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A '''planter''' is a [[farm]] implement towed behind a [[tractor]], used for [[sowing]] crops through a field.<ref name = fin>http://farmindustrynews.com/mag/farming_bulking_2/</ref><ref>http://cornandsoybeandigest.com/equipment/planting-perfection-0215/</ref> Planters lay the seed down in precise manner along rows. Seeds are distributed through devices called row units.<ref name = fin> The row units are spaced evenly along the planter.<ref name = fin> Planters vary greatly in size, from four rows to twenty. The space between the row units also vary greatly.<ref name = fin> |
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[[Image:Loprais03.jpg|thumb|[[Tatra T815]] rally-raid T4 truck]] |
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'''Rally Raid''' is a form of long distance off-road racing that takes place over several days.<ref name=rr115>http://www.rallyraid.com/Contenidos.asp?id=115&idioma=en</ref> Each day may require traveling up to 900km.<ref name=rr115 /> The length of the event can be from 3 to 15 days.<ref name=rr115 /> Examples of rally raid races include the [[Dakar Rally]].<ref name=id277159>http://www.motorsport.com/news/article.asp?ID=277159&FS=DAKAR</ref><ref name=rr115 /> |
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==Navigation== |
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Navigation is accomplished using a roadbook and also with [[GPS]]. |
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==Vehicles and classes== |
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The three major competitive groups in rally raid are the [[motorcycle]] (moto) class, the [[automobile|car]] class, ranging from [[dune buggy|buggies]] to small [[SUV]]s, and the [[truck|T4 truck]] class. |
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=== Moto class === |
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[[Image:Dakar 2006 Floirac Kastan Cornuaille.jpg|thumb|Three motorcyclists on [[KTM]] machines]] |
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The Moto class is divided between three groups. Group 1 is Marathon, which are nearly unmodified production motorcycles, subdivided between engines of greater and less than {{convert|451|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on|lk=on}}.<ref name="DAK08 reglement moto">{{PDFlink|http://www.dakar.com/2008/DAK/presentation/docs/DAK08_reglement_moto_us.pdf|4.91 [[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 5153965 bytes -->}}</ref> Group 2 is Super-Production bikes, which are more substantially modified than Marathon bikes, subdivided between engines of greater and less than 451 cc.<ref name="DAK08 reglement moto"/> Group 3 for quads, subdivided between engines of greater and less than 500 cc.<ref name="DAK08 reglement moto"/> |
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Popular motorcycles include those made by [[KTM]] and [[Yamaha Motor Corporation|Yamaha]] because many of their bikes have finished in top positions. [[BMW motorcycles]] have also been successful in the Dakar. |
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=== Car class—T1, T2 and Open === |
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[[Image:Bowler Wildcat Goodwood 2005 cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Bowler Wildcat]] rally-raid vehicle]] |
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The car class is made up of vehicles weighing less than {{convert|3500|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} and subdivided into several categories. The T1 Group is made up of Improved Cross Country Vehicles and the T2 Group is made up of Cross Country Series Production vehicles.<ref name="DAK08 reglement auto">{{PDFlink|http://www.dakar.com/2008/DAK/presentation/docs/DAK08_reglement_auto_us.pdf|6.01 [[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 6304350 bytes -->}}</ref> The Open class accepts weight-qualifying vehicles such as [[SCORE International]] trucks.<ref name="DAK08 reglement auto"/> |
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Originally, European utility vehicles like the [[Renault 4]], [[Land Rover]], [[Range Rover]], [[Mercedes-Benz G-Class|Mercedes-Benz G]], [[Volkswagen Iltis]] and the [[Pinzgauer High Mobility All-Terrain Vehicle|Pinzgauer]], as well the Japanese [[Toyota Land Cruiser]], dominated the sport. |
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Prominent examples in the Car Class included the [[Mitsubishi Pajero|Mitsubishi Pajero/Montero]], the [[Volkswagen Touareg|Volkswagen Race Touareg]], the [[Bowler Wildcat|Bowler Wildcat 200]] and the [[Nissan Navara]]. |
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===Truck class—T4 and T5=== |
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The Truck class, also known as "Camions" or "Lorries", is made up of vehicles weighing more than {{convert|3500|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Dictionary">{{cite web |url=http://www.robbygordon.com/cms/publish/cat_index_109.shtml |title=Dakar Dictionary}}</ref> They are divided into two groups, T4 and T5. |
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T4 class trucks participate in the competition, while T5 trucks travel from bivouac to bivouac to support the competition vehicles.<ref name="Dictionary"/> T4 trucks may provide assistance during the special stages but must be [[homologate]]d vehicles. The T4.1 class covers production trucks, and the T4.2 class covers modified trucks.<ref>{{PDFlink|http://www.dakar.com/2008/DAK/presentation/docs/DAK08_fiche_vehicule_us.pdf|81.6 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 83660 bytes -->}}</ref> T5 vehicles do not have to be homologated.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |
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The T4 class has been composed of vehicles manufactured by [[Tatra (car)|Tatra]], [[LIAZ (Czech Republic)|LIAZ]], [[Kamaz]], [[Hino Motors|Hino]], [[MAN AG|MAN]], [[DAF Trucks|DAF]], [[Mercedes-Benz]] [[Unimog]], [[Renault Trucks|Renault Kerax]], [[Scania AB|SCANIA]], [[Iveco|IVECO]], and [[GINAF]]. In the 1980s, a strong rivalry between [[DAF Trucks|DAF]] and [[Mercedes-Benz]] led to vehicles which had twin engines and more than 1000 [[horsepower|hp]] (750 [[kilowatt|kW]]). Later [[Tatra (car)|Tatra]], and [[Kamaz]] took the race up. After 2000, renewed competition started in the truck class between [[DAF Trucks|DAF]], [[Tatra (car)|Tatra]], [[Mercedes-Benz]] and [[Kamaz]]. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 23:41, 15 September 2008
A planter is a farm implement towed behind a tractor, used for sowing crops through a field.[1][2] Planters lay the seed down in precise manner along rows. Seeds are distributed through devices called row units.<ref name = fin> The row units are spaced evenly along the planter.<ref name = fin> Planters vary greatly in size, from four rows to twenty. The space between the row units also vary greatly.<ref name = fin>