Jump to content

Darughachi: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m There are many grammatical errors to this paragraph (the source does appear to be extant); I am going to revert the edit and update the source references, which are misspelled
the cited work itself acknowledges some debate as to the number of darughachi; that they were stationed there appears to be fact
Line 8: Line 8:
In the 13th century, chiefs of Mongol ''darughas'' were stationed in [[Vladimir]]<ref>Henry Hoyle Howorth-History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part 2., p.128</ref> and [[Baghdad]].<ref>Judith G. Kolbas-The Mongols in Iran: Chingiz Khan to Uljaytu, 1220-1309, p.156</ref>
In the 13th century, chiefs of Mongol ''darughas'' were stationed in [[Vladimir]]<ref>Henry Hoyle Howorth-History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part 2., p.128</ref> and [[Baghdad]].<ref>Judith G. Kolbas-The Mongols in Iran: Chingiz Khan to Uljaytu, 1220-1309, p.156</ref>


The Mongol Empire attempted to send darughachi to [[Goryeo]] of Korea in 1231, after the first (of six) [[Mongol invasions of Korea|invasions]]. However, repeated rebellions and continued Goryeo resistance to Mongol dominion made the stationing of darughachi difficult. In 1259, after peace was secured between Goryeo and the Mongol Empire establishing Korea as a vassal to the Empire, the stationing of darughachi in Korea became a more stable proposition.
The Mongol Empire attempted to send darughachi to [[Goryeo]] of Korea in 1231, after the first (of six) [[Mongol invasions of Korea|invasions]]. According to some records, 72 darughachi were sent and Mongol military garrisons withdrawn. However, repeated rebellions and continued Goryeo resistance to Mongol dominion (the original 72 darughachi were all killed by Goryeo forces in 1232) made the stationing of darughachi difficult.<ref> "Henthorn, WE. Korea: The Mongol Invasions, p. 71. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1963." https://archive.org/stream/koreamongolinvas00hent#page/70/mode/2up</ref> While there are questions regarding the actual number of darughachi stationed (the extant record denoting 72 darughachi was itself a derivation of an older record that has been lost; Goryeo was too small a territory to merit so many darughachi; the names of none of the 72 darughachi remain, which is unusual considering the importance of their position), most reliable sources (including the ''[[Goryeo-sa]]'') indicate that at least some darughachi were stationed in Goryeo for the duration of its vassaldom to the Mongol Empire.<ref> "Henthorn, WE. Korea: The Mongol Invasions, p. 72. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1963." https://archive.org/stream/koreamongolinvas00hent#page/72/mode/2up</ref>

In 1259, after peace was secured between Goryeo and the Mongol Empire establishing Korea as a vassal to the Empire, the stationing of darughachi in Korea became a more stable proposition.


After 1921 the word ''darga'' (boss) ([[Khalkha]] pronunciation of ''darugha'') replaced the aristocratic ''[[noyan]]'' as the term for high-level officials in [[Mongolia]].<ref>C.P.Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia, p.412</ref>
After 1921 the word ''darga'' (boss) ([[Khalkha]] pronunciation of ''darugha'') replaced the aristocratic ''[[noyan]]'' as the term for high-level officials in [[Mongolia]].<ref>C.P.Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia, p.412</ref>

Revision as of 00:14, 5 March 2016

A darugha from the Horde in a Rus' city.

Darughachi, which originally designated officials in the Mongol Empire in charge of taxes and administration in a certain province, is the plural form of the Mongolian word darugha.[1] They were sometimes referred to as governors.[2] The term corresponds to the Persian داروغه dārugheh[3] and the Turkic basqaq (also spelled baskak) and to da lu hua ch'i (in Wade–Giles romanization, 達魯花赤 in Traditional Chinese characters, 达鲁花赤 in Simplified Chinese characters, dálǔhuāchì in Pinyin romanization) in Chinese.

The Turkic term basqaq does not appear in Mongolian sources.[4] In Russian sources, the darughachi were almost always referred to as baskaki.[5] They appear in the thirteenth-century soon after the Mongol Conquest but were withdrawn by 1328 and the Grand Prince of Vladimir (usually the Prince of Moscow) became the khan's tax collector and imperial son in law (kürgen), entrusted with gathering the dan' or tribute from the Rus' principalities for the Golden Horde.[6]

In the 13th century, chiefs of Mongol darughas were stationed in Vladimir[7] and Baghdad.[8]

The Mongol Empire attempted to send darughachi to Goryeo of Korea in 1231, after the first (of six) invasions. According to some records, 72 darughachi were sent and Mongol military garrisons withdrawn. However, repeated rebellions and continued Goryeo resistance to Mongol dominion (the original 72 darughachi were all killed by Goryeo forces in 1232) made the stationing of darughachi difficult.[9] While there are questions regarding the actual number of darughachi stationed (the extant record denoting 72 darughachi was itself a derivation of an older record that has been lost; Goryeo was too small a territory to merit so many darughachi; the names of none of the 72 darughachi remain, which is unusual considering the importance of their position), most reliable sources (including the Goryeo-sa) indicate that at least some darughachi were stationed in Goryeo for the duration of its vassaldom to the Mongol Empire.[10]

In 1259, after peace was secured between Goryeo and the Mongol Empire establishing Korea as a vassal to the Empire, the stationing of darughachi in Korea became a more stable proposition.

After 1921 the word darga (boss) (Khalkha pronunciation of darugha) replaced the aristocratic noyan as the term for high-level officials in Mongolia.[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ Britnell, R.H. (1997). Pragmatic literacy, East and West, 1200-1330. The Boydell Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-85115-695-8. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
  2. ^ Elizabeth Endicott-West, Mongolian Rule in China, Local Administration in the Yuan Dynasty (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989); Idem, " Imperial Governance in Yuan Times," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 46.2 (1986): 523-549.
  3. ^ Dehkhoda Persian dictionary: داروغه . [ غ َ / غ ِ ] (ترکی - مغولی ، اِ) رئیس شبگردان . سرپاسبانان . داروغه که در زبان مغولی به معنی «رئیس » است یک اصطلاح عمومی اداری است [1]
  4. ^ Donald Ostrowski - The "tamma" and the Dual-Administrative Structure of the Mongol Empire, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 61,
  5. ^ See for example the reference to one under the year 1269 in A. N. Nasonov, ed., Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis Starshego i Mladshego Izvodov (Moscow and Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1950), 319.
  6. ^ Charles J. Halperin, Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987); Donald Ostrowski, Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304-1589 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
  7. ^ Henry Hoyle Howorth-History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part 2., p.128
  8. ^ Judith G. Kolbas-The Mongols in Iran: Chingiz Khan to Uljaytu, 1220-1309, p.156
  9. ^ "Henthorn, WE. Korea: The Mongol Invasions, p. 71. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1963." https://archive.org/stream/koreamongolinvas00hent#page/70/mode/2up
  10. ^ "Henthorn, WE. Korea: The Mongol Invasions, p. 72. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1963." https://archive.org/stream/koreamongolinvas00hent#page/72/mode/2up
  11. ^ C.P.Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia, p.412
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darughachi&oldid=708333365"