Phytomyza ilicis
| Phytomyza ilicis | |
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| Holly leaf miner damage to leaf | |
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| Species: | P. ilicis
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| Binomial name | |
| Phytomyza ilicis | |
Phytomyza ilicis, the holly leaf miner, is a fly whose larvae burrow into leaves of the holly tree (Ilex aquifolium) leaving characteristic pale trails or leaf mines. The holly leaf miner has frequently been used in ecological studies as a system to study food webs since examination of the leaves can reveal whether the leaf miner has successfully emerged, been killed by a parasitic wasp, or been predated by blue tits.[2][3]
Life cycle
Female Agromyzidae insert an egg in the leaf tissue using an ovipositor. In the case of Ph. ilicis this poses a problem, becauses the leaf of the hostplant is unusually tough. Only during the annual flush in April, May, when new leaves unfold, oviposition is possible. Oviposition is in the underside of the petiole, or the basal part of the midrib. Oviposition induces the formation of a characteristic oviposition scar, enabling an estimate of the number of eggs that has been deposited. The emerging larva tunnels within the midrib, in the direction of the leaf tip. Only around January it enters the leaf blade, and starts making a recognisable leaf mine[4]. Up to three mines may occur on a leaf - often much less than the number of oviposition scars, suggesting that intra-leaf competition has taken place[5]. The adult emerges in late May-June and leaves a >1 mm emergence hole (exit holes made by parasitoids are much smaller).
Distribution
The holly leaf miner is found throughout the holarctic on its host Ilex aquifolium. It is common and widespread in Europe and has been introduced into western Canada and north west USA.[6]
Gallery
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Triangular hole is indicative that this miner was predated by a blue tit -
larva
References
- ^ Curtis, John (1846, July 4). Gardeners Chronicle: 444.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Metcalfe, J. A. (2000). "The holly leaf miner as a study organism". Journal of Biological Education. 34 (2): 90–94.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Owen, D. F. (1975). The efficiency of blue tits Parus caeruleus preying on larvae of Phytomyza ilicis. - Ibis 117: 515 - 516.
- ^ Miall, L. C.; Taylor T. H. (1907). The structure and life-history of the holly-fly. Transactions of the entomological Society of London 1907(2): 259-283.
- ^ Ellis, W. N. (2000). Biological notes on the holly leaf miner, Phytomyza ilicis (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Entomologische Berichten, Amsterdam 60: 165-170.
- ^ Spencer, K. A. (1976). "The Agromyzidae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark". Fauna Entomologica Scandinaviaca. 5 (2): 305–606.