Marrella
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| Marrella splendens Temporal range:
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|---|---|
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| Fossil Marrella | |
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| Reconstruction of Marrella | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | Marrellida Raymond, 1935
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| Family: | Marrellidae Walcott, 1912
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| Genus: | Marrella Walcott, 1912
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| Species: | M. splendens
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| Binomial name | |
| Marrella splendens Walcott, 1912
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Marrella splendens is an arthropod known from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia. It is the most common animal in the Burgess Shale.
History
Marrella was the first fossil collected by Charles Doolittle Walcott from the Burgess Shale, in 1909.[1] Walcott described Marrella informally as a "lace crab" and described it more formally as an odd trilobite. It was later reassigned to the now defunct class Trilobitoidea in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. In 1971, Whittington undertook a thorough redescription of the animal and, on the basis of its legs, gills and head appendages, concluded that it was neither a trilobite, nor a chelicerate, nor a crustacean.[2]
Marrella is one of several, unique, arthropod-like organisms that have been identified in this notable geological formation. Other examples are Opabinia and Yohoia. The unusual and varied characteristics of these creatures were startling at the time of discovery. The fossils, when described, helped to demonstrate that the soft-bodied Burgess fauna was more complex and diverse than had previously been anticipated.[3]
Morphology
Marrella itself is a small animal, 2 cm or less in length. The head shield has two pairs of long rearward spikes. On the underside of the head are two pairs of antennae, one long and sweeping, the second shorter and stouter. Marrella has a body composed of 24–26 body segments, each with a pair of branched appendages. The lower branch of each appendage is a leg for walking, while the upper branch is a long, feathery gill. There is a tiny, button-like telson at the end of the thorax. It is unclear how the unmineralized head and spines were stiffened. Marrella has too many antennae, too few cephalic legs, and too few segments per leg to be a trilobite. It lacks the three pairs of legs behind the mouth that are characteristic of crustacea. The legs are also quite different from those of crustaceans. The identification of a diffraction grating pattern on well-preserved Marrella specimens proves that it would have harboured an iridescent sheen—and thus would have appeared colourful.[4] Dark stains are often present at the posterior regions of specimens, probably representing extruded waste matter.[5]
Ecology
Marrella is thought to have been a benthic (bottom-dwelling) marine scavenger living on detrital and particulate material.[2] One exceptional specimen shows the organism fossilized in the act of moulting.[6]
Taxonomy
It is currently accepted that Marrella is a stem group arthropod—in other words, it is descended from an ancestor common to it and most or all of the later major arthropod groups. Despite its similarity to the trilobites, it is no more closely related to this group than it is to any other arthropod.
Occurrence
Marrella is the most abundant genus in the Burgess Shale.[7] Most Marrella specimens herald from the 'Marrella bed', a thin horizon, but it is common in most other outcrops of the shale. Over 25 000 specimens have been collected;[6] Template:Gpb abundance
Marrellomorphs—that is, Marrella-like organisms—are well distributed in other Cambrian deposits, and are indeed known from sediments as late as the Devonian.[8]
References
- ^ Gould, Stephen Jay (2000). Wonderful Life: Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. Vintage. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-09-927345-5. OCLC 45316756. Also OCLC 44058853.
- ^ a b Whittington, H. B. (1971). "Redescription of Marrella splendens (Trilobitoidea) from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia". Bulletin – Geological Survey of Canada. 209. Geological Survey of Canada: 1–24.
- ^ Gould, Stephen Jay (2000). Wonderful Life: Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. Vintage. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-09-927345-5. OCLC 45316756. Also OCLC 44058853.
- ^ Parker, A. R. (1998). "Colour in Burgess Shale animals and the effect of light on evolution in the Cambrian". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 265 (1400): 967–972. doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0385.
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite jstor}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by jstor:2418243, please use {{cite journal}} with
|jstor=2418243instead. - ^ a b García-Bellido, D. C.; Collins, D. H. (2004). "Moulting arthropod caught in the act". Nature. 429 (6987): 40. Bibcode:2004Natur.429...40G. doi:10.1038/429040a. PMID 15129272.
- ^ Bottjer, David J (2002). Exceptional Fossil Preservation: A Unique View on the Evolution of Marine Life. Columbia University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-231-10255-1. OCLC 47650949.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Siveter, Derek J.; Fortey, Richard A.; Sutton, Mark D.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Siveter, David J. (2007). "A Silurian 'marrellomorph' arthropod". Proc Biol Sci. 274 (1623): 2223–2229. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0712. PMC 2287322. PMID 17646139.
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