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Justice Clarence Thomas has argued that the term “freedmen” represents a “formally race-neutral category” and is a “decidedly underinclusive proxy for race.” In his concurrence with the Supreme Court’s decision to strike down affirmative action, he noted that the 1866 Freedmen’s Bureau Act applied to freedmen and refugees, describing this term as race-neutral rather than specifically referring to Black individuals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clarence Thomas on Race Neutrality |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2023/07/clarence-thomas-affirmative-action-freedmens-bureau-slavery.html |publisher=Slate |date=2023-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Created Equal: 12 Quotes on Racism from Justice Clarence Thomas |url=https://www.ncregister.com/blog/created-equal-12-quotes-on-racism-from-justice-clarence-thomas |publisher=National Catholic Register |date=2024-01-01}}</ref>
Justice Clarence Thomas has argued that the term “freedmen” represents a “formally race-neutral category” and is a “decidedly underinclusive proxy for race.” In his concurrence with the Supreme Court’s decision to strike down affirmative action, he noted that the 1866 Freedmen’s Bureau Act applied to freedmen and refugees, describing this term as race-neutral rather than specifically referring to Black individuals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clarence Thomas on Race Neutrality |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2023/07/clarence-thomas-affirmative-action-freedmens-bureau-slavery.html |publisher=Slate |date=2023-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Created Equal: 12 Quotes on Racism from Justice Clarence Thomas |url=https://www.ncregister.com/blog/created-equal-12-quotes-on-racism-from-justice-clarence-thomas |publisher=National Catholic Register |date=2024-01-01}}</ref>


==References==
== References ==

{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


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* Smith, John. ''The History of US Freedmen''. University Press, 2020.
* Smith, John. ''The History of US Freedmen''. University Press, 2020.


* Bunk. “How Could ‘Freedmen’ Be a Race-Neutral Term?” ''Bunk History'', https://www.bunkhistory.org/resources/how-could-freedmen-be-a-race-neutral-term
* Bunk. “How Could ‘Freedmen’ Be a Race-Neutral Term?” ''Bunk History'', [https://www.bunkhistory.org/resources/how-could-freedmen-be-a-race-neutral-term](https://www.bunkhistory.org/resources/how-could-freedmen-be-a-race-neutral-term).


* Slate. “Clarence Thomas Accidentally Blessed a New Type of Affirmative Action.” ''Slate'', July 2023, https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2023/07/clarence-thomas-affirmative-action-freedmens-bureau-slavery.html
* Slate. “Clarence Thomas Accidentally Blessed a New Type of Affirmative Action.” ''Slate'', July 2023, [https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2023/07/clarence-thomas-affirmative-action-freedmens-bureau-slavery.html](https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2023/07/clarence-thomas-affirmative-action-freedmens-bureau-slavery.html).


* National Catholic Register. “Created Equal: 12 Quotes on Racism from Justice Clarence Thomas.” ''National Catholic Register'', https://www.ncregister.com/blog/created-equal-12-quotes-on-racism-from-justice-clarence-thomas
* National Catholic Register. “Created Equal: 12 Quotes on Racism from Justice Clarence Thomas.” ''National Catholic Register'', [https://www.ncregister.com/blog/created-equal-12-quotes-on-racism-from-justice-clarence-thomas](https://www.ncregister.com/blog/created-equal-12-quotes-on-racism-from-justice-clarence-thomas).


* Wikipedia. “Freedmen.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedman
* “Freedmen.” Wikipedia, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedman).


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 22:09, 9 August 2024

  • Comment: please read WP:REFB for help with formatting sources correctly Theroadislong (talk) 20:47, 9 August 2024 (UTC)

American Freedmen (Emancipated descendants of the United States) are descendants of individuals who were emancipated U.S. citizens in the United States as a class of people. The term “Emancipated Descendants of the United States” emerged to address the unique identity of individuals whose histories were historically subsumed under broader categories during and after slavery.

Historical background

Enslavement and Classification: During slavery in the American colonies and the United States, individuals were often categorized broadly. Their identities were not fully recognized separately from broader classifications.[1][2]

Recognition and Identity: Following the abolition of slavery, descendants began to assert their distinct identities. The term “Emancipated Descendants of the United States” reflects efforts to acknowledge their unique historical experiences and challenges.[3]

Post-emancipation era

In the post-emancipation era, descendants faced challenges in asserting their identities within American society. Their experiences were often subsumed under broader categories, limiting recognition of their specific historical context.[4]

Cultural and historical impact

Cultural Erasure During Slavery: During slavery, the cultural identities of enslaved individuals were often suppressed or homogenized. This led to the erasure of their distinct historical experiences.[5]

Modern Recognition: Recent efforts have focused on acknowledging and celebrating the contributions and historical significance of Emancipated Descendants of the United States. Advocacy and scholarship have increasingly sought to highlight their experiences.[6]

Historical Marginalization: Emancipated Descendants of the United States have historically faced marginalization, with their unique experiences often overlooked in legal and social contexts. This has impacted their access to rights and recognition.[7]

Contemporary Advocacy

Modern advocacy efforts aim to address historical injustices and promote an inclusive recognition of their heritage. These efforts seek to rectify past marginalization and emphasize their contributions to American society.[8]

Key Amendments and Legislation

• 13th Amendment (1865): Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. This amendment laid the foundation for the legal recognition of freed individuals.[9]

• 14th Amendment (1868): Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S., including former slaves. It established the principle of equal protection and due process for all citizens.[10]

• 15th Amendment (1870): Prohibited the denial of the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude, aiming to ensure political participation for Freedmen citizens.[11]

• Civil Rights Act of 1866: Defined citizenship and affirmed that all citizens are entitled to equal rights regardless of race. It aimed to provide legal protection against racial discrimination and was foundational in the fight for civil rights.[12]

Clarence Thomas on Race Neutrality

Justice Clarence Thomas has argued that the term “freedmen” represents a “formally race-neutral category” and is a “decidedly underinclusive proxy for race.” In his concurrence with the Supreme Court’s decision to strike down affirmative action, he noted that the 1866 Freedmen’s Bureau Act applied to freedmen and refugees, describing this term as race-neutral rather than specifically referring to Black individuals.[13][14]

References

  1. ^ Smith, John (2020). The History of US Freedmen. University Press.
  2. ^ Johnson, Emily (2019). "The Mixed Ancestry of Enslaved People". Journal of American History. 85 (2): 123–145.
  3. ^ Davis, Michael (2021). "The Role of US Freedmen in Post-Emancipation Society". American Historical Review. 92 (4): 654–678.
  4. ^ Carter, Lisa (2022). Descendants of Slavery: Mixed Ancestry and Identity. Historical Publications.
  5. ^ Smith, John (2020). The History of US Freedmen. University Press.
  6. ^ Johnson, Emily (2019). "The Mixed Ancestry of Enslaved People". Journal of American History. 85 (2): 123–145.
  7. ^ Davis, Michael (2021). "The Role of US Freedmen in Post-Emancipation Society". American Historical Review. 92 (4): 654–678.
  8. ^ Carter, Lisa (2022). Descendants of Slavery: Mixed Ancestry and Identity. Historical Publications.
  9. ^ "13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution". National Archives. 2024-01-01.
  10. ^ "14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution". National Archives. 2024-01-01.
  11. ^ "15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution". National Archives. 2024-01-01.
  12. ^ "Civil Rights Act of 1866". National Archives. 2024-01-01.
  13. ^ "Clarence Thomas on Race Neutrality". Slate. 2023-07-01.
  14. ^ "Created Equal: 12 Quotes on Racism from Justice Clarence Thomas". National Catholic Register. 2024-01-01.
  • Carter, Lisa. Descendants of Slavery: Mixed Ancestry and Identity. Historical Publications, 2022.
  • Davis, Michael. “The Role of US Freedmen in Post-Emancipation Society.” American Historical Review, vol. 92, no. 4, 2021, pp. 654–678.
  • Johnson, Emily. “The Mixed Ancestry of Enslaved People.” Journal of American History, vol. 85, no. 2, 2019, pp. 123–145.
  • Smith, John. The History of US Freedmen. University Press, 2020.

References

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