Examine individual changes

'{{Short description|Hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Ukrainians}} {{Discrimination sidebar|expand-ethnic=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} '''Anti-Ukrainian sentiment''', '''Ukrainophobia''' or '''anti-Ukrainianism''' is animosity towards [[Ukrainians]], [[Ukrainian culture]], the [[Ukrainian language]], [[Ukraine]] as a nation, or all of the above.<ref name = "Okara">Andriy Okara. Ukrainophobia is a gnostic problem. "[http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n18texts/okara.htm n18texts Okara]". Retrieved 7 December 2008.</ref> Modern scholars divide anti-Ukrainian sentiment into two types. One type consists of discrimination against Ukrainians based on their ethnic or cultural origin, typical forms of [[xenophobia]], [[racism]], and broader [[anti-Slavic sentiment]]. Another type consists of the conceptual rejection of Ukrainians as an actual [[ethnic group]] and the rejection of the [[Culture of Ukraine|Ukrainian culture]] and [[Ukrainian language|language]], based on the belief that they are "unnatural" because they were "artificially formed"; at the turn of the 20th century, several [[Russian nationalism|Russian nationalist]] authors asserted that the Ukrainian identity and language had both been artificially created in order to "undermine" Russia.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DjZ-m82b91MC&q=Russia+anti-Ukrainian&pg=RA1-PA166|title=Russia and Ukraine|access-date=17 June 2015|isbn=9780773522343|last1=Shkandrij|first1=Myroslav|date=9 October 2001}}</ref> Since then, this argument has also been made by other Russian nationalist authors.<ref name="Okara"/> ==Ukrainophobic stereotypes== Within [[Russian nationalism|Russian nationalist narratives]] and [[Propaganda in Russia|propaganda]], Ukrainophobic stereotypes range from mockery to ascribing negative traits to the whole Ukrainian nation and people of Ukrainian descent include: *Ukrainians eat lots of [[Salo (food)|salo]].<ref name=rozpizn>{{cite web|url=http://www.unian.ua/politics/475385-scho-take-ukrajinofobiya-i-yak-jiji-rozpiznati.html|publisher=unian.ua|title=Що таке українофобія і як її розпізнати – Політичні новини &#124; УНІАН|language=uk|access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref> *Ukrainians are greedy.<ref name=rozpizn/> *Ukrainians are sly and cunning.<ref name=rozpizn/> *Ukrainians are dishonest.<ref name=rozpizn/> *Ukrainians are [[Antisemitism|antisemites]].<ref name=rozpizn/> *[[Ukrainian language]] is a broken dialect of [[Russian language|Russian]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2014/03/15/the-long-war-over-ukrainian-language/HXlLbK9wVnhwGShNVPKIUP/story.html|title=The long war over the Ukrainian language – the Boston Globe|website = [[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref> *[[Ukrainian nationalism]] is closely associated with [[neo-Nazism]]. This is a recurring theme in Russian propaganda within the ongoing [[Russo-Ukrainian War]], usually in the following narratives: **Ukrainians are sympathizers of nationalist leader [[Stepan Bandera]] ([[Banderites|''Banderovtsy'']]), who collaborated with [[Nazi Germany]] in [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurozine.com/germans-must-remember-the-truth-about-ukraine-for-their-own-sake/|title=Germans must remember the truth about Ukraine – for their own sake}}</ref> Despite the stereotype, 4.5 million Ukrainians served the [[Red Army]] during World War II against Nazi Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CO%5CSovietArmy.htm|title=Soviet Army|publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine#The Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine|The Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]|access-date=August 18, 2022}}</ref> Ukrainians were also considered ''[[Untermensch]]en'' by the Nazis for being Slavic and treated accordingly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674027183|title = Harvest of Despair — Karel C. Berkhoff}}</ref> Bandera was imprisoned by the Nazis from July 1941 until late 1944, most of the time in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.<ref>[https://szru.gov.ua/en/history/stories/the-unknown-plan-for-assassination-of-stepan-bandera "The Unknown Plan for Assassination of Stepan Bandera"], Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine, 15 October 2022</ref> **Ukrainians are sympathizers of nationalist leader [[Ivan Mazepa]], who wish to betray the Khmelnytskyi's cause. **The whole Ukrainian society is [[Russian allegations of fascism against Ukraine|claimed]] to be dominated by neo-Nazis and ultranationalists who persecuted ethnic Russians and [[Russian language in Ukraine|Russian-speaking Ukrainians]]. This stereotype was used by the Russian government to justify the ongoing [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 invasion]] with the aim of "demilitarisation" and "denazification" of Ukraine. ==History== {{main|Russia–Ukraine relations}} ===In the Russian Empire=== {{see also|Russification of Ukraine}} The rise and spread of Ukrainian self-awareness around the time of the [[Revolutions of 1848]] produced an anti-Ukrainian sentiment within some layers of society within the [[Russian Empire]]. In order to retard and control this movement, the use of Ukrainian language within the Russian empire was initially restricted by official government decrees such as the [[Valuev Circular]] <small>(18 July 1863)</small> and later banned by the [[Ems ukaz]] <small>(18 May 1876)</small> from any use in print (with the exception of reprinting of old documents). Popularly the anti-Ukrainian sentiment was promulgated by such organizations as the "[[Black Hundreds]]", which were vehemently opposed to Ukrainian self-determination. Some restrictions on the use of Ukrainian language were relaxed in 1905–1907. They ceased to be policed after the February Revolution in 1917. [[File:Kaniv1914.jpg|thumb|right|Russian gendarmes in 1914 at the [[Taras Shevchenko]] burial.]] Besides the [[Ems ukaz]] and [[Valuev Circular]], there was a series of [[Chronology of Ukrainian language bans|anti-Ukrainian language edicts]] starting from the 17th century, when Russia was governed by the [[House of Romanov]]. In 1720 [[Peter the Great]] issued an edict prohibiting printing books in the Ukrainian language, and since 1729 all edicts and instructions have only been in the [[Russian language]]. In 1763 [[Catherine the Great]] issued an edict prohibiting lectures in the [[Ukrainian language]] at the [[Kyiv-Mohyla Academy]]. In 1769 the [[Most Holy Synod]] prohibited printing and using the Ukrainian [[alphabet book]]. In 1775 the [[Zaporizhian Sich]] was destroyed. In 1832 all studying at schools of the [[Right-bank Ukraine]] transitioned to exclusively Russian language. In 1847 the Russian government persecuted all members of the [[Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius]] and prohibited the works of [[Taras Shevchenko]], [[Panteleimon Kulish]], [[Mykola Kostomarov]] (Nikolai Kostomarov) and others. In 1862 all free Sunday schools for adults in Ukraine were closed. In 1863 the Russian Minister of Interior Valuev decided that the Little Russian language (Ukrainian language) had never existed and could not ever exist. During that time in the winter of 1863–64, the [[January Uprising]] took place at the western regions of the Russian Empire, uniting peoples of the former [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. Next year in 1864 the "Regulation about elementary school" claimed that all teaching should be conducted in the Russian language. In 1879 the Russian Minister of Education [[Dmitry Tolstoy]] (later the Russian Minister of Interior) officially and openly stated that all people of the Russian Empire should be [[Russification|Russified]]. In the 1880s several edicts were issued prohibiting education in the Ukrainian language at private schools, theatric performances in Ukrainian, any use of Ukrainian in official institutions, and [[Naming ceremony|christening]] Ukrainian names. In 1892 another edict prohibited translation from the Russian to Ukrainian. In 1895 the Main Administration of Publishing prohibited printing children books in Ukrainian. In 1911 the resolution adopted at the 7th Congress of Noblemen in Moscow prohibited the use of any languages other than Russian. In 1914 the Russian government officially prohibited celebrations of the 100th Anniversary of Shevchenko's birthday and posted gendarmes at the [[Chernecha Hill]]. The same year [[Nicholas II of Russia]] issued an edict prohibiting the Ukrainian press. {{See also|Ems Ukaz}} ===Soviet Union=== {{quote box | width = 30% | align = right | quote = "In their time [[Marko Kropyvnytsky]], Ivan Tobilevych, Mykola Sadovsky, [[Maria Zankovetska]], Panas Saksahansky all should have been hanged. Then no one would even have heard about Ukraine." | source = &nbsp;<small>—[[Mikhail Artemyevich Muravyov]], Red Commander<ref>Orel, S. ''[http://www.day.kiev.ua/290619?idsource=17692&mainlang=ukr Хутір Надія — колиска театру корифеїв (Khutir Nadiya – a cradle of a theater of coryphaeus)]{{dead link|date=July 2015}}''. Newspaper "Day". 2003-04-04</ref></small> }} {{see also|Persecuted bandurists}} Under [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] rule in Ukraine, a policy of [[korenization]] was adopted after the defeat of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] and it initially supported Ukrainian cultural self-awareness. This policy was phased out in 1928 and in 1932, it was entirely terminated in favor of [[Russification]]. In 1929 [[Mykola Kulish]] wrote a theatrical play "Myna Mazailo" in which the author cleverly describes the cultural situation in Ukraine. There was supposedly no anti-Ukrainian sentiment within the Soviet government, which began to repress all aspects of Ukrainian culture and language, a policy which was contrary to the ideology of Proletarian Internationalism. In 1930 the [[Union for the Freedom of Ukraine process]] was established in [[Kharkiv]], after which, a number of former Ukrainian politicians and their relatives were deported to [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-19 |title=The Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932-33 {{!}} Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance - Réseau de recherche |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/great-ukrainian-famine-1932-33.html |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=www.sciencespo.fr |language=fr}}</ref> During the [[Great Purge]] a whole generation of Ukrainian poets, writers and interpreters was prosecuted and executed, which further gained its own name of [[Executed Renaissance]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Життя і смерть Миколи Хвильового. Від комуніста до комунара |url=https://www.istpravda.com.ua/research/5191e0c066718/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Історична правда}}</ref> During the [[History of the Soviet Union|Soviet era]], the population of Ukraine was reduced by the artificial [[famine]] which was called the [[Holodomor]] in 1932–33 along with the population of other nearby agrarian areas of the USSR. [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union]] and a lack of favored industries were the primary contributors to famine mortality (52% of excess deaths), and evidence shows that ethnic Ukrainians and Germans were targeted.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Naumenko|first=Natalya|date=March 2021|title=The Political Economy of Famine: The Ukrainian Famine of 1933|journal=The Journal of Economic History|volume=81|issue=1|pages=156–197|doi=10.1017/S0022050720000625|issn=0022-0507|doi-access=free}}</ref> According to a [[Centre for Economic Policy Research]] paper published in 2021 by Andrei Markevich, Natalya Naumenko, and Nancy Qian, regions with higher Ukrainian population shares were struck harder with centrally planned policies corresponding to famine, and Ukrainian populated areas were given lower amounts of tractors which were correlated to a reduction in famine mortality, ultimately concluding that 92% of famine deaths in Ukraine alone along with 77% of famine deaths in Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus combined can be explained by systematic bias against Ukrainians.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Markevich|first1=Andrei|last2=Naumenko|first2=Natalya|last3=Qian|first3=Nancy|date=29 July 2021|url=https://repec.cepr.org/repec/cpr/ceprdp/DP16408.pdf|title=The Political-Economic Causes of the Soviet Great Famine, 1932–33|journal=Centre for Economic Policy Research|access-date=26 November 2021|via=REPEC}}</ref> Many prominent Ukrainians were labelled nationalists or anti-revolutionaries, and many of them were repressed and executed as ''[[Enemy of the people|enemies of the people]]''.<ref>Basil Dmytryshyn, ''Moscow and the Ukraine, 1918–1953: A Study of Russian Bolshevik Nationality Policy'', Bookman Associates, 1956</ref> In January 1944, during a session of the Politbureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Stalin personally made a speech "About anti-Lenin mistakes and nationalistic perversions in a film-tale of [[Alexander Dovzhenko]], ''[[Ukraine in Flames]]''.<ref>Shapoval, Yu. ''[http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2013/05/9/123358/ Гітлер, Сталін і Україна: безжальні стратегії (Hitler, Stalin and Ukraine: merciless strategies)]''. [[Ukrayinska Pravda]]. 9 May 2013</ref> On 2 July 1951, the Communist newspaper ''[[Pravda]]'' published an article "On Ideological Perversions in Literature" with regard to the [[Volodymyr Sosyura]]'s poem "Love Ukraine" which contained the following passage: "This poem could have been signed by such foes of the Ukrainian people as [[Symon Petliura|Petliura]] and [[Stepan Bandera|Bandera]] ... For Sosiura writes about Ukraine and the love of it outside the limits of time and space. This is an ideologically vicious work. Contrary to the truth of life, the poet sings praises of a certain ‘eternal’ Ukraine full of flowers, curly willows, birds, and waves on the Dnipro."<ref>Siundiukov, I. ''[http://www.day.kiev.ua/en/article/culture/volodymyr-sosiura-and-oppressors-national-spirit Volodymyr Sosiura and the Oppressors of National Spirit].'' The Day. 17 February 2004</ref> Modern analysis indicates that the [[Ukrainian language]] was underrepresented in Soviet media productions.<ref>[http://www.istpravda.com.ua/blogs/2013/07/17/130811/ Dovzhenko Film Studios as a mirror of Russification policy in the USSR]. [[Ukrayinska Pravda]]. 17 July 2013.</ref> ===Anti-Ukrainian hate speech during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]=== In this context, [[Incitement to genocide|inciting]] and [[Dehumanization|dehumanizing]] anti-Ukrainian narratives that keep recurring on social media platforms have been analyzed. They have been compared to [[hate speech]] that has been used to justify [[violence]] against groups in the past, such as the [[Holocaust victims|victims of the Holocaust]], [[Cambodian genocide|groups which were targeted for murder]] by the [[Khmer Rouge]] in [[Cambodia]], [[Tutsi]] people who were targeted for murder during the [[Rwandan genocide]] of 1994 and the [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] in [[Myanmar]]. In the case of the [[Russo–Ukrainian War]], approval and promotion of the violence includes i.a. celebrating [[Russian war crimes#Ukraine|Russian war crimes]] such as the [[Bucha massacre]], or [[2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike|Russian missile strike on an apartment building in Dnipro]] in January 2023, which killed more than 40 civilians. Frequently, postings about such themes on social media accounts simultaneously target the sexual and gender minorities, promote conspiracy theories such as "biolabs in Ukraine", [[QAnon]] and tend to express support for [[Donald Trump]].<ref>[https://www.info-res.org/post/incitement-to-kill-tracking-hate-speech-targeting-ukrainians-during-russia-s-war-in-ukraine Incitement to Kill: 'Tracking hate speech targeting Ukrainians during Russia’s war in Ukraine' by Benjamin Strick]</ref> ==By country== ===Ukraine=== On Sunday 15 July 2012, the national television broadcasting station in Ukraine [[Pershyi Natsionalnyi (Ukraine)|First National]] in its news program "Weekly overview" ({{lang-uk|Підсумки тижня}}) showed a video footage on a development of anti-Ukrainian sentiments within Ukraine.<ref>{{in lang|uk}}[http://www.istpravda.com.ua/videos/2012/07/18/90151/ 2012: історія русифікації від провладного телеканалу (2012: History of Russification by the pro-state TV-station)], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (18 July 2012)</ref> [[File:Discrimination of Ukrainian language.jpg|thumb|280px|[[Caricature]] from [[Vidsich]] on the linguistic situation in Ukraine. It shows the big man, representing Russian language, telling the girl, representing Ukrainian language, "Little girl, move over! You're squishing me!" in Russian language.]] A propaganda article posted on the website of the [[Kremenchuk]] department of the [[Communist Party of Ukraine]] argues that history that was published during the [[Politics of the Soviet Union|Soviet regime]] was the true history, and that new historical facts being uncovered from the archives are false.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Василий Витальевич Шульгин. "Украинствующие и мы"|trans-title=Vasily V. Shulgin. "Ukrainophiles and us"|language=ru|url=http://kremenchug-kpu.nm.ru/read/Shulygin.htm?i|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306000555/http://kremenchug-kpu.nm.ru/read/Shulygin.htm?i|archive-date=6 March 2008|publisher=Communist Party of Ukraine|date=2004}}</ref> The article also denies the existence of the [[Ukrainian culture]]. Mykola Levchenko, a Ukrainian parliamentarian from [[Party of Regions]], and the deputy of [[Donetsk]] City Council states that there should be only one language, Russian. He says that the Ukrainian language is impractical and should be avoided. Levchenko called Ukrainian the language of folklore and anecdotes. However, he says he will speak the literary Ukrainian language on principle, once Russian is adopted as the sole state language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unian.ua/politics/35871-sekretar-donetskoji-miskradi-levchenko-pro-movu-shevchenka-i-sifilis.html|title=Секретар Донецької міськради Левченко – про мову, Шевченка і сифіліс|author=Антон Зікора|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> Anna German, the spokesperson of the same party, highly criticized those statements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.homin.ca/news_view.php?category=news&news=1189&lang=ua|script-title=uk:Анна Герман вважає провокаційною заяву Миколи Левченка щодо Української мови|trans-title=Hanna Herman considers Mykola Levchenko's statement concerning the Ukrainian language to be provocative|language=uk|work=homin.ca|date=8 March 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061430/http://www.homin.ca/news_view.php?category=news&news=1189&lang=ua|archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref> Mykhailo Bakharev, the vice-speaker of the Crimean Autonomous Republic parliament (and chief editor of [[Krymskaya Pravda]]), openly says that there is no Ukrainian language and that it is the language of the non-educated part of population. He claims that it was invented by [[Taras Shevchenko]] and others. He also believes that there is no Ukraine nation, there is no future for the Ukrainian State, and that Ukrainization needs to be stopped.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Semena |first1=Nikolai |journal=[[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]] |date=10 October 1997 |volume=40 |issue=157 |page=4 |url= http://www.zn.ua/1000/13275/ |script-title= ru:"Объявить Крым зоной интеллектуального бедсвия..." предложил вице-спикер крымского парламента Рефат Чубаров. И жизнь показала, что он не прав... |trans-title= "Declare Crimea an intellectual disaster zone..." proposed the vice-speaker of the Crimean parliament, Refat Chubarov. And life has shown that he is incorrect... |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194115/http://www.zn.ua/1000/13275/ |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> ====Minister of Education of Ukraine==== The former Ukrainian Minister of Science and Education, [[Dmytro Tabachnyk]], sparked protests calling him anti-Ukrainian in some parts of Ukraine due to his statements about Western Ukrainians, his preference for the Russian language, and his [[Holodomor denial|denial of the Holodomor]].<ref name="kyivpost.com">https://web.archive.org/web/20100419052542/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/62086/ "Furor over Tabachnyk appointment rising"</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20101009062917/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/opinion/op_ed/detail/84817/%22Ukrainian Education Minister Tabachnyk Confirms His Russian Nationalist Credentials"</ref> Tabachnyk's view of [[History of Ukraine|Ukraine's history]] includes the thesis that western Ukrainians aren't really [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]. In an article for the [[Russia]]n newspaper ''[[Izvestia]]'' Tabachnyk wrote in 2009: “[[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Halychany]] (western Ukrainians) practically don't have anything in common with the people of [[Great Ukraine]], not in mentality, not in religion, not in linguistics, not in the political arena” “We have different enemies and different allies. Furthermore, our allies and even brothers are their enemies, and their ‘heroes’ ([[Stepan Bandera]], [[Roman Shukhevych]]) for us are killers, traitors and abettors of [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]’s executioners.”<ref name="kyivpost.com"/> By 17 March 2010, four of western Ukraine's regional councils had passed resolutions calling for the minister's dismissal. A host of civic and student organizations from all over the country (including [[Kherson]] in southern Ukraine and [[Donetsk]] in [[Ukraine|eastern Ukraine]]), authors and former [[Soviet dissidents]] also signed petitions calling for his removal.<ref name="kyivpost.com"/> Tabachnik also had stated that Ukrainian history textbooks contained "simply false" information and announced his intention to rewrite them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ukranews.com/news/18566.---.uk|script-title=uk:Табачник: українські й російські вчителі будуть викладати історію за спільним посібником|trans-title=Tabachnyk: Ukrainian and Russian teachers will be teaching history using a joint manual|language=uk|work=ukranews.com|date=13 May 2010|access-date=16 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Katya Gorchinskaya|title=Tabachnyk's views are dangerous in classroom|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/op-ed/tabachnyks-views-are-dangerous-in-classroom-62058.html|agency=Kyiv Post|date=18 March 2010}}</ref> ===Russia=== {{see also|Russia–Ukraine relations}} [[File:Бородянка - світ продовжують жахати наслідки російської окупації у населених пунктах під Києвом 41.jpg|thumb|The [[bust (sculpture)|bust]] of the Ukrainian national poet [[Taras Shevchenko]] in the [[Borodianka]] with a bullet hole in the head during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].]] In response to Ukraine's 1991 declaration of independence, a prominent Russian poet [[Joseph Brodsky]] wrote a deeply offensive poem [[On the Independence of Ukraine]]. The poem was the rediscovered and popularized by Russian state media in 2015 on the peak of [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|war in Donbass]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Впервые доказано авторство «На независимость Украины» Бродского {{!}} Colta.ru |url=https://www.colta.ru/news/6942-vpervye-dokazano-avtorstvo-na-nezavisimost-ukrainy-brodskogo |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=www.colta.ru}}</ref> In a poll held by [[Levada Center]] in June 2009 in Russia 75% of Russian respondents respected Ukrainians as ethnic group but 55% were negative about Ukraine as the state. In May 2009, 96% of Ukrainians polled by [[Kyiv International Sociology Institute]] were positive about Russians as ethnic group, 93% respected [[Russian Federation]] and 76% respected Russian establishment.<ref name="Levada">{{cite web|url=http://www.levada.ru/press/2009062305.html|title=Россияне об Украине, украинцы о России – Левада-Центр|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627092728/http://www.levada.ru/press/2009062305.html|archive-date=27 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some Russian media seem to try to discredit Ukraine.<ref name=Icy>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605104847/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/50779/ Russian attitudes not as icy towards Ukraine], [[Kyiv Post]] (15 October 2009)</ref><ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2009/10/18/ukraine_russia_tensions_are_simmering_in_crimea/ Ukraine-Russia tensions are simmering in Crimea], [[The Washington Post]] (18 October 2009)</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605182433/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/43498/ 56% Of Russians Disrespect Ukraine], [[Kyiv Post]] (17 June 2009)</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081002131349/http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/30049 Russia, Ukraine relationship going sour, say polls], [[Kyiv Post]] (2 October 2008)</ref><ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/op-ed/why-ukraine-will-always-be-better-than-russia-2-305125.html Why Ukraine will always be better than Russia], [[Kyiv Post]] (12 June 2009)</ref><ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/poll-russians-like-ukrainians-half-as-much-as-the--52077.html Poll: Russians like Ukrainians half as much as the other way round], [[Kyiv Post]] (6 November 2009)</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/theeditors/2008/05/report_mistake.html Report mistake], [[BBC]] (20 May 2008)</ref><ref>[http://www.dw.com/en/false-hitler-doll-reports-vex-ukraine/a-3337110 False Hitler Doll Reports Vex Ukraine], [[Deutsche Welle]] (15 May 2008)</ref><ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/op-ed/kremlin-loyal-media-make-merkel-sing-to-medvedevs--47250.html Kremlin-loyal media make Merkel sing to Medvedev's tune], [[Kyiv Post]] (20 August 2009)</ref> Media like [[Komsomolskaya Pravda]] seem to try to intensify the bad relationship between Ukraine and Russia.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.kp.ru/daily/24236.5/436894/ Виктор Черномырдин: Выборы на Украине – это не футбол. Болеть не надо...], [[Komsomolskaya Pravda]] (2 February 2009)</ref> Anti-Ukrainian attitude persists among several Russian politicians, such as the former mayor of Moscow, [[Yuri Luzhkov]], and the former leader of the [[Liberal Democratic Party of Russia]] and former Deputy Speaker of the [[State Duma|Russian Parliament]], [[Vladimir Zhirinovsky]].<ref name = "Zhir">The Ukrainian Pravda. Why Cannot Zhirinovsky and Zatulin Wash Their Feet in the Black Sea on the Ukrainian coast? [http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2006/06/8/3115434/ Retrieved 11.20.07]</ref> In 2006, in letters to [[Vladimir Putin]], [[Viktor Yushchenko]] and [[Vasily Duma]], the Ukrainian Cultural Centre of [[Bashkortostan]] complained of anti-Ukrainian sentiment in Russia, which they claim includes wide use of anti-Ukrainian [[ethnic slur]]s in the mainstream Russian media, television and film.<ref name="letter">{{cite web|url=http://kobza.com.ua/content/view/1681/48/|title=Азербайджанская диаспора Санкт-Петербурга требует от властей защиты от ультраправых экстремистов (po|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> The Urals Association of Ukrainians also made a similar complaint in a letter they addressed to the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] in 2000.<ref name = "Letter3">Open letter to the Comissar of the OSCE from the Union of Ukrainians in the Urals [http://kobza.com.ua/content/view/600/36/ Retrieved 11.20.07]</ref> According to the Ukrainian Cultural Centre of Bashkortostan, despite their significant presence in Russia, Ukrainians in that country have less access to Ukrainian-language schools and Ukrainian churches than do other ethnic groups.<ref name = "Letter3"/> In Vladivostok, according to the head of the Ukrainian government's department of Ukrainian Diaspora Affairs, local Russian officials banned a Ukrainian Sunday school in order not to "[[Racism in Russia|accentuate national issues]]"<ref name = "Vladivostock">The Ukrainian Weekly. 2003: The Year in Review. Diaspora Developments: news from East to West.[https://web.archive.org/web/20050401091056/http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/2004/020417.shtml Retrieved 11.20.07] <!-- source no longer online --></ref> According to the president of the Ukrainian World Congress in 2001, persistent requests to register a [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate]] or a [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian Catholic Church]] were hampered due to "particular discrimination" against them, while other Catholic, Muslim and Jewish denominations fared much better.<ref name = "Census">Regarding the census in Russia and the rights of Ukrainians. [http://kobza.com.ua/content/view/865/56/ Retrieved 11.20.07]</ref> According to the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], by 2007 their denomination had only one church building in all of Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/press-releases/article;5911/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222192228/http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/press-releases/article%3B5911 |archive-date=22 December 2007 |title=The first Catholic church in Russia built in the Byzantine style has been blessed |publisher=ugcc.org.ua |date=24 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2008 Nikolai Smirnov released a documentary in which he claims that Ukraine is part of one whole Russia that was split away by different western powers such as Poland, particularly.<ref>{{YouTube|jibieEB7XSs|Smirnov, N. ''History of Russia'', part 57. "Novoe vremya", 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://waan.ru/russia_serials/568-smotret-istoriya-rossii-xx-veka-serii-51-81-2008-2010-onlajn.html|title=waan.ru|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> In November 2010, the [[High Court of Russia]] cancelled registration of one of the biggest civic communities of the Ukrainian minority, the "[[Federal nation-cultural autonomy of the Ukrainians in Russia]]" (FNCAUR).<ref>{{cite news|author=Valentyn Nalyvaichenko|title=Nalyvaichenko to OSCE: Rights of Ukrainians in Russia systematically violated|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/opinion/letters/detail/95689|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129230503/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/opinion/letters/detail/95689|archive-date=29 January 2011|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=26 January 2011}}</ref> According to the author [[Mykhailo Ratushniy]] Ukrainian activists continue to face discrimination and bigotry in much of Russia.<ref>{{cite news|author=Mykhailo Ratushniy|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/opinion/op_ed/detail/103783/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508223425/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/opinion/op_ed/detail/103783/|archive-date=8 May 2011|title=In their 'Russian world,' there is no room for Ukrainians|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=6 May 2011}}</ref> ===Hungary=== {{see also|Hungary–Ukraine relations}} === Poland === {{See also|Kresy myth|Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia}} Polish anti-Ukrainian sentiment dates back to the aftermath of the [[Second World War]], during which [[Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers|many ethnic Ukrainians in Poland enthusiastically collaborated with the Nazis]].<ref>[https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20130500-holocaust-in-ukraine.pdf Holocaust in Ukraine]</ref><ref>[http://www.trawniki.hg.pl/traw/obozjab.html trawniki men]</ref><ref>[http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/hiwis.html Death camps]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071218141039/http://www.einsatzgruppenarchives.com/hofer.html Babi Yar massacre]</ref> Some, including [[John Demjanjuk]], worked as [[Nazi concentration camp]] guards, [[Trawniki men]] or [[Hilfswilliger]], others committed atrocities against civilians as members of the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]], and many more spontaneously massacred their Jewish and Polish neighbours when the Germans invaded.<ref>[http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/timeline/timeline_40.asp Yad Vashem]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=NBbnrEMswbUC&q=Trawniki&pg=PA217 Ukrainian collaborationism]</ref> In late 1995, Ukrainian organization "ZUwP" was demanded to be banned<ref>Karl Cordell and Andrzej Dubczinsky, "Poland and the European Union", p.192</ref> following the wave of anti-Ukrainian actions that have erupted during the festival of Ukrainian culture in Poland in the border town of [[Przemyśl]] in 1995 where numerous threats against participants and numerous acts of vandalism took place. A rise in incidences of graffiti with anti-Ukrainian slogans, and the office of "Związek Ukraińców w Polsce" was set alight.<ref>[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1996/299622.shtml The last besieged fortress: Peremyshl wracked by Ukrainian-Polish confrontation] Petro Tyma. The Ukrainian Weekly, 21 July 1996, No. 29, Vol. LXIV</ref> In some{{which|date=July 2015}} cities anti-Ukrainian assaults, vandalism acts of an organised character have targeted centres of Ukrainian culture, schools, churches, memorials.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184719/http://www.gazeta.lviv.ua/articles/2006/10/31/19249 Assaults to Ukrainian schools in Poland.] Lvivska gazette. 31 October 2006 issue №&nbsp;27 (27)</ref> Ukrainophobic and antisemitic authors (mainly interbellum ''[[Endecja]]'' activists) published by Polish publishing house [[Nortom]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2000-1/poland.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030427073437/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2000-1/poland.htm|archive-date=27 April 2003 |title=Antisemitism Worldwide 2000/1 – Poland |publisher=Tel Aviv University, Stephen Roth Institute |date=2001}}</ref> include: [[Roman Dmowski]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Tomash Matrashek|url=http://www.unian.ua/politics/475385-scho-take-ukrajinofobiya-i-yak-jiji-rozpiznati.html|script-title=uk:Роман Дмовський: Львів та українське питання|trans-title=Roman Dmowski: Lviv and Ukrainian issues|language=uk|work=ZAXID.NET|date=28 April 2010|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> [[Janusz Dobrosz]], [[Jędrzej Giertych]], [[Jan Ludwik Popławski]], [[Maciej Giertych]], [[Stanisław Jastrzębski (writer)|Stanisław Jastrzębski]], [[Edward Prus]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n28texts/isajevych.htm|title=Ярослав Ісаєвич|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Rafal Wnuk |url=http://legacy.ciaonet.org/olj/int/int_0701b.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6a59T11Wy?url=http://legacy.ciaonet.org/olj/int/int_0701b.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2015 |title=Recent Polish Historiography on Polish-Ukrainian Relations during World War II and its Aftermath |publisher=Institute for National Remembrance, Lublin |access-date=16 July 2015 }}</ref> [[Feliks Koneczny]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}} In 2000, Nortom was forced to withdraw its 12 controversial titles from the Frankfurt Book Fair by the Polish Ministry of Culture representative Andrzej Nowakowski overlooking the Polish exposition. Nortom was accused of selling anti-German, anti-Ukrainian and antisemitic books, especially the following titles: "Być czy nie być" by Stanisław Bełza, "Polska i Niemcy" by Jędrzej Giertych and "I tak nie przemogą. Antykościół, antypolonizm, masoneria" by his son Maciej Giertych. As a result of the above request, the president of the Polish delegation Andrzej Chrzanowski from Polska Izba Książki decided to penalise Nortom by removing it from the 2000 book fair altogether.{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}} ===Romania=== {{see also|Romania–Ukraine relations}} ===Portugal=== {{see also|Portugal–Ukraine relations}} Anti-Ukrainian sentiment in Portugal has grown since the arrival of [[Ukrainians in Portugal|Ukrainian immigrants to Portuguese territory]] in the 1990s. Most Ukrainians in Portugal work in low-skill and low wages jobs, particularly on cleaning services, construction, manufacturing industries, transport services, hotels and restaurants, due to this, many Ukrainian citizens are constantly victims of [[aporophobia]].<ref name="ACIDI">{{cite web |date=26 June 2014 |title=A Comunidade Ucraniana em Portugal |trans-title=The Ukrainian community in Portugal |url=http://www.acidi.gov.pt/noticias/visualizar-noticia/53ac3603952e2/a-comunidade-ucraniana-em-portugal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913061930/http://www.acidi.gov.pt/noticias/visualizar-noticia/53ac3603952e2/a-comunidade-ucraniana-em-portugal |archive-date=13 September 2014 |access-date=13 September 2014 |work=High Commissariat for Immigration and Intercultural Dialogue (ACIDI) |language=pt}}</ref> Generally in Portugal, citizens of [[Eastern Europe|Eastern European countries]], no matter what country they are from, are called "Ukrainians" with a hint of contempt for that country, especially when they are poor people. Various members of Portuguese politics have continually called Ukrainians "Nazis" and have gone so far as to say that Lisbon "was infected with Nazis", due to the high presence of Ukrainians in the capital.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 March 2019 |title=Mamadou Ba disse que "a cidade de Lisboa está infecta de nazis ucranianos e 'tugas'"? |trans-title=Did Mamadou Ba say that "the city of Lisbon is infected with Ukrainian Nazis and 'Portuguese'"?|url=https://poligrafo.sapo.pt/fact-check/mamadou-ba-disse-que-a-cidade-de-lisboa-esta-infecta-de-nazis-ucranianos-e-tugas|work=Polígrafo SAPO|language=pt}}</ref> In March 2020, a Ukrainian citizen named Ihor Humenyuk was interrogated and tortured to death at [[Lisbon Airport|Lisbon airport]] while trying to immigrate to Portugal irregularly.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 December 2020 |title=Portugal's immigration chief resigns months after Ukrainian man dies at Lisbon airport|url=https://www.euronews.com/2020/12/09/portugal-s-immigration-chief-resigns-months-after-ukrainian-man-dies-at-lisbon-airport|work=Euronews|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 May 2020 |title=SEF inspectors who killed Ukrainian at Lisbon airport jailed for between 7 and 9 years|url=https://www.portugalresident.com/sef-inspectors-who-killed-ukrainian-at-lisbon-airport-jailed-for-between-7-and-9-years/|work=Portugal Resident|language=en}}</ref> ===Canada=== Anti-Ukrainian discrimination was present in Canada from the arrival of [[Ukrainian Canadian|Ukrainians in Canada]] around 1891 until the late 20th century. In one sense this was part of a larger trend towards [[Nativism (politics)|nativism]] in Canada during the period. But Ukrainians were singled out for special discrimination because of their large numbers, visibility (due to dress, non-western European appearance, and language), and political activism. During the First World War, [[Ukrainian Canadian internment|around 8,000 Ukrainian Canadians were interned by the Canadian government as "enemy aliens"]] (because they came from the Austrian Empire). In the interwar period all Ukrainian cultural and political groups, no matter what their ideology was, were monitored by the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] and many of their leaders were deported.<ref>Hewitt, Steve. "Policing the Promised Land: The RCMP and Negative Nation-building in Alberta and Saskatchewan in the Interwar Period", ''The Prairie West as Promised Land'' ed. R. Douglas Francis and Chris Kitzan (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2007), 318–320.</ref> This attitude began to slowly change after the [[Second World War]], as Canadian immigration and cultural policies generally moved from being explicitly nativist to a more pluralistic one. Ukrainian nationalists were now seen as victims of communism, rather than dangerous subversives.{{cn|date=March 2023}} Ukrainians began to hold high offices, and one, Senator [[Paul Yuzyk]] was one of the earliest proponents of a policy of "[[multiculturalism]]" which would end official discrimination and acknowledge the contribution of non-English, non-French Canadians. The [[Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism]] of the 1960s, which had originally been formed only to deal with French-Canadian grievances, began the transition to multiculturalism in Canada because of Prime Minister [[Pierre Trudeau]]'s desire to court Ukrainian votes in Western Canada. The commission also included a Ukrainian Canadian commissioner, [[Jaroslav Rudnyckyj]]. Since the adoption of official multiculturalism under [[Section Twenty-seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]] in 1982, Ukrainians in Canada have had legal protection against discrimination.{{cn|date=March 2023}} Ukrainian Canadians have held high offices including Governor General ([[Ray Hnatyshyn]]), Deputy Prime Minister ([[Chrystia Freeland]]), Leader of the Opposition ([[Rona Ambrose]]), and several premiers of provinces. ===Latvia=== According to researcher Mārtiņš Kaprāns of [[Center for European Policy Analysis]], disinformation about Ukraine is dominant in Latvia's pro-Kremlin and [[Russian language in Latvia#In mass media|Russian language media]], which has contributed to a negative image of Ukraine in its Russian-speaking population, while ethnic Latvians are largely supportive of Ukraine. He has named [[Tatyana Zhdanok]], {{Interlanguage link|Alexander Gaponenko|lv|Aleksandrs Gapoņenko|ru|Гапоненко, Александр Владимирович}} and [[vesti.lv]] as some of the sources of anti-Ukrainian statements in Latvia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaprāns |first=Mārtiņš |title=Stirring up anti-Ukrainian sentiment in Latvia |date=24 May 2017 |url=http://infowar.cepa.org/Briefs/Lv/Stirring-up-anti-ukr-sentiment-in-lv |publisher=[[Center for European Policy Analysis]] |accessdate=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613013038/http://www.infowar.cepa.org/Briefs/Lv/Stirring-up-anti-ukr-sentiment-in-lv |archive-date=13 June 2017}}</ref> On 20 May 2022, a man in Riga was ordered to pay 6034.55 euros as material and moral damages and sentenced to 200 hours of [[community service]] for attacking a young man with a [[flag of Ukraine]] on his shoulders.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Verdict in 'Ukrainian flag attack' case in Rīga |date=15 June 2022 |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/crime/verdict-in-ukrainian-flag-attack-case-in-riga.a461592/ |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia]] |accessdate=22 July 2022}}</ref> A police officer and an alleged spouse of the attacker present at the moment of the attack was fired from the [[State Police (Latvia)|State Police]] for [[negligence]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Police officer fired for standing by 'Ukraine flag' attack |date=18 July 2022 |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/crime/police-officer-fired-for-standing-by-ukraine-flag-attack.a465851/ |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia]] |agency=[[LETA]] |accessdate=22 July 2022}}</ref> On 24 June 2022, a criminal case was launched against two young people for burning a flag of Ukraine at [[Vērmane Garden]] with the intention of posting the video on [[TikTok]] to gain popularity and provoke Ukrainians.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Youths detained for burning Ukrainian flag in Rīga |date=27 June 2022 |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/crime/youths-detained-for-burning-ukrainian-flag-in-riga.a463134/ |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia]] |accessdate=22 July 2022}}</ref> ==Slang references to Ukrainians and Ukrainian culture== The use of ethnic slurs and stereotypes in relation to Ukrainians in [[Russian media]]<ref name="smi">{{cite web|url=http://www.smi.ru/02/06/28/548258.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20020705025808/http://www.smi.ru/02/06/28/548258.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 July 2002|publisher=archive.is|title={{lang&#124;ru&#124;Андрей Моченов, Сергей Никулин. ''"Хохлы", "пиндосы", "чухонцы" и прочие "бусурмане" в Рунете и российской прессе''. 28 июня 2006. MCK}}|access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref> is one of Ukrainian community's concerns in Russia.<ref name="letter"/> ===Ethnic slurs=== * ''[[khokhol]]'' – derived from a term for a traditional Cossack-style haircut.<ref>{{cite book |last=Laitin |first=David D. |date=1998 |title=Identity in Formation: The Russian-speaking Populations in the Near Abroad |publisher=Cornell University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/identityinformat00lait/page/175 175] |isbn=9780801484957 |url=https://archive.org/details/identityinformat00lait |url-access=registration |quote=khokhol. }}</ref> * ''saloied'' – Literally "[[Salo (food)|salo]] eater"; based on a stereotype and a running joke that ''salo'' is a national food favorite of the Ukrainians. * ''Ukr'', plural ''Ukry'' – After gaining independence, Ukrainians started rebuilding their history after a long period of [[Polonization]] and [[Russification]]. This nation-building drive was derided by Russians. A Russian running joke is that Ukrainians derive the name of the country Ukraine from the name of the supposed ancient tribe of "Ukrs". Also derisively called Great Ukrs, ''Velikiie Ukry''. * ''Ukrop'' – Literally "[[dill]]", a pun: '''Ukr'''ainian = '''ukr'''op.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv-post-plus/putin-unapologetic-uncompromising-on-war-against-ukraine-375567.html Putin unapologetic, uncompromising on war against Ukraine], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (18 December 2014)</ref> The slur was [[Reappropriation|reappropriated]] by Ukrainians during the [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|war in Donbass]]<ref>[http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/26519406.html "Як українці стають «Укропами»"], ("How Ukrainian become 'Ukrops'") ''[[Radio Liberty]],'' Ukraininan redaction</ref> and later adopted by the [[UKROP]] party. * ''Szoszon –'' In Poland, especially eastern parts of the country, imitative of Ukrainian ''sho'', literally "what?", and a pun on the [[Shoshone]] tribe of North America.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Romer |first1=Marcin |title="Przeki" i "Szoszoni" |url=https://kuriergalicyjski.com/actualnosci/6115-przeki-i-szoszoni |work=Kurier Galicyjski |date=29 January 2008}}</ref> ===Political insults and historical nicknames=== * ''Maloross'' – Ukrainian, "[[Little Russia]]n", "dweller of ''Malorossiya''". Revival of a nineteenth-century imperial Russian term dismissive of independent Ukrainian nationality. Ukrainians often use this to describe culturally russified Ukrainians. There are a number of Russian insults based on the alleged opposition of all Ukrainians to all things Russian (or all things [[Soviet Union|Soviet]], in the past): * ''Mazepinets'' – Mazepite, [[Ivan Mazepa]] supporter, archaic. * ''Pietliurovets'' – Petlyurite, [[Symon Petliura]] supporter.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vladislav Berdichevskiy, MP of the People's Council of the DPR from the fraction Free Donbass about postponing of elections (VIDEO)|url=http://novorossia.today/vladislav-berdichevskiy-mp-of-the-people-s-council-of-the-dpr-from-the-fraction-free-donbass-about-postponing-of-elections-video/|work=Novorossia Today|date=9 October 2015}}</ref> * ''Banderivets'', or ''Banderovets, a''lso variants ''Bandera'', ''Banderlog'', ''Benderovets''. – "[[Banderite]]", a term used to associate Ukrainian national identity with radical nationalism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yekelchyk |first=Serhy |author-link=Serhy Yekelchyk |date=2020-11-12 |title=Ukraine: What Everyone Needs to Know |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780197532102.001.0001 |journal= |pages=48–49 |doi=10.1093/wentk/9780197532102.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-753210-2 |quote=Much in the same way as the tsarist government in its day branded all patriotic Ukrainians as “Mazepists” after Hetman Ivan Mazepa, the Russian state-controlled media have labeled EuroMaidan activists as “Banderites” after the twentieth-century nationalist leader Stepan Bandera (1909-1959). This stigmatization is unjust because radical nationalists constituted only a small minority among EuroMaidan revolutionaries, and their political parties performed poorly in the parliamentary elections that followed the revolution. Yet, it was a clever propaganda trick to associate a separate Ukrainian national identity exclusively with the most radical branch of Ukrainian nationalism. To most Russians and many Russian-speakers in eastern Ukraine, the term “Banderite” still carries negative historical connotations, established in Stalin’s time. After World War II ended, the Soviet press denounced the Bandera-led insurgents, who resisted the Sovietization of eastern Galicia.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Portnov |first=Andrii |author-link=Andrii Portnov |date=2016-06-22 |title=Bandera mythologies and their traps for Ukraine |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/bandera-mythologies-and-their-traps-for-ukraine/ |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=openDemocracy |language=en |quote=The common noun “Banderivtsi” (“Banderites”) emerged around this time, and it was used to designate all Ukrainian nationalists, but also, on occasion, western Ukrainians or even any person who spoke Ukrainian. Even today, the term “Banderivtsi” in public debate is never neutral — it can be used pejoratively or proudly.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Esch |first=Christian |date=2015 |title='Banderites' vs. 'New Russia' |url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/research/files/Banderites%2520vs%2520New%2520Russia%2520The%2520Battlefield%2520of%2520History%2520in%2520the%2520Ukraine%2520Conflict.pdf |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=[[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]] |quote=In Soviet Ukraine, the nationalist project was repressed or vilified in its entirety. Hundreds of thousands of civilians from Western Ukraine were deported to forced labour camps. "Banderovets" became a label that could be attached to any real or purported enemy of Soviet power in western Ukraine. It sounded as bad as "fascist". There was no effort to recognise the UPA as an independent actor with its own agenda, and to distinguish it from outright collaborationism, i.e. the Ukrainian "Waffen-SS Division 'Galizien'" which was under German command. There was also no effort to differentiate between different currents in and periods of OUN and UPA policy, and its more democratic rhetoric towards the end of the war. Even in the 1980s Ukrainian dissidents, no matter how democratic they were, could be labelled "Banderites" or "Fascists".}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Banderites |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CA%5CBanderites.htm |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]}}</ref> Historically, referred to supporters of far-right nationalist politician [[Stepan Bandera]] (1909–59). * ''Zhydobandera'', ''Zhidobandera'', or ''Zhydobanderovets'' – "Yid-Banderite" or "Judeo-Banderite" a conflation of ''Zhyd'' (i.e., a [[Kike]]) and a [[Stepan Bandera|Bandera]] follower. This is an ironic self-appellation coined by Ukrainian Jewish activists during the [[Euromaidan|Euromaidan protests]] to highlight the inconsistency of Russian propaganda which demonized Ukrainian pro-Europe and pro-democracy activism as fascist to the West and as Jewish to Ukrainians, with reference to "[[Jewish Bolshevism|Judeo-Bolshevism]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shore |first=Marci |date=2019-10-10 |title=The Ukrainian Night |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/9780300231533 |pages=51–52, 272 |doi=10.12987/9780300231533|isbn=9780300231533 |s2cid=246117701 }}</ref> * ''Maidaun'' – a conflation of the [[Euromaidan|Maidan]] protest movement and ''daun'', person with [[Down Syndrome]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://teenslang.su/id/16647|title=Что такое Майдаун – Значение слова "Майдаун"|author=Штирлитсс|access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref> * ''Maidanutyi'' – a conflation of the [[Euromaidan|Maidan]] and the ''yebanutyi'', "fucked in the head" (insane).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://teenslang.su/index.php?searchstr=%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9&slang=|title=Что такое майданутый – Значение слов "майданутый"|access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref> * ''kastruliegolovyi'' – literally "cooking pot-headed". A derogatory term for [[Euromaidan]] supporters.<ref>[https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/кастрюлеголовый кастрюлеголовый — Викисловарь]</ref> So-called "[[Anti-protest laws in Ukraine|Dictatorship laws]]" banned, among other things, the use of helmets during mass gatherings. On [[2014 Hrushevskoho Street riots|19 January 2014]] some [[Euromaidan]] participants mocked the ban by wearing cookware as helmets.<ref>[https://tsn.ua/politika/lyudi-i-politiki-na-yevromaydan-vdyagnuli-zamist-shapok-vidra-kastruli-i-kaski-330134.html "People on Euromaidan put on buckets, cooking pots and helmets instead of hats"]</ref><ref>[https://gazeta.ua/articles/life/_kastruli-vidra-ta-kaski-golovni-ubori-uchasnikiv-evromajdanu/537113 "Cooking pots, buckets and helmets: Headgear of Euromaidan participants"]</ref><ref>[https://www.dw.com/uk/каструльно-друшлякові-акції-протесту-пройшли-і-в-регіонах/a-17372791 "Cooking pot-colander protest actions passed in the regions as well"]</ref><ref>[[c:File:Spoilt.exile 19.01.2014 (12038537144).jpg]]</ref> * ''svidomit'' – a conflation of Ukrainian ''svidomyi'', "conscious, conscientious",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://teenslang.su/index.php?searchstr=%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82&slang=|title=Что такое свидомит – Значение слов "свидомит"|access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref> and Russian ''sodomit'', "[[sodomy|sodomite]]". *''Banderlog'' – a conflation of ''Bandera'' and ''[[Bandar-log]]''. *''Pigs'' – refers to a stereotype that Ukrainians love to eat salo and pork in general. ===Other=== * ''mova'' – a Russian derisive slang reference to [[Ukrainian language]] ("language" is ''mova'' in Ukrainian, ''yazyk'' in Russian).<ref>[https://www.km.ru/front-projects/russkii-yazyk-velikoe-dostoyanie-vsego-chelovechestva/mova-opolyachennyi-i-iskalechen A typical Ukrainophobic article in a popular Russian media site, claiming that "mova" is just a "polonized Russian"] {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref name="nakanune">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nakanune.ru/articles/18519/|title="Незалежная" Украина против украинской мовы}}</ref> * ''nezalezhnaya'' – a Russian derisive slang reference to Ukraine. Borrowing of Ukrainian ''nezalezhna'', "independent", with a Russian ending, mocking the historical Ukrainian struggle for independence (compare Russian ''nezavisimaya''). Sometimes used colloquially by Russians and Russian mass media to express ironic, disparaging attitude towards Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kp.ru/daily/26919/3965921/|title = Незалежная "в положении": пустые поезда, злые таксисты и Порошенко со всех экранов|date = 12 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="nakanune"/> * ''ukrainstvyushiy'' – literally - "one that plays Ukrainian". Refers to Ukrainian national project ({{lang-ru|Украинство}}) - a political theory that theory that assumes the Ukrainian nation was created artificially, for political reasons to get rid of Russian culture, out of spitefulness.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vz.ru/opinions/2022/4/7/1152532.html|title = Украинство – сплав нацизма и манипуляции - Взгляд|date = 7 April 2022}}</ref> == Anti-Ukrainian sentiment in culture and media == * ''[[72 meters]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukemonde.com/palance/russianfilmfest.html|title=Declaring 'I'm Ukrainian, not Russian', Palance walks out of Russian Film Festival in Hollywood|publisher=ukemonde.com|date=11 June 2004|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Accusations of genocide in Donbas]] * [[Chronology of Ukrainian language bans]] * [[Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine]] * [[Russification of Ukraine]] * [[Anti-Slavic sentiment|Slavophobia]] * [[Ivan Dziuba|Dziuba, Ivan]], ''[[Internationalism or Russification?]]'', a dissident's [[Marxism|Marxist]] critique of the national and cultural policy of the Soviet Union in the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] * "[[What Russia should do with Ukraine]]" * [[Russian allegations of fascism against Ukraine]] * [[Russian information war against Ukraine]] ==References and footnotes== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Ukrainophobia}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150107012658/http://www.ukemonde.com/communist_files/evil_of_communism.html Article that lists the communist regime crimes against Ukrainians] * S. Velychenko, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140726220607/http://www.ucipr.kiev.ua/publications/the-strange-case-of-foreign-pro-russian-radical-leftists/lang/en "The Strange Case of Foreign Pro Russian Radical Leftists"] {{Anti-Slavic sentiment}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anti-Ukrainian Sentiment}} [[Category:Anti-Ukrainian sentiment| ]] [[Category:Anti-national sentiment|Ukrainian]] [[Category:Human rights in Ukraine]] [[Category:Russification]] [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Racism in Ukraine]]'