Jump to content

User:Gardar Rurak: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Line 444: Line 444:
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gis.aarhus.dk/kommuneatlas/|title=Byhistoriske hovedtræk – Byens grundlæggelse|language=da|publisher=[[Aarhus Municipality]]|access-date=15 August 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130914192312/http://gis.aarhus.dk/kommuneatlas/|archive-date=14 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gis.aarhus.dk/kommuneatlas/|title=Byhistoriske hovedtræk – Byens grundlæggelse|language=da|publisher=[[Aarhus Municipality]]|access-date=15 August 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130914192312/http://gis.aarhus.dk/kommuneatlas/|archive-date=14 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Early history==
===Early history===
Founded in the early [[Viking Age]], Aarhus is one of the oldest cities in Denmark, along with [[Ribe]] and [[Hedeby]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gis.aarhus.dk/kommuneatlas/|title=Byhistoriske hovedtræk – Byens grundlæggelse|language=da|publisher=[[Aarhus Municipality]]|access-date=15 August 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130914192312/http://gis.aarhus.dk/kommuneatlas/|archive-date=14 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The original Aros settlement was situated on the northern shores of a [[Förden and East Jutland Fjorde|fjord]] by the mouth of the [[Aarhus River]], right where the city center is today. It quickly became a hub for sea-going trade due to its position on intersecting trade routes in the [[Danish straits]] and the fertile countryside. The trade, however, was not nearly as prominent as that in Ribe and Hedeby during the Viking Age, and it was primarily linked to Norway as evidenced by archaeological finds. A shipbuilding yard from the Viking Age was uncovered upriver in 2002 by archaeologists. It was located at a place formerly known as ''Snekkeeng'', or Snekke Meadow in English ('Snekke' is a type of [[longship]]), east of the [[Brabrand Lake]] close to [[Viby J|Viby]], and it was in use for more than 400 years from the late 700s till around the mid-1200s.<ref name=UBAS>{{cite journal|url=https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/handle/1956/11335|title=Det ældste Århus – ca. 770–1200|publisher=[[Bergen University]]|author=Hans Skov|language=Danish|journal=UBAS Nordisk|volume=5|year=2008|pages=215–226|access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref>
Founded in the early [[Viking Age]], Aarhus is one of the oldest cities in Denmark, along with [[Ribe]] and [[Hedeby]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gis.aarhus.dk/kommuneatlas/|title=Byhistoriske hovedtræk – Byens grundlæggelse|language=da|publisher=[[Aarhus Municipality]]|access-date=15 August 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130914192312/http://gis.aarhus.dk/kommuneatlas/|archive-date=14 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The original Aros settlement was situated on the northern shores of a [[Förden and East Jutland Fjorde|fjord]] by the mouth of the [[Aarhus River]], right where the city center is today. It quickly became a hub for sea-going trade due to its position on intersecting trade routes in the [[Danish straits]] and the fertile countryside. The trade, however, was not nearly as prominent as that in Ribe and Hedeby during the Viking Age, and it was primarily linked to Norway as evidenced by archaeological finds. A shipbuilding yard from the Viking Age was uncovered upriver in 2002 by archaeologists. It was located at a place formerly known as ''Snekkeeng'', or Snekke Meadow in English ('Snekke' is a type of [[longship]]), east of the [[Brabrand Lake]] close to [[Viby J|Viby]], and it was in use for more than 400 years from the late 700s till around the mid-1200s.<ref name=UBAS>{{cite journal|url=https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/handle/1956/11335|title=Det ældste Århus – ca. 770–1200|publisher=[[Bergen University]]|author=Hans Skov|language=Danish|journal=UBAS Nordisk|volume=5|year=2008|pages=215–226|access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref>


Revision as of 20:12, 13 November 2023

The Vikings (770 AD - 1060 AD)

Moesgård Museums scale model of Aarhus c. 980.

Founded in the 770s during the early Viking Age Aarhus, along with Ribe and Hedeby, is one the oldest Danish settlements that emerged as the economic, political and military backbone of the early Danish kingdom.[1][2] Aarhus was the property of the Danish kings and in Kongsvang (Lit.: King's Fields) there's evidence of a royal residence which was likely the administrative center while the town itself served as a fort and trade post. Archaeological evidence traces most of the early period until it is mentioned in written records in 948 AD and later on coins minted c. 1040 by Harthaknut and Magnus the Good.[3]

Reconstruction of an early stave church from Hørning.

Geographically oriented towards the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea trade played a smaller role in Aarhus compared to Ribe and Hedeby but the military had a significant presence and it may have been as much a military facility as a town.[4][5] In Snekkeeng, (Lit.: Longship Meadow) in Eskelund lay an inland harbor and shipyard where ships could be stored and maintained.[6][7] The construction of Kanhavekanalen on the island Samsø in 726 AD suggests the area was important to the Danish kings as far back as the early 8th century and there's evidence of extensive defensive infrastructure on surrounding islands and peninsulas.[8][9] In the bay Samsø and Tunø enable lookout positions in an early warning system while Stavns Fjord and coves at Helgenæs served as forward staging areas for the leidang fleet.[10][7] During the reign of Gorm the Old in the early 900s the town became fortified and were further reinforced by Harald Bluetooth by the end of the century.[11][12]

Aarhus and areas around it are frequently mentioned in written sources in connection with wars and as a place where the leidang fleet would assemble.[13] According to Saxo Grammaticus Harald Bluetooth and Sweyn Forkbeard fought a naval battle here in in 987 AD where Harald was wounded and had to retreat to Jomsborg.[14][15] In 1043 Svend Estridsen and Magnus the Good fought a battle in the bay and subsequently Magnus controlled Aarhus for a period although he must later have lost it as his ally Harald Hardrada returned in 1050 and attacked it again.[16][17]

Germanic paganism was the dominant religion but Christianity gradually gained a foothold. The largest religious site in Kongsvang is known to have been dedicated to Týr, the Norse God of war, possibly a reflection of the town's ties to the military.[18] During the rule of Harald Bluetooth in the 900s a wooden stave church was built to the west of the town but the central town square remained a pagan burial site throughout the period.[11][19] It is known that Aarhus had a bishopric in 948 AD as the bishop of Aarhus Reginbrand was reported to have attended the synod of Ingelheim but it was dissolved in 988 until Svend Estridsen re-established it in 1060 and appointed Christian I bishop of Aarhus.[20][21] By the end of the Viking Age Aarhus had grown to a population of c. 250, had become heavily fortified and was trading throughout most of the Baltic Sea.[22]

[23]

Early history

Founded in the early Viking Age, Aarhus is one of the oldest cities in Denmark, along with Ribe and Hedeby.[24] The original Aros settlement was situated on the northern shores of a fjord by the mouth of the Aarhus River, right where the city center is today. It quickly became a hub for sea-going trade due to its position on intersecting trade routes in the Danish straits and the fertile countryside. The trade, however, was not nearly as prominent as that in Ribe and Hedeby during the Viking Age, and it was primarily linked to Norway as evidenced by archaeological finds. A shipbuilding yard from the Viking Age was uncovered upriver in 2002 by archaeologists. It was located at a place formerly known as Snekkeeng, or Snekke Meadow in English ('Snekke' is a type of longship), east of the Brabrand Lake close to Viby, and it was in use for more than 400 years from the late 700s till around the mid-1200s.[25]

Model of the fortified Viking town Aros (late 900s), north is up

Archaeological evidence indicates that Aarhus was a town as early as the last quarter of the 8th century.[26][27] Discoveries after a 2003 archaeological dig included half-buried longhouses, firepits, glass pearls and a road dated to the late 700s.[28] Several excavations in the inner city since the 1960s have revealed wells, streets, homes and workshops, and inside the buildings and adjoining archaeological layers, everyday utensils like combs, jewellery and basic multi-purpose tools from approximately the year 900 have been unearthed.[29] The early town was fortified with defensive earthen ramparts in the first part of the 900s, possibly in the year 934 on order from king Gorm the Old. The fortifications were later improved and expanded by his son Harald Bluetooth, encircling the settlement much like the defence structures found at Viking ring fortresses elsewhere.[26] Together with the town's geographical placement, this suggests that Aros became an important military centre in the Viking Age. There are also strong indications of a former royal residence from the same period in Viby, a few kilometres south of the Aarhus city centre.[30][31]

The centre of Aarhus was originally a pagan burial site until Aarhus's first Christian church, Holy Trinity Church, a timber structure, was built upon it during the reign of Frode, King of Jutland, around 900.[32] The bishopric of Aarhus dates back to at least 948 when Adam of Bremen reported that the missionary bishop Reginbrand of Aros attended the synod of Ingelheim in Germany,[33][34] but the late Viking Age during the Christianization of Scandinavia was a turbulent and violent time with several naval attacks on the town, such as Harald Hardrada's assault around 1050, when the Holy Trinity Church was burned to the ground.[26][35] Despite the conflicts, Aarhus continued to prosper from the trade and the finding of six runestones in and around Aarhus indicates the city had some significance around the year 1000, as only wealthy nobles traditionally used them.[36] The bishopric diocese was obliterated for almost a hundred years after Reginbrand in 988, but in 1060 a new bishop Christian was ordained and he founded a new church in Aarhus, Sankt Nicolai Domkirke (St. Nicholas Cathedral), this time in stone. It was erected outside the town fortifications, and stood finished in 1070 at the site where Church of Our Lady stands today, but only an underground crypt remains.[37][38]

Viking Age

https://jyllands-posten.dk/jpaarhus/ECE4433725/Vikingernes-Viby/

  1. ^ Damm 2005, p. 11.
  2. ^ Varberg 2011, p. 62.
  3. ^ Damm 2005, p. 15.
  4. ^ Gejl 1995, p. 100.
  5. ^ Damm 2005, p. 30.
  6. ^ Varberg 2011, p. 40-41.
  7. ^ a b Varberg 2011, p. 65.
  8. ^ Damm 2005, p. 103.
  9. ^ Varberg 2011, p. 64.
  10. ^ Damm 2005, p. 35.
  11. ^ a b Damm 2005, p. 16.
  12. ^ Damm 2005, p. 18.
  13. ^ Varberg 2011, p. 66.
  14. ^ Varberg 2011, p. 49.
  15. ^ Varberg 2011, p. 119.
  16. ^ Varberg 2011, p. 114.
  17. ^ Varberg 2011, p. 20.
  18. ^ Varberg 2011, p. 45.
  19. ^ Varberg 2011, p. 43.
  20. ^ Gejl 1995, p. 26.
  21. ^ Varberg 2011, p. 41.
  22. ^ Gejl 1995, p. 47.
  23. ^ "Byhistoriske hovedtræk – Byens grundlæggelse" (in Danish). Aarhus Municipality. Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  24. ^ "Byhistoriske hovedtræk – Byens grundlæggelse" (in Danish). Aarhus Municipality. Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  25. ^ Hans Skov (2008). "Det ældste Århus – ca. 770–1200". UBAS Nordisk (in Danish). 5. Bergen University: 215–226. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  26. ^ a b c Grymer, Claus (1 June 2005). "Vikingernes Aros mellem land og hav". Kristeligt Dagblad (in Danish). Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  27. ^ "Det Tidligste Århus" [The earliest Århus] (in Danish). The Viking Museum. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  28. ^ "Excavations – Nørrevold" (in Danish). The Viking Museum (Moesgård Museum). Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  29. ^ "Excavations" (in Danish). The Viking Museum (Moesgård Museum). Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  30. ^ "Tilbage til vikingetiden" [Back to the Viking Age] (in Danish). Vikingemuseet (MOMU).
  31. ^ Kaiser, Jens (12 June 2005). "Vikingernes Viby" (in Danish). Jyllands-Posten Aarhus.
  32. ^ "Kirkerne i Århus" (PDF) (in Danish). Danmarks Kirker: Nationalmuseet. p. 52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  33. ^ "Aarhus Cathedral". Aarhus University. 2 July 2012. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  34. ^ "By efter by" (in Danish). Gyldendal. 31 March 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  35. ^ "Svend Estridsen, ca. 1019–1074/76" (in Danish). Aarhus University. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  36. ^ "Vikingernes Aros" (in Danish). The Viking Museum (Moesgård Museum). Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  37. ^ "Aarhus". Aarhus University. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  38. ^ "Church and Priory of Our Lady" (PDF). danmarkshistorien.dk. Aarhus University. 24 May 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  39. ^ a b c Annette Damm (2005). "Aros 700-1100". Vikingernes Aros (1st ed.). Moesgård Museum. ISBN 978-8-7873-3462-4.
  40. ^ "Kirkerne i Århus" (PDF) (in Danish). Danmarks Kirker: Nationalmuseet. p. 52. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  41. ^ "Kongeby". Moesgård Museum. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  42. ^ "Aarhus Cathedral". Danmarkshistorien.dk. Aarhus University. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  43. ^ "By efter by". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  44. ^ a b c "Registrantområder – Indre by". Aarhus Municipality, 2nd Department of the Magistrate. p. 11. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  45. ^ a b Paludan 1998, p. 19.
  46. ^ "The Viking Age in Scandinavia". Vikingeskibsmuseet. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  47. ^ Paludan 1998, p. 20.
  48. ^ "Skt. Nicolai Domkirke". Aarhus University. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gardar_Rurak&oldid=1184977687"