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] fjórir, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] fidwor, [[English language|''Eng.'']] fēower/four, [[German language|''Gm.'']] feor/vier, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] petor, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] cethir/ceathair, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] pedwar, [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] čork῾/čors/čors, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] śtwar/śtwer, [[Old Prussian language|''OPruss.'']] keturjāi, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] četri, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] keturì, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] četyre, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] cztery, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] četyre, [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] katër;katrë/katër, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish'']] char, chwar.
| four || {{PIE|*kʷetwor-}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "four"." In: ''Indogermanische Forschungen'', Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1998, vol. 103, No 1, p. 112-134. {{ISSN|0019-7262}}.</ref> || [[Lycian language|''Lyc.'']] teteri, [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] catvāras, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] caθuuārō, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] /čahār, [[Ossetian language|''Osset.'']] cyppar/cuppar, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' tsor, ''[[Kamviri]]'' što, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] τέτταρες téttares, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] quattuor, [[Oscan language|''Osc.'']] petora, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] patru, [[Umbrian language|''Umbr.'']] petor, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] fjórir, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] fidwor, [[English language|''Eng.'']] fēower/four, [[German language|''Gm.'']] feor/vier, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] petor, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] cethir/ceathair, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] pedwar, [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] čork῾/čors/čors, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] śtwar/śtwer, [[Old Prussian language|''OPruss.'']] keturjāi, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] četri, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] keturì, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] četyre, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] cztery, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] četyre, [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] katër;katrë/katër, ''[[Kurmanji|Kurdish (Kurmanji)]]'' çar
|-
|-
| five || {{PIE|*pénkʷe}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "five"". In: ''Indogermanische Forschungen'', Berlin-NY: Walter de Gruyter, 2000, vol. 105, No 1, p. 102-120. {{ISSN|0019-7262}}.</ref> || [[Luwian language|''Luv.'']] pa<sup>n</sup>ta, [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] pañca, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] panca, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] panča/panj, [[Ossetian language|''Osset.'']] fondz/fondz, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' pā.~tsh ''[[Kamviri]]'' puč, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] πέντε pénte, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] quīnque, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] cinci, [[Oscan language|''Osc.'']] pompe, [[Umbrian language|''Umbr.'']] pumpe, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] fimm, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] fimf, [[English language|''Eng.'']] fīf/five, [[German language|''Gm.'']] fimf/fünf, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] pempe, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] cóic/cúig, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] pump, [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] hing/hing/hink, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] päñ/piś, [[Old Prussian language|''OPruss.'']] pēnkjāi, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] pieci, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] penkì, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] pętĭ, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] pięć, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] pjat', [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] pesë/pes(ë);pês, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish'']] penc.
| five || {{PIE|*pénkʷe}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "five"". In: ''Indogermanische Forschungen'', Berlin-NY: Walter de Gruyter, 2000, vol. 105, No 1, p. 102-120. {{ISSN|0019-7262}}.</ref> || [[Luwian language|''Luv.'']] pa<sup>n</sup>ta, [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] pañca, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] panca, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] panča/panj, [[Ossetian language|''Osset.'']] fondz/fondz, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' pā.~tsh ''[[Kamviri]]'' puč, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] πέντε pénte, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] quīnque, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] cinci, [[Oscan language|''Osc.'']] pompe, [[Umbrian language|''Umbr.'']] pumpe, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] fimm, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] fimf, [[English language|''Eng.'']] fīf/five, [[German language|''Gm.'']] fimf/fünf, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] pempe, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] cóic/cúig, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] pump, [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] hing/hing/hink, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] päñ/piś, [[Old Prussian language|''OPruss.'']] pēnkjāi, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] pieci, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] penkì, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] pętĭ, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] pięć, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] pjat', [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] pesë/pes(ë);pês, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish (Kurmanji)'']] pênc
|-
|-
| six || {{PIE|*s(w)eḱs}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "six"". In: ''Sborník prací Filosofické fakulty brněnské university''. Brno: Masarykova universita, 2000. p. 5-18. A 48. {{ISBN|80-210-2350-3}}.</ref> || [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] ṣáṣ, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] xšuuaš, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] /šeš, [[Ossetian language|''Osset.'']] æxsæz/æxsæz, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' śe, ''[[Kamviri]]'' ṣu, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] ἕξ héx, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] sex, [[Oscan language|''Osc.'']] sehs, [[Umbrian language|''Umbr.'']] sehs, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] sex, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] saíhs, [[English language|''Eng.'']] siex/six, [[German language|''Gm.'']] sëhs/sechs, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] suex, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] sé/sé, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] chwech, [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] vec῾/vec῾/vec῾, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] ṣäk/ṣkas, [[Old Prussian language|''OPruss.'']] usjai, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] seši, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] šešì, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] šestĭ, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] sześć, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] șase, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] šest', [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] gjashtë/gjasht(ë);xhasht, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish'']] shesh.
| six || {{PIE|*s(w)eḱs}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "six"". In: ''Sborník prací Filosofické fakulty brněnské university''. Brno: Masarykova universita, 2000. p. 5-18. A 48. {{ISBN|80-210-2350-3}}.</ref> || [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] ṣáṣ, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] xšuuaš, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] /šeš, [[Ossetian language|''Osset.'']] æxsæz/æxsæz, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' śe, ''[[Kamviri]]'' ṣu, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] ἕξ héx, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] sex, [[Oscan language|''Osc.'']] sehs, [[Umbrian language|''Umbr.'']] sehs, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] sex, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] saíhs, [[English language|''Eng.'']] siex/six, [[German language|''Gm.'']] sëhs/sechs, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] suex, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] sé/sé, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] chwech, [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] vec῾/vec῾/vec῾, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] ṣäk/ṣkas, [[Old Prussian language|''OPruss.'']] usjai, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] seši, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] šešì, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] šestĭ, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] sześć, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] șase, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] šest', [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] gjashtë/gjasht(ë);xhasht, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish (Kurmanji)'']] şeş
|-
|-
| seven || {{PIE|*septm̥}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European ‘Seven’". In: ''Journal of Indo-European Studies'', Monograph Series 22 (1997): 9-29.</ref> || [[Hittite language|''Hitt.'']] šipta-, [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] saptá, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] hapta, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] hafta/haft, [[Ossetian language|''Osset.'']] avd/avd, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' sath, ''[[Kamviri]]'' sut, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] ἑπτά heptá, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] septem, [[Oscan language|''Osc.'']] seften, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] șapte, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] sjau, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] sibun, [[English language|''Eng.'']] seofon/seven, [[German language|''Gm.'']] sibun/sieben, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] sextan, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] secht/seacht, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] saith, [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] ewt῾n/yot῾/yot῾ě, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] ṣpät/ṣukt, [[Old Prussian language|''OPruss.'']] septīnjai, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] septynì, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] septiņi, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] sedmĭ, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] siedem, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] sem', [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] shtatë/shtat(ë), [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish'']] heft.
| seven || {{PIE|*septm̥}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European ‘Seven’". In: ''Journal of Indo-European Studies'', Monograph Series 22 (1997): 9-29.</ref> || [[Hittite language|''Hitt.'']] šipta-, [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] saptá, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] hapta, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] hafta/haft, [[Ossetian language|''Osset.'']] avd/avd, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' sath, ''[[Kamviri]]'' sut, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] ἑπτά heptá, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] septem, [[Oscan language|''Osc.'']] seften, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] șapte, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] sjau, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] sibun, [[English language|''Eng.'']] seofon/seven, [[German language|''Gm.'']] sibun/sieben, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] sextan, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] secht/seacht, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] saith, [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] ewt῾n/yot῾/yot῾ě, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] ṣpät/ṣukt, [[Old Prussian language|''OPruss.'']] septīnjai, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] septynì, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] septiņi, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] sedmĭ, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] siedem, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] sem', [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] shtatë/shtat(ë), [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish (Kurmanji)'']] heft
|-
|-
| eight || {{PIE|*h₃eḱtō}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-european "eight"". In: ''Historische Sprachforschung''. SRN: neznám, 1998, vol. 111, No 1, p. 209-224. {{ISSN|0935-3518}}.</ref> || [[Lycian language|''Lyc.'']] aitãta-,<ref>[[Craig Melchert]] stated: "Meriggi, 'Fs Hirt' 266, suggests 'eighty' and 'ninety' respectively for ''aitãta'' and ''nuñtata'' ... 'Eight' and 'nine' are not only more reasonable contextually ... The remaining ''*aita-'' and ''*nuñta-'' may be derived from ''*ok̂tō'' and ''*néwn̥'' ... " Melchert, H. Craig. "New Luvo-Lycian Isoglosses". In: ''Historische Sprachforschung''. 102 Band. 1 Heft. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1989. pp. 24-25. {{ISSN|0935-3518}}</ref> [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] aṣṭā(u), [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] ašta, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] ašta/hašt, [[Ossetian language|''Osset.'']] ast/ast, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' ā.ṭh, ''[[Kamviri]]'' uṣṭ, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] ὀκτώ oktṓ, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] octō, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] opt, [[Oscan language|''Osc.'']] uhto, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] átta, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] ahtau, [[English language|''Eng.'']] eahta/eight, [[German language|''Gm.'']] ahto/acht, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] oxtū, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] ocht/ocht, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] wyth, [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] owt῾/ut῾ě, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] okät/okt, [[Old Prussian language|''OPruss.'']] astōnjai, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] astoņi, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] aštuonì, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] osmĭ, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] osiem, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] vosem', [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] tëte/tet(ë), [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish'']] hesht.
| eight || {{PIE|*h₃eḱtō}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-european "eight"". In: ''Historische Sprachforschung''. SRN: neznám, 1998, vol. 111, No 1, p. 209-224. {{ISSN|0935-3518}}.</ref> || [[Lycian language|''Lyc.'']] aitãta-,<ref>[[Craig Melchert]] stated: "Meriggi, 'Fs Hirt' 266, suggests 'eighty' and 'ninety' respectively for ''aitãta'' and ''nuñtata'' ... 'Eight' and 'nine' are not only more reasonable contextually ... The remaining ''*aita-'' and ''*nuñta-'' may be derived from ''*ok̂tō'' and ''*néwn̥'' ... " Melchert, H. Craig. "New Luvo-Lycian Isoglosses". In: ''Historische Sprachforschung''. 102 Band. 1 Heft. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1989. pp. 24-25. {{ISSN|0935-3518}}</ref> [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] aṣṭā(u), [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] ašta, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] ašta/hašt, [[Ossetian language|''Osset.'']] ast/ast, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' ā.ṭh, ''[[Kamviri]]'' uṣṭ, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] ὀκτώ oktṓ, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] octō, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] opt, [[Oscan language|''Osc.'']] uhto, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] átta, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] ahtau, [[English language|''Eng.'']] eahta/eight, [[German language|''Gm.'']] ahto/acht, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] oxtū, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] ocht/ocht, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] wyth, [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] owt῾/ut῾ě, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] okät/okt, [[Old Prussian language|''OPruss.'']] astōnjai, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] astoņi, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] aštuonì, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] osmĭ, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] osiem, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] vosem', [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] tëte/tet(ë), [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish (Kurmanji)'']] heşt
|-
|-
| nine || {{PIE|*(h₁)newn̥}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "nine"". In: ''Historische Sprachforschung''. Göttingen: Vanderhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999. vol. 112, No 2, p. 188-390. {{ISSN|0935-3518}}.</ref> || [[Lycian language|''Lyc.'']] ñuñtãta-,<ref>"This numeral ... is obviously derived from the word for "nine". (...) The etymological connection with PIE ''*newn'' ... is evident ...". Eichner, Heiner. "Anatolian". In: Gvozdanovic, Jadranka (ed.). ''Indo-European numerals''. Trends in linguistics: Studies and monographs n. 57. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 1991. p. 87. {{ISBN|3-11-011322-8}}</ref> [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] nava, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] nauua, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] nava/noh, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' nav, ''[[Kamviri]]'' nu, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] ἐννέ(ϝ)α enné(w)a, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] novem, [[Oscan language|''Osc.'']] nuven, [[Umbrian language|''Umbr.'']] nuvim, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] nouă, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] níu, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] niun, [[English language|''Eng.'']] nigon/nine, [[German language|''Gm.'']] niun/neun, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] navan, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] nói/naoi, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] naw, [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] inn/inn/inně, [[Tocharian language|''TochA.'']] ñu, [[Old Prussian language|''OPruss.'']] newīnjai, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] deviņi, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] devynì, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] devętĭ, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] dziewięć, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] devjat', [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] nëntë;nëndë/nând(ë);non(t), [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish'']] neh, no.
| nine || {{PIE|*(h₁)newn̥}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "nine"". In: ''Historische Sprachforschung''. Göttingen: Vanderhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999. vol. 112, No 2, p. 188-390. {{ISSN|0935-3518}}.</ref> || [[Lycian language|''Lyc.'']] ñuñtãta-,<ref>"This numeral ... is obviously derived from the word for "nine". (...) The etymological connection with PIE ''*newn'' ... is evident ...". Eichner, Heiner. "Anatolian". In: Gvozdanovic, Jadranka (ed.). ''Indo-European numerals''. Trends in linguistics: Studies and monographs n. 57. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 1991. p. 87. {{ISBN|3-11-011322-8}}</ref> [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] nava, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] nauua, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] nava/noh, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' nav, ''[[Kamviri]]'' nu, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] ἐννέ(ϝ)α enné(w)a, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] novem, [[Oscan language|''Osc.'']] nuven, [[Umbrian language|''Umbr.'']] nuvim, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] nouă, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] níu, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] niun, [[English language|''Eng.'']] nigon/nine, [[German language|''Gm.'']] niun/neun, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] navan, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] nói/naoi, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] naw, [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] inn/inn/inně, [[Tocharian language|''TochA.'']] ñu, [[Old Prussian language|''OPruss.'']] newīnjai, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] deviņi, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] devynì, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] devętĭ, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] dziewięć, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] devjat', [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] nëntë;nëndë/nând(ë);non(t), [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish (Kurmanji)'']] neh, no
|-
|-
| ten || {{PIE|*deḱm̥(t)}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "ten"". In: ''Bygone voices reconstructed. On language origins and their relationships: In honor of Aharon Dolgopolski''. Ed. by Vitalij V. Shevoroshkin & Harald U. Sverdrup. Copenhagen: Underskoven Publishers ApS, 2009. pp. 113-123. {{ISBN|978-87-91947-33-9}}.</ref> || [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] dáśa, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] dasa, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] daθa/dah, [[Ossetian language|''Osset.'']] dæs/dæs, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' da.h, ''[[Kamviri]]'' duc, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] δέκα déka, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] decem, [[Oscan language|''Osc.'']] deken, [[Umbrian language|''Umbr.'']] desem, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] zece, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] tíu, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] taíhun, [[English language|''Eng.'']] tīen/ten, [[German language|''Gm.'']] zëhen/zehn, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] decam, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] deich/deich, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] deg, [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] tasn/tas/dasě, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] śäk/śak, [[Old Prussian language|''OPruss.'']] desīmtan, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] desmit, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] dẽšimt, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] desętĭ, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] dziesięć, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] desjat', [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] dhjetë/dhet(ë), [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish'']] deh, de.
| ten || {{PIE|*deḱm̥(t)}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "ten"". In: ''Bygone voices reconstructed. On language origins and their relationships: In honor of Aharon Dolgopolski''. Ed. by Vitalij V. Shevoroshkin & Harald U. Sverdrup. Copenhagen: Underskoven Publishers ApS, 2009. pp. 113-123. {{ISBN|978-87-91947-33-9}}.</ref> || [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] dáśa, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] dasa, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] daθa/dah, [[Ossetian language|''Osset.'']] dæs/dæs, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' da.h, ''[[Kamviri]]'' duc, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] δέκα déka, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] decem, [[Oscan language|''Osc.'']] deken, [[Umbrian language|''Umbr.'']] desem, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] zece, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] tíu, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] taíhun, [[English language|''Eng.'']] tīen/ten, [[German language|''Gm.'']] zëhen/zehn, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] decam, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] deich/deich, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] deg, [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] tasn/tas/dasě, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] śäk/śak, [[Old Prussian language|''OPruss.'']] desīmtan, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] desmit, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] dẽšimt, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] desętĭ, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] dziesięć, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] desjat', [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] dhjetë/dhet(ë), [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish (Kurmanji)'']] deh, de
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
| twenty || {{PIE|*wīḱm̥t-}} || [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] viṁśatí-, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] vīsaiti, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] /bēst, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' vuh, ''[[Kamviri]]'' vici, [[Doric Greek|''Doric'']] ϝίκατι wíkati, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] vīgintī, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] vocontio, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] fiche/fiche, [[Middle Welsh|''M. Welsh'']] ugein(t), [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] k῾san/k῾san/k῾san, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] wiki/ikäṃ, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] dvi-de-šimt, [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] njëzet/njizet, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish'']] bist.
| twenty || {{PIE|*wīḱm̥t-}} || [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] viṁśatí-, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] vīsaiti, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] /bēst, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' vuh, ''[[Kamviri]]'' vici, [[Doric Greek|''Doric'']] ϝίκατι wíkati, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] vīgintī, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] vocontio, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] fiche/fiche, [[Middle Welsh|''M. Welsh'']] ugein(t), [[Armenian language|''Arm.'']] k῾san/k῾san/k῾san, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] wiki/ikäṃ, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] dvi-de-šimt, [[Albanian language|''Alb.'']] njëzet/njizet, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish (Kurmanji)'']] bîst
|-
|-
| thirty || {{PIE|*trīḱomt-}} || [[Sanskrit language|''Skr.'']] triṅśat, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] τριάκοντα triákonta, [[Latin language|''Lat.'']] trīgintā, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] /tríocha, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] tris-de-šimt{{citation needed|date=October 2008}}, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish'']] sih, si.
| thirty || {{PIE|*trīḱomt-}} || [[Sanskrit language|''Skr.'']] triṅśat, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] τριάκοντα triákonta, [[Latin language|''Lat.'']] trīgintā, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] /tríocha, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] tris-de-šimt{{citation needed|date=October 2008}}, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish (Kurmanji)'']] sih, sî
|-
|-
| forty || {{PIE|*kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt-}} || [[Sanskrit language|''Skr.'']] catvāriṅśat, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] τεσσαράκοντα tessarákonta, [[Latin language|''Lat.'']] quadrāgintā, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] keturias-de-šimt{{citation needed|date=October 2008}}, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish'']] chil.
| forty || {{PIE|*kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt-}} || [[Sanskrit language|''Skr.'']] catvāriṅśat, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] τεσσαράκοντα tessarákonta, [[Latin language|''Lat.'']] quadrāgintā, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] keturias-de-šimt{{citation needed|date=October 2008}}, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish (Kurmanji)'']] çil
|-
|-
| fifty || {{PIE|*penkʷēḱomt-}} || [[Sanskrit language|''Skr.'']] pañcāśat, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] πεντήκοντα pentḗkonta, [[Latin language|''Lat.'']] quinquāgintā, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] /caoga, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] penkias-de-šimt{{citation needed|date=October 2008}}, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish'']] pe`nci, penca.
| fifty || {{PIE|*penkʷēḱomt-}} || [[Sanskrit language|''Skr.'']] pañcāśat, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] πεντήκοντα pentḗkonta, [[Latin language|''Lat.'']] quinquāgintā, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] /caoga, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] penkias-de-šimt{{citation needed|date=October 2008}}, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish (Kurmanji)'']] pênceh, pêncî
|-
|-
| sixty || {{PIE|*s(w)eḱsḱomt-}} || [[Sanskrit language|''Skr.'']] ṣaṣṭih, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] ἐξήκοντα hexḗkonta, [[Latin language|''Lat.'']] sexāgintā, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] /seasca, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] šešias-de-šimt, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] šest'desjat{{citation needed|date=October 2008}}, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish'']] shest.
| sixty || {{PIE|*s(w)eḱsḱomt-}} || [[Sanskrit language|''Skr.'']] ṣaṣṭih, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] ἐξήκοντα hexḗkonta, [[Latin language|''Lat.'']] sexāgintā, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] /seasca, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] šešias-de-šimt, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] šest'desjat{{citation needed|date=October 2008}}, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish (Kurmanji)'']] şêst
|-
|-
| seventy || {{PIE|*septm̥̄ḱomt-}} || [[Sanskrit language|''Skr.'']] saptatih, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] ἑβδομήκοντα hebdomḗkonta, [[Latin language|''Lat.'']] septuāgintā, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] /seachtó, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] septynias-de-šimt, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] sem'desjat{{citation needed|date=October 2008}}, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish'']] hefte`, hefta.
| seventy || {{PIE|*septm̥̄ḱomt-}} || [[Sanskrit language|''Skr.'']] saptatih, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] ἑβδομήκοντα hebdomḗkonta, [[Latin language|''Lat.'']] septuāgintā, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] /seachtó, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] septynias-de-šimt, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] sem'desjat{{citation needed|date=October 2008}}, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish (Kurmanji)'']] heftê
|-
|-
| eighty || {{PIE|*h₃eḱtō(u)ḱomt-}} || [[Sanskrit language|''Skr.'']] aśītih, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] ὀγδοήκοντα ogdoḗkonta, [[Latin language|''Lat.'']] octāgintā, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] /ochtó, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] aštuonias-de-šimt, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] vosem'desjat{{citation needed|date=October 2008}}, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish'']] heshte`, heshta.
| eighty || {{PIE|*h₃eḱtō(u)ḱomt-}} || [[Sanskrit language|''Skr.'']] aśītih, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] ὀγδοήκοντα ogdoḗkonta, [[Latin language|''Lat.'']] octāgintā, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] /ochtó, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] aštuonias-de-šimt, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] vosem'desjat{{citation needed|date=October 2008}}, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish (Kurmanji)'']] heştê
|-
|-
| ninety || {{PIE|*(h₁)newn̥̄ḱomt-}} || [[Sanskrit language|''Skr.'']] navatih, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] ἐνενήκοντα enenḗkonta, [[Latin language|''Lat.'']] nonāgintā, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] /nócha, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] devynias-de-šimt, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] devjanosto{{citation needed|date=October 2008}}, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish'']] not, newet.
| ninety || {{PIE|*(h₁)newn̥̄ḱomt-}} || [[Sanskrit language|''Skr.'']] navatih, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] ἐνενήκοντα enenḗkonta, [[Latin language|''Lat.'']] nonāgintā, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] /nócha, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] devynias-de-šimt, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] devjanosto{{citation needed|date=October 2008}}, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish (Kurmanji)'']] not, newet
|-
|-
| hundred || {{PIE|*ḱm̥tom}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "hundred"". In: ''History of Language''. Melbourne: Association for the History of Language, 1999, 5.2, No 2, p. 71-82. {{ISSN|1441-5542}}.</ref> || [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] śatám, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] satəm, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] sută, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] /sad, [[Ossetian language|''Osset.'']] sædæ, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' śath, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] ἑκατόν hekatón, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] centum, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] hundrað, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] hund, [[English language|''Eng.'']] hundred/hundred, [[German language|''Gm.'']] hunt/hundert, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] cantam, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] cét/céad, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] cant, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] känt/kante, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] simts, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] šim̃tas, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] sŭto, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] sto, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] sto/sotnja, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish'']] sed.
| hundred || {{PIE|*ḱm̥tom}}<ref>Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "hundred"". In: ''History of Language''. Melbourne: Association for the History of Language, 1999, 5.2, No 2, p. 71-82. {{ISSN|1441-5542}}.</ref> || [[Vedic Sanskrit|''Ved.'']] śatám, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] satəm, [[Romanian language|''Roman.'']] sută, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] /sad, [[Ossetian language|''Osset.'']] sædæ, ''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'' śath, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] ἑκατόν hekatón, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] centum, [[Old Norse|''ON'']] hundrað, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] hund, [[English language|''Eng.'']] hundred/hundred, [[German language|''Gm.'']] hunt/hundert, [[Gaulish language|''Gaul.'']] cantam, [[Irish language|''Ir.'']] cét/céad, [[Welsh language|''Welsh'']] cant, [[Tocharian language|''Toch.'']] känt/kante, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] simts, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] šim̃tas, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] sŭto, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] sto, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] sto/sotnja, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish (Kurmanji)'']] sed
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" | thousand || {{PIE|*(sm̥-)ǵʰéslo-}} || [[Sanskrit language|''Skr.'']] sahasram, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] hazarəm, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] /hazār, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] χίλιοι khílioi, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] mīlle, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish'']] hezar.
| rowspan="3" | thousand || {{PIE|*(sm̥-)ǵʰéslo-}} || [[Sanskrit language|''Skr.'']] sahasram, [[Avestan language|''Av.'']] hazarəm, [[Persian language|''Pers.'']] /hazār, [[Ancient Greek|''Gk.'']] χίλιοι khílioi, [[Latin|''Lat.'']] mīlle, [[Kurdish language|''Kurdish (Kurmanji)'']] hezar
|-
|-
| {{PIE|*tusdḱomti}} || [[Old Norse|''ON'']] þúsund, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] þusundi, [[English language|''Eng.'']] þusend/thousand, [[German language|''Gm.'']] þūsunt/tausend, [[Tocharian language|''TochA.'']] tmāṃ, [[Tocharian language|''TochB.'']] tmāne/tumane, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] tūkstantis, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] tūkstots, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] tysǫšti, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] tysiąc, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] tys'ača
| {{PIE|*tusdḱomti}} || [[Old Norse|''ON'']] þúsund, [[Gothic language|''Goth.'']] þusundi, [[English language|''Eng.'']] þusend/thousand, [[German language|''Gm.'']] þūsunt/tausend, [[Tocharian language|''TochA.'']] tmāṃ, [[Tocharian language|''TochB.'']] tmāne/tumane, [[Lithuanian language|''Lith.'']] tūkstantis, [[Latvian language|''Latv.'']] tūkstots, [[Old Church Slavonic|''OCS'']] tysǫšti, [[Polish language|''Pol.'']] tysiąc, [[Russian language|''Russ.'']] tys'ača

Revision as of 12:30, 2 October 2022

This article contains characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode combining characters and Latin characters.

The numerals and derived numbers of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) have been reconstructed by modern linguists based on similarities found across all Indo-European languages. The following article lists and discusses their hypothesized forms.

Cardinal numbers

The cardinal numbers are reconstructed as follows:

Number Reconstruction (Sihler)[1] Reconstruction (Beekes)[2]
one *Hoi-no-/*Hoi-wo-/*Hoi-k(ʷ)o-; *sem- *Hoi(H)nos ; sem-/sm̥-
two *d(u)wo- *du̯oh₁
three *trei- (full grade) / *tri- (zero grade) *trei̯es
four *kʷetwor- (o-grade) / *kʷetur- (zero grade)
(see also the kʷetwóres rule) 		*kʷétu̯ōr
five *penkʷe *penkʷe
six *s(w)eḱs; originally perhaps *weḱs *(s)u̯éks
seven *septm̥ *séptm̥
eight *oḱtō, *oḱtou or *h₃eḱtō, *h₃eḱtou *h₃eḱteh₃
nine *(h₁)newn̥ *(h₁)néun
ten *deḱm̥(t) *déḱm̥t
twenty *wīḱm̥t-; originally perhaps *widḱomt- *du̯idḱm̥ti
thirty *trīḱomt-; originally perhaps *tridḱomt- *trih₂dḱomth₂
forty *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt-; originally perhaps *kʷetwr̥dḱomt- *kʷeturdḱomth₂
fifty *penkʷēḱomt-; originally perhaps *penkʷedḱomt- *penkʷedḱomth₂
sixty *s(w)eḱsḱomt-; originally perhaps *weḱsdḱomt- *u̯eksdḱomth₂
seventy *septm̥̄ḱomt-; originally perhaps *septm̥dḱomt- *septm̥dḱomth₂
eighty *oḱtō(u)ḱomt-; originally perhaps *h₃eḱto(u)dḱomt- *h₃eḱth₃dḱomth₂
ninety *(h₁)newn̥̄ḱomt-; originally perhaps *h₁newn̥dḱomt- *h₁neundḱomth₂
hundred *ḱm̥tom; originally perhaps *dḱm̥tom *dḱm̥tóm
thousand *ǵʰeslo-; *tusdḱomti (originally "a massive number"[citation needed]) *ǵʰesl-

Other reconstructions typically differ only slightly from Beekes and Sihler. A nineteenth-century reconstruction (by Brugmann) for thousand is *tūsḱmtiə.[3][4] See also Fortson 2004.[5]

The elements *-dḱomt- (in the numerals "twenty" to "ninety") and *dḱm̥t- (in "hundred") are reconstructed on the assumption that these numerals are derivatives of *deḱm̥(t) "ten".

Lehmann[6] believes that the numbers greater than ten were constructed separately in the dialect groups and that *ḱm̥tóm originally meant "a large number" rather than specifically "one hundred."

Gender of numerals

The numbers three and four had feminine forms with the suffix *-s(o)r-, reconstructed as *t(r)i-sr- and *kʷetwr̥-sr-, respectively.[5]

Numerals as prefixes

Special forms of the numerals were used as prefixes, usually to form bahuvrihis (like five-fingered in English):

Number Prefix (Fortson)[7]
one- (together, same) *sm̥-
two- *dwi-
three- *tri-
four- *kʷ(e)tru- or *kʷetwr̥-

Ordinal numbers

The ordinal numbers are difficult to reconstruct due to their variety in the daughter languages. The following reconstructions are tentative:[8]

  • "first" is formed with *pr̥h₃- (related to some adverbs meaning "forth, forward, front" and to the particle *prō "forth", thus originally meaning "foremost" or similar) plus various suffixes like *-mo-, *-wo- (cf. Latin primus, Russian perv-).
  • "second": The daughter languages use a wide range of expressions, often unrelated to the word for "two" (including Latin and English), so that no PIE form can be reconstructed. A number of languages use the form derived from *h₂enteros meaning "the other [of two]" (cf. OCS vĭtorŭ, Lithuanuan añtras, Old Icelandic annarr)
  • "third" to "sixth" were formed from the cardinals plus the suffix *-t(ó)-: *tr̥-t(ó)- / *tri-t(ó)- "third" etc.
  • "seventh" to "tenth" were formed by adding the thematic vowel *-ó- to the cardinal: *oḱtow-ó- "eighth" etc.

The cardinals ending in a syllabic nasal (seven, nine, ten) inserted a second nasal before the thematic vowel, resulting in the suffixes *-mó- and *-nó-. These and the suffix *-t(ó)- spread to neighbouring ordinals, seen for example in Vedic aṣṭamá- "eighth" and Lithuanian deviñtas "ninth".

Reflexes

Reflexes, or descendants of the PIE reconstructed forms in its daughter languages, include the following.

Reflexes of the cardinal numbers

Number Reconstruction (Sihler) Reflexes[5][9]
one *Hoi-no-[10] Alb. njã > një (dialectal nji;njo), Lith. vienas, Latv. viens, Gaul. oinos, Gm. ein/eins, Eng. ān/one, Gk. οἶος oîos, Av. aēuua, Ir. óin/aon, Kashmiri akh, Lat. ūnus, Roman. unu, Osc. uinus, OCS edinŭ, ON einn, OPruss. aīns, Osset. iu/ieu, Pers. aiva-/yek, Kamviri ev, Pol. jeden, Russ. odin, Ved. aika, Umbr. uns, Goth. ains, Welsh un, Kurdish (Kurmanji) yek, êk
*sem-[11] Arm. mi/mek/meg, Alb. gjithë, Lith. sa, sav-as, Eng. sum/some, Gm. saman/zusammen, Gk. εἷς heîs, Hitt. san, Av. hakeret, Ir. samail/samhail, Lat. semel, Lyc. sñta, Kamviri sâ~, Pers. hama/hamin, Russ. odin, yedin, perviy Ved. sakŕ̥t, Toch. sas/ṣe, Welsh hafal, ON sami, Goth. sama
two *du(w)o-[12] Hitt. dā-, Luv. tuwa/i-, Lyc. kbi-, Mil. tba-, Ved. dvā(u), Av. duua, Pers. duva/do, Osset. dyuuæ/duuæ, Kashmiri zū', Kamviri dü, Gk. δύο dúo, Lat. duō, Osc. dus, Umbr. tuf, Roman. doi, ON tveir, Goth. twai, Eng. twā/two, Gm. zwêne/zwei, Gaul. vo, Ir. dá/dó, Welsh dau, Arm. erkow/yerku/yergu, Toch. wu/wi, OPruss. dwāi, Latv. divi, Lith. dù, OCS dŭva, Pol. dwa, Russ. dva, Alb. dy;di/dy;dў, Kurdish (Kurmanji) du
three *trei-[13] Hitt. teriyaš (gen. pl.), Lyc. trei, Ved. tráyas, Av. θrāiiō, Pers. çi/se, Osset. ærtæ/ærtæ, Kashmiri tre, Kamviri tre, Gk. τρεῖς treîs, Lat. trēs, Osc. trís, Umbr. trif, Roman. trei, ON þrír, Goth. þreis, Eng. þrēo/three, Gm. drī/drei, Gaul. treis, Ir. treí/trí, Welsh tri, Arm. erek῾/yerek῾/yerek῾, Toch. tre/trai, OPruss. tri, Latv. trīs, Lith. trỹs, OCS trije, Pol. trzy, Russ. tri, Alb. tre/tre. Kurdish (Kurmanji) sê
four *kʷetwor-[14] Lyc. teteri, Ved. catvāras, Av. caθuuārō, Pers. /čahār, Osset. cyppar/cuppar, Kashmiri tsor, Kamviri što, Gk. τέτταρες téttares, Lat. quattuor, Osc. petora, Roman. patru, Umbr. petor, ON fjórir, Goth. fidwor, Eng. fēower/four, Gm. feor/vier, Gaul. petor, Ir. cethir/ceathair, Welsh pedwar, Arm. čork῾/čors/čors, Toch. śtwar/śtwer, OPruss. keturjāi, Latv. četri, Lith. keturì, OCS četyre, Pol. cztery, Russ. četyre, Alb. katër;katrë/katër, Kurdish (Kurmanji) çar
five *pénkʷe[15] Luv. panta, Ved. pañca, Av. panca, Pers. panča/panj, Osset. fondz/fondz, Kashmiri pā.~tsh Kamviri puč, Gk. πέντε pénte, Lat. quīnque, Roman. cinci, Osc. pompe, Umbr. pumpe, ON fimm, Goth. fimf, Eng. fīf/five, Gm. fimf/fünf, Gaul. pempe, Ir. cóic/cúig, Welsh pump, Arm. hing/hing/hink, Toch. päñ/piś, OPruss. pēnkjāi, Latv. pieci, Lith. penkì, OCS pętĭ, Pol. pięć, Russ. pjat', Alb. pesë/pes(ë);pês, Kurdish (Kurmanji) pênc
six *s(w)eḱs[16] Ved. ṣáṣ, Av. xšuuaš, Pers. /šeš, Osset. æxsæz/æxsæz, Kashmiri śe, Kamviri ṣu, Gk. ἕξ héx, Lat. sex, Osc. sehs, Umbr. sehs, ON sex, Goth. saíhs, Eng. siex/six, Gm. sëhs/sechs, Gaul. suex, Ir. sé/sé, Welsh chwech, Arm. vec῾/vec῾/vec῾, Toch. ṣäk/ṣkas, OPruss. usjai, Latv. seši, Lith. šešì, OCS šestĭ, Pol. sześć, Roman. șase, Russ. šest', Alb. gjashtë/gjasht(ë);xhasht, Kurdish (Kurmanji) şeş
seven *septm̥[17] Hitt. šipta-, Ved. saptá, Av. hapta, Pers. hafta/haft, Osset. avd/avd, Kashmiri sath, Kamviri sut, Gk. ἑπτά heptá, Lat. septem, Osc. seften, Roman. șapte, ON sjau, Goth. sibun, Eng. seofon/seven, Gm. sibun/sieben, Gaul. sextan, Ir. secht/seacht, Welsh saith, Arm. ewt῾n/yot῾/yot῾ě, Toch. ṣpät/ṣukt, OPruss. septīnjai, Lith. septynì, Latv. septiņi, OCS sedmĭ, Pol. siedem, Russ. sem', Alb. shtatë/shtat(ë), Kurdish (Kurmanji) heft
eight *h₃eḱtō[18] Lyc. aitãta-,[19] Ved. aṣṭā(u), Av. ašta, Pers. ašta/hašt, Osset. ast/ast, Kashmiri ā.ṭh, Kamviri uṣṭ, Gk. ὀκτώ oktṓ, Lat. octō, Roman. opt, Osc. uhto, ON átta, Goth. ahtau, Eng. eahta/eight, Gm. ahto/acht, Gaul. oxtū, Ir. ocht/ocht, Welsh wyth, Arm. owt῾/ut῾ě, Toch. okät/okt, OPruss. astōnjai, Latv. astoņi, Lith. aštuonì, OCS osmĭ, Pol. osiem, Russ. vosem', Alb. tëte/tet(ë), Kurdish (Kurmanji) heşt
nine *(h₁)newn̥[20] Lyc. ñuñtãta-,[21] Ved. nava, Av. nauua, Pers. nava/noh, Kashmiri nav, Kamviri nu, Gk. ἐννέ(ϝ)α enné(w)a, Lat. novem, Osc. nuven, Umbr. nuvim, Roman. nouă, ON níu, Goth. niun, Eng. nigon/nine, Gm. niun/neun, Gaul. navan, Ir. nói/naoi, Welsh naw, Arm. inn/inn/inně, TochA. ñu, OPruss. newīnjai, Latv. deviņi, Lith. devynì, OCS devętĭ, Pol. dziewięć, Russ. devjat', Alb. nëntë;nëndë/nând(ë);non(t), Kurdish (Kurmanji) neh, no
ten *deḱm̥(t)[22] Ved. dáśa, Av. dasa, Pers. daθa/dah, Osset. dæs/dæs, Kashmiri da.h, Kamviri duc, Gk. δέκα déka, Lat. decem, Osc. deken, Umbr. desem, Roman. zece, ON tíu, Goth. taíhun, Eng. tīen/ten, Gm. zëhen/zehn, Gaul. decam, Ir. deich/deich, Welsh deg, Arm. tasn/tas/dasě, Toch. śäk/śak, OPruss. desīmtan, Latv. desmit, Lith. dẽšimt, OCS desętĭ, Pol. dziesięć, Russ. desjat', Alb. dhjetë/dhet(ë), Kurdish (Kurmanji) deh, de
twenty *wīḱm̥t- Ved. viṁśatí-, Av. vīsaiti, Pers. /bēst, Kashmiri vuh, Kamviri vici, Doric ϝίκατι wíkati, Lat. vīgintī, Gaul. vocontio, Ir. fiche/fiche, M. Welsh ugein(t), Arm. k῾san/k῾san/k῾san, Toch. wiki/ikäṃ, Lith. dvi-de-šimt, Alb. njëzet/njizet, Kurdish (Kurmanji) bîst
thirty *trīḱomt- Skr. triṅśat, Gk. τριάκοντα triákonta, Lat. trīgintā, Ir. /tríocha, Lith. tris-de-šimt[citation needed], Kurdish (Kurmanji) sih, sî
forty *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt- Skr. catvāriṅśat, Gk. τεσσαράκοντα tessarákonta, Lat. quadrāgintā, Lith. keturias-de-šimt[citation needed], Kurdish (Kurmanji) çil
fifty *penkʷēḱomt- Skr. pañcāśat, Gk. πεντήκοντα pentḗkonta, Lat. quinquāgintā, Ir. /caoga, Lith. penkias-de-šimt[citation needed], Kurdish (Kurmanji) pênceh, pêncî
sixty *s(w)eḱsḱomt- Skr. ṣaṣṭih, Gk. ἐξήκοντα hexḗkonta, Lat. sexāgintā, Ir. /seasca, Lith. šešias-de-šimt, Russ. šest'desjat[citation needed], Kurdish (Kurmanji) şêst
seventy *septm̥̄ḱomt- Skr. saptatih, Gk. ἑβδομήκοντα hebdomḗkonta, Lat. septuāgintā, Ir. /seachtó, Lith. septynias-de-šimt, Russ. sem'desjat[citation needed], Kurdish (Kurmanji) heftê
eighty *h₃eḱtō(u)ḱomt- Skr. aśītih, Gk. ὀγδοήκοντα ogdoḗkonta, Lat. octāgintā, Ir. /ochtó, Lith. aštuonias-de-šimt, Russ. vosem'desjat[citation needed], Kurdish (Kurmanji) heştê
ninety *(h₁)newn̥̄ḱomt- Skr. navatih, Gk. ἐνενήκοντα enenḗkonta, Lat. nonāgintā, Ir. /nócha, Lith. devynias-de-šimt, Russ. devjanosto[citation needed], Kurdish (Kurmanji) not, newet
hundred *ḱm̥tom[23] Ved. śatám, Av. satəm, Roman. sută, Pers. /sad, Osset. sædæ, Kashmiri śath, Gk. ἑκατόν hekatón, Lat. centum, ON hundrað, Goth. hund, Eng. hundred/hundred, Gm. hunt/hundert, Gaul. cantam, Ir. cét/céad, Welsh cant, Toch. känt/kante, Latv. simts, Lith. šim̃tas, OCS sŭto, Pol. sto, Russ. sto/sotnja, Kurdish (Kurmanji) sed
thousand *(sm̥-)ǵʰéslo- Skr. sahasram, Av. hazarəm, Pers. /hazār, Gk. χίλιοι khílioi, Lat. mīlle, Kurdish (Kurmanji) hezar
*tusdḱomti ON þúsund, Goth. þusundi, Eng. þusend/thousand, Gm. þūsunt/tausend, TochA. tmāṃ, TochB. tmāne/tumane, Lith. tūkstantis, Latv. tūkstots, OCS tysǫšti, Pol. tysiąc, Russ. tys'ača
*wel-tyo-[24] Toch. wälts/yaltse; OCS velьjь/velikъ

In the following languages, reflexes separated by slashes mean:

Reflexes of the feminine numbers

Number Reconstruction Reflexes[5]
three *t(r)i-sr- Ved. tisrás, Av. tišrō, Gaul. tidres, Ir. teoir/?
four *kʷetwr̥-sr- Ved. cátasras, Av. cataŋrō, Lith. keturios, Ir. cetheoir/?

Reflexes of the numeral prefixes

Number Reconstruction Reflexes (with examples)[7][25]
one- (together, same) *sm̥- Ved. sa-kŕ̥t "once", Gk. ᾰ̔πλόος haplóos "one-fold, simple", Lat. sim-plex "one-fold"
two- *dwi- Ved. dvi-pád- "two-footed", Gk. dí-pod- "two-footed", Archaic Lat. dui-dent "a sacrificial animal with two teeth", Lith. dvi-kojis "two-footed"
three- *tri- Ved. tri-pád- "three-footed", Gk. trí-pod- "three-footed (table)", Lat. tri-ped- "three-footed", Lith. tri-kojis "three-footed", Gaul. tri-garanus "having three cranes", Alb. tri-dhjetë "thirty" (three ten)
four- *kʷ(e)tru- Ved. cátuṣ-pád- "four-footed", Av. caθru-gaoša- "four-eared", Gk. tetrá-pod- "four-footed", Lat. quadru-ped- "four-footed", Lith. ketur-kojis "four-footed"

Reflexes of the ordinal numbers

Number Reconstruction Reflexes
first *pr̥h₃-wó- Ved. pūrviyá-, OCS prĭvŭ,[8] Pol. pierwszy, Russ. pervyj, Toch. parwät/parwe
*pr̥h₃-mó- Goth. fruma, Lith. pìrmas,[8] Latv. pirmais, Lat. prīmus, Osc. perum
other forms Eng. fyrst/first,[8]

Hitt. para, Lyc. pri, Av. pairi, vienet-as, paoiriia, Osset. fyccag, farast/farast, Kamviri pürük, Gk. πρῶτος prôtos, Umbr. pert, ON fyrstr, Gm. furist/Fürst "prince, ruler"; fruo/früh "early", Ir. er/air, Welsh ar, OPruss. pariy, Alb. i parë

second *(d)wi-teró- Skr. dvitīya, Gk. δεύτερος deúteros, Russ. vtoroj[citation needed]
third *tri-t(y)ó- Ved. tr̥tīya-, Gk. τρίτος trítos, Lat. tertius,[8]

Alb. (i) tretë, Lith. trečias < *tretias, Russ. tretij[citation needed]

fourth *kʷetwr̥-tó- Gk. τέταρτος tétartos, Eng. feorþa/fourth, OCS četvirĭtŭ,[8]

Alb. (i) katërt, Lat. quartus, Lith. ketvirtas, Russ. chetv'ortyj[citation needed]

fifth *penkʷ-tó- Av. puxδa-, Gk. πέμπτος pémptos,[8]

Lat. quīntus, Alb. (i) pestë, Lith. penktas, Russ. p'atyj[citation needed]

sixth *sweḱs-tó- Gk. ἕκτος héktos, Lat. sextus,[8]

Alb.(i) gjashtë, Lith. šeštas, Russ. šestoj[citation needed]

seventh *septm̥-(m/t)ó- Gk. ἕβδομος hébdomos, Lat. septimus, OCS sedmŭ,[8]

Lith. septintas, sekmas, Russ. sed'moj[citation needed]

eighth *h₃eḱtōw-ó- Gk. ὄγδο(ϝ)ος ógdo(w)os, Lat. octāvus,[8]

Russ. vos'moj, Lith. aštuntas, ašmas[citation needed]

ninth *(h₁)newn̥-(n/t)ó- Lat. nōnus,[8]

Gk. ἔνατος énatos, Russ. dev'atyj, Lith. devintas[citation needed]

tenth *deḱm̥-(m/t)ó- Ved. daśamá-, Av. dasəma-, Lat. decimus,[8]

Gk. δέκατος dékatos, Lith. dešimtas, Russ. desjatyj[citation needed]

Notes

  1. ^ Sihler (1995:402–24)
  2. ^ Beekes (1995:212–16)
  3. ^ Brugmann (1892:48)
  4. ^ Meillet:372)
  5. ^ a b c d Fortson (2004:131)
  6. ^ Lehmann (1993:252–255)
  7. ^ a b Fortson (2004:131–132)
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fortson (2004:132)
  9. ^ Gvozdanovic (1991)
  10. ^ Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "one" and "first"". In: Sborník prací Filosofické fakulty Brněnské university, A 47. Brno: MU, 1999. p. 7-27. A 47. ISBN 80-210-2098-9.
  11. ^ de Vaan, Michiel. "Proto-Indo-European *sm and *si ‘one’". In: The Precursors of Proto-Indo-European. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill|Rodopi, 2019. pp. 203–218. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004409354_015
  12. ^ Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "two"". In: Sborník prací Filosofické fakulty brněnské university. Brno: Masarykova universita, 1998. p. 5-25. A 46. ISBN 80-210-1796-1.
  13. ^ Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "three"". In: Lingua Posnaniensis, Polsko: neznámý, 1998, vol. 40, No 1, p. 33-45. ISSN 0079-4740.
  14. ^ Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "four"." In: Indogermanische Forschungen, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1998, vol. 103, No 1, p. 112-134. ISSN 0019-7262.
  15. ^ Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "five"". In: Indogermanische Forschungen, Berlin-NY: Walter de Gruyter, 2000, vol. 105, No 1, p. 102-120. ISSN 0019-7262.
  16. ^ Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "six"". In: Sborník prací Filosofické fakulty brněnské university. Brno: Masarykova universita, 2000. p. 5-18. A 48. ISBN 80-210-2350-3.
  17. ^ Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European ‘Seven’". In: Journal of Indo-European Studies, Monograph Series 22 (1997): 9-29.
  18. ^ Blažek, Václav. "Indo-european "eight"". In: Historische Sprachforschung. SRN: neznám, 1998, vol. 111, No 1, p. 209-224. ISSN 0935-3518.
  19. ^ Craig Melchert stated: "Meriggi, 'Fs Hirt' 266, suggests 'eighty' and 'ninety' respectively for aitãta and nuñtata ... 'Eight' and 'nine' are not only more reasonable contextually ... The remaining *aita- and *nuñta- may be derived from *ok̂tō and *néwn̥ ... " Melchert, H. Craig. "New Luvo-Lycian Isoglosses". In: Historische Sprachforschung. 102 Band. 1 Heft. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1989. pp. 24-25. ISSN 0935-3518
  20. ^ Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "nine"". In: Historische Sprachforschung. Göttingen: Vanderhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999. vol. 112, No 2, p. 188-390. ISSN 0935-3518.
  21. ^ "This numeral ... is obviously derived from the word for "nine". (...) The etymological connection with PIE *newn ... is evident ...". Eichner, Heiner. "Anatolian". In: Gvozdanovic, Jadranka (ed.). Indo-European numerals. Trends in linguistics: Studies and monographs n. 57. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 1991. p. 87. ISBN 3-11-011322-8
  22. ^ Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "ten"". In: Bygone voices reconstructed. On language origins and their relationships: In honor of Aharon Dolgopolski. Ed. by Vitalij V. Shevoroshkin & Harald U. Sverdrup. Copenhagen: Underskoven Publishers ApS, 2009. pp. 113-123. ISBN 978-87-91947-33-9.
  23. ^ Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European "hundred"". In: History of Language. Melbourne: Association for the History of Language, 1999, 5.2, No 2, p. 71-82. ISSN 1441-5542.
  24. ^ Douglas Q. Adams, A Dictionary of Tocharian B, 2nd ed., 2013, ISBN 9401209367 s.v. yaltse
  25. ^ Fortson (2004:120)

References

Further reading

  • Bammesberg, Alfred (1995). "Latin quattuor and Its Prehistory". In: Journal of Indo-European Studies (JIES) 23 (1-2): 213–222.
  • Beekes, Robert S. P. (1987). "The Word for ‘Four’ in Proto-Indo-European". In: Journal of Indo-European Studies (JIES) 15 (1/2): 215–219.
  • Bomhard, Allan. "Some thoughts on the Proto-Indo-European cardinal numbers". In: In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory: Essays in the four fields of anthropology. In honor of Harold Crane Fleming. Edited by John D. Bengtson. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008. pp. 213-221. 10.1075/z.145.18bom.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Indo-European_numerals&oldid=1113624732"