Voiceless velar plosive
| Voiceless velar plosive | |
|---|---|
| k | |
| IPA Number | 109 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | k |
| Unicode (hex) | U+006B |
| X-SAMPA | k |
| Braille |  |
The voiceless velar stop or voiceless velar plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨k⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is k.
The [k] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain [k], and some distinguish more than one variety. Most Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindi and Bengali, have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain [k]. Only a few languages lack a voiceless velar stop, e.g. Tahitian.
Some languages have the voiceless pre-velar stop,[1] which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless velar stop, though not as front as the prototypical voiceless palatal stop - see that article for more information.
Conversely, some languages have the voiceless post-velar stop,[2] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless velar stop, though not as back as the prototypical voiceless uvular stop - see that article for more information.
Features
Features of the voiceless velar stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Varieties
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| k | plain k |
| kʰ | aspirated k |
| kʲ | palatalized k |
| kʷ | labialized k |
| k̚ | k with no audible release |
| k̬ | voiced k |
| kʼ | ejective k |
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | ақалақь | [ˈakalakʲ] | 'the city' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | Shapsug | кьэт | 'chicken' | Dialectal; corresponds to [t͡ʃ] in other dialects. | |
| Temirgoy | пскэн | [pskan] | 'to cough' | ||
| Ahtna | gistaann | [kɪstʰɐːn] | 'six' | ||
| Aleut[3] | [kiikax̂] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kiːkaχ] | 'cranberry bush' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[4] | كتب | [ˈkatabɐ] | 'he wrote' | See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[5] | [[[Armenian alphabet|քաղաք]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: arm (help) | [kʰɑˈʁɑkʰ] | 'town' | Contrasts with unaspirated form. |
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | [kuleh] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kulɛː] | 'all' | Used in most varieties, with the exception of the Urmia and Nochiya dialects where it corresponds to [t͡ʃ]. | |
| Basque | [[[Basque alphabet|katu]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kat̪u] | 'cat' | ||
| Bengali | কম | [kɔm] | 'less' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Bulgarian | как | [kak] | 'how' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan[6] | [[[Catalan orthography|quinze]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkinzə] | 'fifteen' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | [[[Chinese character|家]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-yue-Hani (help)/[[[Jyutping|gaa1]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kaː˥] | 'home' | Contrasts with aspirated and or labialized forms. See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | [[[Chinese Characters|高]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-cmn-Hani (help)/[[[Hanyu Pinyin|gāo]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kɑʊ˥] | 'high' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology | |
| Czech | [[[Czech orthography|kost]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kost] | 'bone' | See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[7] | [[[Danish alphabet|gås]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkɔ̽ːs] | 'goose' | Usually transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɡ̊⟩ or ⟨ɡ⟩. Contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed ⟨kʰ⟩ or ⟨k⟩. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch[8] | [[[Dutch orthography|koning]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkoːnɪŋ] | 'king' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | [[[English orthography|kiss]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kʰɪs] | 'kiss' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | [[[Esperanto orthography|rakonto]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [raˈkonto] | 'tale' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Estonian | kõik | [kɤik] | 'all' | See Estonian phonology | |
| Esperanto | kato | [kato] | 'cat' | ||
| Finnish | [[[Finnish alphabet|kakku]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kɑkːu] | 'cake' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French[9] | [[[French orthography|cabinet]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kabinɛ] | 'office' | See French phonology | |
| Georgian[10] | ქვა | [kʰva] | 'stone' | ||
| German | [[[German orthography|Käfig]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkʰɛːfɪç] | 'cage' | See Standard German phonology | |
| Greek | [[[Greek alphabet|καλόγερος]]/kalógeros] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kaˈlo̞ʝe̞ro̞s̠] | 'monk' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gujarati | કાંદો | [kɑːnd̪oː] | 'onion' | See Gujarati phonology | |
| Hebrew | [[[Hebrew alphabet|כסף]]/kesef] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkesef] | 'money' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | [[[Devanāgarī|काम]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: deva not supported for code: hi (help) / کام | [kɑːm] | 'work' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology | |
| Hungarian | [akkor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɒkkor] | 'then' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[11] | [[[Italian alphabet|casa]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkaza] | 'house' | See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese[12] | 鞄/[[[Romanization of Japanese|kaban]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kabaɴ] | 'handbag' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Kagayanen[13] | ? | [kað̞aɡ] | 'spirit' | ||
| Korean | 키조개/[[[Revised Romanization of Korean|kijogae]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kʰid͡ʑoɡɛ] | 'Atrina pectinata' | See Korean phonology | |
| Lakota | kimímela | [kɪˈmɪmela] | 'butterfly' | ||
| Luxembourgish[14] | [geess] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkeːs] | 'goat' | Less often voiced [ɡ]. It is usually transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɡ⟩, and it contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed ⟨k⟩.[14] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Macedonian | кој | [kɔj] | 'who' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Marathi | कवच | [kəʋət͡s] | 'armour' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology | |
| Malay | [[[Malay alphabet|kaki]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [käki] | 'leg' | ||
| Norwegian | [[[Norwegian alphabet|kake]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kɑːkɛ] | 'cake' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Pashto | كال | [kɑl] | 'year' | ||
| Polish[15] | [[[Polish orthography|buk]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'beech tree' | See Polish phonology | ||
| Portuguese[16] | [[[Portuguese orthography|corpo]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkoɾpu] | 'body' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | [[[Gurmukhi|ਕਰ]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: guru not supported for code: pa (help) | [kəɾ] | 'do' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
| Romanian[17] | [[[Romanian alphabet|când]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkɨnd] | 'when' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[18] | короткий | 'short' | See Russian phonology | ||
| Slovak | [[[Slovak alphabet|kosť]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ko̞sc̟] | 'bone' | See Slovak phonology | |
| Spanish[19] | [[[Spanish orthography|casa]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkasa] | 'house' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | [[[Swedish alphabet|ko]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkʰuː] | 'cow' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Telugu | కాకి | [kāki] | 'crow' | ||
| Turkish | [[[Turkish alphabet|kulak]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kʰuɫäk] | 'ear' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ubykh | /kawar/ | 'slat' | Found mostly in loanwords. See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Ukrainian | колесо | [ˈkɔɫɛsɔ] | 'wheel' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Vietnamese[20] | [[[Vietnamese alphabet|cam]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kam] | 'orange' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | [keal] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kɪəl] | 'calf' | See West Frisian phonology | |
| Yi | ꇰ/[[[Yi script|ge]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kɤ˧] | 'foolish' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[21] | canza | [kanza] | 'walking' | |
See also
References
- ^ Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
- ^ Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
- ^ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
- ^ Basbøll (2005:61)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
- ^ Okada (1991), p. 94.
- ^ Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ DEX Online : [1]
- ^ Padgett (2003), p. 42.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
- ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
- ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
Bibliography
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
