Jump to content

Examine individual changes

This page allows you to examine the variables generated by the Edit Filter for an individual change.

Variables generated for this change

VariableValue
Edit count of the user (user_editcount)
null
Name of the user account (user_name)
'119.236.254.208'
Age of the user account (user_age)
0
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups)
[ 0 => '*' ]
Rights that the user has (user_rights)
[ 0 => 'createaccount', 1 => 'read', 2 => 'edit', 3 => 'createtalk', 4 => 'writeapi', 5 => 'viewmyprivateinfo', 6 => 'editmyprivateinfo', 7 => 'editmyoptions', 8 => 'abusefilter-log-detail', 9 => 'urlshortener-create-url', 10 => 'centralauth-merge', 11 => 'abusefilter-view', 12 => 'abusefilter-log', 13 => 'vipsscaler-test' ]
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile)
true
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app)
false
Page ID (page_id)
6583
Page namespace (page_namespace)
0
Page title without namespace (page_title)
'Chinese cuisine'
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle)
'Chinese cuisine'
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit)
[]
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors)
[ 0 => 'InternetArchiveBot', 1 => 'Alon Alush', 2 => 'Sara Abdul Razaq', 3 => 'Lyndaship', 4 => 'Ephemform', 5 => 'Citation bot', 6 => 'Deepred6502', 7 => 'JackkBrown', 8 => '2600:8805:918B:9B00:74CD:B017:18E2:9A3E', 9 => 'Ira Leviton' ]
Page age in seconds (page_age)
708505486
Action (action)
'edit'
Edit summary/reason (summary)
'Fuck'
Old content model (old_content_model)
'wikitext'
New content model (new_content_model)
'wikitext'
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext)
'{{short description|Culinary traditions of China}} {{Redirect|Chinese food|international Chinese cuisine variations|#Outside China|other uses|Chinese food (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} [[File:Collage Chinese Cuisine by User-EME.png|thumb|An assortment of Chinese food. '''Clockwise from top left:''' [[Peking duck]], [[misua]], [[Kung Pao chicken]], [[Mooncake|mooncakes]], [[baijiu]], [[Wonton|wonton soup]], [[Spring roll|spring rolls]]]] {{Cuisine of China}} {{Culture of China}} '''Chinese cuisine''' comprises [[cuisine]]s originating from [[China]], as well as from Chinese people from other parts of the world. Because of the Chinese diaspora and historical power of the country, Chinese cuisine has profoundly influenced many other cuisines in [[Asia]] and beyond, with modifications made to cater to local palates. Chinese food staples such as [[rice]], [[soy sauce]], [[noodles]], [[tea]], [[chili oil]], and [[tofu]], and utensils such as [[chopsticks]] and the [[wok]], can now be found worldwide. The world's earliest eating establishments recognizable as [[Restaurant|restaurants]] in the modern sense first emerged in [[Song dynasty]] China during the 11th and 12th centuries.<ref name="history">{{cite web |last=Roos |first=Dave |date=18 May 2020 |title=When Did People Start Eating in Restaurants? |url=https://www.history.com/news/first-restaurants-china-france |work=History.com}}</ref><ref name="Gernet133">{{harvcoltxt|Gernet|1962|p=133}}</ref> [[Street food]] became an integral aspect of Chinese food culture during the [[Tang dynasty]], and the street food culture of much of [[Southeast Asia]] was established by workers imported from China during the late 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVf94-rwpJ8C&pg=PA63 |title=Slow Food: Collected Thoughts on Taste, Tradition, and the Honest Pleasures ... |date=2001 |publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing |isbn=9781603581721 |editor-last=Petrini |editor-first=Carlo |language=en}}</ref> The preferences for [[seasoning]] and [[Chinese cooking techniques|cooking techniques]] of Chinese provinces depend on differences in [[social class]], [[Religion in China|religion]], [[history of Chinese cuisine|historical background]], and [[List of ethnic groups in China|ethnic groups]]. Geographic features including mountains, rivers, forests, and deserts also have a strong effect on the local available ingredients, considering that the climate of China varies from [[Tropical savanna climate|tropical]] in the south to [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] in the northeast. [[Chinese aristocrat cuisine|Imperial royal and noble preference]] also plays a role in the change of Chinese cuisine. Because of imperial expansion, immigration, and trading; ingredients and cooking techniques from other cultures have been integrated into Chinese cuisines over time, and Chinese culinary influences have also spread across the world. There are numerous regional, religious, and ethnic styles of Chinese cuisine found within China and abroad. Chinese cuisine is highly diverse and most frequently categorised into provincial divisions, although these province-level classifications consist of many more styles within themselves. During the [[Qing dynasty]], the most praised [[Four Great Traditions]] in Chinese cuisine were [[Sichuan cuisine|Chuan]], [[Shandong cuisine|Lu]], [[Cantonese cuisine|Yue]], and [[Huaiyang cuisine|Huaiyang]], representing cuisines of West, North, South, and East China, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Four Major Cuisines in China|url=http://www.cits.net/china-travel-guide/four-major-cuisines-in-china.html|website=CITS|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Dunlop |first=Fuchsia |title=Invitation to a Banquet |publication-date=2023}}</ref> In 1980, a modern grouping from Chinese journalist Wang Shaoquan's article published in the [[People's Daily]] newspaper identified the [[Eight Cuisines of China]] as [[Anhui cuisine|Anhui]] ({{zh|labels=no|c=徽菜 |p=Huīcài}}), [[Cantonese cuisine|Guangdong]] ({{zh|labels=no|s=粵菜 |p=Yuècài}}), [[Fujian cuisine|Fujian]] ({{zh|labels=no|s=閩菜 |p=Mǐncài}}), [[Hunan cuisine|Hunan]] ({{zh|labels=no|c=湘菜 |p=Xiāngcài}}), [[Jiangsu cuisine|Jiangsu]] ({{zh|labels=no|s=蘇菜 |p=Sūcài}}), [[Shandong cuisine|Shandong]] ({{zh|labels=no|s=魯菜 |p=Lǔcài}}), [[Sichuan cuisine|Sichuan]] ({{zh|labels=no|c=川菜 |p=Chuāncài}}), and [[Zhejiang cuisine|Zhejiang]] ({{zh|labels=no|c=浙菜 |p=Zhècài}}).<ref name="beautyfujian">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130731165745/http://beautyfujian.com/Fujian/Fujian_Cuisine.html "Fujian Cuisine.] [http://beautyfujian.com/ Beautyfujian.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710001538/http://beautyfujian.com/ |date=10 July 2011 }}. Accessed June 2011.</ref><ref name=":3" /> [[File:Quanjude roastduck.JPG|upright|thumb|A [[Quanjude]] cook is slicing [[Peking duck|Peking roast duck]]. Peking duck is eaten by rolling pieces of duck with scallion, cucumber and [[sweet bean sauce]] using steamed pancakes.<ref>[http://chinatour.net/beijing/food/ "Beijing cuisine and Peking roasted duck."] [http://chinatour.net/ ChinaTour.Net]. Accessed Dec 2011.</ref>]] Chinese cuisine is deeply intertwined with [[traditional Chinese medicine]], such as in the practise of [[Chinese food therapy]]. Color, scent and taste are the three traditional aspects used to describe Chinese food,<ref>This standard starts from [[Tang dynasty]] in the 6th century by [[Bai Juyi]] from the ''Preface of [[Lychee]] Diagram'': After leaving branch...for four and five days, the color, smell, and taste (of lychee) will be gone. ({{zh|labels=no|t=《荔枝圖序》：「若離本枝……四五日外，色、香、味盡去矣」。}}）</ref> as well as the meaning, appearance, and nutrition of the food. Cooking should be appraised with respect to the ingredients used, knife work, cooking time, and seasoning. == History == {{main|History of Chinese cuisine}} {{See also|List of sources of Chinese culinary history}} === Pre-Tang dynasty === [[File: Braised Shredded Chicken with Ham and Dried Tofu 2011-04.JPG|thumb|''[[Dazhu gansi|Dàzhǔ gānsī]]'' is a typical soup dish of [[Huaiyang cuisine]]. It is made of finely sliced dried tofu, chicken, ham and bamboo shoot, and the ingredients need to be braised with shrimp in chicken soup. It was highly praised by the [[Qianlong emperor]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Braised Shredded Dried Tofu|url=http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/english/cooking/2011-06/14/content_434301.htm|website=China Today|date=14 June 2011|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref> ]] [[File:La Zi Ji (Chicken with Chiles) (2269517013).jpg|thumb|''[[Laziji|Làzǐ Jī]]'', stir-fried chicken with chili and [[Sichuan pepper]] in Sichuan style]] [[File:Chinese Steamed Perch.jpg|thumb|Steamed whole [[perch]] with roe inside. Sliced [[ginger]] and spring onion is usually spread on top.]] Chinese society greatly valued [[gastronomy]], and developed an extensive study of the subject based on its [[traditional Chinese medicine|traditional medical beliefs]]. Chinese culture initially centered around the [[Central Plain (China)|North China Plain]]. The first domesticated crops seem to have been the [[foxtail millet|foxtail]] and [[broomcorn millet|broomcorn]] varieties of [[millet]], while [[rice]] was cultivated in the south. By 2000 BC, wheat had arrived from western Asia. These grains were typically served as warm [[noodle]] soups instead of baked into bread as in Europe. Nobles hunted various wild game and consumed [[Lamb and mutton|mutton]], pork and [[Dog meat#Mainland China|dog]] as these animals were domesticated. Grain was stored against famine and flood and meat was preserved with salt, vinegar, curing, and fermenting. The flavor of the meat was enhanced by cooking it in animal fats though this practice was mostly restricted to the wealthy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibiblio.org/chineseculture/contents/food/p-food-c01s01.html|title=The Cultural Heritage of China :: Food & Drink :: Cuisine :: Introduction|last=Wertz|first=Richard R.|website=www.ibiblio.org|access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref> By the time of [[Confucius]] in the [[Warring States period|late Zhou]], gastronomy had become a high art. Confucius discussed the principles of dining: {{quote|The rice would never be too white, the meat would never be too finely cut... When it was not cooked right, man would not eat. When it was cooked bad, man would not eat. When the meat was not cut properly, man would not eat. When the food was not prepared with the right sauce, man would not eat. Although there are plenty of meats, they should not be cooked more than staple food. There is no limit for alcohol, before a man gets drunk.<ref>''[[Analects]]'', Book 10 ''Xiang Dang'' (鄉黨), Chapter 6, Verse 8: 食不厭精，膾不厭細。……失飪不食。……割不正，不食。不得其醬，不食。肉雖多，不使勝食氣。惟酒無量，不及亂。</ref>}} The [[Lüshi chunqiu]] notes: "Only if one is chosen as the [[Son of Heaven]] will the tastiest delicacies be prepared [for him]."<ref>{{cite book|last=Hollman|first=Thomas|title=The Land of the Five Flavors|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]}}</ref> The [[Zhaohun]] (4-3rd c. BC) gives some examples: turtle ragout, honey cakes and beer (chilled with ice). During [[Qin Shi Huang|Shi Huangdi]]'s [[Qin dynasty]], the empire expanded into the south. By the time of the [[Han dynasty]], the different regions and cuisines of China's people were linked by major [[canal]]s and leading to greater complexity in the different regional cuisines. Not only is food seen as giving "[[qi]]", energy, but the food is also about maintaining yin and yang.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=J.A.G.|title=China to Chinatown |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2004 |isbn=9781861892270 |series=Globalities |url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/C/bo3536662.html |access-date=10 December 2015}}</ref> The philosophy behind it was rooted in the ''[[I Ching]]'' and [[Chinese traditional medicine]]: food was judged for color, aroma, taste, and texture and a good meal was expected to balance the [[Chinese herbology#Four Natures|Four Natures]] ('[[Yin and yang|hot]]', warm, cool, and '[[Yin and yang|cold]]') and the [[Chinese herbology#Five Flavors|Five Tastes]] (pungent, sweet, sour, bitter, and salty). [[Salt in Chinese history#Salt in Chinese cuisine|Salt was used as a preservative]] from early times, but in cooking was added in the form of soy sauce, and not at the table.{{sfnb|Anderson|1988| p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&q=%22salt+by+itself+was+never+used%22&pg=PA207 267]}} By the Later Han period (2nd century), writers{{who|date=August 2013}} frequently complained of lazy aristocrats who did nothing but sit around all day eating [[Smoking (cooking)|smoked]] meats and roasts. During the [[Han dynasty]], the Chinese developed methods of food preservation for military rations during campaigns such as drying meat into [[jerky]] and cooking, roasting, and drying grain.{{sfnb|Anderson|1988| p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&pg=PA52 52]}} Chinese legends claim that the roasted, flat bread [[shaobing]] was brought back from the ''[[Western Regions|Xiyu]]'' (the Western Regions, a name for [[Central Asia]]) by the Han dynasty General [[Ban Chao]], and that it was originally known as hubing ({{lang|zh|胡餅}}, lit. "barbarian bread"). The shaobing is believed to be descended from the hubing.<ref>{{cite book|title=Fermentations and Food Science, Volume 6|first=H. T.|last=Huang |year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgtFxedkgbcC&q=shao+ping+sesame&pg=PA474|page=474|isbn=0521652707|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref> [[Shaobing]] is believed to be related to the Persian ''[[tandoor bread|nan]]'' and Central Asian ''[[tandyr nan|nan]]'', as well as the Middle Eastern [[pita]].{{sfnb|Anderson|1988| p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&pg=PA143 143, 144, 218]}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry|first=Frederick J.|last=Simoons|year=1990|publisher=CRC Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo087ZxohA4C&q=shao+ping+sesame&pg=PA89|page=89|isbn=084938804X|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Free China Review, Volume 45, Issues 7-12|year=1995|publisher=W.Y. Tsao|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JiXjAAAAMAAJ&q=The+name+%22shao+ping%22+applies+to+a+family+of+flaky,+fiat,+sesame-seed-+topped+breads+of+Persian+origin+but+now+found+in+all+locales+along+the+old+Silk+Road.|page=66|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="Holcombe2001">{{cite book|author=Charles Holcombe|title=The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. - A.D. 907|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XT5pvPZ4vroC&pg=PA129|date=January 2001|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2465-5|pages=129–}}</ref> Foreign westerners made and sold sesame cakes in China during the Tang dynasty.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tʻang Exotics|first=Edward H.|last=Schafer|edition=illustrated, reprint, revised|year=1963|publisher=University of California Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z7cZ77SqEQC&pg=PA29|page=29|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref> During the [[Southern and Northern dynasties]] non-Han people like the [[Xianbei]] of [[Northern Wei]] introduced their cuisine to northern China, and these influences continued up to the [[Tang dynasty]], popularizing meat like mutton and dairy products like goat milk, yogurts, and [[Kumis]] among even Han people. It was during the Song dynasty that [[Han Chinese]] developed an aversion to dairy products and abandoned the dairy foods introduced earlier.{{sfnb|Anderson|1988| p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&dq=yogurt+fish+wei&pg=PA80 80]}} The Han Chinese rebel Wang Su who received asylum in the Xianbei Northern Wei after fleeing from Southern Qi, at first could not stand eating dairy products like goat's milk and meat like mutton and had to consume tea and fish instead, but after a few years he was able to eat yogurt and lamb, and the Xianbei Emperor asked him which of the foods of China (Zhongguo) he preferred, fish vs mutton and tea vs yogurt.<ref>{{cite book|title=Culture and Power in the Reconstitution of the Chinese Realm, 200-600|volume=200 of Harvard East Asian monographs|editor1-first=Scott|editor1-last=Pearce|editor2-first=Audrey G.|editor2-last=Spiro|editor3-first=Patricia Buckley|editor3-last=Ebrey|edition=illustrated|year=2001|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PASE4LVLzQ0C&q=yogurt+fish+wei&pg=PA22|page=22|isbn=0674005236|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=China Between Empires|first=Mark Edward|last=Lewis|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/chinabetweenempi00lewi|url-access=registration|quote=wang su yoghurt.|page=[https://archive.org/details/chinabetweenempi00lewi/page/126 126]|isbn=978-0674026056|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Fermentations and Food Science, Volume 6|first=H. T.|last=Huang|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgtFxedkgbcC&q=wang+su+yogurt&pg=PA511|page=511|isbn=0521652707|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Choo |first=Jessey Jiun-chyi |author2=Albert E. Dien |display-authors=1 |ref={{harvid|Choo & al.|2014}} |contribution=Everyday Life |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AeiIl2y6vJQC&pg=PA434 434] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AeiIl2y6vJQC |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffEYBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA429 |title=Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook |editor-last=Swartz |editor-first=Wendy |editor2=Robert Ford Campany |editor3=Lu Yang |editor4=Jessey Jiun-chyi Choo |display-editors=0 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-231-15987-6 }}.</ref> === Post-Tang dynasty === The great migration of Chinese people south during the invasions preceding and during the [[Song dynasty]] increased the relative importance of [[northern and southern China|southern Chinese]] staples such as rice and [[congee]]. [[Su Shi|Su Dongpo]] has improved the red braised pork as [[Dongpo pork]].<ref>《東坡續集》卷十：《豬肉頌》：“洗凈鐺，少著水，柴頭罨煙燄不起。待他自熟莫催他，火候足時他自美。黃州好豬肉，價賤如泥土。貴者不肯食，貧者不解煮。早晨起來打兩碗，飽得自家君莫管。”</ref> The dietary and culinary habits also changed greatly during this period, with many ingredients such as [[soy sauce]] and Central Asian influenced foods becoming widespread and the creation of important cookbooks such as the ''Shanjia Qinggong'' ({{zh|t=山家清供|c=|p=shanjia qinggong}}) and the ''[[Wushi Zhongkuilu]]'' ({{zh|t=吳氏中饋錄|c=|p=wushi zhoungkuilu}}) showing the respective esoteric foods and common household cuisine of the time.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Höllmann|first=Thomas O.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868132659|title=The land of the five flavors : a cultural history of Chinese cuisine|date=2014|others=Karen Margolis|isbn=978-0-231-53654-7|location=New York|oclc=868132659}}</ref> The [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] dynasties introduced [[Mongolian cuisine|Mongolian]] and [[Manchu cuisine]], warm northern dishes that popularized [[hot pot]] cooking. During the [[Islam during the Yuan dynasty|Yuan dynasty]] many [[Muslim Chinese|Muslim communities]] emerged in China, who practiced a porkless cuisine now preserved by [[Chinese Islamic cuisine|Hui restaurants]] throughout the country.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} [[Yunnan cuisine]] is unique in China for its cheeses like [[Rubing]] and [[Rushan cheese]] made by the [[Bai people]], and its yogurt, the yogurt may have been due to a combination of Mongolian influence during the Yuan dynasty, the Central Asian settlement in Yunnan, and the proximity and influence of India and Tibet on Yunnan.{{sfnb|Anderson|1988| p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&pg=PA52 91, 178]}} As part of the last leg of the [[Columbian Exchange]], Spanish and Portuguese traders began introducing foods from the New World to China through the port cities of [[Guangzhou|Canton]] and [[Macau]]. Mexican [[chili pepper]]s became essential ingredients in [[Sichuan cuisine]] and calorically dense potatoes and corn became staple foods across the northern plains. During the Qing dynasty, Chinese gastronomes such as [[Yuan Mei]] focused upon the primary goal of extracting the maximum flavour of each ingredient. As noted in his culinary work the ''[[Suiyuan shidan]]'', however, the fashions of cuisine at the time were quite varied and in some cases were flamboyantly ostentatious,<ref>{{cite web| title=Things to Avoid 3: Meals for the Ears (戒耳餐)|website=Translating the Suiyuan Shidan|url=https://wayoftheeating.wordpress.com/2014/05/22/things-to-avoid-3-meals-for-the-ears/|access-date=8 March 2015|date=22 May 2014}}</ref> especially when the display served also a formal ceremonial purpose, as in the case of the [[Manchu Han Imperial Feast]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Things to Avoid 12: Cliché (戒落套)|website=Translating the Suiyuan Shidan|url=https://wayoftheeating.wordpress.com/2014/09/05/things-to-avoid-12-cliche/|access-date=8 March 2015|date=5 September 2014}}</ref> As the pace of life increases in modern China, fast food like [[fried noodles]], [[fried rice]] and ''[[gaifan]]'' (dish over rice) become more and more popular. ==Regional cuisines== {{main|Chinese regional cuisine}} [[File:Cuisines of China.png|thumb|upright=1.15|Map showing major regional cuisines of China]] [[File:狮子头01 (5935161191).jpg|upright=1.15|thumb|"[[Stewed meatball|Lion's head]] with [[crab meat]]" ({{zh|labels=no|t=蟹粉獅子頭}}) is a traditional eastern Chinese meatball soup.]] There are a variety of styles of cooking in China, but most Chinese chefs classified eight regional cuisines according to their distinct tastes and local characteristics. A number of different styles contribute to Chinese cuisine but perhaps the best known and most influential are [[Guangdong cuisine|Cantonese cuisine]], [[Shandong cuisine]], [[Jiangsu cuisine]] (specifically [[Huaiyang cuisine]]) and [[Sichuan cuisine]].<ref name="Yao"/><ref>[http://www.kas.ku.edu/archived-site/chinese_food/regional_cuisine.html "Regions of Chinese food-styles/flavors of cooking."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005071508/http://www.kas.ku.edu/archived-site/chinese_food/regional_cuisine.html |date=5 October 2011 }} [http://www.kas.ku.edu/ University of Kansas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302074232/http://www.kas.ku.edu/archived-site/chinese_food/regional_cuisine.html |date=2 March 2021 }}, Kansas Asia Scholars. Accessed June 2011.</ref> These styles are distinctive from one another due to factors such as availability of resources, climate, [[Geography of China|geography]], [[History of China|history]], cooking techniques and lifestyle.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/07/chinas-culinary-diversity-in-one-map/278138/| title = "China's Culinary Diversity in One Map"| website = [[The Atlantic]]| date = 26 July 2013}}</ref> One style may favour the use of [[garlic]] and [[shallot]]s over chili and spices, while another may favour preparing [[seafood]] over other meats and [[fowl]]. [[Jiangsu cuisine]] favours cooking techniques such as [[braising]] and [[stewing]], while [[Sichuan cuisine]] employs [[baking]]. [[Zhejiang cuisine]] focuses more on serving fresh food and shares some traits in common with Japanese food. [[Fujian cuisine]] is famous for its seafood and soups and the use of spices. [[Hunan cuisine]] is famous for its hot and sour taste. [[Anhui cuisine]] incorporates wild food for an unusual taste and is wilder than Fujian cuisine.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chuankang |first1=Cheng |title=THE CULTURE OF CHINESE DIET:REGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION AND DEVELOPING TRENDS |journal=Acta Geographica Sinica |date=15 May 1994 |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=226–235 |url=http://www.geog.com.cn/EN/Y1994/V61/I3/226 |language=zh |issn=0375-5444}}</ref> Based on the raw materials and ingredients used, the method of preparation and cultural differences, a variety of foods with different flavors and textures are prepared in different regions of the country. Many traditional regional cuisines rely on basic methods of [[Food preservation|preservation]] such as [[Drying (food)|drying]], [[Salting (food)|salting]], [[pickling]] and [[fermentation (food)|fermentation]].<ref name=Hsieh /> In addition, the "rice theory" attempts to describe cultural differences between north and south China; in the north, noodles are more consumed due to wheat being widely grown whereas in the south, rice is more preferred as it has historically been more cultivated there.<ref>{{cite web|title= 'Rice theory' explains north-south China cultural differences|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140508141743.htm}}</ref> ==Staple foods== {{multiple image|perrow=3|total_width=360 | image1 = Steamed rice in bowl 01.jpg | image2 = ClassicwhiteMantou.jpg | image3 = Shaobing5.jpg | image4 = HofanUpClose.jpg | image5 = Chinese Noodles.jpg | image6 = Thin Noodle.jpg | footer = Staple foods in China: rice, breads and various kinds of noodles }} Chinese ancestors successfully planted [[millet]], [[rice]], and other grains about 8,000 to 9,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Callaway|first=Ewen|date=October 2014|title=Domestication: The birth of rice|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=514|issue=7524|pages=S58–S59|doi=10.1038/514S58a|pmid=25368889|bibcode=2014Natur.514S..58C|s2cid=4457200|issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Wheat]], another staple, took another three or four thousand years. For the first time, grains provided people with a steady supply of food. Because of the lack of various foods, Chinese people had to adapt to new eating habits. Meat was scarce, and so people cooked with small amounts of meat and rice or noodles.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Guansheng |title=Food, eating behavior, and culture in Chinese society |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |date=December 2015 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=195–199 |doi=10.1016/j.jef.2015.11.004|doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Rice=== [[Rice]] is a primary [[staple food]] for people from rice farming areas in southern China.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Guansheng|date=December 2015|title=Food, eating behavior, and culture in Chinese society|journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods|volume=2|issue=4|pages=195–199|doi=10.1016/j.jef.2015.11.004|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Steamed rice]], usually [[white rice]], is the most commonly eaten form. People in South China also like to use rice to make congee as breakfast.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chinese Rice Porridge (Congee) Recipe|url=https://www.eatingchina.com/recipes/rice-porridge.htm|access-date=14 October 2021|website=Eating China|language=en-AU}}</ref> Rice is also used to produce [[Beer in China|beer]], [[baijiu]] and [[vinegar]]. [[Glutinous rice]] ("sticky rice") is a variety of rice used in special dishes such as lotus leaf rice and glutinous rice balls. ===Wheat=== In wheat-farming areas in [[northern and southern China|Northern China]], people largely rely on [[flour]]-based food, such as [[Chinese noodle|noodles]], ''[[Bing (bread)|bing]]'' (bread), ''[[jiaozi]]'' (a kind of Chinese [[dumpling]]s), and ''[[mantou]]'' (a type of steamed buns).<ref name=Yao>Yao, Zhang. ''China Everyday!''. Page One Pub. 2007. {{ISBN|978-981-245-330-3}}</ref> Wheat likely "appeared in the lower Yellow River around 2600 Before Common Era (BCE), followed by Gansu and Xinjiang around 1900 BCE and finally occurred in the middle Yellow River and Tibet regions by 1600 BCE".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Tengwen|last2=Leipe|first2=Christian|last3=Jin|first3=Guiyun|last4=Wagner|first4=Mayke|last5=Guo|first5=Rongzhen|last6=Schröder|first6=Oskar|last7=Tarasov|first7=Pavel E.|date=2018|title=The early history of wheat in China from 14C dating and Bayesian chronological modelling|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-018-0141-x|journal=Nature Plants|language=en|volume=4|issue=5|pages=272–279|doi=10.1038/s41477-018-0141-x|pmid=29725102|s2cid=19156382|issn=2055-0278}}</ref> ===Noodles=== {{main|Chinese noodles}} [[Chinese noodles]] come dry or fresh in a variety of sizes, shapes and textures and are often served in soups or fried as toppings. Some varieties, such as Shou Mian (寿面, literally noodles of longevity), is an avatar of long life and good health according to Chinese traditions.<ref name=Yao /> Noodles can be served hot or cold with different toppings, with broth, and occasionally dry (as is the case with mi-fen). Noodles are commonly made with rice flour or wheat flour, but other flours such as [[Soy flour|soybean]] are also used in minor groups. Some noodles names describe their methods of creation, such as the hand-pulled noodle.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Na|last2=Ma|first2=Guansheng|date=1 September 2016|title=Noodles, traditionally and today|journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods|language=en|volume=3|issue=3|pages=209–212|doi=10.1016/j.jef.2016.08.003|issn=2352-6181|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Soybean products== [[File:Tofu - assorted products 01.jpg|thumb|Several kinds of soybean products are sold in a farmer's market in [[Haikou]], China.]] [[File:Stired-fried_Razor_Clams_with_Black_Beans_and_Pepper.jpg|thumb|Stir-fried [[razor shell]] with ''[[douchi]]'' (fermented black soybeans) in [[Shandong Peninsula|Jiaodong]] style]] [[Tofu]] is made of [[soybean]]s and is another popular food product that supplies protein. The production process of tofu varies from region to region, resulting in different kinds of tofu with a wide range of texture and taste.<ref name=Hsieh>J. Li & Y. Hsieh. ''Traditional Chinese Food Technology and Cuisine''. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004;13(2): 147–155.</ref> Other products such as [[soy milk]], [[soy paste]], [[soy oil]], and fermented [[soy sauce]] are also important in Chinese cooking. There are many kinds of soybean products, including [[tofu skin]], smoked tofu, dried tofu, and fried tofu. [[Stinky tofu]] is fermented tofu. Like [[blue cheese]] or [[durian]], it has a very distinct, potent and strong smell, and is an acquired taste. Hard stinky tofu is often deep-fried and paired with soy sauce or salty spice. Soft stinky tofu is usually used as a spread on steamed buns. [[Doufuru]] is another type of fermented tofu that has a salty taste. Doufuru can be pickled together with soy beans, [[red yeast rice]] or chili to create different color and flavor. This is more of a pickled type of tofu and is not as strongly scented as stinky tofu. Doufuru has the consistency of slightly soft blue cheese, and a taste similar to Japanese [[miso paste]], but less salty. Doufuru can be used as a spread on steamed buns, or paired with [[Congee|rice congee]]. [[Fermented bean curd|Sufu]] is one other type of fermented tofu that goes through ageing process. The color (red, white, green) and flavor profile can determine the type of sufu it is. This kind of tofu is usually eaten alongside breakfast rice.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Han|first1=B. Z.|last2=Rombouts|first2=F. M.|last3=Nout|first3=M. J.|date=11 April 2001|title=A Chinese fermented soybean food|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11322691/|journal=International Journal of Food Microbiology|volume=65|issue=1–2|pages=1–10|doi=10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00523-7|issn=0168-1605|pmid=11322691}}</ref> Soybean milk is soybean-based milk. It is a morning beverage, and it has many benefits to human health.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=Hansong |last2=Liu |first2=Ruixue |last3=Hu |first3=Yaohui |last4=Xu |first4=Baojun |date=31 December 2017 |title=Flavor profiles of soymilk processed with four different processing technologies and 26 soybean cultivars grown in China |journal=International Journal of Food Properties |language=en |volume=20 |issue=sup3 |pages=S2887–S2898 |doi=10.1080/10942912.2017.1382507 |s2cid=103900286 |issn=1094-2912|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Vegetables== Apart from vegetables that can be commonly seen, some unique [[vegetables]] used in Chinese cuisine include [[baby corn]], [[bok choy]], [[snow pea]]s, [[China|Chinese]] [[eggplant]], [[Gai lan|Chinese broccoli]], and [[Volvariella volvacea|straw mushrooms]]. Other vegetables, including [[bean sprout]]s, pea vine tips, [[watercress]], [[lotus root]]s, chestnuts, water chestnuts, and [[bamboo shoot]]s, are also used in different cuisines of China. Because of different climate and soil conditions, cultivars of green beans, peas, and mushrooms can be found in rich variety. A variety of dried or pickled vegetables are also processed, especially in drier or colder regions where fresh vegetables were hard to get out of season. ==Herbs and seasonings== {{multiple image | align = middle | direction = horizontal | width = 200 | image1 = Five spices detailed.jpg | caption1 = Ingredients of ''[[Five-spice powder|wu xiang fen]]'' (five-spice powder) are Sichuan peppercorn, cloves, cinnamon, fennel seeds, and star anise. | image2 = Three_Cup_Chicken_in_Clay_Pot.jpg | caption2 = ''[[Sanbeiji]]'' (three-cup chicken) traditionally is prepared with [[lard]], ''[[jiuniang]]'' (rice wine pudding) and [[soy sauce]]. }} [[Seasoning]]s such as fresh [[ginger]] root, [[garlic]], [[scallion]], [[cilantro]] and [[sesame]] are widely used in many regional cuisines. [[Sichuan peppercorn]]s, [[star anise]], [[cinnamon]], [[fennel]], [[cloves]] and [[white pepper]]s and [[Polygonum|smart weed]] are also used in different regions.<ref name=times>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/real_food/article4262148.ece |title=Top 10 basic ingredients for Chinese cooking. |access-date=30 May 2010 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530060727/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/real_food/article4262148.ece |archive-date=30 May 2010 }} [''The Times'']. Accessed June 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Yan|first=Martin|title=Chinese Cooking For Dummies|url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/chinese-herbs-and-spices.html|access-date=23 February 2013}}</ref> To add extra flavor to the dishes, many Chinese cuisines also contain dried Chinese mushrooms, dried baby shrimp, dried tangerine peel,<ref name="nytimes">{{Cite news |last=Simonds |first=Nina |date=1993-06-02 |title=Chinese Restaurants Are Adding Herbs for Flavor and Health |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/02/garden/chinese-restaurants-are-adding-herbs-for-flavor-and-health.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and dried Sichuan chillies. When it comes to [[sauce]]s, China is home to soy sauce, which is made from fermented soybeans and wheat. A number of sauces are also based on fermented soybeans, including [[hoisin sauce]], ground bean sauce and yellow bean sauce. There are also different sauces preferred by regional cuisines, [[oyster sauce]], [[fish sauce]] and furu (fermented tofu) are also widely used. Vinegar also has a variety with different flavors: clear rice vinegar, [[Zhenjiang Vinegar|Chinkiang black rice vinegar]], Shanxi vinegar, Henghe vinegar etc. ==Desserts and snacks== {{Main|Chinese desserts|Chinese pastries}} {{see also|List of Chinese desserts}} {{multiple image | align = middle | direction = horizontal | width = 200 | image1 = 糕点-Chinese Pastries.jpg | caption1 = Different ''gāo diǎn'' (traditional Chinese pastry) with different stuffing, including [[lotus seed]], rose, and mixture of pea and [[jackbean]] | image2 = Egg custard tarts.jpg | caption2 = [[Egg tart|Egg custard tart]] is a type of ''xī diǎn'' (Western pastry) originally from Portugal and gain its popularity through [[Hong Kong]]. }} Generally, seasonal fruits serve as the most common form of dessert consumed after dinner.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lin|first=Kathy|title=Chinese Food Cultural Profile|url=http://ethnomed.org/clinical/nutrition/chinese_food_cultural_profile|access-date=23 February 2013}}</ref> [[Dim sum]] (点心), originally means a small portion of food, can refer to dessert, or pastries. Later to avoid disambiguation, tian dian (甜点) and gao dian (糕点) are used to describe desserts and pastries. Traditionally, Chinese desserts are sweet foods and dishes that are served with tea, usually during the meal,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pei-Mei's Chinese Cook Book Volume 2|last=Fu Pei-Mei|publisher=Askmar Publishing|year=2010|isbn=978-1-935842-05-7|location=Menlo Park, CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://languageoffood.blogspot.com/2009/10/dessert.html|title=The Language of Food: Dessert|last=Jurafsky|first=Dan|date=6 October 2009|website=The Language of Food|access-date=16 March 2017}}</ref> or at the end of meals in Chinese cuisine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/chineseculture/contents/food/p-food-c01s01.html|title=Food & Drink: Cuisine|last=Wertz|first=Richard R.|date=2016|website=The Cultural Heritage of China|access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref> Besides being served as dim sum along with tea, pastries are used for celebration of traditional festivals.<ref>{{cite web|language=zh|url=http://s.visitbeijing.com.cn/html/bjtc-15_gd.shtml|title=Daoxiangcun - Introduction of Beijing Local Special Product|publisher=Visit Beijing|access-date=11 January 2017|archive-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113143937/http://s.visitbeijing.com.cn/html/bjtc-15_gd.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> The most famous one is [[moon cake]], used to celebrate the [[Mid-Autumn Festival]]. A wide variety of [[Chinese desserts]] are available, mainly including steamed and boiled sweet snacks. [[Bing (Chinese flatbread)|Bing]] is an umbrella term for all breads in Chinese, also including pastries and sweets. These are baked wheat-flour-based confections, with different stuffings including [[red bean paste]], [[jujube]], and a variety of others. Su (酥) is another kind of pastry made with more amount of oil, making the confection more friable. Chinese candies and sweets, called ''táng'' (糖)<ref name="kaleidoscope">[http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/en/8Kaleidoscope5550.html "Chinese Desserts."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702152953/http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/en/8Kaleidoscope5550.html |date=2 July 2011 }} [http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/ Kaleidoscope - Cultural China] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711102415/http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/ |date=11 July 2011 }}. Accessed June 2011.</ref> are usually made with [[Sugarcane|cane sugar]], malt sugar, honey, nuts, and fruit. [[Kueh|Gao or Guo]] are rice-based snacks that are typically steamed<ref name="kaleidoscope"/> and may be made from glutinous or normal rice. Another cold dessert is called ''baobing'', which is [[shaved ice]] with sweet syrup.<ref name="kaleidoscope"/> Chinese jellies are known collectively in the language as ''ices''. Many jelly desserts are traditionally set with agar and are flavoured with fruits, known as guodong (果冻),<ref>{{cite web|title=jelly|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/zhs/%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD-%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD-%E7%AE%80%E4%BD%93/jelly|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|publisher=[[Cambridge Dictionary]]}}</ref> though [[gelatine]] based jellies are also common in contemporary desserts. Chinese dessert soups are typically sweet and served hot.<ref name="kaleidoscope"/> European pastries are also seen in China, like [[mille-feuille]], [[crème brûlée]], and [[cheesecake]], but they are generally not as popular because the Chinese preference of dessert is mildly sweet and less oily.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} [[File:Baozi Chengdu.JPG|thumb|''[[Baozi|Bāozi]]'' are steamed buns containing savoury or sweet combinations of meat, vegetables, and mushrooms, traditionally associated with breakfast.]] Many types of street foods, which vary from region to region, can be eaten as snacks or light dinner. [[Prawn cracker]]s are an often-consumed snack in Southeast China.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} ===Dairy products=== Chinese in earlier dynasties evidently drank milk and ate dairy products, although not necessarily from cows, but perhaps ''[[kumis]]'' (fermented mare's milk) or goat's milk. Historically, many Chinese chefs tried not to use milk, because of the high rate of [[Lactose intolerance#Epidemiology|lactose intolerance among the Chinese population]]. However, today, dairy products are increasingly used in Chinese cuisine, such as the "[[double skin milk]]" dessert in Guangdong Province, the Rubing (milk cake) cheese in [[Yunnan]], and [[yoghurt]] in Qinghai and Xinjiang. China has a wide variety of dairy desserts that are very popular.<ref name="kaleidoscope"/> == Cold dishes == {{See also|Chinese pickles}} {{multiple image | align = right | width = 180 | image1 = 香卤猪耳朵-gravy pig's ear cold dish.jpg | caption1 = Stewed pig's ear as [[lou mei]] is usually served cold. | image2 = Billyfoodtofu1.jpg | caption2 = ''Pídàn dòufǔ'' ([[century egg]] and [[tofu]]) }} Cold dishes are usually served before the main meal. Besides salad and pickles as appetizers, they can range from jelly, beancurd, noodle salad, cooked meat and sausages, to jellyfish or cold soups. [[Chinese sausage]]s vary from region to region. The most common sausage is made of pork and pork fat. The flavor is generally salty-sweet in Southern China. In other parts of China, sausages are salted to be preserved. Chinese sausage is prepared in many different ways, including oven-roasting, stir-frying, and [[steaming]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Parkinson|first=Rhonda|title=How To Cook Chinese Sausage|url=http://chinesefood.about.com/od/cookingfaqs/f/chinese-sausage.htm|access-date=23 February 2013|archive-date=2 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402221313/http://chinesefood.about.com/od/cookingfaqs/f/chinese-sausage.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Soups== {{Main|Chinese soup}} [[File:Tougan shrimp soup.jpg|thumb|''Dōngguā xiārén fěnsī tāng'' (winter melon, shrimp and cellophane noodle soup)]] {{see also|List of Chinese soups}} In some part of South China, soups are served between the cold dishes and the main dishes. In other parts of China, soups are served between the main dish and staple foods, before desserts or fruit salad. There are many traditional Chinese soups, such as [[wonton]] soup, herbal chicken soup, [[hot and sour soup]], [[winter melon soup]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winter Melon Soup Recipe|url=https://simplechinesefood.com/recipe/winter-melon-soup-42|access-date=22 October 2021|website=Simple Chinese Food|language=en-US}}</ref> and so on. ==Drinks== Tea plays an important role in Chinese dining culture. In China, there are two main types of tea, one is made from dried tea leaves, the other one is made by extracts from tea leaves.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pan |first1=Si-Yuan |last2=Nie |first2=Qu |last3=Tai |first3=Hai-Chuan |last4=Song |first4=Xue-Lan |last5=Tong |first5=Yu-Fan |last6=Zhang |first6=Long-Jian-Feng |last7=Wu |first7=Xue-Wei |last8=Lin |first8=Zhao-Heng |last9=Zhang |first9=Yong-Yu |last10=Ye |first10=Du-Yun |last11=Zhang |first11=Yi |date=22 February 2022 |title=Tea and tea drinking: China's outstanding contributions to the mankind |journal=Chinese Medicine |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=27 |doi=10.1186/s13020-022-00571-1 |issn=1749-8546 |pmc=8861626 |pmid=35193642 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Baijiu]] and [[huangjiu]] as strong alcoholic beverages are preferred by many people as well. Wine is not so popular as other drinks in China that are consumed whilst dining, although they are usually available in the menu. ===Tea=== [[File:Longjing tea 3.jpg|thumb|[[Longjing tea]], also known as Dragon Well tea, is a variety of roasted green tea from [[Hangzhou]], [[Zhejiang]] Province, China, where it is produced mostly by hand and has been renowned for its high quality, earning the [[China Famous Tea]] title.]] {{Main|Chinese tea}} As well as with dim sum, many Chinese drink their tea with snacks such as nuts, plums, dried fruit (in particular [[jujube]]), small sweets, melon seeds, and [[Myrica rubra|waxberry]].<ref name=Yao /> China was the earliest country to cultivate and drink tea, which is enjoyed by people from all social classes.<ref name=Hong>Q. Hong & F. Chunjian. ''Origins of Chinese Tea and Wine''. Asiapac Books Pte Ltd. 2005.{{ISBN|9812293698}}.</ref> Tea processing began after the [[Qin dynasty|Qin]] and [[Han dynasty|Han]] dynasties.<ref name=Hong /> The different types of Chinese tea include black, white, green, yellow, oolong, and dark tea. Chinese tea is often classified into several different categories according to the species of plant from which it is sourced, the region in which it is grown, and the method of production used. Some of these types are [[green tea]], [[oolong tea]], black tea, scented tea, [[white tea]], and [[compressed tea]]. There are four major [[tea plantation]] regions: [[Jiangbei District, Ningbo|Jiangbei]], [[Jiangnan]], [[Huanan County|Huanan]] and the southwestern region.<ref name=Hong /> Well known types of green tea include [[Longjing tea|Longjing]], [[Huangshan Maofeng]], [[Bilochun]], [[Putuofeng Cha]], and [[Liu'an Guapian]].<ref name=Chang>Zonglin Chang Xukui Li. ''Aspect of Chinese Culture''. 2006.{{ISBN|7302126321}}, {{ISBN|978-7-302-12632-4}}.</ref> China is the world's largest exporter of green tea.<ref name=Chang /> One of the most ubiquitous accessories in modern China, after a wallet or purse and an umbrella, is a double-walled insulated glass thermos with tea leaves in the top behind a strainer. ===Alcoholic beverages=== {{Main|Chinese alcoholic beverages}} The importance of ''[[baijiu]]'' (<small>lit.</small> "white liquor") in China (99.5% of its alcoholic market) makes it the most-consumed alcoholic spirit in the world.<ref>''The Economist''. "[https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/06/daily-chart-9 Daily Chart: High Spirits]". 17 June 2013. Accessed 9 August 2013.</ref> It dates back to the introduction of distilling during the [[Song dynasty]];<ref name=Yao/> can be made from wheat, corn, or rice; and is usually around 120 proof (60% ABV). The most ubiquitous brand is the cheap [[Er guo tou]], but [[Mao Tai]] is the premium ''baijiu''. Other popular brands include Kang, Lu Zhou Te Qu, and Wu Liang Ye.<ref name=Yao /> ''[[Huangjiu]]'' (<small>lit.</small> "yellow liquor") is not distilled and is a strong [[rice wine]] (10–15% ABV).<ref name=Yao /> Popular brands include [[Shaoxing Lao Jiu]], [[Shaoxing Hua Diao]], and [[Te Jia Fan]].<ref name=Yao /> While fermented grain beverages have been brewed in China for over 9,000 years, it has been long overshadowed by stronger alcohol like [[Baijiu]] and [[Huangjiu]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sandhaus|first=Derek|date=8 July 2020|title=Craft beer in China: A brief and complete history|url=https://supchina.com/2020/07/08/craft-beer-in-china-a-brief-and-complete-history/|access-date=8 September 2020|website=SupChina|language=en-US|archive-date=23 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823005558/https://supchina.com/2020/07/08/craft-beer-in-china-a-brief-and-complete-history/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Herbal drinks=== {{Main|Chinese herb tea}} Chinese herb tea, also known as ''medicinal herbal tea'', is a kind of tea made from Chinese medicinal [[herb]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Zhong yao cai cha liao shi dian|last1=Wulin|first1=Ji|last2=紀戊霖|date=3 February 2010|publisher=Yuan hua fa xing chu ban fa xing|isbn=9789866612794|location=Tai bei xian xin dian shi|oclc=815400238}}</ref> ===Other beverages=== Soy milk, [[almond milk]], walnut milk and coconut milk are also drunk during the meal in different regions. In some parts of China, [[Crataegus|hawthorn]] and [[jujube]] juice are preferred. A small shot of fruit vinegar is served as an appetizer in [[Shanxi]]. ==Outside China== [[File:Billyzhajiang1.jpg|thumb|''[[Zhajiangmian|Zhájiàng Miàn]]'' (noodles with bean paste) is a traditional northern Chinese dish. It has spread to South Korea where it is known as ''[[Jajangmyeon]]''.]] Where there are historical immigrant Chinese populations, the style of food has evolved and been adapted to local tastes and ingredients, and modified by the local cuisine, to greater or lesser extents. This has resulted in a deep Chinese influence on other national cuisines such as [[Cambodian cuisine]], [[Filipino cuisine]], [[Singaporean cuisine]], [[Thai cuisine]] and [[Vietnamese cuisine]]. There are also a large number of forms of [[fusion cuisine]], often popular in the country in question. Some, such as [[ramen]] ([[Japanese Chinese cuisine]]) have become popular internationally. Deep-fried meat combined with [[sweet and sour]] sauce as a cooking style receives an enormous preference outside of China. Therefore, many similar international Chinese cuisines are invented based on sweet and sour sauce, including Sweet and sour chicken (Europe and North America), Manchurian chicken (India) or ''[[tangsuyuk]]'' (South Korea). The [[Hawaiian pizza]] was inspired by Chinese sweet and sour flavors. Apart from the host country, the dishes developed in overseas Chinese cuisines are heavily dependent on the cuisines derived from the origin of the Chinese immigrants. In [[Korean Chinese cuisine]], the dishes derive primarily from [[Shandong cuisine]] while [[Filipino Chinese cuisine]] is strongly influenced by [[Fujian cuisine]]. [[American Chinese cuisine]] has distinctive dishes (such as [[chop suey]]) originally based on Cantonese cuisine, which are more popular among non-Chinese Americans than with [[Chinese Americans]] themselves.<ref>Andrew Coe, ''Chop Suey: A Cultural History of Chinese Food in the United States'' (2009)</ref><ref>Yong Chen, ''Chop Suey, USA: The Story of Chinese Food in America'' (2014)</ref> According to the report released by China's largest on-demand service platform in 2018, there are over 600,000 Chinese restaurants overseas. The report also pointed out that [[hotpot]] is the most popular food in the foreign market. [[Sichuan cuisine]] and some Chinese snacks and fast food followed in second and third place, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=2018年年報_美团点评-W(03690)_公告正文 |url=http://data.eastmoney.com/notices/detail/03690/AN201904111318506320,JUU3JUJFJThFJUU1JTlCJUEyJUU3JTgyJUI5JUU4JUFGJTg0LVc=.html |website=data.eastmoney.com}}</ref> {{div col|content= * [[American Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Chop suey]], [[General Tso's chicken]], [[egg foo young]], [[orange chicken]] * [[Australian Chinese cuisine]] ** Mango pancake, [[dim sim]], XO sauce pipis * [[British Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Chicken balls]], Jar jow * [[Chinese people in Myanmar#Cuisine|Burmese Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Kyay oh]], [[Sigyet khauk swè]] * [[Canadian Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Ginger beef]] * [[Caribbean Chinese cuisine]] ** Cha chee kai, bangamary ding * [[Filipino Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Arroz caldo]], [[Batchoy]], [[Pancit]] * [[Indian Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Gobi manchurian]], [[Manchow soup]] * [[Indonesian Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Bakso]], [[Cap cai]], [[Lumpia]], [[Mie ayam]], [[Mie goreng]], [[Swikee]], [[Siomay]], [[Crab in oyster sauce|Kepiting saus tiram]] * [[Japanese Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Champon]], [[Ramen]], [[Gyoza]], [[Kakuni]], [[Tenshindon]] * [[Korean Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Jajangmyeon]], [[jjamppong]], [[hotteok]], [[Tangsuyuk]] * [[Chinese Latin American cuisine]] ** [[Chifa|Peruvian Chinese cuisine]] (Chifa) *** [[Arroz chaufa]], [[Lomo saltado]] ** [[Puerto Rican Chinese cuisine]] *** Carne Ahumada * [[Malaysian Chinese cuisine]] * [[New Zealand Chinese cuisine]] * [[Pakistani Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Jalfrezi]] }} ==Dining etiquette== [[File:Song Dynasty silver chopsticks, cup, and spoon.JPG|thumb|Silverware from the Song dynasty (10th – 13th centuries): Chopsticks, bowl and spoon]] {{Main|Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining}} Youths should not begin eating before their elders do. When eating from a bowl, one should not hold it with its bottom part, because it resembles the act of begging. [[Chopsticks]] are the main eating utensils for Chinese food, which can be used to cut and pick up food.<ref name="chopsticks2">{{cite web|language =zh|url=https://think.sina.cn/shise/doc--ifyarrcf4119650.d.html|title=Why Chinese use chopsticks while Westerners use knives and forks?|publisher=Sina Zhishi|date=16 February 2017|access-date=11 June 2018}}</ref> When someone is taking a break from eating at the table, they should not put the chopstick into the rice vertically, because it resembles the Chinese traditional funeral tribute, which involves putting chopsticks inside a bowl of rice vertically. It is considered inappropriate to use knives on the dining table.<ref name="chopsticks">{{cite web|language=zh|url=https://trustnews1724.co.in/where-did-british-chinese-food-come-from-2023/|title=Why the length of chopsticks are 7 cun 6 fen?|publisher=KK News|date=2 September 2016|access-date=11 June 2018}}{{Dead link|date=June 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Chopsticks should not be waved around in the air or played with. Food should first be taken from the plate in front. It is considered impolite to stare at a plate. Watching TV, using mobile phones or doing other activities while eating is considered in poor taste. If an older person puts food in a younger person's bowl, the younger person should thank them.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cooper |first1=Eugene |title=Chinese Table Manners: You Are How You Eat |journal=Human Organization |date=1986 |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=179–184 |issn=0018-7259|jstor=44126118 |doi=10.17730/humo.45.2.4034u85x3058m025 }}</ref> Chinese culture has guidelines in how and when food are eaten. Chinese people typically eat three meals a day. Breakfast is served around 6–9am, lunch is served around 12–2pm, and dinner is served around 6–9pm.<ref name=":2" /> Within the Chinese culture, families do follow different traditions. In some families, the elderly members and youngsters get their meal first, then the mother and father, and then the children and teenagers.<ref name=":2" /> Other families have the male and female eat separately at different seating area.<ref name=":1" /> Whatever tradition the family decide to follow, it is intended to show respect to members of the family. Late night meals served from 9pm-4am and similar to the Western concept of [[supper]] is known as [[siu yeh]]. == Relation to Chinese philosophy and religion == [[File:Mooncake1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mooncake]], eaten during the Mid-Autumn Festival]] Food plays various roles in social and cultural life. In [[Chinese folk religion]], [[Ancestor veneration in China|ancestor veneration]] is conducted by offering food to ancestors and Chinese festivals involve the consumption and preparation of specific foods which have symbolic meanings attached to them. Specific religions in China have their own cuisines such as the [[Taoist diet]], [[Buddhist cuisine]] and [[Chinese Islamic Cuisine]]. The [[Kaifeng Jews]] in [[Henan]] province once had their own Chinese Jewish cuisine but the community has largely died out in the modern era and not much is known about the specifics of their cuisine but they did influence foods eaten in their region and some of their dishes remain.<ref>[http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=864 Kaifeng, Capital and Culinary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014165059/http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=864 |date=14 October 2018 }}, Flavor and Fortune</ref> Chinese dishes with purported Kaifeng Jewish roots include Kaifeng xiao long bao, Mayuxing bucket-shaped chicken, Chrysanthemum hot pot, and Four Treasures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaifeng: A Chinese Jewish Haven |url=http://www.flavorandfortune.com/ffdataaccess/article.php?ID=1475 |access-date=1 February 2023 |website=www.flavorandfortune.com}}</ref> Food also plays a role in daily life. The formality of the meal setting can signify what kind of relationship people have with one another, and the type of food can indicate ones' social status and their country of origin.<ref name=":1" /> In a formal setting, up to sixteen of any combination of hot and cold dishes would be served to respect the guests. On the other hand, in a casual setting, people would eat inexpensive meals such as at food stalls or homemade food. The typical disparity in food in the Chinese society between the wealthy and everyone below that group lies in the rarity and cost of the food or ingredient, such as shark fins and bear paws.<ref name=":1" /> Depending on whether one chooses to have rice or a meal that is made of wheat flour such as bread or noodles as their main source of food, people within a similar culture or of a different background can make an assumption of the other's country of origin from the south or north of China. Different foods have different symbolic meanings. [[Mooncake]]s and [[dumpling]]s are symbolic of the [[Mid-Autumn Festival|Mid-autumn festival]] and the Spring Festival, respectively.<ref name=":1" /> [[Pear]] symbolizes bad luck due to its similarity in pronunciation of 'away' in the native language and noodle means living a long life for its length.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=20 April 2019|title=Chinese Food Culture - Understand your behavior when eating in China|url=https://www.yumofchina.com/chinese-food-culture/|access-date=14 November 2021|website=Yum Of China|language=en-US|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108031347/https://www.yumofchina.com/chinese-food-culture/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Chinese philosophy, food frequently conveys a message. A Chinese philosophy ''[[I Ching]]'' says, "Gentlemen use eating as a way to attain happiness. They should be aware of what they say, and refrain from eating too much."<ref>{{zh|s=《易》曰：君子以飲食宴樂。又曰：君子慎言語，節飲食。|p=“Yì” yuē: Jūnzǐ yǐ yǐnshí yàn lè.|labels=no}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|China|Taiwan|Hong Kong|Singapore|Food}} {{Div col|colwidth=22em}} * ''[[A Bite of China]]'' by [[China Central Television|CCTV]] * The eight major traditions of Chinese cuisine ** [[Shandong cuisine]] ** [[Sichuan cuisine]] ** [[Cantonese cuisine]] ** [[Fujian cuisine]] ** [[Jiangsu cuisine]] ** [[Zhejiang cuisine]] ** [[Hunan cuisine]] ** [[Anhui cuisine]] * Other traditions in Chinese cuisine ** [[Beijing cuisine]] *** [[Chinese imperial cuisine]] ** [[Shanghai cuisine]] ** [[Huaiyang cuisine]] ** [[Hubei cuisine]] ** [[Jiangxi cuisine]] ** [[Henan cuisine]] ** [[Shanxi cuisine]] ** [[Shaanxi cuisine]] ** [[British Chinese cuisine]] ** [[American Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Guizhou cuisine]] ** [[Yunnan cuisine]] ** [[Teochew cuisine]] * [[List of Chinese bakery products]] * [[List of Chinese desserts]] * [[List of Chinese dishes]] * [[List of Chinese sauces]] * [[List of Chinese soups]] * [[Chinese regional cuisine]] * [[Chinese food therapy]] * [[History of Chinese cuisine]] * [[Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining]] * [[Chinese cooking techniques]] * [[Chinese Cuisine Training Institute]] * [[List of restaurants in China]] * [[Pizza in China]] {{div col end}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== *{{cite book |first=Jacques |last=Gernet |year=1962 |title=Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276 |url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinchina00gernrich |url-access=registration |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-8047-0720-0}} == Further reading == === History === * {{cite book |last = Anderson |first = Eugene N. |year = 1988 |title = The Food of China |publisher = Yale University Press |location = New Haven |isbn = 0300047398 }} * {{cite book |last = Chang, Kwang-chih |year = 1977 |title = Food in Chinese Culture: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives |publisher = Yale University Press| location = New Haven |isbn = 0300019386 |ref = none}} * David R. Knechtges, "A Literary Feast: Food in Early Chinese Literature," ''Journal of the American Oriental Society ''106.1 (1986): 49–63. * {{cite book |last = Newman, Jacqueline M. |year = 2004 |title = Food Culture in China |publisher = Greenwood Press| location = Westport, Conn. |isbn = 0313325812 |ref = none}} * {{cite book |last = Roberts, J. A. G. |year = 2002 |title = China to Chinatown: Chinese Food in the West |publisher = Reaktion |location = London |isbn = 1861891334 |ref = none |url = https://archive.org/details/chinatochinatown00robe }} * Sterckx, Roel. ''Food, Sacrifice, and Sagehood in Early China.'' New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011 (2015). * Sterckx, Roel. ''Chinese Thought. From Confucius to Cook Ding.'' London: Penguin, 2019. * {{cite book |last = Swislocki, Mark |year = 2009 |title = Culinary Nostalgia: Regional Food Culture and the Urban Experience in Shanghai |publisher = Stanford University Press| location = Stanford, CA |isbn = 9780804760126 |ref = none}} * {{cite journal |last = Waley-Cohen |first = Joanna |author-link = Joanna Waley-Cohen |title = Celebrated Cooks of China's Past |journal = Flavor & Fortune |volume = 14 |issue = 4 |pages = 5–7, 24 |year = 2007 |url = http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=625 |ref = none |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093548/http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=625 |archive-date = 2 April 2015 |df = dmy-all }} * Endymion Wilkinson, "Chinese Culinary History (Feature Review)," ''China Review International ''8.2 (Fall 2001): 285–302. * {{cite book |last = Wilkinson |first= Endymion|author-link=Endymion Wilkinson|year = 2022 |title = Chinese History: A New Manual |publisher = Harvard University Press| location = Cambridge, MA |isbn = 978-0674260184}} * {{cite book |last1 = Wu |first1 = David Y. H. |first2 = Sidney C. H. |last2 = Cheung |year = 2002 |title = The Globalization of Chinese Food |publisher = Curzon |location = Richmond, Surrey |isbn = 0700714030 |ref = none}} === Cookbooks === * Buwei Yang Chao. ''[[How to Cook and Eat in Chinese]].'' (New York: John Day, 1945; revisions and reprints). * [[Fuchsia Dunlop]]. ''Land of Plenty: A Treasury of Authentic Sichuan Cooking.'' (New York: Norton, 2003). {{ISBN|0393051773}}. * Fuchsia Dunlop. ''Revolutionary Chinese Cookbook: Recipes from Hunan Province.'' (New York: Norton, 2007). {{ISBN|0393062228}}. * Fuchsia Dunlop. ''Shark's Fin and Sichuan Pepper: A Sweet-Sour Memoir of Eating in China.'' (New York: Norton, 2008). {{ISBN|9780393066579}}. * Fuchsia Dunlop. ''Every Grain of Rice: Simple Chinese Home Cooking'' (2012). {{ISBN|9781408802526}} * Emily Hahn, ''Recipes, The Cooking of China.'' (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, Foods of the World, 1981). * Hsiang-Ju Lin and Tsuifeng Lin. ''Chinese Gastronomy.'' (London: Nelson, 1969; rpr.). {{ISBN|0171470575}}. * Yan-Kit So. ''Classic Food of China.'' (London: Macmillan, rpr 1994, 1992). {{ISBN|9780333576717}}. * Martin Yan. ''Martin Yan's Chinatown Cooking: 200 Traditional Recipes from 11 Chinatowns around the World.'' (New York: Morrow, 2002). {{ISBN|0060084758}}. *Georgina Freedman. ''Cooking South of The Clouds: Recipes and Stories From China's Yunnan Province.'' (Octopus; Kyle, 2018). {{ISBN|9780857834980}}. ==External links== {{commons category|Cuisine of China}} {{wikivoyage|Chinese cuisine}} * K.C. Chang [http://asiasociety.org/lifestyle/food-recipes/food/meats/food-chinese-culture "Food in Chinese Culture"] [[Asia Society]] * {{curlie|Home/Cooking/World_Cuisines/Asian/Chinese}} * "[https://www.bbc.co.uk/chinesefoodmadeeasy/ Chinese food made easy]" at the [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] * "[http://guides.library.stonybrook.edu/content.php?pid=190666&sid=1599362 Chinese Culinary History (Websites for Research)] Stony Brook University Libraries. {{China topics|state=autocollapse}} {{Asian topic|| cuisine}} {{Cuisine}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chinese Cuisine}} [[Category:Chinese cuisine| ]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'Fuck == History == {{main|History of Chinese cuisine}} {{See also|List of sources of Chinese culinary history}} === Pre-Tang dynasty === [[File: Braised Shredded Chicken with Ham and Dried Tofu 2011-04.JPG|thumb|''[[Dazhu gansi|Dàzhǔ gānsī]]'' is a typical soup dish of [[Huaiyang cuisine]]. It is made of finely sliced dried tofu, chicken, ham and bamboo shoot, and the ingredients need to be braised with shrimp in chicken soup. It was highly praised by the [[Qianlong emperor]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Braised Shredded Dried Tofu|url=http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/english/cooking/2011-06/14/content_434301.htm|website=China Today|date=14 June 2011|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref> ]] [[File:La Zi Ji (Chicken with Chiles) (2269517013).jpg|thumb|''[[Laziji|Làzǐ Jī]]'', stir-fried chicken with chili and [[Sichuan pepper]] in Sichuan style]] [[File:Chinese Steamed Perch.jpg|thumb|Steamed whole [[perch]] with roe inside. Sliced [[ginger]] and spring onion is usually spread on top.]] Chinese society greatly valued [[gastronomy]], and developed an extensive study of the subject based on its [[traditional Chinese medicine|traditional medical beliefs]]. Chinese culture initially centered around the [[Central Plain (China)|North China Plain]]. The first domesticated crops seem to have been the [[foxtail millet|foxtail]] and [[broomcorn millet|broomcorn]] varieties of [[millet]], while [[rice]] was cultivated in the south. By 2000 BC, wheat had arrived from western Asia. These grains were typically served as warm [[noodle]] soups instead of baked into bread as in Europe. Nobles hunted various wild game and consumed [[Lamb and mutton|mutton]], pork and [[Dog meat#Mainland China|dog]] as these animals were domesticated. Grain was stored against famine and flood and meat was preserved with salt, vinegar, curing, and fermenting. The flavor of the meat was enhanced by cooking it in animal fats though this practice was mostly restricted to the wealthy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibiblio.org/chineseculture/contents/food/p-food-c01s01.html|title=The Cultural Heritage of China :: Food & Drink :: Cuisine :: Introduction|last=Wertz|first=Richard R.|website=www.ibiblio.org|access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref> By the time of [[Confucius]] in the [[Warring States period|late Zhou]], gastronomy had become a high art. Confucius discussed the principles of dining: {{quote|The rice would never be too white, the meat would never be too finely cut... When it was not cooked right, man would not eat. When it was cooked bad, man would not eat. When the meat was not cut properly, man would not eat. When the food was not prepared with the right sauce, man would not eat. Although there are plenty of meats, they should not be cooked more than staple food. There is no limit for alcohol, before a man gets drunk.<ref>''[[Analects]]'', Book 10 ''Xiang Dang'' (鄉黨), Chapter 6, Verse 8: 食不厭精，膾不厭細。……失飪不食。……割不正，不食。不得其醬，不食。肉雖多，不使勝食氣。惟酒無量，不及亂。</ref>}} The [[Lüshi chunqiu]] notes: "Only if one is chosen as the [[Son of Heaven]] will the tastiest delicacies be prepared [for him]."<ref>{{cite book|last=Hollman|first=Thomas|title=The Land of the Five Flavors|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]}}</ref> The [[Zhaohun]] (4-3rd c. BC) gives some examples: turtle ragout, honey cakes and beer (chilled with ice). During [[Qin Shi Huang|Shi Huangdi]]'s [[Qin dynasty]], the empire expanded into the south. By the time of the [[Han dynasty]], the different regions and cuisines of China's people were linked by major [[canal]]s and leading to greater complexity in the different regional cuisines. Not only is food seen as giving "[[qi]]", energy, but the food is also about maintaining yin and yang.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=J.A.G.|title=China to Chinatown |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2004 |isbn=9781861892270 |series=Globalities |url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/C/bo3536662.html |access-date=10 December 2015}}</ref> The philosophy behind it was rooted in the ''[[I Ching]]'' and [[Chinese traditional medicine]]: food was judged for color, aroma, taste, and texture and a good meal was expected to balance the [[Chinese herbology#Four Natures|Four Natures]] ('[[Yin and yang|hot]]', warm, cool, and '[[Yin and yang|cold]]') and the [[Chinese herbology#Five Flavors|Five Tastes]] (pungent, sweet, sour, bitter, and salty). [[Salt in Chinese history#Salt in Chinese cuisine|Salt was used as a preservative]] from early times, but in cooking was added in the form of soy sauce, and not at the table.{{sfnb|Anderson|1988| p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&q=%22salt+by+itself+was+never+used%22&pg=PA207 267]}} By the Later Han period (2nd century), writers{{who|date=August 2013}} frequently complained of lazy aristocrats who did nothing but sit around all day eating [[Smoking (cooking)|smoked]] meats and roasts. During the [[Han dynasty]], the Chinese developed methods of food preservation for military rations during campaigns such as drying meat into [[jerky]] and cooking, roasting, and drying grain.{{sfnb|Anderson|1988| p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&pg=PA52 52]}} Chinese legends claim that the roasted, flat bread [[shaobing]] was brought back from the ''[[Western Regions|Xiyu]]'' (the Western Regions, a name for [[Central Asia]]) by the Han dynasty General [[Ban Chao]], and that it was originally known as hubing ({{lang|zh|胡餅}}, lit. "barbarian bread"). The shaobing is believed to be descended from the hubing.<ref>{{cite book|title=Fermentations and Food Science, Volume 6|first=H. T.|last=Huang |year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgtFxedkgbcC&q=shao+ping+sesame&pg=PA474|page=474|isbn=0521652707|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref> [[Shaobing]] is believed to be related to the Persian ''[[tandoor bread|nan]]'' and Central Asian ''[[tandyr nan|nan]]'', as well as the Middle Eastern [[pita]].{{sfnb|Anderson|1988| p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&pg=PA143 143, 144, 218]}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry|first=Frederick J.|last=Simoons|year=1990|publisher=CRC Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo087ZxohA4C&q=shao+ping+sesame&pg=PA89|page=89|isbn=084938804X|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Free China Review, Volume 45, Issues 7-12|year=1995|publisher=W.Y. Tsao|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JiXjAAAAMAAJ&q=The+name+%22shao+ping%22+applies+to+a+family+of+flaky,+fiat,+sesame-seed-+topped+breads+of+Persian+origin+but+now+found+in+all+locales+along+the+old+Silk+Road.|page=66|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="Holcombe2001">{{cite book|author=Charles Holcombe|title=The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. - A.D. 907|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XT5pvPZ4vroC&pg=PA129|date=January 2001|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2465-5|pages=129–}}</ref> Foreign westerners made and sold sesame cakes in China during the Tang dynasty.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tʻang Exotics|first=Edward H.|last=Schafer|edition=illustrated, reprint, revised|year=1963|publisher=University of California Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z7cZ77SqEQC&pg=PA29|page=29|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref> During the [[Southern and Northern dynasties]] non-Han people like the [[Xianbei]] of [[Northern Wei]] introduced their cuisine to northern China, and these influences continued up to the [[Tang dynasty]], popularizing meat like mutton and dairy products like goat milk, yogurts, and [[Kumis]] among even Han people. It was during the Song dynasty that [[Han Chinese]] developed an aversion to dairy products and abandoned the dairy foods introduced earlier.{{sfnb|Anderson|1988| p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&dq=yogurt+fish+wei&pg=PA80 80]}} The Han Chinese rebel Wang Su who received asylum in the Xianbei Northern Wei after fleeing from Southern Qi, at first could not stand eating dairy products like goat's milk and meat like mutton and had to consume tea and fish instead, but after a few years he was able to eat yogurt and lamb, and the Xianbei Emperor asked him which of the foods of China (Zhongguo) he preferred, fish vs mutton and tea vs yogurt.<ref>{{cite book|title=Culture and Power in the Reconstitution of the Chinese Realm, 200-600|volume=200 of Harvard East Asian monographs|editor1-first=Scott|editor1-last=Pearce|editor2-first=Audrey G.|editor2-last=Spiro|editor3-first=Patricia Buckley|editor3-last=Ebrey|edition=illustrated|year=2001|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PASE4LVLzQ0C&q=yogurt+fish+wei&pg=PA22|page=22|isbn=0674005236|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=China Between Empires|first=Mark Edward|last=Lewis|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/chinabetweenempi00lewi|url-access=registration|quote=wang su yoghurt.|page=[https://archive.org/details/chinabetweenempi00lewi/page/126 126]|isbn=978-0674026056|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Fermentations and Food Science, Volume 6|first=H. T.|last=Huang|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgtFxedkgbcC&q=wang+su+yogurt&pg=PA511|page=511|isbn=0521652707|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Choo |first=Jessey Jiun-chyi |author2=Albert E. Dien |display-authors=1 |ref={{harvid|Choo & al.|2014}} |contribution=Everyday Life |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AeiIl2y6vJQC&pg=PA434 434] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AeiIl2y6vJQC |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffEYBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA429 |title=Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook |editor-last=Swartz |editor-first=Wendy |editor2=Robert Ford Campany |editor3=Lu Yang |editor4=Jessey Jiun-chyi Choo |display-editors=0 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-231-15987-6 }}.</ref> === Post-Tang dynasty === The great migration of Chinese people south during the invasions preceding and during the [[Song dynasty]] increased the relative importance of [[northern and southern China|southern Chinese]] staples such as rice and [[congee]]. [[Su Shi|Su Dongpo]] has improved the red braised pork as [[Dongpo pork]].<ref>《東坡續集》卷十：《豬肉頌》：“洗凈鐺，少著水，柴頭罨煙燄不起。待他自熟莫催他，火候足時他自美。黃州好豬肉，價賤如泥土。貴者不肯食，貧者不解煮。早晨起來打兩碗，飽得自家君莫管。”</ref> The dietary and culinary habits also changed greatly during this period, with many ingredients such as [[soy sauce]] and Central Asian influenced foods becoming widespread and the creation of important cookbooks such as the ''Shanjia Qinggong'' ({{zh|t=山家清供|c=|p=shanjia qinggong}}) and the ''[[Wushi Zhongkuilu]]'' ({{zh|t=吳氏中饋錄|c=|p=wushi zhoungkuilu}}) showing the respective esoteric foods and common household cuisine of the time.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Höllmann|first=Thomas O.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868132659|title=The land of the five flavors : a cultural history of Chinese cuisine|date=2014|others=Karen Margolis|isbn=978-0-231-53654-7|location=New York|oclc=868132659}}</ref> The [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] dynasties introduced [[Mongolian cuisine|Mongolian]] and [[Manchu cuisine]], warm northern dishes that popularized [[hot pot]] cooking. During the [[Islam during the Yuan dynasty|Yuan dynasty]] many [[Muslim Chinese|Muslim communities]] emerged in China, who practiced a porkless cuisine now preserved by [[Chinese Islamic cuisine|Hui restaurants]] throughout the country.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} [[Yunnan cuisine]] is unique in China for its cheeses like [[Rubing]] and [[Rushan cheese]] made by the [[Bai people]], and its yogurt, the yogurt may have been due to a combination of Mongolian influence during the Yuan dynasty, the Central Asian settlement in Yunnan, and the proximity and influence of India and Tibet on Yunnan.{{sfnb|Anderson|1988| p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&pg=PA52 91, 178]}} As part of the last leg of the [[Columbian Exchange]], Spanish and Portuguese traders began introducing foods from the New World to China through the port cities of [[Guangzhou|Canton]] and [[Macau]]. Mexican [[chili pepper]]s became essential ingredients in [[Sichuan cuisine]] and calorically dense potatoes and corn became staple foods across the northern plains. During the Qing dynasty, Chinese gastronomes such as [[Yuan Mei]] focused upon the primary goal of extracting the maximum flavour of each ingredient. As noted in his culinary work the ''[[Suiyuan shidan]]'', however, the fashions of cuisine at the time were quite varied and in some cases were flamboyantly ostentatious,<ref>{{cite web| title=Things to Avoid 3: Meals for the Ears (戒耳餐)|website=Translating the Suiyuan Shidan|url=https://wayoftheeating.wordpress.com/2014/05/22/things-to-avoid-3-meals-for-the-ears/|access-date=8 March 2015|date=22 May 2014}}</ref> especially when the display served also a formal ceremonial purpose, as in the case of the [[Manchu Han Imperial Feast]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Things to Avoid 12: Cliché (戒落套)|website=Translating the Suiyuan Shidan|url=https://wayoftheeating.wordpress.com/2014/09/05/things-to-avoid-12-cliche/|access-date=8 March 2015|date=5 September 2014}}</ref> As the pace of life increases in modern China, fast food like [[fried noodles]], [[fried rice]] and ''[[gaifan]]'' (dish over rice) become more and more popular. ==Regional cuisines== {{main|Chinese regional cuisine}} [[File:Cuisines of China.png|thumb|upright=1.15|Map showing major regional cuisines of China]] [[File:狮子头01 (5935161191).jpg|upright=1.15|thumb|"[[Stewed meatball|Lion's head]] with [[crab meat]]" ({{zh|labels=no|t=蟹粉獅子頭}}) is a traditional eastern Chinese meatball soup.]] There are a variety of styles of cooking in China, but most Chinese chefs classified eight regional cuisines according to their distinct tastes and local characteristics. A number of different styles contribute to Chinese cuisine but perhaps the best known and most influential are [[Guangdong cuisine|Cantonese cuisine]], [[Shandong cuisine]], [[Jiangsu cuisine]] (specifically [[Huaiyang cuisine]]) and [[Sichuan cuisine]].<ref name="Yao"/><ref>[http://www.kas.ku.edu/archived-site/chinese_food/regional_cuisine.html "Regions of Chinese food-styles/flavors of cooking."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005071508/http://www.kas.ku.edu/archived-site/chinese_food/regional_cuisine.html |date=5 October 2011 }} [http://www.kas.ku.edu/ University of Kansas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302074232/http://www.kas.ku.edu/archived-site/chinese_food/regional_cuisine.html |date=2 March 2021 }}, Kansas Asia Scholars. Accessed June 2011.</ref> These styles are distinctive from one another due to factors such as availability of resources, climate, [[Geography of China|geography]], [[History of China|history]], cooking techniques and lifestyle.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/07/chinas-culinary-diversity-in-one-map/278138/| title = "China's Culinary Diversity in One Map"| website = [[The Atlantic]]| date = 26 July 2013}}</ref> One style may favour the use of [[garlic]] and [[shallot]]s over chili and spices, while another may favour preparing [[seafood]] over other meats and [[fowl]]. [[Jiangsu cuisine]] favours cooking techniques such as [[braising]] and [[stewing]], while [[Sichuan cuisine]] employs [[baking]]. [[Zhejiang cuisine]] focuses more on serving fresh food and shares some traits in common with Japanese food. [[Fujian cuisine]] is famous for its seafood and soups and the use of spices. [[Hunan cuisine]] is famous for its hot and sour taste. [[Anhui cuisine]] incorporates wild food for an unusual taste and is wilder than Fujian cuisine.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chuankang |first1=Cheng |title=THE CULTURE OF CHINESE DIET:REGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION AND DEVELOPING TRENDS |journal=Acta Geographica Sinica |date=15 May 1994 |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=226–235 |url=http://www.geog.com.cn/EN/Y1994/V61/I3/226 |language=zh |issn=0375-5444}}</ref> Based on the raw materials and ingredients used, the method of preparation and cultural differences, a variety of foods with different flavors and textures are prepared in different regions of the country. Many traditional regional cuisines rely on basic methods of [[Food preservation|preservation]] such as [[Drying (food)|drying]], [[Salting (food)|salting]], [[pickling]] and [[fermentation (food)|fermentation]].<ref name=Hsieh /> In addition, the "rice theory" attempts to describe cultural differences between north and south China; in the north, noodles are more consumed due to wheat being widely grown whereas in the south, rice is more preferred as it has historically been more cultivated there.<ref>{{cite web|title= 'Rice theory' explains north-south China cultural differences|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140508141743.htm}}</ref> ==Staple foods== {{multiple image|perrow=3|total_width=360 | image1 = Steamed rice in bowl 01.jpg | image2 = ClassicwhiteMantou.jpg | image3 = Shaobing5.jpg | image4 = HofanUpClose.jpg | image5 = Chinese Noodles.jpg | image6 = Thin Noodle.jpg | footer = Staple foods in China: rice, breads and various kinds of noodles }} Chinese ancestors successfully planted [[millet]], [[rice]], and other grains about 8,000 to 9,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Callaway|first=Ewen|date=October 2014|title=Domestication: The birth of rice|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=514|issue=7524|pages=S58–S59|doi=10.1038/514S58a|pmid=25368889|bibcode=2014Natur.514S..58C|s2cid=4457200|issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Wheat]], another staple, took another three or four thousand years. For the first time, grains provided people with a steady supply of food. Because of the lack of various foods, Chinese people had to adapt to new eating habits. Meat was scarce, and so people cooked with small amounts of meat and rice or noodles.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Guansheng |title=Food, eating behavior, and culture in Chinese society |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |date=December 2015 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=195–199 |doi=10.1016/j.jef.2015.11.004|doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Rice=== [[Rice]] is a primary [[staple food]] for people from rice farming areas in southern China.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Guansheng|date=December 2015|title=Food, eating behavior, and culture in Chinese society|journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods|volume=2|issue=4|pages=195–199|doi=10.1016/j.jef.2015.11.004|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Steamed rice]], usually [[white rice]], is the most commonly eaten form. People in South China also like to use rice to make congee as breakfast.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chinese Rice Porridge (Congee) Recipe|url=https://www.eatingchina.com/recipes/rice-porridge.htm|access-date=14 October 2021|website=Eating China|language=en-AU}}</ref> Rice is also used to produce [[Beer in China|beer]], [[baijiu]] and [[vinegar]]. [[Glutinous rice]] ("sticky rice") is a variety of rice used in special dishes such as lotus leaf rice and glutinous rice balls. ===Wheat=== In wheat-farming areas in [[northern and southern China|Northern China]], people largely rely on [[flour]]-based food, such as [[Chinese noodle|noodles]], ''[[Bing (bread)|bing]]'' (bread), ''[[jiaozi]]'' (a kind of Chinese [[dumpling]]s), and ''[[mantou]]'' (a type of steamed buns).<ref name=Yao>Yao, Zhang. ''China Everyday!''. Page One Pub. 2007. {{ISBN|978-981-245-330-3}}</ref> Wheat likely "appeared in the lower Yellow River around 2600 Before Common Era (BCE), followed by Gansu and Xinjiang around 1900 BCE and finally occurred in the middle Yellow River and Tibet regions by 1600 BCE".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Tengwen|last2=Leipe|first2=Christian|last3=Jin|first3=Guiyun|last4=Wagner|first4=Mayke|last5=Guo|first5=Rongzhen|last6=Schröder|first6=Oskar|last7=Tarasov|first7=Pavel E.|date=2018|title=The early history of wheat in China from 14C dating and Bayesian chronological modelling|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-018-0141-x|journal=Nature Plants|language=en|volume=4|issue=5|pages=272–279|doi=10.1038/s41477-018-0141-x|pmid=29725102|s2cid=19156382|issn=2055-0278}}</ref> ===Noodles=== {{main|Chinese noodles}} [[Chinese noodles]] come dry or fresh in a variety of sizes, shapes and textures and are often served in soups or fried as toppings. Some varieties, such as Shou Mian (寿面, literally noodles of longevity), is an avatar of long life and good health according to Chinese traditions.<ref name=Yao /> Noodles can be served hot or cold with different toppings, with broth, and occasionally dry (as is the case with mi-fen). Noodles are commonly made with rice flour or wheat flour, but other flours such as [[Soy flour|soybean]] are also used in minor groups. Some noodles names describe their methods of creation, such as the hand-pulled noodle.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Na|last2=Ma|first2=Guansheng|date=1 September 2016|title=Noodles, traditionally and today|journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods|language=en|volume=3|issue=3|pages=209–212|doi=10.1016/j.jef.2016.08.003|issn=2352-6181|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Soybean products== [[File:Tofu - assorted products 01.jpg|thumb|Several kinds of soybean products are sold in a farmer's market in [[Haikou]], China.]] [[File:Stired-fried_Razor_Clams_with_Black_Beans_and_Pepper.jpg|thumb|Stir-fried [[razor shell]] with ''[[douchi]]'' (fermented black soybeans) in [[Shandong Peninsula|Jiaodong]] style]] [[Tofu]] is made of [[soybean]]s and is another popular food product that supplies protein. The production process of tofu varies from region to region, resulting in different kinds of tofu with a wide range of texture and taste.<ref name=Hsieh>J. Li & Y. Hsieh. ''Traditional Chinese Food Technology and Cuisine''. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004;13(2): 147–155.</ref> Other products such as [[soy milk]], [[soy paste]], [[soy oil]], and fermented [[soy sauce]] are also important in Chinese cooking. There are many kinds of soybean products, including [[tofu skin]], smoked tofu, dried tofu, and fried tofu. [[Stinky tofu]] is fermented tofu. Like [[blue cheese]] or [[durian]], it has a very distinct, potent and strong smell, and is an acquired taste. Hard stinky tofu is often deep-fried and paired with soy sauce or salty spice. Soft stinky tofu is usually used as a spread on steamed buns. [[Doufuru]] is another type of fermented tofu that has a salty taste. Doufuru can be pickled together with soy beans, [[red yeast rice]] or chili to create different color and flavor. This is more of a pickled type of tofu and is not as strongly scented as stinky tofu. Doufuru has the consistency of slightly soft blue cheese, and a taste similar to Japanese [[miso paste]], but less salty. Doufuru can be used as a spread on steamed buns, or paired with [[Congee|rice congee]]. [[Fermented bean curd|Sufu]] is one other type of fermented tofu that goes through ageing process. The color (red, white, green) and flavor profile can determine the type of sufu it is. This kind of tofu is usually eaten alongside breakfast rice.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Han|first1=B. Z.|last2=Rombouts|first2=F. M.|last3=Nout|first3=M. J.|date=11 April 2001|title=A Chinese fermented soybean food|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11322691/|journal=International Journal of Food Microbiology|volume=65|issue=1–2|pages=1–10|doi=10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00523-7|issn=0168-1605|pmid=11322691}}</ref> Soybean milk is soybean-based milk. It is a morning beverage, and it has many benefits to human health.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=Hansong |last2=Liu |first2=Ruixue |last3=Hu |first3=Yaohui |last4=Xu |first4=Baojun |date=31 December 2017 |title=Flavor profiles of soymilk processed with four different processing technologies and 26 soybean cultivars grown in China |journal=International Journal of Food Properties |language=en |volume=20 |issue=sup3 |pages=S2887–S2898 |doi=10.1080/10942912.2017.1382507 |s2cid=103900286 |issn=1094-2912|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Vegetables== Apart from vegetables that can be commonly seen, some unique [[vegetables]] used in Chinese cuisine include [[baby corn]], [[bok choy]], [[snow pea]]s, [[China|Chinese]] [[eggplant]], [[Gai lan|Chinese broccoli]], and [[Volvariella volvacea|straw mushrooms]]. Other vegetables, including [[bean sprout]]s, pea vine tips, [[watercress]], [[lotus root]]s, chestnuts, water chestnuts, and [[bamboo shoot]]s, are also used in different cuisines of China. Because of different climate and soil conditions, cultivars of green beans, peas, and mushrooms can be found in rich variety. A variety of dried or pickled vegetables are also processed, especially in drier or colder regions where fresh vegetables were hard to get out of season. ==Herbs and seasonings== {{multiple image | align = middle | direction = horizontal | width = 200 | image1 = Five spices detailed.jpg | caption1 = Ingredients of ''[[Five-spice powder|wu xiang fen]]'' (five-spice powder) are Sichuan peppercorn, cloves, cinnamon, fennel seeds, and star anise. | image2 = Three_Cup_Chicken_in_Clay_Pot.jpg | caption2 = ''[[Sanbeiji]]'' (three-cup chicken) traditionally is prepared with [[lard]], ''[[jiuniang]]'' (rice wine pudding) and [[soy sauce]]. }} [[Seasoning]]s such as fresh [[ginger]] root, [[garlic]], [[scallion]], [[cilantro]] and [[sesame]] are widely used in many regional cuisines. [[Sichuan peppercorn]]s, [[star anise]], [[cinnamon]], [[fennel]], [[cloves]] and [[white pepper]]s and [[Polygonum|smart weed]] are also used in different regions.<ref name=times>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/real_food/article4262148.ece |title=Top 10 basic ingredients for Chinese cooking. |access-date=30 May 2010 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530060727/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/real_food/article4262148.ece |archive-date=30 May 2010 }} [''The Times'']. Accessed June 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Yan|first=Martin|title=Chinese Cooking For Dummies|url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/chinese-herbs-and-spices.html|access-date=23 February 2013}}</ref> To add extra flavor to the dishes, many Chinese cuisines also contain dried Chinese mushrooms, dried baby shrimp, dried tangerine peel,<ref name="nytimes">{{Cite news |last=Simonds |first=Nina |date=1993-06-02 |title=Chinese Restaurants Are Adding Herbs for Flavor and Health |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/02/garden/chinese-restaurants-are-adding-herbs-for-flavor-and-health.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and dried Sichuan chillies. When it comes to [[sauce]]s, China is home to soy sauce, which is made from fermented soybeans and wheat. A number of sauces are also based on fermented soybeans, including [[hoisin sauce]], ground bean sauce and yellow bean sauce. There are also different sauces preferred by regional cuisines, [[oyster sauce]], [[fish sauce]] and furu (fermented tofu) are also widely used. Vinegar also has a variety with different flavors: clear rice vinegar, [[Zhenjiang Vinegar|Chinkiang black rice vinegar]], Shanxi vinegar, Henghe vinegar etc. ==Desserts and snacks== {{Main|Chinese desserts|Chinese pastries}} {{see also|List of Chinese desserts}} {{multiple image | align = middle | direction = horizontal | width = 200 | image1 = 糕点-Chinese Pastries.jpg | caption1 = Different ''gāo diǎn'' (traditional Chinese pastry) with different stuffing, including [[lotus seed]], rose, and mixture of pea and [[jackbean]] | image2 = Egg custard tarts.jpg | caption2 = [[Egg tart|Egg custard tart]] is a type of ''xī diǎn'' (Western pastry) originally from Portugal and gain its popularity through [[Hong Kong]]. }} Generally, seasonal fruits serve as the most common form of dessert consumed after dinner.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lin|first=Kathy|title=Chinese Food Cultural Profile|url=http://ethnomed.org/clinical/nutrition/chinese_food_cultural_profile|access-date=23 February 2013}}</ref> [[Dim sum]] (点心), originally means a small portion of food, can refer to dessert, or pastries. Later to avoid disambiguation, tian dian (甜点) and gao dian (糕点) are used to describe desserts and pastries. Traditionally, Chinese desserts are sweet foods and dishes that are served with tea, usually during the meal,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pei-Mei's Chinese Cook Book Volume 2|last=Fu Pei-Mei|publisher=Askmar Publishing|year=2010|isbn=978-1-935842-05-7|location=Menlo Park, CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://languageoffood.blogspot.com/2009/10/dessert.html|title=The Language of Food: Dessert|last=Jurafsky|first=Dan|date=6 October 2009|website=The Language of Food|access-date=16 March 2017}}</ref> or at the end of meals in Chinese cuisine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/chineseculture/contents/food/p-food-c01s01.html|title=Food & Drink: Cuisine|last=Wertz|first=Richard R.|date=2016|website=The Cultural Heritage of China|access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref> Besides being served as dim sum along with tea, pastries are used for celebration of traditional festivals.<ref>{{cite web|language=zh|url=http://s.visitbeijing.com.cn/html/bjtc-15_gd.shtml|title=Daoxiangcun - Introduction of Beijing Local Special Product|publisher=Visit Beijing|access-date=11 January 2017|archive-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113143937/http://s.visitbeijing.com.cn/html/bjtc-15_gd.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> The most famous one is [[moon cake]], used to celebrate the [[Mid-Autumn Festival]]. A wide variety of [[Chinese desserts]] are available, mainly including steamed and boiled sweet snacks. [[Bing (Chinese flatbread)|Bing]] is an umbrella term for all breads in Chinese, also including pastries and sweets. These are baked wheat-flour-based confections, with different stuffings including [[red bean paste]], [[jujube]], and a variety of others. Su (酥) is another kind of pastry made with more amount of oil, making the confection more friable. Chinese candies and sweets, called ''táng'' (糖)<ref name="kaleidoscope">[http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/en/8Kaleidoscope5550.html "Chinese Desserts."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702152953/http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/en/8Kaleidoscope5550.html |date=2 July 2011 }} [http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/ Kaleidoscope - Cultural China] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711102415/http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/ |date=11 July 2011 }}. Accessed June 2011.</ref> are usually made with [[Sugarcane|cane sugar]], malt sugar, honey, nuts, and fruit. [[Kueh|Gao or Guo]] are rice-based snacks that are typically steamed<ref name="kaleidoscope"/> and may be made from glutinous or normal rice. Another cold dessert is called ''baobing'', which is [[shaved ice]] with sweet syrup.<ref name="kaleidoscope"/> Chinese jellies are known collectively in the language as ''ices''. Many jelly desserts are traditionally set with agar and are flavoured with fruits, known as guodong (果冻),<ref>{{cite web|title=jelly|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/zhs/%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD-%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD-%E7%AE%80%E4%BD%93/jelly|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|publisher=[[Cambridge Dictionary]]}}</ref> though [[gelatine]] based jellies are also common in contemporary desserts. Chinese dessert soups are typically sweet and served hot.<ref name="kaleidoscope"/> European pastries are also seen in China, like [[mille-feuille]], [[crème brûlée]], and [[cheesecake]], but they are generally not as popular because the Chinese preference of dessert is mildly sweet and less oily.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} [[File:Baozi Chengdu.JPG|thumb|''[[Baozi|Bāozi]]'' are steamed buns containing savoury or sweet combinations of meat, vegetables, and mushrooms, traditionally associated with breakfast.]] Many types of street foods, which vary from region to region, can be eaten as snacks or light dinner. [[Prawn cracker]]s are an often-consumed snack in Southeast China.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} ===Dairy products=== Chinese in earlier dynasties evidently drank milk and ate dairy products, although not necessarily from cows, but perhaps ''[[kumis]]'' (fermented mare's milk) or goat's milk. Historically, many Chinese chefs tried not to use milk, because of the high rate of [[Lactose intolerance#Epidemiology|lactose intolerance among the Chinese population]]. However, today, dairy products are increasingly used in Chinese cuisine, such as the "[[double skin milk]]" dessert in Guangdong Province, the Rubing (milk cake) cheese in [[Yunnan]], and [[yoghurt]] in Qinghai and Xinjiang. China has a wide variety of dairy desserts that are very popular.<ref name="kaleidoscope"/> == Cold dishes == {{See also|Chinese pickles}} {{multiple image | align = right | width = 180 | image1 = 香卤猪耳朵-gravy pig's ear cold dish.jpg | caption1 = Stewed pig's ear as [[lou mei]] is usually served cold. | image2 = Billyfoodtofu1.jpg | caption2 = ''Pídàn dòufǔ'' ([[century egg]] and [[tofu]]) }} Cold dishes are usually served before the main meal. Besides salad and pickles as appetizers, they can range from jelly, beancurd, noodle salad, cooked meat and sausages, to jellyfish or cold soups. [[Chinese sausage]]s vary from region to region. The most common sausage is made of pork and pork fat. The flavor is generally salty-sweet in Southern China. In other parts of China, sausages are salted to be preserved. Chinese sausage is prepared in many different ways, including oven-roasting, stir-frying, and [[steaming]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Parkinson|first=Rhonda|title=How To Cook Chinese Sausage|url=http://chinesefood.about.com/od/cookingfaqs/f/chinese-sausage.htm|access-date=23 February 2013|archive-date=2 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402221313/http://chinesefood.about.com/od/cookingfaqs/f/chinese-sausage.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Soups== {{Main|Chinese soup}} [[File:Tougan shrimp soup.jpg|thumb|''Dōngguā xiārén fěnsī tāng'' (winter melon, shrimp and cellophane noodle soup)]] {{see also|List of Chinese soups}} In some part of South China, soups are served between the cold dishes and the main dishes. In other parts of China, soups are served between the main dish and staple foods, before desserts or fruit salad. There are many traditional Chinese soups, such as [[wonton]] soup, herbal chicken soup, [[hot and sour soup]], [[winter melon soup]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winter Melon Soup Recipe|url=https://simplechinesefood.com/recipe/winter-melon-soup-42|access-date=22 October 2021|website=Simple Chinese Food|language=en-US}}</ref> and so on. ==Drinks== Tea plays an important role in Chinese dining culture. In China, there are two main types of tea, one is made from dried tea leaves, the other one is made by extracts from tea leaves.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pan |first1=Si-Yuan |last2=Nie |first2=Qu |last3=Tai |first3=Hai-Chuan |last4=Song |first4=Xue-Lan |last5=Tong |first5=Yu-Fan |last6=Zhang |first6=Long-Jian-Feng |last7=Wu |first7=Xue-Wei |last8=Lin |first8=Zhao-Heng |last9=Zhang |first9=Yong-Yu |last10=Ye |first10=Du-Yun |last11=Zhang |first11=Yi |date=22 February 2022 |title=Tea and tea drinking: China's outstanding contributions to the mankind |journal=Chinese Medicine |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=27 |doi=10.1186/s13020-022-00571-1 |issn=1749-8546 |pmc=8861626 |pmid=35193642 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Baijiu]] and [[huangjiu]] as strong alcoholic beverages are preferred by many people as well. Wine is not so popular as other drinks in China that are consumed whilst dining, although they are usually available in the menu. ===Tea=== [[File:Longjing tea 3.jpg|thumb|[[Longjing tea]], also known as Dragon Well tea, is a variety of roasted green tea from [[Hangzhou]], [[Zhejiang]] Province, China, where it is produced mostly by hand and has been renowned for its high quality, earning the [[China Famous Tea]] title.]] {{Main|Chinese tea}} As well as with dim sum, many Chinese drink their tea with snacks such as nuts, plums, dried fruit (in particular [[jujube]]), small sweets, melon seeds, and [[Myrica rubra|waxberry]].<ref name=Yao /> China was the earliest country to cultivate and drink tea, which is enjoyed by people from all social classes.<ref name=Hong>Q. Hong & F. Chunjian. ''Origins of Chinese Tea and Wine''. Asiapac Books Pte Ltd. 2005.{{ISBN|9812293698}}.</ref> Tea processing began after the [[Qin dynasty|Qin]] and [[Han dynasty|Han]] dynasties.<ref name=Hong /> The different types of Chinese tea include black, white, green, yellow, oolong, and dark tea. Chinese tea is often classified into several different categories according to the species of plant from which it is sourced, the region in which it is grown, and the method of production used. Some of these types are [[green tea]], [[oolong tea]], black tea, scented tea, [[white tea]], and [[compressed tea]]. There are four major [[tea plantation]] regions: [[Jiangbei District, Ningbo|Jiangbei]], [[Jiangnan]], [[Huanan County|Huanan]] and the southwestern region.<ref name=Hong /> Well known types of green tea include [[Longjing tea|Longjing]], [[Huangshan Maofeng]], [[Bilochun]], [[Putuofeng Cha]], and [[Liu'an Guapian]].<ref name=Chang>Zonglin Chang Xukui Li. ''Aspect of Chinese Culture''. 2006.{{ISBN|7302126321}}, {{ISBN|978-7-302-12632-4}}.</ref> China is the world's largest exporter of green tea.<ref name=Chang /> One of the most ubiquitous accessories in modern China, after a wallet or purse and an umbrella, is a double-walled insulated glass thermos with tea leaves in the top behind a strainer. ===Alcoholic beverages=== {{Main|Chinese alcoholic beverages}} The importance of ''[[baijiu]]'' (<small>lit.</small> "white liquor") in China (99.5% of its alcoholic market) makes it the most-consumed alcoholic spirit in the world.<ref>''The Economist''. "[https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/06/daily-chart-9 Daily Chart: High Spirits]". 17 June 2013. Accessed 9 August 2013.</ref> It dates back to the introduction of distilling during the [[Song dynasty]];<ref name=Yao/> can be made from wheat, corn, or rice; and is usually around 120 proof (60% ABV). The most ubiquitous brand is the cheap [[Er guo tou]], but [[Mao Tai]] is the premium ''baijiu''. Other popular brands include Kang, Lu Zhou Te Qu, and Wu Liang Ye.<ref name=Yao /> ''[[Huangjiu]]'' (<small>lit.</small> "yellow liquor") is not distilled and is a strong [[rice wine]] (10–15% ABV).<ref name=Yao /> Popular brands include [[Shaoxing Lao Jiu]], [[Shaoxing Hua Diao]], and [[Te Jia Fan]].<ref name=Yao /> While fermented grain beverages have been brewed in China for over 9,000 years, it has been long overshadowed by stronger alcohol like [[Baijiu]] and [[Huangjiu]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sandhaus|first=Derek|date=8 July 2020|title=Craft beer in China: A brief and complete history|url=https://supchina.com/2020/07/08/craft-beer-in-china-a-brief-and-complete-history/|access-date=8 September 2020|website=SupChina|language=en-US|archive-date=23 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823005558/https://supchina.com/2020/07/08/craft-beer-in-china-a-brief-and-complete-history/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Herbal drinks=== {{Main|Chinese herb tea}} Chinese herb tea, also known as ''medicinal herbal tea'', is a kind of tea made from Chinese medicinal [[herb]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Zhong yao cai cha liao shi dian|last1=Wulin|first1=Ji|last2=紀戊霖|date=3 February 2010|publisher=Yuan hua fa xing chu ban fa xing|isbn=9789866612794|location=Tai bei xian xin dian shi|oclc=815400238}}</ref> ===Other beverages=== Soy milk, [[almond milk]], walnut milk and coconut milk are also drunk during the meal in different regions. In some parts of China, [[Crataegus|hawthorn]] and [[jujube]] juice are preferred. A small shot of fruit vinegar is served as an appetizer in [[Shanxi]]. ==Outside China== [[File:Billyzhajiang1.jpg|thumb|''[[Zhajiangmian|Zhájiàng Miàn]]'' (noodles with bean paste) is a traditional northern Chinese dish. It has spread to South Korea where it is known as ''[[Jajangmyeon]]''.]] Where there are historical immigrant Chinese populations, the style of food has evolved and been adapted to local tastes and ingredients, and modified by the local cuisine, to greater or lesser extents. This has resulted in a deep Chinese influence on other national cuisines such as [[Cambodian cuisine]], [[Filipino cuisine]], [[Singaporean cuisine]], [[Thai cuisine]] and [[Vietnamese cuisine]]. There are also a large number of forms of [[fusion cuisine]], often popular in the country in question. Some, such as [[ramen]] ([[Japanese Chinese cuisine]]) have become popular internationally. Deep-fried meat combined with [[sweet and sour]] sauce as a cooking style receives an enormous preference outside of China. Therefore, many similar international Chinese cuisines are invented based on sweet and sour sauce, including Sweet and sour chicken (Europe and North America), Manchurian chicken (India) or ''[[tangsuyuk]]'' (South Korea). The [[Hawaiian pizza]] was inspired by Chinese sweet and sour flavors. Apart from the host country, the dishes developed in overseas Chinese cuisines are heavily dependent on the cuisines derived from the origin of the Chinese immigrants. In [[Korean Chinese cuisine]], the dishes derive primarily from [[Shandong cuisine]] while [[Filipino Chinese cuisine]] is strongly influenced by [[Fujian cuisine]]. [[American Chinese cuisine]] has distinctive dishes (such as [[chop suey]]) originally based on Cantonese cuisine, which are more popular among non-Chinese Americans than with [[Chinese Americans]] themselves.<ref>Andrew Coe, ''Chop Suey: A Cultural History of Chinese Food in the United States'' (2009)</ref><ref>Yong Chen, ''Chop Suey, USA: The Story of Chinese Food in America'' (2014)</ref> According to the report released by China's largest on-demand service platform in 2018, there are over 600,000 Chinese restaurants overseas. The report also pointed out that [[hotpot]] is the most popular food in the foreign market. [[Sichuan cuisine]] and some Chinese snacks and fast food followed in second and third place, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=2018年年報_美团点评-W(03690)_公告正文 |url=http://data.eastmoney.com/notices/detail/03690/AN201904111318506320,JUU3JUJFJThFJUU1JTlCJUEyJUU3JTgyJUI5JUU4JUFGJTg0LVc=.html |website=data.eastmoney.com}}</ref> {{div col|content= * [[American Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Chop suey]], [[General Tso's chicken]], [[egg foo young]], [[orange chicken]] * [[Australian Chinese cuisine]] ** Mango pancake, [[dim sim]], XO sauce pipis * [[British Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Chicken balls]], Jar jow * [[Chinese people in Myanmar#Cuisine|Burmese Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Kyay oh]], [[Sigyet khauk swè]] * [[Canadian Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Ginger beef]] * [[Caribbean Chinese cuisine]] ** Cha chee kai, bangamary ding * [[Filipino Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Arroz caldo]], [[Batchoy]], [[Pancit]] * [[Indian Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Gobi manchurian]], [[Manchow soup]] * [[Indonesian Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Bakso]], [[Cap cai]], [[Lumpia]], [[Mie ayam]], [[Mie goreng]], [[Swikee]], [[Siomay]], [[Crab in oyster sauce|Kepiting saus tiram]] * [[Japanese Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Champon]], [[Ramen]], [[Gyoza]], [[Kakuni]], [[Tenshindon]] * [[Korean Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Jajangmyeon]], [[jjamppong]], [[hotteok]], [[Tangsuyuk]] * [[Chinese Latin American cuisine]] ** [[Chifa|Peruvian Chinese cuisine]] (Chifa) *** [[Arroz chaufa]], [[Lomo saltado]] ** [[Puerto Rican Chinese cuisine]] *** Carne Ahumada * [[Malaysian Chinese cuisine]] * [[New Zealand Chinese cuisine]] * [[Pakistani Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Jalfrezi]] }} ==Dining etiquette== [[File:Song Dynasty silver chopsticks, cup, and spoon.JPG|thumb|Silverware from the Song dynasty (10th – 13th centuries): Chopsticks, bowl and spoon]] {{Main|Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining}} Youths should not begin eating before their elders do. When eating from a bowl, one should not hold it with its bottom part, because it resembles the act of begging. [[Chopsticks]] are the main eating utensils for Chinese food, which can be used to cut and pick up food.<ref name="chopsticks2">{{cite web|language =zh|url=https://think.sina.cn/shise/doc--ifyarrcf4119650.d.html|title=Why Chinese use chopsticks while Westerners use knives and forks?|publisher=Sina Zhishi|date=16 February 2017|access-date=11 June 2018}}</ref> When someone is taking a break from eating at the table, they should not put the chopstick into the rice vertically, because it resembles the Chinese traditional funeral tribute, which involves putting chopsticks inside a bowl of rice vertically. It is considered inappropriate to use knives on the dining table.<ref name="chopsticks">{{cite web|language=zh|url=https://trustnews1724.co.in/where-did-british-chinese-food-come-from-2023/|title=Why the length of chopsticks are 7 cun 6 fen?|publisher=KK News|date=2 September 2016|access-date=11 June 2018}}{{Dead link|date=June 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Chopsticks should not be waved around in the air or played with. Food should first be taken from the plate in front. It is considered impolite to stare at a plate. Watching TV, using mobile phones or doing other activities while eating is considered in poor taste. If an older person puts food in a younger person's bowl, the younger person should thank them.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cooper |first1=Eugene |title=Chinese Table Manners: You Are How You Eat |journal=Human Organization |date=1986 |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=179–184 |issn=0018-7259|jstor=44126118 |doi=10.17730/humo.45.2.4034u85x3058m025 }}</ref> Chinese culture has guidelines in how and when food are eaten. Chinese people typically eat three meals a day. Breakfast is served around 6–9am, lunch is served around 12–2pm, and dinner is served around 6–9pm.<ref name=":2" /> Within the Chinese culture, families do follow different traditions. In some families, the elderly members and youngsters get their meal first, then the mother and father, and then the children and teenagers.<ref name=":2" /> Other families have the male and female eat separately at different seating area.<ref name=":1" /> Whatever tradition the family decide to follow, it is intended to show respect to members of the family. Late night meals served from 9pm-4am and similar to the Western concept of [[supper]] is known as [[siu yeh]]. == Relation to Chinese philosophy and religion == [[File:Mooncake1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mooncake]], eaten during the Mid-Autumn Festival]] Food plays various roles in social and cultural life. In [[Chinese folk religion]], [[Ancestor veneration in China|ancestor veneration]] is conducted by offering food to ancestors and Chinese festivals involve the consumption and preparation of specific foods which have symbolic meanings attached to them. Specific religions in China have their own cuisines such as the [[Taoist diet]], [[Buddhist cuisine]] and [[Chinese Islamic Cuisine]]. The [[Kaifeng Jews]] in [[Henan]] province once had their own Chinese Jewish cuisine but the community has largely died out in the modern era and not much is known about the specifics of their cuisine but they did influence foods eaten in their region and some of their dishes remain.<ref>[http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=864 Kaifeng, Capital and Culinary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014165059/http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=864 |date=14 October 2018 }}, Flavor and Fortune</ref> Chinese dishes with purported Kaifeng Jewish roots include Kaifeng xiao long bao, Mayuxing bucket-shaped chicken, Chrysanthemum hot pot, and Four Treasures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaifeng: A Chinese Jewish Haven |url=http://www.flavorandfortune.com/ffdataaccess/article.php?ID=1475 |access-date=1 February 2023 |website=www.flavorandfortune.com}}</ref> Food also plays a role in daily life. The formality of the meal setting can signify what kind of relationship people have with one another, and the type of food can indicate ones' social status and their country of origin.<ref name=":1" /> In a formal setting, up to sixteen of any combination of hot and cold dishes would be served to respect the guests. On the other hand, in a casual setting, people would eat inexpensive meals such as at food stalls or homemade food. The typical disparity in food in the Chinese society between the wealthy and everyone below that group lies in the rarity and cost of the food or ingredient, such as shark fins and bear paws.<ref name=":1" /> Depending on whether one chooses to have rice or a meal that is made of wheat flour such as bread or noodles as their main source of food, people within a similar culture or of a different background can make an assumption of the other's country of origin from the south or north of China. Different foods have different symbolic meanings. [[Mooncake]]s and [[dumpling]]s are symbolic of the [[Mid-Autumn Festival|Mid-autumn festival]] and the Spring Festival, respectively.<ref name=":1" /> [[Pear]] symbolizes bad luck due to its similarity in pronunciation of 'away' in the native language and noodle means living a long life for its length.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=20 April 2019|title=Chinese Food Culture - Understand your behavior when eating in China|url=https://www.yumofchina.com/chinese-food-culture/|access-date=14 November 2021|website=Yum Of China|language=en-US|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108031347/https://www.yumofchina.com/chinese-food-culture/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Chinese philosophy, food frequently conveys a message. A Chinese philosophy ''[[I Ching]]'' says, "Gentlemen use eating as a way to attain happiness. They should be aware of what they say, and refrain from eating too much."<ref>{{zh|s=《易》曰：君子以飲食宴樂。又曰：君子慎言語，節飲食。|p=“Yì” yuē: Jūnzǐ yǐ yǐnshí yàn lè.|labels=no}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|China|Taiwan|Hong Kong|Singapore|Food}} {{Div col|colwidth=22em}} * ''[[A Bite of China]]'' by [[China Central Television|CCTV]] * The eight major traditions of Chinese cuisine ** [[Shandong cuisine]] ** [[Sichuan cuisine]] ** [[Cantonese cuisine]] ** [[Fujian cuisine]] ** [[Jiangsu cuisine]] ** [[Zhejiang cuisine]] ** [[Hunan cuisine]] ** [[Anhui cuisine]] * Other traditions in Chinese cuisine ** [[Beijing cuisine]] *** [[Chinese imperial cuisine]] ** [[Shanghai cuisine]] ** [[Huaiyang cuisine]] ** [[Hubei cuisine]] ** [[Jiangxi cuisine]] ** [[Henan cuisine]] ** [[Shanxi cuisine]] ** [[Shaanxi cuisine]] ** [[British Chinese cuisine]] ** [[American Chinese cuisine]] ** [[Guizhou cuisine]] ** [[Yunnan cuisine]] ** [[Teochew cuisine]] * [[List of Chinese bakery products]] * [[List of Chinese desserts]] * [[List of Chinese dishes]] * [[List of Chinese sauces]] * [[List of Chinese soups]] * [[Chinese regional cuisine]] * [[Chinese food therapy]] * [[History of Chinese cuisine]] * [[Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining]] * [[Chinese cooking techniques]] * [[Chinese Cuisine Training Institute]] * [[List of restaurants in China]] * [[Pizza in China]] {{div col end}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== *{{cite book |first=Jacques |last=Gernet |year=1962 |title=Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276 |url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinchina00gernrich |url-access=registration |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-8047-0720-0}} == Further reading == === History === * {{cite book |last = Anderson |first = Eugene N. |year = 1988 |title = The Food of China |publisher = Yale University Press |location = New Haven |isbn = 0300047398 }} * {{cite book |last = Chang, Kwang-chih |year = 1977 |title = Food in Chinese Culture: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives |publisher = Yale University Press| location = New Haven |isbn = 0300019386 |ref = none}} * David R. Knechtges, "A Literary Feast: Food in Early Chinese Literature," ''Journal of the American Oriental Society ''106.1 (1986): 49–63. * {{cite book |last = Newman, Jacqueline M. |year = 2004 |title = Food Culture in China |publisher = Greenwood Press| location = Westport, Conn. |isbn = 0313325812 |ref = none}} * {{cite book |last = Roberts, J. A. G. |year = 2002 |title = China to Chinatown: Chinese Food in the West |publisher = Reaktion |location = London |isbn = 1861891334 |ref = none |url = https://archive.org/details/chinatochinatown00robe }} * Sterckx, Roel. ''Food, Sacrifice, and Sagehood in Early China.'' New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011 (2015). * Sterckx, Roel. ''Chinese Thought. From Confucius to Cook Ding.'' London: Penguin, 2019. * {{cite book |last = Swislocki, Mark |year = 2009 |title = Culinary Nostalgia: Regional Food Culture and the Urban Experience in Shanghai |publisher = Stanford University Press| location = Stanford, CA |isbn = 9780804760126 |ref = none}} * {{cite journal |last = Waley-Cohen |first = Joanna |author-link = Joanna Waley-Cohen |title = Celebrated Cooks of China's Past |journal = Flavor & Fortune |volume = 14 |issue = 4 |pages = 5–7, 24 |year = 2007 |url = http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=625 |ref = none |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093548/http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=625 |archive-date = 2 April 2015 |df = dmy-all }} * Endymion Wilkinson, "Chinese Culinary History (Feature Review)," ''China Review International ''8.2 (Fall 2001): 285–302. * {{cite book |last = Wilkinson |first= Endymion|author-link=Endymion Wilkinson|year = 2022 |title = Chinese History: A New Manual |publisher = Harvard University Press| location = Cambridge, MA |isbn = 978-0674260184}} * {{cite book |last1 = Wu |first1 = David Y. H. |first2 = Sidney C. H. |last2 = Cheung |year = 2002 |title = The Globalization of Chinese Food |publisher = Curzon |location = Richmond, Surrey |isbn = 0700714030 |ref = none}} === Cookbooks === * Buwei Yang Chao. ''[[How to Cook and Eat in Chinese]].'' (New York: John Day, 1945; revisions and reprints). * [[Fuchsia Dunlop]]. ''Land of Plenty: A Treasury of Authentic Sichuan Cooking.'' (New York: Norton, 2003). {{ISBN|0393051773}}. * Fuchsia Dunlop. ''Revolutionary Chinese Cookbook: Recipes from Hunan Province.'' (New York: Norton, 2007). {{ISBN|0393062228}}. * Fuchsia Dunlop. ''Shark's Fin and Sichuan Pepper: A Sweet-Sour Memoir of Eating in China.'' (New York: Norton, 2008). {{ISBN|9780393066579}}. * Fuchsia Dunlop. ''Every Grain of Rice: Simple Chinese Home Cooking'' (2012). {{ISBN|9781408802526}} * Emily Hahn, ''Recipes, The Cooking of China.'' (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, Foods of the World, 1981). * Hsiang-Ju Lin and Tsuifeng Lin. ''Chinese Gastronomy.'' (London: Nelson, 1969; rpr.). {{ISBN|0171470575}}. * Yan-Kit So. ''Classic Food of China.'' (London: Macmillan, rpr 1994, 1992). {{ISBN|9780333576717}}. * Martin Yan. ''Martin Yan's Chinatown Cooking: 200 Traditional Recipes from 11 Chinatowns around the World.'' (New York: Morrow, 2002). {{ISBN|0060084758}}. *Georgina Freedman. ''Cooking South of The Clouds: Recipes and Stories From China's Yunnan Province.'' (Octopus; Kyle, 2018). {{ISBN|9780857834980}}. ==External links== {{commons category|Cuisine of China}} {{wikivoyage|Chinese cuisine}} * K.C. Chang [http://asiasociety.org/lifestyle/food-recipes/food/meats/food-chinese-culture "Food in Chinese Culture"] [[Asia Society]] * {{curlie|Home/Cooking/World_Cuisines/Asian/Chinese}} * "[https://www.bbc.co.uk/chinesefoodmadeeasy/ Chinese food made easy]" at the [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] * "[http://guides.library.stonybrook.edu/content.php?pid=190666&sid=1599362 Chinese Culinary History (Websites for Research)] Stony Brook University Libraries. {{China topics|state=autocollapse}} {{Asian topic|| cuisine}} {{Cuisine}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chinese Cuisine}} [[Category:Chinese cuisine| ]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff)
'@@ -1,18 +1,3 @@ -{{short description|Culinary traditions of China}} -{{Redirect|Chinese food|international Chinese cuisine variations|#Outside China|other uses|Chinese food (disambiguation)}} -{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} -[[File:Collage Chinese Cuisine by User-EME.png|thumb|An assortment of Chinese food. '''Clockwise from top left:''' [[Peking duck]], [[misua]], [[Kung Pao chicken]], [[Mooncake|mooncakes]], [[baijiu]], [[Wonton|wonton soup]], [[Spring roll|spring rolls]]]] -{{Cuisine of China}} -{{Culture of China}} - -'''Chinese cuisine''' comprises [[cuisine]]s originating from [[China]], as well as from Chinese people from other parts of the world. Because of the Chinese diaspora and historical power of the country, Chinese cuisine has profoundly influenced many other cuisines in [[Asia]] and beyond, with modifications made to cater to local palates. Chinese food staples such as [[rice]], [[soy sauce]], [[noodles]], [[tea]], [[chili oil]], and [[tofu]], and utensils such as [[chopsticks]] and the [[wok]], can now be found worldwide. - -The world's earliest eating establishments recognizable as [[Restaurant|restaurants]] in the modern sense first emerged in [[Song dynasty]] China during the 11th and 12th centuries.<ref name="history">{{cite web |last=Roos |first=Dave |date=18 May 2020 |title=When Did People Start Eating in Restaurants? |url=https://www.history.com/news/first-restaurants-china-france |work=History.com}}</ref><ref name="Gernet133">{{harvcoltxt|Gernet|1962|p=133}}</ref> [[Street food]] became an integral aspect of Chinese food culture during the [[Tang dynasty]], and the street food culture of much of [[Southeast Asia]] was established by workers imported from China during the late 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVf94-rwpJ8C&pg=PA63 |title=Slow Food: Collected Thoughts on Taste, Tradition, and the Honest Pleasures ... |date=2001 |publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing |isbn=9781603581721 |editor-last=Petrini |editor-first=Carlo |language=en}}</ref> - -The preferences for [[seasoning]] and [[Chinese cooking techniques|cooking techniques]] of Chinese provinces depend on differences in [[social class]], [[Religion in China|religion]], [[history of Chinese cuisine|historical background]], and [[List of ethnic groups in China|ethnic groups]]. Geographic features including mountains, rivers, forests, and deserts also have a strong effect on the local available ingredients, considering that the climate of China varies from [[Tropical savanna climate|tropical]] in the south to [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] in the northeast. [[Chinese aristocrat cuisine|Imperial royal and noble preference]] also plays a role in the change of Chinese cuisine. Because of imperial expansion, immigration, and trading; ingredients and cooking techniques from other cultures have been integrated into Chinese cuisines over time, and Chinese culinary influences have also spread across the world. - -There are numerous regional, religious, and ethnic styles of Chinese cuisine found within China and abroad. Chinese cuisine is highly diverse and most frequently categorised into provincial divisions, although these province-level classifications consist of many more styles within themselves. During the [[Qing dynasty]], the most praised [[Four Great Traditions]] in Chinese cuisine were [[Sichuan cuisine|Chuan]], [[Shandong cuisine|Lu]], [[Cantonese cuisine|Yue]], and [[Huaiyang cuisine|Huaiyang]], representing cuisines of West, North, South, and East China, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Four Major Cuisines in China|url=http://www.cits.net/china-travel-guide/four-major-cuisines-in-china.html|website=CITS|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Dunlop |first=Fuchsia |title=Invitation to a Banquet |publication-date=2023}}</ref> In 1980, a modern grouping from Chinese journalist Wang Shaoquan's article published in the [[People's Daily]] newspaper identified the [[Eight Cuisines of China]] as [[Anhui cuisine|Anhui]] ({{zh|labels=no|c=徽菜 |p=Huīcài}}), [[Cantonese cuisine|Guangdong]] ({{zh|labels=no|s=粵菜 |p=Yuècài}}), [[Fujian cuisine|Fujian]] ({{zh|labels=no|s=閩菜 |p=Mǐncài}}), [[Hunan cuisine|Hunan]] ({{zh|labels=no|c=湘菜 |p=Xiāngcài}}), [[Jiangsu cuisine|Jiangsu]] ({{zh|labels=no|s=蘇菜 |p=Sūcài}}), [[Shandong cuisine|Shandong]] ({{zh|labels=no|s=魯菜 |p=Lǔcài}}), [[Sichuan cuisine|Sichuan]] ({{zh|labels=no|c=川菜 |p=Chuāncài}}), and [[Zhejiang cuisine|Zhejiang]] ({{zh|labels=no|c=浙菜 |p=Zhècài}}).<ref name="beautyfujian">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130731165745/http://beautyfujian.com/Fujian/Fujian_Cuisine.html "Fujian Cuisine.] [http://beautyfujian.com/ Beautyfujian.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710001538/http://beautyfujian.com/ |date=10 July 2011 }}. Accessed June 2011.</ref><ref name=":3" /> -[[File:Quanjude roastduck.JPG|upright|thumb|A [[Quanjude]] cook is slicing [[Peking duck|Peking roast duck]]. Peking duck is eaten by rolling pieces of duck with scallion, cucumber and [[sweet bean sauce]] using steamed pancakes.<ref>[http://chinatour.net/beijing/food/ "Beijing cuisine and Peking roasted duck."] [http://chinatour.net/ ChinaTour.Net]. Accessed Dec 2011.</ref>]] -Chinese cuisine is deeply intertwined with [[traditional Chinese medicine]], such as in the practise of [[Chinese food therapy]]. Color, scent and taste are the three traditional aspects used to describe Chinese food,<ref>This standard starts from [[Tang dynasty]] in the 6th century by [[Bai Juyi]] from the ''Preface of [[Lychee]] Diagram'': After leaving branch...for four and five days, the color, smell, and taste (of lychee) will be gone. ({{zh|labels=no|t=《荔枝圖序》：「若離本枝……四五日外，色、香、味盡去矣」。}}）</ref> as well as the meaning, appearance, and nutrition of the food. Cooking should be appraised with respect to the ingredients used, knife work, cooking time, and seasoning. +Fuck == History == '
New page size (new_size)
56878
Old page size (old_size)
62860
Size change in edit (edit_delta)
-5982
Lines added in edit (added_lines)
[ 0 => 'Fuck' ]
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines)
[ 0 => '{{short description|Culinary traditions of China}}', 1 => '{{Redirect|Chinese food|international Chinese cuisine variations|#Outside China|other uses|Chinese food (disambiguation)}}', 2 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}', 3 => '[[File:Collage Chinese Cuisine by User-EME.png|thumb|An assortment of Chinese food. '''Clockwise from top left:''' [[Peking duck]], [[misua]], [[Kung Pao chicken]], [[Mooncake|mooncakes]], [[baijiu]], [[Wonton|wonton soup]], [[Spring roll|spring rolls]]]]', 4 => '{{Cuisine of China}}', 5 => '{{Culture of China}}', 6 => '', 7 => ''''Chinese cuisine''' comprises [[cuisine]]s originating from [[China]], as well as from Chinese people from other parts of the world. Because of the Chinese diaspora and historical power of the country, Chinese cuisine has profoundly influenced many other cuisines in [[Asia]] and beyond, with modifications made to cater to local palates. Chinese food staples such as [[rice]], [[soy sauce]], [[noodles]], [[tea]], [[chili oil]], and [[tofu]], and utensils such as [[chopsticks]] and the [[wok]], can now be found worldwide. ', 8 => '', 9 => 'The world's earliest eating establishments recognizable as [[Restaurant|restaurants]] in the modern sense first emerged in [[Song dynasty]] China during the 11th and 12th centuries.<ref name="history">{{cite web |last=Roos |first=Dave |date=18 May 2020 |title=When Did People Start Eating in Restaurants? |url=https://www.history.com/news/first-restaurants-china-france |work=History.com}}</ref><ref name="Gernet133">{{harvcoltxt|Gernet|1962|p=133}}</ref> [[Street food]] became an integral aspect of Chinese food culture during the [[Tang dynasty]], and the street food culture of much of [[Southeast Asia]] was established by workers imported from China during the late 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVf94-rwpJ8C&pg=PA63 |title=Slow Food: Collected Thoughts on Taste, Tradition, and the Honest Pleasures ... |date=2001 |publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing |isbn=9781603581721 |editor-last=Petrini |editor-first=Carlo |language=en}}</ref> ', 10 => '', 11 => 'The preferences for [[seasoning]] and [[Chinese cooking techniques|cooking techniques]] of Chinese provinces depend on differences in [[social class]], [[Religion in China|religion]], [[history of Chinese cuisine|historical background]], and [[List of ethnic groups in China|ethnic groups]]. Geographic features including mountains, rivers, forests, and deserts also have a strong effect on the local available ingredients, considering that the climate of China varies from [[Tropical savanna climate|tropical]] in the south to [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] in the northeast. [[Chinese aristocrat cuisine|Imperial royal and noble preference]] also plays a role in the change of Chinese cuisine. Because of imperial expansion, immigration, and trading; ingredients and cooking techniques from other cultures have been integrated into Chinese cuisines over time, and Chinese culinary influences have also spread across the world.', 12 => '', 13 => 'There are numerous regional, religious, and ethnic styles of Chinese cuisine found within China and abroad. Chinese cuisine is highly diverse and most frequently categorised into provincial divisions, although these province-level classifications consist of many more styles within themselves. During the [[Qing dynasty]], the most praised [[Four Great Traditions]] in Chinese cuisine were [[Sichuan cuisine|Chuan]], [[Shandong cuisine|Lu]], [[Cantonese cuisine|Yue]], and [[Huaiyang cuisine|Huaiyang]], representing cuisines of West, North, South, and East China, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Four Major Cuisines in China|url=http://www.cits.net/china-travel-guide/four-major-cuisines-in-china.html|website=CITS|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Dunlop |first=Fuchsia |title=Invitation to a Banquet |publication-date=2023}}</ref> In 1980, a modern grouping from Chinese journalist Wang Shaoquan's article published in the [[People's Daily]] newspaper identified the [[Eight Cuisines of China]] as [[Anhui cuisine|Anhui]] ({{zh|labels=no|c=徽菜 |p=Huīcài}}), [[Cantonese cuisine|Guangdong]] ({{zh|labels=no|s=粵菜 |p=Yuècài}}), [[Fujian cuisine|Fujian]] ({{zh|labels=no|s=閩菜 |p=Mǐncài}}), [[Hunan cuisine|Hunan]] ({{zh|labels=no|c=湘菜 |p=Xiāngcài}}), [[Jiangsu cuisine|Jiangsu]] ({{zh|labels=no|s=蘇菜 |p=Sūcài}}), [[Shandong cuisine|Shandong]] ({{zh|labels=no|s=魯菜 |p=Lǔcài}}), [[Sichuan cuisine|Sichuan]] ({{zh|labels=no|c=川菜 |p=Chuāncài}}), and [[Zhejiang cuisine|Zhejiang]] ({{zh|labels=no|c=浙菜 |p=Zhècài}}).<ref name="beautyfujian">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130731165745/http://beautyfujian.com/Fujian/Fujian_Cuisine.html "Fujian Cuisine.] [http://beautyfujian.com/ Beautyfujian.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710001538/http://beautyfujian.com/ |date=10 July 2011 }}. Accessed June 2011.</ref><ref name=":3" />', 14 => '[[File:Quanjude roastduck.JPG|upright|thumb|A [[Quanjude]] cook is slicing [[Peking duck|Peking roast duck]]. Peking duck is eaten by rolling pieces of duck with scallion, cucumber and [[sweet bean sauce]] using steamed pancakes.<ref>[http://chinatour.net/beijing/food/ "Beijing cuisine and Peking roasted duck."] [http://chinatour.net/ ChinaTour.Net]. Accessed Dec 2011.</ref>]]', 15 => 'Chinese cuisine is deeply intertwined with [[traditional Chinese medicine]], such as in the practise of [[Chinese food therapy]]. Color, scent and taste are the three traditional aspects used to describe Chinese food,<ref>This standard starts from [[Tang dynasty]] in the 6th century by [[Bai Juyi]] from the ''Preface of [[Lychee]] Diagram'': After leaving branch...for four and five days, the color, smell, and taste (of lychee) will be gone. ({{zh|labels=no|t=《荔枝圖序》：「若離本枝……四五日外，色、香、味盡去矣」。}}）</ref> as well as the meaning, appearance, and nutrition of the food. Cooking should be appraised with respect to the ingredients used, knife work, cooking time, and seasoning. ' ]
All external links added in the edit (added_links)
[]
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links)
[ 0 => 'http://chinatour.net/beijing/food/', 1 => 'http://chinatour.net/', 2 => 'http://www.cits.net/china-travel-guide/four-major-cuisines-in-china.html', 3 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130731165745/http://beautyfujian.com/Fujian/Fujian_Cuisine.html', 4 => 'http://beautyfujian.com/', 5 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110710001538/http://beautyfujian.com/', 6 => 'https://www.history.com/news/first-restaurants-china-france', 7 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=KVf94-rwpJ8C&pg=PA63' ]
All external links in the new text (all_links)
[ 0 => 'http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/english/cooking/2011-06/14/content_434301.htm', 1 => 'https://www.ibiblio.org/chineseculture/contents/food/p-food-c01s01.html', 2 => 'https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/C/bo3536662.html', 3 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&q=%22salt+by+itself+was+never+used%22&pg=PA207', 4 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&pg=PA52', 5 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=FgtFxedkgbcC&q=shao+ping+sesame&pg=PA474', 6 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&pg=PA143', 7 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo087ZxohA4C&q=shao+ping+sesame&pg=PA89', 8 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=JiXjAAAAMAAJ&q=The+name+%22shao+ping%22+applies+to+a+family+of+flaky,+fiat,+sesame-seed-+topped+breads+of+Persian+origin+but+now+found+in+all+locales+along+the+old+Silk+Road.', 9 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=XT5pvPZ4vroC&pg=PA129', 10 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z7cZ77SqEQC&pg=PA29', 11 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&dq=yogurt+fish+wei&pg=PA80', 12 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=PASE4LVLzQ0C&q=yogurt+fish+wei&pg=PA22', 13 => 'https://archive.org/details/chinabetweenempi00lewi', 14 => 'https://archive.org/details/chinabetweenempi00lewi/page/126', 15 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=FgtFxedkgbcC&q=wang+su+yogurt&pg=PA511', 16 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ffEYBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA429', 17 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=AeiIl2y6vJQC', 18 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=AeiIl2y6vJQC&pg=PA434', 19 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868132659', 20 => 'https://wayoftheeating.wordpress.com/2014/05/22/things-to-avoid-3-meals-for-the-ears/', 21 => 'https://wayoftheeating.wordpress.com/2014/09/05/things-to-avoid-12-cliche/', 22 => 'http://www.kas.ku.edu/archived-site/chinese_food/regional_cuisine.html', 23 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111005071508/http://www.kas.ku.edu/archived-site/chinese_food/regional_cuisine.html', 24 => 'http://www.kas.ku.edu/', 25 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210302074232/http://www.kas.ku.edu/archived-site/chinese_food/regional_cuisine.html', 26 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/07/chinas-culinary-diversity-in-one-map/278138/', 27 => 'http://www.geog.com.cn/EN/Y1994/V61/I3/226', 28 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0375-5444', 29 => 'https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140508141743.htm', 30 => 'https://doi.org/10.1038%2F514S58a', 31 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.514S..58C', 32 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687', 33 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25368889', 34 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4457200', 35 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2015.11.004', 36 => 'https://www.eatingchina.com/recipes/rice-porridge.htm', 37 => 'http://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-018-0141-x', 38 => 'https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41477-018-0141-x', 39 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2055-0278', 40 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29725102', 41 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19156382', 42 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2016.08.003', 43 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2352-6181', 44 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11322691/', 45 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0168-1605(00)00523-7', 46 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0168-1605', 47 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11322691', 48 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10942912.2017.1382507', 49 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1094-2912', 50 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:103900286', 51 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100530060727/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/real_food/article4262148.ece', 52 => 'http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/chinese-herbs-and-spices.html', 53 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/02/garden/chinese-restaurants-are-adding-herbs-for-flavor-and-health.html', 54 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331', 55 => 'http://ethnomed.org/clinical/nutrition/chinese_food_cultural_profile', 56 => 'http://languageoffood.blogspot.com/2009/10/dessert.html', 57 => 'http://www.ibiblio.org/chineseculture/contents/food/p-food-c01s01.html', 58 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170113143937/http://s.visitbeijing.com.cn/html/bjtc-15_gd.shtml', 59 => 'http://s.visitbeijing.com.cn/html/bjtc-15_gd.shtml', 60 => 'http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/en/8Kaleidoscope5550.html', 61 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110702152953/http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/en/8Kaleidoscope5550.html', 62 => 'http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/', 63 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110711102415/http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/', 64 => 'https://dictionary.cambridge.org/zhs/%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD-%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD-%E7%AE%80%E4%BD%93/jelly', 65 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130402221313/http://chinesefood.about.com/od/cookingfaqs/f/chinese-sausage.htm', 66 => 'http://chinesefood.about.com/od/cookingfaqs/f/chinese-sausage.htm', 67 => 'https://simplechinesefood.com/recipe/winter-melon-soup-42', 68 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8861626', 69 => 'https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13020-022-00571-1', 70 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1749-8546', 71 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35193642', 72 => 'https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/06/daily-chart-9', 73 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200823005558/https://supchina.com/2020/07/08/craft-beer-in-china-a-brief-and-complete-history/', 74 => 'https://supchina.com/2020/07/08/craft-beer-in-china-a-brief-and-complete-history/', 75 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/815400238', 76 => 'http://data.eastmoney.com/notices/detail/03690/AN201904111318506320,JUU3JUJFJThFJUU1JTlCJUEyJUU3JTgyJUI5JUU4JUFGJTg0LVc=.html', 77 => 'https://think.sina.cn/shise/doc--ifyarrcf4119650.d.html', 78 => 'https://trustnews1724.co.in/where-did-british-chinese-food-come-from-2023/', 79 => 'https://doi.org/10.17730%2Fhumo.45.2.4034u85x3058m025', 80 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-7259', 81 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/44126118', 82 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211108031347/https://www.yumofchina.com/chinese-food-culture/', 83 => 'https://www.yumofchina.com/chinese-food-culture/', 84 => 'http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=864', 85 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181014165059/http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=864', 86 => 'http://www.flavorandfortune.com/ffdataaccess/article.php?ID=1475', 87 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876842#identifiers', 88 => 'https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinchina00gernrich', 89 => 'https://archive.org/details/chinatochinatown00robe', 90 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093548/http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=625', 91 => 'http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=625', 92 => 'http://asiasociety.org/lifestyle/food-recipes/food/meats/food-chinese-culture', 93 => 'https://curlie.org/Home/Cooking/World_Cuisines/Asian/Chinese', 94 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/chinesefoodmadeeasy/', 95 => 'http://guides.library.stonybrook.edu/content.php?pid=190666&sid=1599362', 96 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008584m', 97 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008584m', 98 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560229205171', 99 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85031801', 100 => 'https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000052255&P_CON_LNG=ENG', 101 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573903' ]
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links)
[ 0 => 'https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/06/daily-chart-9', 1 => 'http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=864', 2 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093548/http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=625', 3 => 'http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=625', 4 => 'http://asiasociety.org/lifestyle/food-recipes/food/meats/food-chinese-culture', 5 => 'https://curlie.org/Home/Cooking/World_Cuisines/Asian/Chinese', 6 => 'http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/english/cooking/2011-06/14/content_434301.htm', 7 => 'https://www.ibiblio.org/chineseculture/contents/food/p-food-c01s01.html', 8 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ffEYBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA429', 9 => 'https://wayoftheeating.wordpress.com/2014/09/05/things-to-avoid-12-cliche/', 10 => 'http://www.kas.ku.edu/archived-site/chinese_food/regional_cuisine.html', 11 => 'http://www.kas.ku.edu/', 12 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/07/chinas-culinary-diversity-in-one-map/278138/', 13 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100530060727/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/real_food/article4262148.ece', 14 => 'http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/chinese-herbs-and-spices.html', 15 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/02/garden/chinese-restaurants-are-adding-herbs-for-flavor-and-health.html', 16 => 'http://ethnomed.org/clinical/nutrition/chinese_food_cultural_profile', 17 => 'http://languageoffood.blogspot.com/2009/10/dessert.html', 18 => 'http://www.ibiblio.org/chineseculture/contents/food/p-food-c01s01.html', 19 => 'http://s.visitbeijing.com.cn/html/bjtc-15_gd.shtml', 20 => 'http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/en/8Kaleidoscope5550.html', 21 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110702152953/http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/en/8Kaleidoscope5550.html', 22 => 'http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/', 23 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110711102415/http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/', 24 => 'http://chinesefood.about.com/od/cookingfaqs/f/chinese-sausage.htm', 25 => 'https://archive.org/details/chinatochinatown00robe', 26 => 'https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140508141743.htm', 27 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008584m', 28 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008584m', 29 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573903', 30 => 'http://data.eastmoney.com/notices/detail/03690/AN201904111318506320,JUU3JUJFJThFJUU1JTlCJUEyJUU3JTgyJUI5JUU4JUFGJTg0LVc=.html', 31 => 'http://www.geog.com.cn/EN/Y1994/V61/I3/226', 32 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/chinesefoodmadeeasy/', 33 => 'https://archive.org/details/chinabetweenempi00lewi', 34 => 'https://archive.org/details/chinabetweenempi00lewi/page/126', 35 => 'https://supchina.com/2020/07/08/craft-beer-in-china-a-brief-and-complete-history/', 36 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=FgtFxedkgbcC&q=shao+ping+sesame&pg=PA474', 37 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo087ZxohA4C&q=shao+ping+sesame&pg=PA89', 38 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=JiXjAAAAMAAJ&q=The+name+%22shao+ping%22+applies+to+a+family+of+flaky,+fiat,+sesame-seed-+topped+breads+of+Persian+origin+but+now+found+in+all+locales+along+the+old+Silk+Road.', 39 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=XT5pvPZ4vroC&pg=PA129', 40 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z7cZ77SqEQC&pg=PA29', 41 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=PASE4LVLzQ0C&q=yogurt+fish+wei&pg=PA22', 42 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=FgtFxedkgbcC&q=wang+su+yogurt&pg=PA511', 43 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=AeiIl2y6vJQC', 44 => 'https://think.sina.cn/shise/doc--ifyarrcf4119650.d.html', 45 => 'https://dictionary.cambridge.org/zhs/%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD-%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD-%E7%AE%80%E4%BD%93/jelly', 46 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181014165059/http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=864', 47 => 'https://www.eatingchina.com/recipes/rice-porridge.htm', 48 => 'https://simplechinesefood.com/recipe/winter-melon-soup-42', 49 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11322691/', 50 => 'https://www.yumofchina.com/chinese-food-culture/', 51 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.514S..58C', 52 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4457200', 53 => 'http://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-018-0141-x', 54 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19156382', 55 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868132659', 56 => 'https://wayoftheeating.wordpress.com/2014/05/22/things-to-avoid-3-meals-for-the-ears/', 57 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:103900286', 58 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876842#identifiers', 59 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170113143937/http://s.visitbeijing.com.cn/html/bjtc-15_gd.shtml', 60 => 'http://chinatour.net/beijing/food/', 61 => 'http://chinatour.net/', 62 => 'http://www.cits.net/china-travel-guide/four-major-cuisines-in-china.html', 63 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130731165745/http://beautyfujian.com/Fujian/Fujian_Cuisine.html', 64 => 'http://beautyfujian.com/', 65 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110710001538/http://beautyfujian.com/', 66 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130402221313/http://chinesefood.about.com/od/cookingfaqs/f/chinese-sausage.htm', 67 => 'http://www.flavorandfortune.com/ffdataaccess/article.php?ID=1475', 68 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0375-5444', 69 => 'https://doi.org/10.1038%2F514S58a', 70 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687', 71 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25368889', 72 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2015.11.004', 73 => 'https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41477-018-0141-x', 74 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2055-0278', 75 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29725102', 76 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2016.08.003', 77 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2352-6181', 78 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0168-1605(00)00523-7', 79 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0168-1605', 80 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11322691', 81 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10942912.2017.1382507', 82 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1094-2912', 83 => 'https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13020-022-00571-1', 84 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1749-8546', 85 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8861626', 86 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35193642', 87 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/815400238', 88 => 'https://doi.org/10.17730%2Fhumo.45.2.4034u85x3058m025', 89 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-7259', 90 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/44126118', 91 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&q=%22salt+by+itself+was+never+used%22&pg=PA207', 92 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&pg=PA52', 93 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&pg=PA143', 94 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&dq=yogurt+fish+wei&pg=PA80', 95 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=AeiIl2y6vJQC&pg=PA434', 96 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85031801', 97 => 'https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000052255&P_CON_LNG=ENG', 98 => 'https://trustnews1724.co.in/where-did-british-chinese-food-come-from-2023/', 99 => 'http://guides.library.stonybrook.edu/content.php?pid=190666&sid=1599362', 100 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211108031347/https://www.yumofchina.com/chinese-food-culture/', 101 => 'https://www.history.com/news/first-restaurants-china-france', 102 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=KVf94-rwpJ8C&pg=PA63', 103 => 'https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinchina00gernrich', 104 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210302074232/http://www.kas.ku.edu/archived-site/chinese_food/regional_cuisine.html', 105 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111005071508/http://www.kas.ku.edu/archived-site/chinese_food/regional_cuisine.html', 106 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560229205171', 107 => 'https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/C/bo3536662.html', 108 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331', 109 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200823005558/https://supchina.com/2020/07/08/craft-beer-in-china-a-brief-and-complete-history/' ]
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html)
'<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>Fuck </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Pre-Tang_dynasty"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pre-Tang dynasty</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Post-Tang_dynasty"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Post-Tang dynasty</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Regional_cuisines"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Regional cuisines</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Staple_foods"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Staple foods</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Rice"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Rice</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Wheat"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Wheat</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Noodles"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Noodles</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Soybean_products"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Soybean products</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Vegetables"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Vegetables</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Herbs_and_seasonings"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Herbs and seasonings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Desserts_and_snacks"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Desserts and snacks</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Dairy_products"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Dairy products</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Cold_dishes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Cold dishes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Soups"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Soups</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Drinks"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Drinks</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Tea"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Tea</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Alcoholic_beverages"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Alcoholic beverages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Herbal_drinks"><span class="tocnumber">10.3</span> <span class="toctext">Herbal drinks</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Other_beverages"><span class="tocnumber">10.4</span> <span class="toctext">Other beverages</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Outside_China"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Outside China</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Dining_etiquette"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Dining etiquette</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Relation_to_Chinese_philosophy_and_religion"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Relation to Chinese philosophy and religion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#History_2"><span class="tocnumber">17.1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Cookbooks"><span class="tocnumber">17.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cookbooks</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1"title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">History of Chinese cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sources_of_Chinese_culinary_history" title="List of sources of Chinese culinary history">List of sources of Chinese culinary history</a></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pre-Tang_dynasty">Pre-Tang dynasty</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2"title="Edit section: Pre-Tang dynasty" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h3> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braised_Shredded_Chicken_with_Ham_and_Dried_Tofu_2011-04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braised_Shredded_Chicken_with_Ham_and_Dried_Tofu_2011-04.JPG/220px-Braised_Shredded_Chicken_with_Ham_and_Dried_Tofu_2011-04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braised_Shredded_Chicken_with_Ham_and_Dried_Tofu_2011-04.JPG/330px-Braised_Shredded_Chicken_with_Ham_and_Dried_Tofu_2011-04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braised_Shredded_Chicken_with_Ham_and_Dried_Tofu_2011-04.JPG/440px-Braised_Shredded_Chicken_with_Ham_and_Dried_Tofu_2011-04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazhu_gansi" title="Dazhu gansi">Dàzhǔ gānsī</a></i> is a typical soup dish of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaiyang_cuisine" title="Huaiyang cuisine">Huaiyang cuisine</a>. It is made of finely sliced dried tofu, chicken, ham and bamboo shoot, and the ingredients need to be braised with shrimp in chicken soup. It was highly praised by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Qianlong emperor">Qianlong emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Zi_Ji_(Chicken_with_Chiles)_(2269517013).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/La_Zi_Ji_%28Chicken_with_Chiles%29_%282269517013%29.jpg/220px-La_Zi_Ji_%28Chicken_with_Chiles%29_%282269517013%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/La_Zi_Ji_%28Chicken_with_Chiles%29_%282269517013%29.jpg/330px-La_Zi_Ji_%28Chicken_with_Chiles%29_%282269517013%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/La_Zi_Ji_%28Chicken_with_Chiles%29_%282269517013%29.jpg/440px-La_Zi_Ji_%28Chicken_with_Chiles%29_%282269517013%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laziji" title="Laziji">Làzǐ Jī</a></i>, stir-fried chicken with chili and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper</a> in Sichuan style</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_Steamed_Perch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chinese_Steamed_Perch.jpg/220px-Chinese_Steamed_Perch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chinese_Steamed_Perch.jpg/330px-Chinese_Steamed_Perch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chinese_Steamed_Perch.jpg/440px-Chinese_Steamed_Perch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Steamed whole <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">perch</a> with roe inside. Sliced <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a> and spring onion is usually spread on top.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chinese society greatly valued <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronomy" title="Gastronomy">gastronomy</a>, and developed an extensive study of the subject based on its <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional medical beliefs</a>. Chinese culture initially centered around the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Plain_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Plain (China)">North China Plain</a>. The first domesticated crops seem to have been the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtail_millet" title="Foxtail millet">foxtail</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broomcorn_millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Broomcorn millet">broomcorn</a> varieties of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, while <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> was cultivated in the south. By 2000 BC, wheat had arrived from western Asia. These grains were typically served as warm <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noodle" title="Noodle">noodle</a> soups instead of baked into bread as in Europe. Nobles hunted various wild game and consumed <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">mutton</a>, pork and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_meat#Mainland_China" title="Dog meat">dog</a> as these animals were domesticated. Grain was stored against famine and flood and meat was preserved with salt, vinegar, curing, and fermenting. The flavor of the meat was enhanced by cooking it in animal fats though this practice was mostly restricted to the wealthy.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup> </p><p> By the time of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">late Zhou</a>, gastronomy had become a high art. Confucius discussed the principles of dining: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The rice would never be too white, the meat would never be too finely cut... When it was not cooked right, man would not eat. When it was cooked bad, man would not eat. When the meat was not cut properly, man would not eat. When the food was not prepared with the right sauce, man would not eat. Although there are plenty of meats, they should not be cooked more than staple food. There is no limit for alcohol, before a man gets drunk.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCshi_chunqiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüshi chunqiu">Lüshi chunqiu</a> notes: "Only if one is chosen as the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a> will the tastiest delicacies be prepared [for him]."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhaohun&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhaohun (page does not exist)">Zhaohun</a> (4-3rd c. BC) gives some examples: turtle ragout, honey cakes and beer (chilled with ice). </p><p>During <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Shi Huangdi</a>'s <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>, the empire expanded into the south. By the time of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, the different regions and cuisines of China's people were linked by major <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a> and leading to greater complexity in the different regional cuisines. Not only is food seen as giving "<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qi</a>", energy, but the food is also about maintaining yin and yang.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup> The philosophy behind it was rooted in the <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_traditional_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese traditional medicine">Chinese traditional medicine</a>: food was judged for color, aroma, taste, and texture and a good meal was expected to balance the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_herbology#Four_Natures" title="Chinese herbology">Four Natures</a> ('<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">hot</a>', warm, cool, and '<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">cold</a>') and the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_herbology#Five_Flavors" title="Chinese herbology">Five Tastes</a> (pungent, sweet, sour, bitter, and salty). <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_in_Chinese_history#Salt_in_Chinese_cuisine" title="Salt in Chinese history">Salt was used as a preservative</a> from early times, but in cooking was added in the form of soy sauce, and not at the table.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1988&#91;httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAcknxN_S8QCq22saltbyitselfwasneverused22pgPA207_267&#93;_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAcknxN_S8QCq22saltbyitselfwasneverused22pgPA207_267]-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>By the Later Han period (2nd century), writers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2013)">who?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> frequently complained of lazy aristocrats who did nothing but sit around all day eating <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">smoked</a> meats and roasts. </p><p>During the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, the Chinese developed methods of food preservation for military rations during campaigns such as drying meat into <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">jerky</a> and cooking, roasting, and drying grain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1988&#91;httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAcknxN_S8QCpgPA52_52&#93;_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAcknxN_S8QCpgPA52_52]-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> Chinese legends claim that the roasted, flat bread <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaobing" title="Shaobing">shaobing</a> was brought back from the <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Xiyu</a></i> (the Western Regions, a name for <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>) by the Han dynasty General <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Chao" title="Ban Chao">Ban Chao</a>, and that it was originally known as hubing (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">胡餅</span></span>, lit. "barbarian bread"). The shaobing is believed to be descended from the hubing.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaobing" title="Shaobing">Shaobing</a> is believed to be related to the Persian <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandoor_bread" title="Tandoor bread">nan</a></i> and Central Asian <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandyr_nan" title="Tandyr nan">nan</a></i>, as well as the Middle Eastern <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">pita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1988&#91;httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAcknxN_S8QCpgPA143_143,_144,_218&#93;_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAcknxN_S8QCpgPA143_143,_144,_218]-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holcombe2001_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holcombe2001-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> Foreign westerners made and sold sesame cakes in China during the Tang dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">&#91;13&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_and_Northern_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern and Northern dynasties">Southern and Northern dynasties</a> non-Han people like the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> introduced their cuisine to northern China, and these influences continued up to the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, popularizing meat like mutton and dairy products like goat milk, yogurts, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a> among even Han people. It was during the Song dynasty that <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> developed an aversion to dairy products and abandoned the dairy foods introduced earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1988&#91;httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAcknxN_S8QCdqyogurtfishweipgPA80_80&#93;_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAcknxN_S8QCdqyogurtfishweipgPA80_80]-14">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The Han Chinese rebel Wang Su who received asylum in the Xianbei Northern Wei after fleeing from Southern Qi, at first could not stand eating dairy products like goat's milk and meat like mutton and had to consume tea and fish instead, but after a few years he was able to eat yogurt and lamb, and the Xianbei Emperor asked him which of the foods of China (Zhongguo) he preferred, fish vs mutton and tea vs yogurt.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">&#91;17&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">&#91;18&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Post-Tang_dynasty">Post-Tang dynasty</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3"title="Edit section: Post-Tang dynasty" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h3> <p>The great migration of Chinese people south during the invasions preceding and during the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> increased the relative importance of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">southern Chinese</a> staples such as rice and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congee" title="Congee">congee</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Shi" title="Su Shi">Su Dongpo</a> has improved the red braised pork as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongpo_pork" title="Dongpo pork">Dongpo pork</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup> The dietary and culinary habits also changed greatly during this period, with many ingredients such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a> and Central Asian influenced foods becoming widespread and the creation of important cookbooks such as the <i>Shanjia Qinggong</i> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>&#58; <span lang="zh-Hant">山家清供</span>; <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>&#58; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shanjia qinggong</span></i>) and the <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wushi_Zhongkuilu" title="Wushi Zhongkuilu">Wushi Zhongkuilu</a></i> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>&#58; <span lang="zh-Hant">吳氏中饋錄</span>; <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>&#58; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">wushi zhoungkuilu</span></i>) showing the respective esoteric foods and common household cuisine of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-20">&#91;20&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasties introduced <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_cuisine" title="Manchu cuisine">Manchu cuisine</a>, warm northern dishes that popularized <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pot" title="Hot pot">hot pot</a> cooking. During the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_during_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Islam during the Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> many <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Chinese">Muslim communities</a> emerged in China, who practiced a porkless cuisine now preserved by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Hui restaurants</a> throughout the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan_cuisine" title="Yunnan cuisine">Yunnan cuisine</a> is unique in China for its cheeses like <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubing" title="Rubing">Rubing</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushan_cheese" title="Rushan cheese">Rushan cheese</a> made by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai people</a>, and its yogurt, the yogurt may have been due to a combination of Mongolian influence during the Yuan dynasty, the Central Asian settlement in Yunnan, and the proximity and influence of India and Tibet on Yunnan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1988&#91;httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAcknxN_S8QCpgPA52_91,_178&#93;_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAcknxN_S8QCpgPA52_91,_178]-21">&#91;21&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>As part of the last leg of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exchange">Columbian Exchange</a>, Spanish and Portuguese traders began introducing foods from the New World to China through the port cities of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. Mexican <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili peppers</a> became essential ingredients in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan cuisine</a> and calorically dense potatoes and corn became staple foods across the northern plains. </p><p>During the Qing dynasty, Chinese gastronomes such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Mei" title="Yuan Mei">Yuan Mei</a> focused upon the primary goal of extracting the maximum flavour of each ingredient. As noted in his culinary work the <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suiyuan_shidan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suiyuan shidan">Suiyuan shidan</a></i>, however, the fashions of cuisine at the time were quite varied and in some cases were flamboyantly ostentatious,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup> especially when the display served also a formal ceremonial purpose, as in the case of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_Han_Imperial_Feast" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu Han Imperial Feast">Manchu Han Imperial Feast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">&#91;23&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>As the pace of life increases in modern China, fast food like <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fried_noodles" title="Fried noodles">fried noodles</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fried_rice" title="Fried rice">fried rice</a> and <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaifan" title="Gaifan">gaifan</a></i> (dish over rice) become more and more popular. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Regional_cuisines">Regional cuisines</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4"title="Edit section: Regional cuisines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_regional_cuisine" title="Chinese regional cuisine">Chinese regional cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cuisines_of_China.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cuisines_of_China.png/250px-Cuisines_of_China.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cuisines_of_China.png/375px-Cuisines_of_China.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cuisines_of_China.png/500px-Cuisines_of_China.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Map showing major regional cuisines of China</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E7%8B%AE%E5%AD%90%E5%A4%B401_(5935161191).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%E7%8B%AE%E5%AD%90%E5%A4%B401_%285935161191%29.jpg/250px-%E7%8B%AE%E5%AD%90%E5%A4%B401_%285935161191%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%E7%8B%AE%E5%AD%90%E5%A4%B401_%285935161191%29.jpg/375px-%E7%8B%AE%E5%AD%90%E5%A4%B401_%285935161191%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/%E7%8B%AE%E5%AD%90%E5%A4%B401_%285935161191%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewed_meatball" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewed meatball">Lion's head</a> with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">crab meat</a>" (<span lang="zh-Hant">蟹粉獅子頭</span>) is a traditional eastern Chinese meatball soup.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are a variety of styles of cooking in China, but most Chinese chefs classified eight regional cuisines according to their distinct tastes and local characteristics. A number of different styles contribute to Chinese cuisine but perhaps the best known and most influential are <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangdong cuisine">Cantonese cuisine</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong cuisine</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu_cuisine" title="Jiangsu cuisine">Jiangsu cuisine</a> (specifically <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaiyang_cuisine" title="Huaiyang cuisine">Huaiyang cuisine</a>) and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan cuisine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yao_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yao-24">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">&#91;25&#93;</a></sup> These styles are distinctive from one another due to factors such as availability of resources, climate, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">geography</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">history</a>, cooking techniques and lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">&#91;26&#93;</a></sup> One style may favour the use of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallot" title="Shallot">shallots</a> over chili and spices, while another may favour preparing <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a> over other meats and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowl" title="Fowl">fowl</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu_cuisine" title="Jiangsu cuisine">Jiangsu cuisine</a> favours cooking techniques such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">braising</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewing">stewing</a>, while <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan cuisine</a> employs <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baking</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang_cuisine" title="Zhejiang cuisine">Zhejiang cuisine</a> focuses more on serving fresh food and shares some traits in common with Japanese food. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_cuisine" title="Fujian cuisine">Fujian cuisine</a> is famous for its seafood and soups and the use of spices. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan_cuisine" title="Hunan cuisine">Hunan cuisine</a> is famous for its hot and sour taste. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui_cuisine" title="Anhui cuisine">Anhui cuisine</a> incorporates wild food for an unusual taste and is wilder than Fujian cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">&#91;27&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Based on the raw materials and ingredients used, the method of preparation and cultural differences, a variety of foods with different flavors and textures are prepared in different regions of the country. Many traditional regional cuisines rely on basic methods of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">preservation</a> such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drying_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drying (food)">drying</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">salting</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickling</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermentation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hsieh_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hsieh-28">&#91;28&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the "rice theory" attempts to describe cultural differences between north and south China; in the north, noodles are more consumed due to wheat being widely grown whereas in the south, rice is more preferred as it has historically been more cultivated there.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">&#91;29&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Staple_foods">Staple foods</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5"title="Edit section: Staple foods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steamed_rice_in_bowl_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Steamed_rice_in_bowl_01.jpg/107px-Steamed_rice_in_bowl_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Steamed_rice_in_bowl_01.jpg/161px-Steamed_rice_in_bowl_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Steamed_rice_in_bowl_01.jpg/214px-Steamed_rice_in_bowl_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="626" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ClassicwhiteMantou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/ClassicwhiteMantou.jpg/110px-ClassicwhiteMantou.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/ClassicwhiteMantou.jpg/165px-ClassicwhiteMantou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/ClassicwhiteMantou.jpg/220px-ClassicwhiteMantou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shaobing5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Shaobing5.jpg/123px-Shaobing5.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Shaobing5.jpg/185px-Shaobing5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Shaobing5.jpg/246px-Shaobing5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:76px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HofanUpClose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/HofanUpClose.jpg/102px-HofanUpClose.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/HofanUpClose.jpg/153px-HofanUpClose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/HofanUpClose.jpg/204px-HofanUpClose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:76px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_Noodles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chinese_Noodles.jpg/136px-Chinese_Noodles.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chinese_Noodles.jpg/204px-Chinese_Noodles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chinese_Noodles.jpg/272px-Chinese_Noodles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2204" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:76px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thin_Noodle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Thin_Noodle.jpg/102px-Thin_Noodle.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Thin_Noodle.jpg/153px-Thin_Noodle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Thin_Noodle.jpg/204px-Thin_Noodle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Staple foods in China: rice, breads and various kinds of noodles</div></div></div></div> <p>Chinese ancestors successfully planted <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, and other grains about 8,000 to 9,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">&#91;30&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a>, another staple, took another three or four thousand years. For the first time, grains provided people with a steady supply of food. Because of the lack of various foods, Chinese people had to adapt to new eating habits. Meat was scarce, and so people cooked with small amounts of meat and rice or noodles.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rice">Rice</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6"title="Edit section: Rice" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h3> <p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> is a primary <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> for people from rice farming areas in southern China.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">&#91;32&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamed_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Steamed rice">Steamed rice</a>, usually <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_rice" title="White rice">white rice</a>, is the most commonly eaten form. People in South China also like to use rice to make congee as breakfast.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">&#91;33&#93;</a></sup> Rice is also used to produce <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_China" title="Beer in China">beer</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">baijiu</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutinous_rice" title="Glutinous rice">Glutinous rice</a> ("sticky rice") is a variety of rice used in special dishes such as lotus leaf rice and glutinous rice balls. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Wheat">Wheat</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7"title="Edit section: Wheat" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h3> <p>In wheat-farming areas in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">Northern China</a>, people largely rely on <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a>-based food, such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_noodle" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese noodle">noodles</a>, <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_(bread)" title="Bing (bread)">bing</a></i> (bread), <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiaozi" title="Jiaozi">jiaozi</a></i> (a kind of Chinese <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumpling" title="Dumpling">dumplings</a>), and <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantou" title="Mantou">mantou</a></i> (a type of steamed buns).<sup id="cite_ref-Yao_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yao-24">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup> Wheat likely "appeared in the lower Yellow River around 2600 Before Common Era (BCE), followed by Gansu and Xinjiang around 1900 BCE and finally occurred in the middle Yellow River and Tibet regions by 1600 BCE".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">&#91;34&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Noodles">Noodles</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8"title="Edit section: Noodles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_noodles" title="Chinese noodles">Chinese noodles</a></div> <p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_noodles" title="Chinese noodles">Chinese noodles</a> come dry or fresh in a variety of sizes, shapes and textures and are often served in soups or fried as toppings. Some varieties, such as Shou Mian (寿面, literally noodles of longevity), is an avatar of long life and good health according to Chinese traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Yao_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yao-24">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup> Noodles can be served hot or cold with different toppings, with broth, and occasionally dry (as is the case with mi-fen). Noodles are commonly made with rice flour or wheat flour, but other flours such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy flour">soybean</a> are also used in minor groups. Some noodles names describe their methods of creation, such as the hand-pulled noodle.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35">&#91;35&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Soybean_products">Soybean products</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9"title="Edit section: Soybean products" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tofu_-_assorted_products_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Tofu_-_assorted_products_01.jpg/220px-Tofu_-_assorted_products_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Tofu_-_assorted_products_01.jpg/330px-Tofu_-_assorted_products_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Tofu_-_assorted_products_01.jpg/440px-Tofu_-_assorted_products_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3474" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>Several kinds of soybean products are sold in a farmer's market in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikou" title="Haikou">Haikou</a>, China.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stired-fried_Razor_Clams_with_Black_Beans_and_Pepper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Stired-fried_Razor_Clams_with_Black_Beans_and_Pepper.jpg/220px-Stired-fried_Razor_Clams_with_Black_Beans_and_Pepper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Stired-fried_Razor_Clams_with_Black_Beans_and_Pepper.jpg/330px-Stired-fried_Razor_Clams_with_Black_Beans_and_Pepper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Stired-fried_Razor_Clams_with_Black_Beans_and_Pepper.jpg/440px-Stired-fried_Razor_Clams_with_Black_Beans_and_Pepper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2134" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>Stir-fried <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razor_shell" title="Razor shell">razor shell</a> with <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douchi" title="Douchi">douchi</a></i> (fermented black soybeans) in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_Peninsula" title="Shandong Peninsula">Jiaodong</a> style</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a> is made of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a> and is another popular food product that supplies protein. The production process of tofu varies from region to region, resulting in different kinds of tofu with a wide range of texture and taste.<sup id="cite_ref-Hsieh_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hsieh-28">&#91;28&#93;</a></sup> Other products such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_milk" title="Soy milk">soy milk</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_paste" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy paste">soy paste</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy oil">soy oil</a>, and fermented <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a> are also important in Chinese cooking. </p><p>There are many kinds of soybean products, including <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofu_skin" title="Tofu skin">tofu skin</a>, smoked tofu, dried tofu, and fried tofu. </p><p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinky_tofu" title="Stinky tofu">Stinky tofu</a> is fermented tofu. Like <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_cheese" title="Blue cheese">blue cheese</a> or <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">durian</a>, it has a very distinct, potent and strong smell, and is an acquired taste. Hard stinky tofu is often deep-fried and paired with soy sauce or salty spice. Soft stinky tofu is usually used as a spread on steamed buns. </p><p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doufuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Doufuru">Doufuru</a> is another type of fermented tofu that has a salty taste. Doufuru can be pickled together with soy beans, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_yeast_rice" title="Red yeast rice">red yeast rice</a> or chili to create different color and flavor. This is more of a pickled type of tofu and is not as strongly scented as stinky tofu. Doufuru has the consistency of slightly soft blue cheese, and a taste similar to Japanese <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miso_paste" class="mw-redirect" title="Miso paste">miso paste</a>, but less salty. Doufuru can be used as a spread on steamed buns, or paired with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congee" title="Congee">rice congee</a>. </p><p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermented_bean_curd" title="Fermented bean curd">Sufu</a> is one other type of fermented tofu that goes through ageing process. The color (red, white, green) and flavor profile can determine the type of sufu it is. This kind of tofu is usually eaten alongside breakfast rice.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">&#91;36&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Soybean milk is soybean-based milk. It is a morning beverage, and it has many benefits to human health.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Vegetables">Vegetables</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10"title="Edit section: Vegetables" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <p>Apart from vegetables that can be commonly seen, some unique <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetables">vegetables</a> used in Chinese cuisine include <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_corn" title="Baby corn">baby corn</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok_choy" title="Bok choy">bok choy</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_pea" title="Snow pea">snow peas</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gai_lan" title="Gai lan">Chinese broccoli</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvariella_volvacea" title="Volvariella volvacea">straw mushrooms</a>. Other vegetables, including <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean_sprout" class="mw-redirect" title="Bean sprout">bean sprouts</a>, pea vine tips, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercress" title="Watercress">watercress</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus root">lotus roots</a>, chestnuts, water chestnuts, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">bamboo shoots</a>, are also used in different cuisines of China. </p><p>Because of different climate and soil conditions, cultivars of green beans, peas, and mushrooms can be found in rich variety. </p><p>A variety of dried or pickled vegetables are also processed, especially in drier or colder regions where fresh vegetables were hard to get out of season. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Herbs_and_seasonings">Herbs and seasonings</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11"title="Edit section: Herbs and seasonings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Five_spices_detailed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Five_spices_detailed.jpg/200px-Five_spices_detailed.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Five_spices_detailed.jpg/300px-Five_spices_detailed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Five_spices_detailed.jpg/400px-Five_spices_detailed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4540" data-file-height="3026" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ingredients of <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-spice_powder" title="Five-spice powder">wu xiang fen</a></i> (five-spice powder) are Sichuan peppercorn, cloves, cinnamon, fennel seeds, and star anise.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_Cup_Chicken_in_Clay_Pot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Three_Cup_Chicken_in_Clay_Pot.jpg/200px-Three_Cup_Chicken_in_Clay_Pot.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Three_Cup_Chicken_in_Clay_Pot.jpg/300px-Three_Cup_Chicken_in_Clay_Pot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Three_Cup_Chicken_in_Clay_Pot.jpg/400px-Three_Cup_Chicken_in_Clay_Pot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4736" data-file-height="3552" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanbeiji" title="Sanbeiji">Sanbeiji</a></i> (three-cup chicken) traditionally is prepared with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">lard</a>, <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiuniang" title="Jiuniang">jiuniang</a></i> (rice wine pudding) and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasoning" title="Seasoning">Seasonings</a> such as fresh <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a> root, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scallion" title="Scallion">scallion</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilantro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilantro">cilantro</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">sesame</a> are widely used in many regional cuisines. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_peppercorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Sichuan peppercorn">Sichuan peppercorns</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_anise" class="mw-redirect" title="Star anise">star anise</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">fennel</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloves">cloves</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="White pepper">white peppers</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonum" title="Polygonum">smart weed</a> are also used in different regions.<sup id="cite_ref-times_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-38">&#91;38&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">&#91;39&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>To add extra flavor to the dishes, many Chinese cuisines also contain dried Chinese mushrooms, dried baby shrimp, dried tangerine peel,<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-40">&#91;40&#93;</a></sup> and dried Sichuan chillies. </p><p>When it comes to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauce" title="Sauce">sauces</a>, China is home to soy sauce, which is made from fermented soybeans and wheat. A number of sauces are also based on fermented soybeans, including <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoisin_sauce" title="Hoisin sauce">hoisin sauce</a>, ground bean sauce and yellow bean sauce. There are also different sauces preferred by regional cuisines, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_sauce" title="Oyster sauce">oyster sauce</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">fish sauce</a> and furu (fermented tofu) are also widely used. Vinegar also has a variety with different flavors: clear rice vinegar, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhenjiang_Vinegar" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhenjiang Vinegar">Chinkiang black rice vinegar</a>, Shanxi vinegar, Henghe vinegar etc. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Desserts_and_snacks">Desserts and snacks</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12"title="Edit section: Desserts and snacks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_desserts" title="Chinese desserts">Chinese desserts</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_pastries" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese pastries">Chinese pastries</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_desserts" title="List of Chinese desserts">List of Chinese desserts</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E7%B3%95%E7%82%B9-Chinese_Pastries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%E7%B3%95%E7%82%B9-Chinese_Pastries.jpg/200px-%E7%B3%95%E7%82%B9-Chinese_Pastries.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%E7%B3%95%E7%82%B9-Chinese_Pastries.jpg/300px-%E7%B3%95%E7%82%B9-Chinese_Pastries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%E7%B3%95%E7%82%B9-Chinese_Pastries.jpg/400px-%E7%B3%95%E7%82%B9-Chinese_Pastries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1547" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Different <i>gāo diǎn</i> (traditional Chinese pastry) with different stuffing, including <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_seed" title="Lotus seed">lotus seed</a>, rose, and mixture of pea and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackbean">jackbean</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egg_custard_tarts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Egg_custard_tarts.jpg/200px-Egg_custard_tarts.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Egg_custard_tarts.jpg/300px-Egg_custard_tarts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Egg_custard_tarts.jpg/400px-Egg_custard_tarts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_tart" title="Egg tart">Egg custard tart</a> is a type of <i>xī diǎn</i> (Western pastry) originally from Portugal and gain its popularity through <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Generally, seasonal fruits serve as the most common form of dessert consumed after dinner.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">&#91;41&#93;</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">Dim sum</a> (点心), originally means a small portion of food, can refer to dessert, or pastries. Later to avoid disambiguation, tian dian (甜点) and gao dian (糕点) are used to describe desserts and pastries. </p><p>Traditionally, Chinese desserts are sweet foods and dishes that are served with tea, usually during the meal,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">&#91;42&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">&#91;43&#93;</a></sup> or at the end of meals in Chinese cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">&#91;44&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Besides being served as dim sum along with tea, pastries are used for celebration of traditional festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">&#91;45&#93;</a></sup> The most famous one is <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_cake" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon cake">moon cake</a>, used to celebrate the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festival" title="Mid-Autumn Festival">Mid-Autumn Festival</a>. </p><p>A wide variety of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_desserts" title="Chinese desserts">Chinese desserts</a> are available, mainly including steamed and boiled sweet snacks. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_(Chinese_flatbread)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing (Chinese flatbread)">Bing</a> is an umbrella term for all breads in Chinese, also including pastries and sweets. These are baked wheat-flour-based confections, with different stuffings including <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_bean_paste" title="Red bean paste">red bean paste</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujube" title="Jujube">jujube</a>, and a variety of others. Su (酥) is another kind of pastry made with more amount of oil, making the confection more friable. Chinese candies and sweets, called <i>táng</i> (糖)<sup id="cite_ref-kaleidoscope_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaleidoscope-46">&#91;46&#93;</a></sup> are usually made with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">cane sugar</a>, malt sugar, honey, nuts, and fruit. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kueh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kueh">Gao or Guo</a> are rice-based snacks that are typically steamed<sup id="cite_ref-kaleidoscope_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaleidoscope-46">&#91;46&#93;</a></sup> and may be made from glutinous or normal rice. </p><p>Another cold dessert is called <i>baobing</i>, which is <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaved_ice" title="Shaved ice">shaved ice</a> with sweet syrup.<sup id="cite_ref-kaleidoscope_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaleidoscope-46">&#91;46&#93;</a></sup> Chinese jellies are known collectively in the language as <i>ices</i>. Many jelly desserts are traditionally set with agar and are flavoured with fruits, known as guodong (果冻),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">&#91;47&#93;</a></sup> though <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatine">gelatine</a> based jellies are also common in contemporary desserts. </p><p>Chinese dessert soups are typically sweet and served hot.<sup id="cite_ref-kaleidoscope_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaleidoscope-46">&#91;46&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>European pastries are also seen in China, like <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mille-feuille" title="Mille-feuille">mille-feuille</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_br%C3%BBl%C3%A9e" title="Crème brûlée">crème brûlée</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheesecake" title="Cheesecake">cheesecake</a>, but they are generally not as popular because the Chinese preference of dessert is mildly sweet and less oily.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baozi_Chengdu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Baozi_Chengdu.JPG/220px-Baozi_Chengdu.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Baozi_Chengdu.JPG/330px-Baozi_Chengdu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Baozi_Chengdu.JPG/440px-Baozi_Chengdu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baozi" title="Baozi">Bāozi</a></i> are steamed buns containing savoury or sweet combinations of meat, vegetables, and mushrooms, traditionally associated with breakfast.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many types of street foods, which vary from region to region, can be eaten as snacks or light dinner. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawn_cracker" title="Prawn cracker">Prawn crackers</a> are an often-consumed snack in Southeast China.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dairy_products">Dairy products</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13"title="Edit section: Dairy products" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h3> <p>Chinese in earlier dynasties evidently drank milk and ate dairy products, although not necessarily from cows, but perhaps <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">kumis</a></i> (fermented mare's milk) or goat's milk. </p><p>Historically, many Chinese chefs tried not to use milk, because of the high rate of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_intolerance#Epidemiology" title="Lactose intolerance">lactose intolerance among the Chinese population</a>. However, today, dairy products are increasingly used in Chinese cuisine, such as the "<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_skin_milk" title="Double skin milk">double skin milk</a>" dessert in Guangdong Province, the Rubing (milk cake) cheese in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoghurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoghurt">yoghurt</a> in Qinghai and Xinjiang. China has a wide variety of dairy desserts that are very popular.<sup id="cite_ref-kaleidoscope_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaleidoscope-46">&#91;46&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cold_dishes">Cold dishes</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14"title="Edit section: Cold dishes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_pickles" title="Chinese pickles">Chinese pickles</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%A6%99%E5%8D%A4%E7%8C%AA%E8%80%B3%E6%9C%B5-gravy_pig%27s_ear_cold_dish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%E9%A6%99%E5%8D%A4%E7%8C%AA%E8%80%B3%E6%9C%B5-gravy_pig%27s_ear_cold_dish.jpg/180px-%E9%A6%99%E5%8D%A4%E7%8C%AA%E8%80%B3%E6%9C%B5-gravy_pig%27s_ear_cold_dish.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%E9%A6%99%E5%8D%A4%E7%8C%AA%E8%80%B3%E6%9C%B5-gravy_pig%27s_ear_cold_dish.jpg/270px-%E9%A6%99%E5%8D%A4%E7%8C%AA%E8%80%B3%E6%9C%B5-gravy_pig%27s_ear_cold_dish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%E9%A6%99%E5%8D%A4%E7%8C%AA%E8%80%B3%E6%9C%B5-gravy_pig%27s_ear_cold_dish.jpg/360px-%E9%A6%99%E5%8D%A4%E7%8C%AA%E8%80%B3%E6%9C%B5-gravy_pig%27s_ear_cold_dish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2113" data-file-height="1383" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Stewed pig's ear as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_mei" title="Lou mei">lou mei</a> is usually served cold.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Billyfoodtofu1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Billyfoodtofu1.jpg/180px-Billyfoodtofu1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Billyfoodtofu1.jpg/270px-Billyfoodtofu1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Billyfoodtofu1.jpg/360px-Billyfoodtofu1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2176" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Pídàn dòufǔ</i> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_egg" title="Century egg">century egg</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Cold dishes are usually served before the main meal. Besides salad and pickles as appetizers, they can range from jelly, beancurd, noodle salad, cooked meat and sausages, to jellyfish or cold soups. </p><p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_sausage" title="Chinese sausage">Chinese sausages</a> vary from region to region. The most common sausage is made of pork and pork fat. The flavor is generally salty-sweet in Southern China. In other parts of China, sausages are salted to be preserved. Chinese sausage is prepared in many different ways, including oven-roasting, stir-frying, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">steaming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">&#91;48&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Soups">Soups</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15"title="Edit section: Soups" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese soup">Chinese soup</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tougan_shrimp_soup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tougan_shrimp_soup.jpg/220px-Tougan_shrimp_soup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tougan_shrimp_soup.jpg/330px-Tougan_shrimp_soup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tougan_shrimp_soup.jpg/440px-Tougan_shrimp_soup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>Dōngguā xiārén fěnsī tāng</i> (winter melon, shrimp and cellophane noodle soup)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_soups" title="List of Chinese soups">List of Chinese soups</a></div> <p>In some part of South China, soups are served between the cold dishes and the main dishes. In other parts of China, soups are served between the main dish and staple foods, before desserts or fruit salad. There are many traditional Chinese soups, such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonton" title="Wonton">wonton</a> soup, herbal chicken soup, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_and_sour_soup" title="Hot and sour soup">hot and sour soup</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_melon_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter melon soup">winter melon soup</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">&#91;49&#93;</a></sup> and so on. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Drinks">Drinks</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16"title="Edit section: Drinks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <p>Tea plays an important role in Chinese dining culture. In China, there are two main types of tea, one is made from dried tea leaves, the other one is made by extracts from tea leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">&#91;50&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">huangjiu</a> as strong alcoholic beverages are preferred by many people as well. Wine is not so popular as other drinks in China that are consumed whilst dining, although they are usually available in the menu. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tea">Tea</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17"title="Edit section: Tea" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h3> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Longjing_tea_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Longjing_tea_3.jpg/220px-Longjing_tea_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Longjing_tea_3.jpg/330px-Longjing_tea_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Longjing_tea_3.jpg/440px-Longjing_tea_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longjing_tea" title="Longjing tea">Longjing tea</a>, also known as Dragon Well tea, is a variety of roasted green tea from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> Province, China, where it is produced mostly by hand and has been renowned for its high quality, earning the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Famous_Tea" class="mw-redirect" title="China Famous Tea">China Famous Tea</a> title.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_tea" title="Chinese tea">Chinese tea</a></div> <p>As well as with dim sum, many Chinese drink their tea with snacks such as nuts, plums, dried fruit (in particular <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujube" title="Jujube">jujube</a>), small sweets, melon seeds, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrica_rubra" title="Myrica rubra">waxberry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yao_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yao-24">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup> China was the earliest country to cultivate and drink tea, which is enjoyed by people from all social classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hong_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hong-51">&#91;51&#93;</a></sup> Tea processing began after the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-Hong_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hong-51">&#91;51&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The different types of Chinese tea include black, white, green, yellow, oolong, and dark tea. Chinese tea is often classified into several different categories according to the species of plant from which it is sourced, the region in which it is grown, and the method of production used. Some of these types are <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">green tea</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oolong_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Oolong tea">oolong tea</a>, black tea, scented tea, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_tea" title="White tea">white tea</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_tea" title="Compressed tea">compressed tea</a>. There are four major <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea plantation">tea plantation</a> regions: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangbei_District,_Ningbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangbei District, Ningbo">Jiangbei</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan">Jiangnan</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huanan_County" title="Huanan County">Huanan</a> and the southwestern region.<sup id="cite_ref-Hong_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hong-51">&#91;51&#93;</a></sup> Well known types of green tea include <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longjing_tea" title="Longjing tea">Longjing</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangshan_Maofeng" title="Huangshan Maofeng">Huangshan Maofeng</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilochun" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilochun">Bilochun</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Putuofeng_Cha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Putuofeng Cha (page does not exist)">Putuofeng Cha</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liu%27an_Guapian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu&#39;an Guapian (page does not exist)">Liu'an Guapian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chang_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chang-52">&#91;52&#93;</a></sup> China is the world's largest exporter of green tea.<sup id="cite_ref-Chang_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chang-52">&#91;52&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>One of the most ubiquitous accessories in modern China, after a wallet or purse and an umbrella, is a double-walled insulated glass thermos with tea leaves in the top behind a strainer. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Alcoholic_beverages">Alcoholic beverages</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18"title="Edit section: Alcoholic beverages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese alcoholic beverages">Chinese alcoholic beverages</a></div> <p>The importance of <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">baijiu</a></i> (<small>lit.</small> "white liquor") in China (99.5% of its alcoholic market) makes it the most-consumed alcoholic spirit in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">&#91;53&#93;</a></sup> It dates back to the introduction of distilling during the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Yao_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yao-24">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup> can be made from wheat, corn, or rice; and is usually around 120 proof (60% ABV). The most ubiquitous brand is the cheap <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er_guo_tou" class="mw-redirect" title="Er guo tou">Er guo tou</a>, but <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Tai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao Tai">Mao Tai</a> is the premium <i>baijiu</i>. Other popular brands include Kang, Lu Zhou Te Qu, and Wu Liang Ye.<sup id="cite_ref-Yao_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yao-24">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">Huangjiu</a></i> (<small>lit.</small> "yellow liquor") is not distilled and is a strong <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">rice wine</a> (10–15% ABV).<sup id="cite_ref-Yao_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yao-24">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup> Popular brands include <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaoxing_Lao_Jiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaoxing Lao Jiu">Shaoxing Lao Jiu</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaoxing_Hua_Diao&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaoxing Hua Diao (page does not exist)">Shaoxing Hua Diao</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Te_Jia_Fan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Te Jia Fan (page does not exist)">Te Jia Fan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yao_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yao-24">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>While fermented grain beverages have been brewed in China for over 9,000 years, it has been long overshadowed by stronger alcohol like <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">Huangjiu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">&#91;54&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Herbal_drinks">Herbal drinks</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19"title="Edit section: Herbal drinks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_herb_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese herb tea">Chinese herb tea</a></div> <p>Chinese herb tea, also known as <i>medicinal herbal tea</i>, is a kind of tea made from Chinese medicinal <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">&#91;55&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_beverages">Other beverages</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20"title="Edit section: Other beverages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h3> <p>Soy milk, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond_milk" title="Almond milk">almond milk</a>, walnut milk and coconut milk are also drunk during the meal in different regions. In some parts of China, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus" title="Crataegus">hawthorn</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujube" title="Jujube">jujube</a> juice are preferred. A small shot of fruit vinegar is served as an appetizer in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Outside_China">Outside China</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21"title="Edit section: Outside China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Billyzhajiang1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Billyzhajiang1.jpg/220px-Billyzhajiang1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Billyzhajiang1.jpg/330px-Billyzhajiang1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Billyzhajiang1.jpg/440px-Billyzhajiang1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhajiangmian" title="Zhajiangmian">Zhájiàng Miàn</a></i> (noodles with bean paste) is a traditional northern Chinese dish. It has spread to South Korea where it is known as <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajangmyeon" title="Jajangmyeon">Jajangmyeon</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Where there are historical immigrant Chinese populations, the style of food has evolved and been adapted to local tastes and ingredients, and modified by the local cuisine, to greater or lesser extents. This has resulted in a deep Chinese influence on other national cuisines such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian cuisine</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino cuisine</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean cuisine</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai cuisine</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese cuisine</a>. There are also a large number of forms of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">fusion cuisine</a>, often popular in the country in question. Some, such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramen" title="Ramen">ramen</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Chinese_cuisine" title="Japanese Chinese cuisine">Japanese Chinese cuisine</a>) have become popular internationally. </p><p>Deep-fried meat combined with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_and_sour" title="Sweet and sour">sweet and sour</a> sauce as a cooking style receives an enormous preference outside of China. Therefore, many similar international Chinese cuisines are invented based on sweet and sour sauce, including Sweet and sour chicken (Europe and North America), Manchurian chicken (India) or <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangsuyuk" title="Tangsuyuk">tangsuyuk</a></i> (South Korea). The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_pizza" title="Hawaiian pizza">Hawaiian pizza</a> was inspired by Chinese sweet and sour flavors. </p><p>Apart from the host country, the dishes developed in overseas Chinese cuisines are heavily dependent on the cuisines derived from the origin of the Chinese immigrants. In <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Chinese_cuisine" title="Korean Chinese cuisine">Korean Chinese cuisine</a>, the dishes derive primarily from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong cuisine</a> while <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino Chinese cuisine</a> is strongly influenced by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_cuisine" title="Fujian cuisine">Fujian cuisine</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American Chinese cuisine</a> has distinctive dishes (such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chop_suey" title="Chop suey">chop suey</a>) originally based on Cantonese cuisine, which are more popular among non-Chinese Americans than with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a> themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">&#91;56&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">&#91;57&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>According to the report released by China's largest on-demand service platform in 2018, there are over 600,000 Chinese restaurants overseas. The report also pointed out that <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotpot" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotpot">hotpot</a> is the most popular food in the foreign market. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan cuisine</a> and some Chinese snacks and fast food followed in second and third place, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">&#91;58&#93;</a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American Chinese cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chop_suey" title="Chop suey">Chop suey</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Tso%27s_chicken" title="General Tso&#39;s chicken">General Tso's chicken</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_foo_young" title="Egg foo young">egg foo young</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_chicken" title="Orange chicken">orange chicken</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian Chinese cuisine</a> <ul><li>Mango pancake, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dim_sim" title="Dim sim">dim sim</a>, XO sauce pipis</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British Chinese cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_balls" title="Chicken balls">Chicken balls</a>, Jar jow</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Myanmar#Cuisine" title="Chinese people in Myanmar">Burmese Chinese cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyay_oh" title="Kyay oh">Kyay oh</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigyet_khauk_sw%C3%A8" title="Sigyet khauk swè">Sigyet khauk swè</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian Chinese cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_beef" title="Ginger beef">Ginger beef</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Chinese_cuisine" title="Caribbean Chinese cuisine">Caribbean Chinese cuisine</a> <ul><li>Cha chee kai, bangamary ding</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino Chinese cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroz_caldo" title="Arroz caldo">Arroz caldo</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batchoy" title="Batchoy">Batchoy</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancit" title="Pancit">Pancit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Indian Chinese cuisine">Indian Chinese cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobi_manchurian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobi manchurian">Gobi manchurian</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchow_soup" title="Manchow soup">Manchow soup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Chinese cuisine">Indonesian Chinese cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakso" title="Bakso">Bakso</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_cai" title="Cap cai">Cap cai</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpia" title="Lumpia">Lumpia</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_ayam" title="Mie ayam">Mie ayam</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_goreng" title="Mie goreng">Mie goreng</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swikee" title="Swikee">Swikee</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siomay" title="Siomay">Siomay</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_in_oyster_sauce" title="Crab in oyster sauce">Kepiting saus tiram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Chinese_cuisine" title="Japanese Chinese cuisine">Japanese Chinese cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champon" title="Champon">Champon</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramen" title="Ramen">Ramen</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyoza">Gyoza</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakuni" title="Kakuni">Kakuni</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenshindon" title="Tenshindon">Tenshindon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Chinese_cuisine" title="Korean Chinese cuisine">Korean Chinese cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajangmyeon" title="Jajangmyeon">Jajangmyeon</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jjamppong" title="Jjamppong">jjamppong</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotteok" title="Hotteok">hotteok</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangsuyuk" title="Tangsuyuk">Tangsuyuk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Latin_American_cuisine" title="Chinese Latin American cuisine">Chinese Latin American cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Peruvian Chinese cuisine</a> (Chifa) <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroz_chaufa" title="Arroz chaufa">Arroz chaufa</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomo_saltado" title="Lomo saltado">Lomo saltado</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Chinese_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican Chinese cuisine">Puerto Rican Chinese cuisine</a> <ul><li>Carne Ahumada</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian Chinese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Chinese_cuisine" title="New Zealand Chinese cuisine">New Zealand Chinese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani Chinese cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalfrezi" title="Jalfrezi">Jalfrezi</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Dining_etiquette">Dining etiquette</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22"title="Edit section: Dining etiquette" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Song_Dynasty_silver_chopsticks,_cup,_and_spoon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Song_Dynasty_silver_chopsticks%2C_cup%2C_and_spoon.JPG/220px-Song_Dynasty_silver_chopsticks%2C_cup%2C_and_spoon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Song_Dynasty_silver_chopsticks%2C_cup%2C_and_spoon.JPG/330px-Song_Dynasty_silver_chopsticks%2C_cup%2C_and_spoon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Song_Dynasty_silver_chopsticks%2C_cup%2C_and_spoon.JPG/440px-Song_Dynasty_silver_chopsticks%2C_cup%2C_and_spoon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Silverware from the Song dynasty (10th – 13th centuries): Chopsticks, bowl and spoon</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs_and_etiquette_in_Chinese_dining" title="Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining">Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining</a></div> <p>Youths should not begin eating before their elders do. When eating from a bowl, one should not hold it with its bottom part, because it resembles the act of begging. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopsticks" title="Chopsticks">Chopsticks</a> are the main eating utensils for Chinese food, which can be used to cut and pick up food.<sup id="cite_ref-chopsticks2_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chopsticks2-59">&#91;59&#93;</a></sup> When someone is taking a break from eating at the table, they should not put the chopstick into the rice vertically, because it resembles the Chinese traditional funeral tribute, which involves putting chopsticks inside a bowl of rice vertically. It is considered inappropriate to use knives on the dining table.<sup id="cite_ref-chopsticks_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chopsticks-60">&#91;60&#93;</a></sup> Chopsticks should not be waved around in the air or played with. Food should first be taken from the plate in front. It is considered impolite to stare at a plate. Watching TV, using mobile phones or doing other activities while eating is considered in poor taste. If an older person puts food in a younger person's bowl, the younger person should thank them.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">&#91;61&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Chinese culture has guidelines in how and when food are eaten. Chinese people typically eat three meals a day. Breakfast is served around 6–9am, lunch is served around 12–2pm, and dinner is served around 6–9pm.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62">&#91;62&#93;</a></sup> Within the Chinese culture, families do follow different traditions. In some families, the elderly members and youngsters get their meal first, then the mother and father, and then the children and teenagers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62">&#91;62&#93;</a></sup> Other families have the male and female eat separately at different seating area.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup> Whatever tradition the family decide to follow, it is intended to show respect to members of the family. Late night meals served from 9pm-4am and similar to the Western concept of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supper" title="Supper">supper</a> is known as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siu_yeh" title="Siu yeh">siu yeh</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Relation_to_Chinese_philosophy_and_religion">Relation to Chinese philosophy and religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23"title="Edit section: Relation to Chinese philosophy and religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mooncake1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mooncake1.jpg/170px-Mooncake1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mooncake1.jpg/255px-Mooncake1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mooncake1.jpg/340px-Mooncake1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooncake" title="Mooncake">Mooncake</a>, eaten during the Mid-Autumn Festival</figcaption></figure> <p>Food plays various roles in social and cultural life. In <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China" title="Ancestor veneration in China">ancestor veneration</a> is conducted by offering food to ancestors and Chinese festivals involve the consumption and preparation of specific foods which have symbolic meanings attached to them. Specific religions in China have their own cuisines such as the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoist_diet" title="Taoist diet">Taoist diet</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist cuisine</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_Cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Islamic Cuisine">Chinese Islamic Cuisine</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a> in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> province once had their own Chinese Jewish cuisine but the community has largely died out in the modern era and not much is known about the specifics of their cuisine but they did influence foods eaten in their region and some of their dishes remain.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">&#91;63&#93;</a></sup> Chinese dishes with purported Kaifeng Jewish roots include Kaifeng xiao long bao, Mayuxing bucket-shaped chicken, Chrysanthemum hot pot, and Four Treasures.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">&#91;64&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Food also plays a role in daily life. The formality of the meal setting can signify what kind of relationship people have with one another, and the type of food can indicate ones' social status and their country of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup> In a formal setting, up to sixteen of any combination of hot and cold dishes would be served to respect the guests. On the other hand, in a casual setting, people would eat inexpensive meals such as at food stalls or homemade food. The typical disparity in food in the Chinese society between the wealthy and everyone below that group lies in the rarity and cost of the food or ingredient, such as shark fins and bear paws.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Depending on whether one chooses to have rice or a meal that is made of wheat flour such as bread or noodles as their main source of food, people within a similar culture or of a different background can make an assumption of the other's country of origin from the south or north of China. Different foods have different symbolic meanings. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooncake" title="Mooncake">Mooncakes</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumpling" title="Dumpling">dumplings</a> are symbolic of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festival" title="Mid-Autumn Festival">Mid-autumn festival</a> and the Spring Festival, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a> symbolizes bad luck due to its similarity in pronunciation of 'away' in the native language and noodle means living a long life for its length.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62">&#91;62&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>In Chinese philosophy, food frequently conveys a message. A Chinese philosophy <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i> says, "Gentlemen use eating as a way to attain happiness. They should be aware of what they say, and refrain from eating too much."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">&#91;65&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24"title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1132942124">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Taiwan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong" title="Portal:Hong Kong">Hong Kong portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/32px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/48px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/64px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Singapore" title="Portal:Singapore">Singapore portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bite_of_China" title="A Bite of China">A Bite of China</a></i> by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">CCTV</a></li> <li>The eight major traditions of Chinese cuisine <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_cuisine" title="Fujian cuisine">Fujian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu_cuisine" title="Jiangsu cuisine">Jiangsu cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang_cuisine" title="Zhejiang cuisine">Zhejiang cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan_cuisine" title="Hunan cuisine">Hunan cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui_cuisine" title="Anhui cuisine">Anhui cuisine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other traditions in Chinese cuisine <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_imperial_cuisine" title="Chinese imperial cuisine">Chinese imperial cuisine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_cuisine" title="Shanghai cuisine">Shanghai cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaiyang_cuisine" title="Huaiyang cuisine">Huaiyang cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei_cuisine" title="Hubei cuisine">Hubei cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxi_cuisine" title="Jiangxi cuisine">Jiangxi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan_cuisine" title="Henan cuisine">Henan cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi_cuisine" title="Shanxi cuisine">Shanxi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi_cuisine" title="Shaanxi cuisine">Shaanxi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British Chinese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American Chinese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizhou_cuisine" title="Guizhou cuisine">Guizhou cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan_cuisine" title="Yunnan cuisine">Yunnan cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew_cuisine" title="Teochew cuisine">Teochew cuisine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_bakery_products" title="List of Chinese bakery products">List of Chinese bakery products</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_desserts" title="List of Chinese desserts">List of Chinese desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_dishes" title="List of Chinese dishes">List of Chinese dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_sauces" title="List of Chinese sauces">List of Chinese sauces</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_soups" title="List of Chinese soups">List of Chinese soups</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_regional_cuisine" title="Chinese regional cuisine">Chinese regional cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_food_therapy" title="Chinese food therapy">Chinese food therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">History of Chinese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs_and_etiquette_in_Chinese_dining" title="Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining">Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cooking_techniques" title="Chinese cooking techniques">Chinese cooking techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Cuisine_Training_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Cuisine Training Institute">Chinese Cuisine Training Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_restaurants_in_China" title="List of restaurants in China">List of restaurants in China</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_in_China" title="Pizza in China">Pizza in China</a></li></ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25"title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/english/cooking/2011-06/14/content_434301.htm">"Braised Shredded Dried Tofu"</a>. <i>China Today</i>. 14 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=China+Today&amp;rft.atitle=Braised+Shredded+Dried+Tofu&amp;rft.date=2011-06-14&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.chinatoday.com.cn%2Fenglish%2Fcooking%2F2011-06%2F14%2Fcontent_434301.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWertz" class="citation web cs1">Wertz, Richard R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/chineseculture/contents/food/p-food-c01s01.html">"The Cultural Heritage of China&#160;:: Food &amp; Drink&#160;:: Cuisine&#160;:: Introduction"</a>. <i>www.ibiblio.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.ibiblio.org&amp;rft.atitle=The+Cultural+Heritage+of+China+%3A%3A+Food+%26+Drink+%3A%3A+Cuisine+%3A%3A+Introduction&amp;rft.aulast=Wertz&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fchineseculture%2Fcontents%2Ffood%2Fp-food-c01s01.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i>, Book 10 <i>Xiang Dang</i> (鄉黨), Chapter 6, Verse 8: 食不厭精，膾不厭細。……失飪不食。……割不正，不食。不得其醬，不食。肉雖多，不使勝食氣。惟酒無量，不及亂。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHollman" class="citation book cs1">Hollman, Thomas. <i>The Land of the Five Flavors</i>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Land+of+the+Five+Flavors&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&amp;rft.aulast=Hollman&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2004" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, J.A.G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/C/bo3536662.html"><i>China to Chinatown</i></a>. Globalities. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861892270" title="Special:BookSources/9781861892270"><bdi>9781861892270</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=China+to+Chinatown&amp;rft.series=Globalities&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=9781861892270&amp;rft.aulast=Roberts&amp;rft.aufirst=J.A.G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fpress.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fdistributed%2FC%2Fbo3536662.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1988&#91;httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAcknxN_S8QCq22saltbyitselfwasneverused22pgPA207_267&#93;-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAcknxN_S8QCq22saltbyitselfwasneverused22pgPA207_267]_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1988">Anderson (1988)</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&amp;q=%22salt+by+itself+was+never+used%22&amp;pg=PA207">267</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1988&#91;httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAcknxN_S8QCpgPA52_52&#93;-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAcknxN_S8QCpgPA52_52]_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1988">Anderson (1988)</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&amp;pg=PA52">52</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2000" class="citation book cs1">Huang, H. T. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgtFxedkgbcC&amp;q=shao+ping+sesame&amp;pg=PA474"><i>Fermentations and Food Science, Volume 6</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p.&#160;474. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521652707" title="Special:BookSources/0521652707"><bdi>0521652707</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Fermentations+and+Food+Science%2C+Volume+6&amp;rft.pages=474&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=0521652707&amp;rft.aulast=Huang&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+T.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFgtFxedkgbcC%26q%3Dshao%2Bping%2Bsesame%26pg%3DPA474&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1988&#91;httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAcknxN_S8QCpgPA143_143,_144,_218&#93;-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAcknxN_S8QCpgPA143_143,_144,_218]_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1988">Anderson (1988)</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&amp;pg=PA143">143, 144, 218</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSimoons1990" class="citation book cs1">Simoons, Frederick J. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo087ZxohA4C&amp;q=shao+ping+sesame&amp;pg=PA89"><i>Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry</i></a>. CRC Press. p.&#160;89. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/084938804X" title="Special:BookSources/084938804X"><bdi>084938804X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Food+in+China%3A+A+Cultural+and+Historical+Inquiry&amp;rft.pages=89&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.isbn=084938804X&amp;rft.aulast=Simoons&amp;rft.aufirst=Frederick+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFo087ZxohA4C%26q%3Dshao%2Bping%2Bsesame%26pg%3DPA89&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JiXjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=The+name+%22shao+ping%22+applies+to+a+family+of+flaky,+fiat,+sesame-seed-+topped+breads+of+Persian+origin+but+now+found+in+all+locales+along+the+old+Silk+Road."><i>Free China Review, Volume 45, Issues 7-12</i></a>. W.Y. Tsao. 1995. p.&#160;66<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Free+China+Review%2C+Volume+45%2C+Issues+7-12&amp;rft.pages=66&amp;rft.pub=W.Y.+Tsao&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJiXjAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DThe%2Bname%2B%2522shao%2Bping%2522%2Bapplies%2Bto%2Ba%2Bfamily%2Bof%2Bflaky%2C%2Bfiat%2C%2Bsesame-seed-%2Btopped%2Bbreads%2Bof%2BPersian%2Borigin%2Bbut%2Bnow%2Bfound%2Bin%2Ball%2Blocales%2Balong%2Bthe%2Bold%2BSilk%2BRoad.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holcombe2001-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holcombe2001_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Holcombe2001" class="citation book cs1">Charles Holcombe (January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XT5pvPZ4vroC&amp;pg=PA129"><i>The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. - A.D. 907</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp.&#160;129–. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2465-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-2465-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Genesis+of+East+Asia%3A+221+B.C.+-+A.D.+907&amp;rft.pages=129-&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&amp;rft.date=2001-01&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2465-5&amp;rft.au=Charles+Holcombe&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXT5pvPZ4vroC%26pg%3DPA129&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSchafer1963" class="citation book cs1">Schafer, Edward H. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z7cZ77SqEQC&amp;pg=PA29"><i>The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tʻang Exotics</i></a> (illustrated, reprint, revised&#160;ed.). University of California Press. p.&#160;29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Golden+Peaches+of+Samarkand%3A+A+Study+of+T%CA%BBang+Exotics&amp;rft.pages=29&amp;rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint%2C+revised&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=1963&amp;rft.aulast=Schafer&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward+H.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Z7cZ77SqEQC%26pg%3DPA29&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1988&#91;httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAcknxN_S8QCdqyogurtfishweipgPA80_80&#93;-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAcknxN_S8QCdqyogurtfishweipgPA80_80]_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1988">Anderson (1988)</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&amp;dq=yogurt+fish+wei&amp;pg=PA80">80</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPearceSpiroEbrey2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Pearce, Scott; Spiro, Audrey G.; Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PASE4LVLzQ0C&amp;q=yogurt+fish+wei&amp;pg=PA22"><i>Culture and Power in the Reconstitution of the Chinese Realm, 200-600</i></a>. Vol.&#160;200 of Harvard East Asian monographs (illustrated&#160;ed.). Harvard Univ Asia Center. p.&#160;22. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674005236" title="Special:BookSources/0674005236"><bdi>0674005236</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Culture+and+Power+in+the+Reconstitution+of+the+Chinese+Realm%2C+200-600&amp;rft.pages=22&amp;rft.edition=illustrated&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+Univ+Asia+Center&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=0674005236&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPASE4LVLzQ0C%26q%3Dyogurt%2Bfish%2Bwei%26pg%3DPA22&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2009" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Mark Edward (2009). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinabetweenempi00lewi"><i>China Between Empires</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinabetweenempi00lewi/page/126">126</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674026056" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674026056"><bdi>978-0674026056</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>wang su yoghurt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=China+Between+Empires&amp;rft.pages=126&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0674026056&amp;rft.aulast=Lewis&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark+Edward&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinabetweenempi00lewi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2000" class="citation book cs1">Huang, H. T. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgtFxedkgbcC&amp;q=wang+su+yogurt&amp;pg=PA511"><i>Fermentations and Food Science, Volume 6</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p.&#160;511. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521652707" title="Special:BookSources/0521652707"><bdi>0521652707</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Fermentations+and+Food+Science%2C+Volume+6&amp;rft.pages=511&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=0521652707&amp;rft.aulast=Huang&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+T.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFgtFxedkgbcC%26q%3Dwang%2Bsu%2Byogurt%26pg%3DPA511&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChoo_&amp;_al.2014" class="citation cs2">Choo, Jessey Jiun-chyi; et&#160;al. (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffEYBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA429">"Everyday Life"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AeiIl2y6vJQC"><i>Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook</i></a>, New York: Columbia University Press, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AeiIl2y6vJQC&amp;pg=PA434">434</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15987-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15987-6"><bdi>978-0-231-15987-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Everyday+Life&amp;rft.btitle=Early+Medieval+China%3A+A+Sourcebook&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=434&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-231-15987-6&amp;rft.aulast=Choo&amp;rft.aufirst=Jessey+Jiun-chyi&amp;rft.au=Albert+E.+Dien&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffEYBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA429&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《東坡續集》卷十：《豬肉頌》：“洗凈鐺，少著水，柴頭罨煙燄不起。待他自熟莫催他，火候足時他自美。黃州好豬肉，價賤如泥土。貴者不肯食，貧者不解煮。早晨起來打兩碗，飽得自家君莫管。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHöllmann2014" class="citation book cs1">Höllmann, Thomas O. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868132659"><i>The land of the five flavors&#160;: a cultural history of Chinese cuisine</i></a>. Karen Margolis. New York. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53654-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53654-7"><bdi>978-0-231-53654-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868132659">868132659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+land+of+the+five+flavors+%3A+a+cultural+history+of+Chinese+cuisine&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F868132659&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-231-53654-7&amp;rft.aulast=H%C3%B6llmann&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F868132659&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1988&#91;httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAcknxN_S8QCpgPA52_91,_178&#93;-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAcknxN_S8QCpgPA52_91,_178]_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1988">Anderson (1988)</a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&amp;pg=PA52">91, 178</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayoftheeating.wordpress.com/2014/05/22/things-to-avoid-3-meals-for-the-ears/">"Things to Avoid 3: Meals for the Ears (戒耳餐)"</a>. <i>Translating the Suiyuan Shidan</i>. 22 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Translating+the+Suiyuan+Shidan&amp;rft.atitle=Things+to+Avoid+3%3A+Meals+for+the+Ears+%28%E6%88%92%E8%80%B3%E9%A4%90%29&amp;rft.date=2014-05-22&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwayoftheeating.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F05%2F22%2Fthings-to-avoid-3-meals-for-the-ears%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayoftheeating.wordpress.com/2014/09/05/things-to-avoid-12-cliche/">"Things to Avoid 12: Cliché (戒落套)"</a>. <i>Translating the Suiyuan Shidan</i>. 5 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Translating+the+Suiyuan+Shidan&amp;rft.atitle=Things+to+Avoid+12%3A+Clich%C3%A9+%28%E6%88%92%E8%90%BD%E5%A5%97%29&amp;rft.date=2014-09-05&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwayoftheeating.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F09%2F05%2Fthings-to-avoid-12-cliche%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yao-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yao_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yao_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yao_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yao_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yao_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yao_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yao_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yao_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yao, Zhang. <i>China Everyday!</i>. Page One Pub. 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-245-330-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-245-330-3">978-981-245-330-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kas.ku.edu/archived-site/chinese_food/regional_cuisine.html">"Regions of Chinese food-styles/flavors of cooking."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005071508/http://www.kas.ku.edu/archived-site/chinese_food/regional_cuisine.html">Archived</a> 5 October 2011 at the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kas.ku.edu/">University of Kansas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302074232/http://www.kas.ku.edu/archived-site/chinese_food/regional_cuisine.html">Archived</a> 2 March 2021 at the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Kansas Asia Scholars. Accessed June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/07/chinas-culinary-diversity-in-one-map/278138/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"China's Culinary Diversity in One Map"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. 26 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&amp;rft.atitle=%22China%27s+Culinary+Diversity+in+One+Map%22&amp;rft.date=2013-07-26&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fchina%2Farchive%2F2013%2F07%2Fchinas-culinary-diversity-in-one-map%2F278138%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChuankang1994" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chuankang, Cheng (15 May 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geog.com.cn/EN/Y1994/V61/I3/226">"THE CULTURE OF CHINESE DIET:REGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION AND DEVELOPING TRENDS"</a>. <i>Acta Geographica Sinica</i> (in Chinese). <b>61</b> (3): 226–235. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0375-5444">0375-5444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Acta+Geographica+Sinica&amp;rft.atitle=THE+CULTURE+OF+CHINESE+DIET%3AREGIONAL+DIFFERENTIATION+AND+DEVELOPING+TRENDS&amp;rft.volume=61&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=226-235&amp;rft.date=1994-05-15&amp;rft.issn=0375-5444&amp;rft.aulast=Chuankang&amp;rft.aufirst=Cheng&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.geog.com.cn%2FEN%2FY1994%2FV61%2FI3%2F226&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hsieh-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hsieh_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hsieh_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Li &amp; Y. Hsieh. <i>Traditional Chinese Food Technology and Cuisine</i>. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004;13(2): 147–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140508141743.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Rice theory' explains north-south China cultural differences"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%27Rice+theory%27+explains+north-south+China+cultural+differences&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2014%2F05%2F140508141743.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCallaway2014" class="citation journal cs1">Callaway, Ewen (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F514S58a">"Domestication: The birth of rice"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>514</b> (7524): S58–S59. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.514S..58C">2014Natur.514S..58C</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F514S58a">10.1038/514S58a</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25368889">25368889</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4457200">4457200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Domestication%3A+The+birth+of+rice&amp;rft.volume=514&amp;rft.issue=7524&amp;rft.pages=S58-S59&amp;rft.date=2014-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4457200%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.514S..58C&amp;rft.issn=1476-4687&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F514S58a&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25368889&amp;rft.aulast=Callaway&amp;rft.aufirst=Ewen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F514S58a&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMa2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ma, Guansheng (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2015.11.004">"Food, eating behavior, and culture in Chinese society"</a>. <i>Journal of Ethnic Foods</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 195–199. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2015.11.004">10.1016/j.jef.2015.11.004</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnic+Foods&amp;rft.atitle=Food%2C+eating+behavior%2C+and+culture+in+Chinese+society&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=195-199&amp;rft.date=2015-12&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jef.2015.11.004&amp;rft.aulast=Ma&amp;rft.aufirst=Guansheng&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jef.2015.11.004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMa2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ma, Guansheng (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2015.11.004">"Food, eating behavior, and culture in Chinese society"</a>. <i>Journal of Ethnic Foods</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 195–199. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2015.11.004">10.1016/j.jef.2015.11.004</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnic+Foods&amp;rft.atitle=Food%2C+eating+behavior%2C+and+culture+in+Chinese+society&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=195-199&amp;rft.date=2015-12&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jef.2015.11.004&amp;rft.aulast=Ma&amp;rft.aufirst=Guansheng&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jef.2015.11.004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eatingchina.com/recipes/rice-porridge.htm">"Chinese Rice Porridge (Congee) Recipe"</a>. <i>Eating China</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Eating+China&amp;rft.atitle=Chinese+Rice+Porridge+%28Congee%29+Recipe&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.eatingchina.com%2Frecipes%2Frice-porridge.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLongLeipeJinWagner2018" class="citation journal cs1">Long, Tengwen; Leipe, Christian; Jin, Guiyun; Wagner, Mayke; Guo, Rongzhen; Schröder, Oskar; Tarasov, Pavel E. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-018-0141-x">"The early history of wheat in China from 14C dating and Bayesian chronological modelling"</a>. <i>Nature Plants</i>. <b>4</b> (5): 272–279. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41477-018-0141-x">10.1038/s41477-018-0141-x</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2055-0278">2055-0278</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29725102">29725102</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19156382">19156382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Plants&amp;rft.atitle=The+early+history+of+wheat+in+China+from+14C+dating+and+Bayesian+chronological+modelling&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=272-279&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.issn=2055-0278&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19156382%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29725102&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41477-018-0141-x&amp;rft.aulast=Long&amp;rft.aufirst=Tengwen&amp;rft.au=Leipe%2C+Christian&amp;rft.au=Jin%2C+Guiyun&amp;rft.au=Wagner%2C+Mayke&amp;rft.au=Guo%2C+Rongzhen&amp;rft.au=Schr%C3%B6der%2C+Oskar&amp;rft.au=Tarasov%2C+Pavel+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41477-018-0141-x&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFZhangMa2016" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Na; Ma, Guansheng (1 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2016.08.003">"Noodles, traditionally and today"</a>. <i>Journal of Ethnic Foods</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 209–212. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2016.08.003">10.1016/j.jef.2016.08.003</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2352-6181">2352-6181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnic+Foods&amp;rft.atitle=Noodles%2C+traditionally+and+today&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=209-212&amp;rft.date=2016-09-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jef.2016.08.003&amp;rft.issn=2352-6181&amp;rft.aulast=Zhang&amp;rft.aufirst=Na&amp;rft.au=Ma%2C+Guansheng&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jef.2016.08.003&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHanRomboutsNout2001" class="citation journal cs1">Han, B. Z.; Rombouts, F. M.; Nout, M. J. (11 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11322691/">"A Chinese fermented soybean food"</a>. <i>International Journal of Food Microbiology</i>. <b>65</b> (1–2): 1–10. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0168-1605%2800%2900523-7">10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00523-7</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0168-1605">0168-1605</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11322691">11322691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&amp;rft.atitle=A+Chinese+fermented+soybean+food&amp;rft.volume=65&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&amp;rft.pages=1-10&amp;rft.date=2001-04-11&amp;rft.issn=0168-1605&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11322691&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0168-1605%2800%2900523-7&amp;rft.aulast=Han&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+Z.&amp;rft.au=Rombouts%2C+F.+M.&amp;rft.au=Nout%2C+M.+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F11322691%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFYuLiuHuXu2017" class="citation journal cs1">Yu, Hansong; Liu, Ruixue; Hu, Yaohui; Xu, Baojun (31 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10942912.2017.1382507">"Flavor profiles of soymilk processed with four different processing technologies and 26 soybean cultivars grown in China"</a>. <i>International Journal of Food Properties</i>. <b>20</b> (sup3): S2887–S2898. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10942912.2017.1382507">10.1080/10942912.2017.1382507</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1094-2912">1094-2912</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:103900286">103900286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Properties&amp;rft.atitle=Flavor+profiles+of+soymilk+processed+with+four+different+processing+technologies+and+26+soybean+cultivars+grown+in+China&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=sup3&amp;rft.pages=S2887-S2898&amp;rft.date=2017-12-31&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A103900286%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=1094-2912&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10942912.2017.1382507&amp;rft.aulast=Yu&amp;rft.aufirst=Hansong&amp;rft.au=Liu%2C+Ruixue&amp;rft.au=Hu%2C+Yaohui&amp;rft.au=Xu%2C+Baojun&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10942912.2017.1382507&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-times-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-times_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530060727/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/real_food/article4262148.ece">"Top 10 basic ingredients for Chinese cooking"</a>. Archived from the original on 30 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Top+10+basic+ingredients+for+Chinese+cooking.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Flife_and_style%2Ffood_and_drink%2Freal_food%2Farticle4262148.ece&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> [<i>The Times</i>]. Accessed June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFYan" class="citation web cs1">Yan, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/chinese-herbs-and-spices.html">"Chinese Cooking For Dummies"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Chinese+Cooking+For+Dummies&amp;rft.aulast=Yan&amp;rft.aufirst=Martin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.dummies.com%2Fhow-to%2Fcontent%2Fchinese-herbs-and-spices.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSimonds1993" class="citation news cs1">Simonds, Nina (1993-06-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/02/garden/chinese-restaurants-are-adding-herbs-for-flavor-and-health.html">"Chinese Restaurants Are Adding Herbs for Flavor and Health"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Chinese+Restaurants+Are+Adding+Herbs+for+Flavor+and+Health&amp;rft.date=1993-06-02&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Simonds&amp;rft.aufirst=Nina&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F06%2F02%2Fgarden%2Fchinese-restaurants-are-adding-herbs-for-flavor-and-health.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLin" class="citation web cs1">Lin, Kathy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethnomed.org/clinical/nutrition/chinese_food_cultural_profile">"Chinese Food Cultural Profile"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Chinese+Food+Cultural+Profile&amp;rft.aulast=Lin&amp;rft.aufirst=Kathy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fethnomed.org%2Fclinical%2Fnutrition%2Fchinese_food_cultural_profile&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFu_Pei-Mei2010" class="citation book cs1">Fu Pei-Mei (2010). <i>Pei-Mei's Chinese Cook Book Volume 2</i>. Menlo Park, CA: Askmar Publishing. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935842-05-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935842-05-7"><bdi>978-1-935842-05-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pei-Mei%27s+Chinese+Cook+Book+Volume+2&amp;rft.place=Menlo+Park%2C+CA&amp;rft.pub=Askmar+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-935842-05-7&amp;rft.au=Fu+Pei-Mei&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJurafsky2009" class="citation web cs1">Jurafsky, Dan (6 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languageoffood.blogspot.com/2009/10/dessert.html">"The Language of Food: Dessert"</a>. <i>The Language of Food</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Language+of+Food&amp;rft.atitle=The+Language+of+Food%3A+Dessert&amp;rft.date=2009-10-06&amp;rft.aulast=Jurafsky&amp;rft.aufirst=Dan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Flanguageoffood.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F10%2Fdessert.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWertz2016" class="citation web cs1">Wertz, Richard R. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/chineseculture/contents/food/p-food-c01s01.html">"Food &amp; Drink: Cuisine"</a>. <i>The Cultural Heritage of China</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Cultural+Heritage+of+China&amp;rft.atitle=Food+%26+Drink%3A+Cuisine&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.aulast=Wertz&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fchineseculture%2Fcontents%2Ffood%2Fp-food-c01s01.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113143937/http://s.visitbeijing.com.cn/html/bjtc-15_gd.shtml">"Daoxiangcun - Introduction of Beijing Local Special Product"</a> (in Chinese). Visit Beijing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s.visitbeijing.com.cn/html/bjtc-15_gd.shtml">the original</a> on 13 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Daoxiangcun+-+Introduction+of+Beijing+Local+Special+Product&amp;rft.pub=Visit+Beijing&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fs.visitbeijing.com.cn%2Fhtml%2Fbjtc-15_gd.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kaleidoscope-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kaleidoscope_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaleidoscope_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaleidoscope_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaleidoscope_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaleidoscope_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/en/8Kaleidoscope5550.html">"Chinese Desserts."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110702152953/http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/en/8Kaleidoscope5550.html">Archived</a> 2 July 2011 at the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/">Kaleidoscope - Cultural China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711102415/http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/">Archived</a> 11 July 2011 at the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/zhs/%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD-%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD-%E7%AE%80%E4%BD%93/jelly">"jelly"</a>. <i>dictionary.cambridge.org</i>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Dictionary">Cambridge Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=dictionary.cambridge.org&amp;rft.atitle=jelly&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fzhs%2F%25E8%25AF%258D%25E5%2585%25B8%2F%25E8%258B%25B1%25E8%25AF%25AD-%25E6%25B1%2589%25E8%25AF%25AD-%25E7%25AE%2580%25E4%25BD%2593%2Fjelly&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson" class="citation web cs1">Parkinson, Rhonda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130402221313/http://chinesefood.about.com/od/cookingfaqs/f/chinese-sausage.htm">"How To Cook Chinese Sausage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinesefood.about.com/od/cookingfaqs/f/chinese-sausage.htm">the original</a> on 2 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=How+To+Cook+Chinese+Sausage&amp;rft.aulast=Parkinson&amp;rft.aufirst=Rhonda&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fchinesefood.about.com%2Fod%2Fcookingfaqs%2Ff%2Fchinese-sausage.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://simplechinesefood.com/recipe/winter-melon-soup-42">"Winter Melon Soup Recipe"</a>. <i>Simple Chinese Food</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Simple+Chinese+Food&amp;rft.atitle=Winter+Melon+Soup+Recipe&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fsimplechinesefood.com%2Frecipe%2Fwinter-melon-soup-42&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPanNieTaiSong2022" class="citation journal cs1">Pan, Si-Yuan; Nie, Qu; Tai, Hai-Chuan; Song, Xue-Lan; Tong, Yu-Fan; Zhang, Long-Jian-Feng; Wu, Xue-Wei; Lin, Zhao-Heng; Zhang, Yong-Yu; Ye, Du-Yun; Zhang, Yi (22 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8861626">"Tea and tea drinking: China's outstanding contributions to the mankind"</a>. <i>Chinese Medicine</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 27. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13020-022-00571-1">10.1186/s13020-022-00571-1</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1749-8546">1749-8546</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8861626">8861626</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35193642">35193642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chinese+Medicine&amp;rft.atitle=Tea+and+tea+drinking%3A+China%27s+outstanding+contributions+to+the+mankind&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=27&amp;rft.date=2022-02-22&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8861626%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft.issn=1749-8546&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35193642&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13020-022-00571-1&amp;rft.aulast=Pan&amp;rft.aufirst=Si-Yuan&amp;rft.au=Nie%2C+Qu&amp;rft.au=Tai%2C+Hai-Chuan&amp;rft.au=Song%2C+Xue-Lan&amp;rft.au=Tong%2C+Yu-Fan&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Long-Jian-Feng&amp;rft.au=Wu%2C+Xue-Wei&amp;rft.au=Lin%2C+Zhao-Heng&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yong-Yu&amp;rft.au=Ye%2C+Du-Yun&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yi&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8861626&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hong-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hong_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hong_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hong_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Q. Hong &amp; F. Chunjian. <i>Origins of Chinese Tea and Wine</i>. Asiapac Books Pte Ltd. 2005.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9812293698" title="Special:BookSources/9812293698">9812293698</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chang-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chang_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chang_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zonglin Chang Xukui Li. <i>Aspect of Chinese Culture</i>. 2006.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/7302126321" title="Special:BookSources/7302126321">7302126321</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-302-12632-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-302-12632-4">978-7-302-12632-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Economist</i>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/06/daily-chart-9">Daily Chart: High Spirits</a>". 17 June 2013. Accessed 9 August 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSandhaus2020" class="citation web cs1">Sandhaus, Derek (8 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200823005558/https://supchina.com/2020/07/08/craft-beer-in-china-a-brief-and-complete-history/">"Craft beer in China: A brief and complete history"</a>. <i>SupChina</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supchina.com/2020/07/08/craft-beer-in-china-a-brief-and-complete-history/">the original</a> on 23 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=SupChina&amp;rft.atitle=Craft+beer+in+China%3A+A+brief+and+complete+history&amp;rft.date=2020-07-08&amp;rft.aulast=Sandhaus&amp;rft.aufirst=Derek&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fsupchina.com%2F2020%2F07%2F08%2Fcraft-beer-in-china-a-brief-and-complete-history%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWulin紀戊霖2010" class="citation book cs1">Wulin, Ji; 紀戊霖 (3 February 2010). <i>Zhong yao cai cha liao shi dian</i>. Tai bei xian xin dian shi: Yuan hua fa xing chu ban fa xing. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789866612794" title="Special:BookSources/9789866612794"><bdi>9789866612794</bdi></a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/815400238">815400238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Zhong+yao+cai+cha+liao+shi+dian&amp;rft.place=Tai+bei+xian+xin+dian+shi&amp;rft.pub=Yuan+hua+fa+xing+chu+ban+fa+xing&amp;rft.date=2010-02-03&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F815400238&amp;rft.isbn=9789866612794&amp;rft.aulast=Wulin&amp;rft.aufirst=Ji&amp;rft.au=%E7%B4%80%E6%88%8A%E9%9C%96&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Coe, <i>Chop Suey: A Cultural History of Chinese Food in the United States</i> (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yong Chen, <i>Chop Suey, USA: The Story of Chinese Food in America</i> (2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.eastmoney.com/notices/detail/03690/AN201904111318506320,JUU3JUJFJThFJUU1JTlCJUEyJUU3JTgyJUI5JUU4JUFGJTg0LVc=.html">"2018年年報_美团点评-W(03690)_公告正文"</a>. <i>data.eastmoney.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=data.eastmoney.com&amp;rft.atitle=2018%E5%B9%B4%E5%B9%B4%E5%A0%B1_%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%A2%E7%82%B9%E8%AF%84-W%2803690%29_%E5%85%AC%E5%91%8A%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%87&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fdata.eastmoney.com%2Fnotices%2Fdetail%2F03690%2FAN201904111318506320%2CJUU3JUJFJThFJUU1JTlCJUEyJUU3JTgyJUI5JUU4JUFGJTg0LVc%3D.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chopsticks2-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chopsticks2_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://think.sina.cn/shise/doc--ifyarrcf4119650.d.html">"Why Chinese use chopsticks while Westerners use knives and forks?"</a> (in Chinese). Sina Zhishi. 16 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Why+Chinese+use+chopsticks+while+Westerners+use+knives+and+forks%3F&amp;rft.pub=Sina+Zhishi&amp;rft.date=2017-02-16&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fthink.sina.cn%2Fshise%2Fdoc--ifyarrcf4119650.d.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chopsticks-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chopsticks_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trustnews1724.co.in/where-did-british-chinese-food-come-from-2023/">"Why the length of chopsticks are 7 cun 6 fen?"</a> (in Chinese). KK News. 2 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Why+the+length+of+chopsticks+are+7+cun+6+fen%3F&amp;rft.pub=KK+News&amp;rft.date=2016-09-02&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Ftrustnews1724.co.in%2Fwhere-did-british-chinese-food-come-from-2023%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;Dead link tagged June 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1986" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, Eugene (1986). "Chinese Table Manners: You Are How You Eat". <i>Human Organization</i>. <b>45</b> (2): 179–184. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17730%2Fhumo.45.2.4034u85x3058m025">10.17730/humo.45.2.4034u85x3058m025</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-7259">0018-7259</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44126118">44126118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Human+Organization&amp;rft.atitle=Chinese+Table+Manners%3A+You+Are+How+You+Eat&amp;rft.volume=45&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=179-184&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.issn=0018-7259&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44126118%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17730%2Fhumo.45.2.4034u85x3058m025&amp;rft.aulast=Cooper&amp;rft.aufirst=Eugene&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108031347/https://www.yumofchina.com/chinese-food-culture/">"Chinese Food Culture - Understand your behavior when eating in China"</a>. <i>Yum Of China</i>. 20 April 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yumofchina.com/chinese-food-culture/">the original</a> on 8 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Yum+Of+China&amp;rft.atitle=Chinese+Food+Culture+-+Understand+your+behavior+when+eating+in+China&amp;rft.date=2019-04-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.yumofchina.com%2Fchinese-food-culture%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=864">Kaifeng, Capital and Culinary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181014165059/http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=864">Archived</a> 14 October 2018 at the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Flavor and Fortune</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flavorandfortune.com/ffdataaccess/article.php?ID=1475">"Kaifeng: A Chinese Jewish Haven"</a>. <i>www.flavorandfortune.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.flavorandfortune.com&amp;rft.atitle=Kaifeng%3A+A+Chinese+Jewish+Haven&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.flavorandfortune.com%2Fffdataaccess%2Farticle.php%3FID%3D1475&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="zh-Hans">《易》曰：君子以飲食宴樂。又曰：君子慎言語，節飲食。</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">“Yì” yuē: Jūnzǐ yǐ yǐnshí yàn lè.</span></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26"title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGernet1962" class="citation book cs1">Gernet, Jacques (1962). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinchina00gernrich"><i>Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276</i></a></span>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0720-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0720-0"><bdi>0-8047-0720-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+China+on+the+Eve+of+the+Mongol+Invasion%2C+1250%E2%80%931276&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1962&amp;rft.isbn=0-8047-0720-0&amp;rft.aulast=Gernet&amp;rft.aufirst=Jacques&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinchina00gernrich&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27"title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="History_2">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28"title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h3> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1988" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Eugene N. (1988). <i>The Food of China</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300047398" title="Special:BookSources/0300047398"><bdi>0300047398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Food+of+China&amp;rft.place=New+Haven&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.isbn=0300047398&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson&amp;rft.aufirst=Eugene+N.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1">Chang, Kwang-chih (1977). <i>Food in Chinese Culture: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300019386" title="Special:BookSources/0300019386"><bdi>0300019386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Food+in+Chinese+Culture%3A+Anthropological+and+Historical+Perspectives&amp;rft.place=New+Haven&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.isbn=0300019386&amp;rft.au=Chang%2C+Kwang-chih&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>David R. Knechtges, "A Literary Feast: Food in Early Chinese Literature," <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society </i>106.1 (1986): 49–63.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1">Newman, Jacqueline M. (2004). <i>Food Culture in China</i>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313325812" title="Special:BookSources/0313325812"><bdi>0313325812</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Food+Culture+in+China&amp;rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=0313325812&amp;rft.au=Newman%2C+Jacqueline+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1">Roberts, J. A. G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinatochinatown00robe"><i>China to Chinatown: Chinese Food in the West</i></a>. London: Reaktion. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1861891334" title="Special:BookSources/1861891334"><bdi>1861891334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=China+to+Chinatown%3A+Chinese+Food+in+the+West&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Reaktion&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=1861891334&amp;rft.au=Roberts%2C+J.+A.+G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinatochinatown00robe&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sterckx, Roel. <i>Food, Sacrifice, and Sagehood in Early China.</i> New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011 (2015).</li> <li>Sterckx, Roel. <i>Chinese Thought. From Confucius to Cook Ding.</i> London: Penguin, 2019.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1">Swislocki, Mark (2009). <i>Culinary Nostalgia: Regional Food Culture and the Urban Experience in Shanghai</i>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804760126" title="Special:BookSources/9780804760126"><bdi>9780804760126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Culinary+Nostalgia%3A+Regional+Food+Culture+and+the+Urban+Experience+in+Shanghai&amp;rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=9780804760126&amp;rft.au=Swislocki%2C+Mark&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Waley-Cohen" title="Joanna Waley-Cohen">Waley-Cohen, Joanna</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093548/http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=625">"Celebrated Cooks of China's Past"</a>. <i>Flavor &amp; Fortune</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 5–7, 24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=625">the original</a> on 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Flavor+%26+Fortune&amp;rft.atitle=Celebrated+Cooks+of+China%27s+Past&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=5-7%2C+24&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.aulast=Waley-Cohen&amp;rft.aufirst=Joanna&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffly.jiuhuashan.beauty%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.flavorandfortune.com%2Fdataaccess%2Farticle.php%3FID%3D625&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Endymion Wilkinson, "Chinese Culinary History (Feature Review)," <i>China Review International </i>8.2 (Fall 2001): 285–302.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endymion_Wilkinson" title="Endymion Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Endymion</a> (2022). <i>Chinese History: A New Manual</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674260184" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674260184"><bdi>978-0674260184</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+New+Manual&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft.isbn=978-0674260184&amp;rft.aulast=Wilkinson&amp;rft.aufirst=Endymion&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wu, David Y. H.; Cheung, Sidney C. H. (2002). <i>The Globalization of Chinese Food</i>. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700714030" title="Special:BookSources/0700714030"><bdi>0700714030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Globalization+of+Chinese+Food&amp;rft.place=Richmond%2C+Surrey&amp;rft.pub=Curzon&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=0700714030&amp;rft.aulast=Wu&amp;rft.aufirst=David+Y.+H.&amp;rft.au=Cheung%2C+Sidney+C.+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cookbooks">Cookbooks</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29"title="Edit section: Cookbooks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h3> <ul><li>Buwei Yang Chao. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Cook_and_Eat_in_Chinese" title="How to Cook and Eat in Chinese">How to Cook and Eat in Chinese</a>.</i> (New York: John Day, 1945; revisions and reprints).</li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuchsia_Dunlop" title="Fuchsia Dunlop">Fuchsia Dunlop</a>. <i>Land of Plenty: A Treasury of Authentic Sichuan Cooking.</i> (New York: Norton, 2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393051773" title="Special:BookSources/0393051773">0393051773</a>.</li> <li>Fuchsia Dunlop. <i>Revolutionary Chinese Cookbook: Recipes from Hunan Province.</i> (New York: Norton, 2007). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393062228" title="Special:BookSources/0393062228">0393062228</a>.</li> <li>Fuchsia Dunlop. <i>Shark's Fin and Sichuan Pepper: A Sweet-Sour Memoir of Eating in China.</i> (New York: Norton, 2008). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393066579" title="Special:BookSources/9780393066579">9780393066579</a>.</li> <li>Fuchsia Dunlop. <i>Every Grain of Rice: Simple Chinese Home Cooking</i> (2012). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408802526" title="Special:BookSources/9781408802526">9781408802526</a></li> <li>Emily Hahn, <i>Recipes, The Cooking of China.</i> (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, Foods of the World, 1981).</li> <li>Hsiang-Ju Lin and Tsuifeng Lin. <i>Chinese Gastronomy.</i> (London: Nelson, 1969; rpr.). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0171470575" title="Special:BookSources/0171470575">0171470575</a>.</li> <li>Yan-Kit So. <i>Classic Food of China.</i> (London: Macmillan, rpr 1994, 1992). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333576717" title="Special:BookSources/9780333576717">9780333576717</a>.</li> <li>Martin Yan. <i>Martin Yan's Chinatown Cooking: 200 Traditional Recipes from 11 Chinatowns around the World.</i> (New York: Morrow, 2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060084758" title="Special:BookSources/0060084758">0060084758</a>.</li> <li>Georgina Freedman. <i>Cooking South of The Clouds: Recipes and Stories From China's Yunnan Province.</i> (Octopus; Kyle, 2018). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857834980" title="Special:BookSources/9780857834980">9780857834980</a>.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30"title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1134653256">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cuisine_of_China" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cuisine of China">Cuisine of China</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1134653256"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chinese_cuisine#Q10876842" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>K.C. Chang <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiasociety.org/lifestyle/food-recipes/food/meats/food-chinese-culture">"Food in Chinese Culture"</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Society" title="Asia Society">Asia Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Home/Cooking/World_Cuisines/Asian/Chinese">Chinese cuisine</a> at <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/chinesefoodmadeeasy/">Chinese food made easy</a>" at the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">BBC</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guides.library.stonybrook.edu/content.php?pid=190666&amp;sid=1599362">Chinese Culinary History (Websites for Research)</a> Stony Brook University Libraries.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="China_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:China_topics" title="Template:China topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:China_topics" title="Template talk:China topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:China_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:China topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="China_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_China" title="Military history of China">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">Language</a></li> <li>Economic (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Economic history of China before 1912">before 1912</a>) (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">1912–1949</a>) (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">1949–</a>)</li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_foreign_relations_of_China" title="History of foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#Prehistory" title="History of China">Prehistoric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow River</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Imperial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Wu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(266&#8211;420)</span></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1115&#8211;1234)</span></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_of_Humiliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Century of Humiliation">Century of Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#Modern_China" title="History of China">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912&#8211;1949)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People&#39;s Republic of China">People's Republic <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949&#8211;present)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_China" title="Borders of China">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_China" title="List of extreme points of China">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_China" title="Geology of China">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_China" title="Natural disasters in China">Natural disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" title="List of regions of China">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwest</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bays_of_China" title="Category:Bays of China">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_China" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of China">Canyons</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Caves_of_China" title="Category:Caves of China">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_China" title="Category:Deserts of China">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Grasslands_of_China" title="Category:Grasslands of China">Grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hills_of_China" title="Category:Hills of China">Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_China" title="List of islands of China">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_China" title="Category:Mountains of China">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Category:Mountain ranges of China">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountain_passes_of_China" title="Category:Mountain passes of China">passes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_China" title="Category:Peninsulas of China">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeast</a>&#160;/ <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North</a>&#160;/ <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_China" title="Category:Valleys of China">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_China" title="List of volcanoes in China">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Canals_in_China" title="Category:Canals in China">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_China" title="List of lakes of China">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_China" title="List of rivers of China">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_China" title="Category:Waterfalls of China">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_China" title="Category:Wetlands of China">Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources_of_China" title="Water resources of China">Water resources</a></li> <li>Seas <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_China" title="Environment of China">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China" title="Climate change in China">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_policy_of_China" title="Climate policy of China">Climate policy</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China" title="Environmental issues in China">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_China" title="List of protected areas of China">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_China" title="List of national parks of China">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nature_reserves_in_China" title="Category:Nature reserves in China">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserves_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in China">UNESCO Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_China" title="Wildlife of China">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of China">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_China" title="Flora of China">Flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baselines_of_the_Chinese_territorial_sea" title="Baselines of the Chinese territorial sea">Baseline islands</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Border_crossings_of_China" title="Category:Border crossings of China">Border crossings</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Province-level subdivisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Law" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of China">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_China" title="LGBT rights in China">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Macau" title="Human rights in Macau">Macao</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="Human rights in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_laws_in_China" title="Naming laws in China">Naming laws</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality law of China">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Service_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Service of China">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the People&#39;s Republic of China">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People&#39;s Congress">National People's Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People&#39;s Congress">Standing Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security_of_China" title="National security of China">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties and movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People&#39;s Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_democracy_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese democracy movement">Pro-democratisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="President of the People&#39;s Republic of China">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Vice President of the People&#39;s Republic of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People&#39;s Republic of China">State Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the People&#39;s Republic of China">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Vice Premier of the People&#39;s Republic of China">Vice Premier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of China">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Ministry of National Defense of the People&#39;s Republic of China">Ministry of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People&#39;s Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People&#39;s Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People&#39;s Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People&#39;s Liberation Army Air Force">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People&#39;s Liberation Army Rocket Force">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force" title="People&#39;s Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">Strategic Support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People&#39;s Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%E2%80%99s_Armed_Forces_Maritime_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="People’s Armed Forces Maritime Militia">Maritime Militia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People&#39;s Bank of China">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_financial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese financial system">Finance system</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">Foreign aid received</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid program</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">Historical GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Economic_Zones_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zones of China">Special Economic Zones (SEZs)</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_premodern_China" title="Taxation in premodern China">Taxation in premodern China</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_China" title="Air China">Airlines</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising_in_China" title="Online advertising in China">Online advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_China" title="Category:Archaeology of China">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archives_in_China" title="Archives in China">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Cinema</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_China" title="Dance in China">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Gardens_in_China" title="Category:Gardens in China">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libraries_in_China" title="Libraries in China">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of China">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Parks_in_China" title="Category:Parks in China">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_in_China" title="Smoking in China">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_China" title="Sport in China">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture" title="Chinese tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_variety_art" title="Chinese variety art">Variety arts</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Historical_and_Cultural_Site_Protected_at_the_National_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level">Historical and Cultural Site</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Literature</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Society" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="National Emblem of the People&#39;s Republic of China">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Society</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_intellectualism" title="Chinese intellectualism">Intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy_in_China" title="Patriarchy in China">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a></li> <li>"<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-80s" title="Post-80s">Post-80s</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-90s" title="Post-90s">Post-90s</a>"</li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_China" title="Prostitution in China">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Public health</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">food safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">incidents</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_China" title="Public holidays in China">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_society_in_China" title="Rural society in China">Rural life</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_China" title="Sex trafficking in China">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issues_in_China" title="Social issues in China">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_social_relations" title="Chinese social relations">Social relations</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_social_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese social structure">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare in China">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_China" title="Terrorism in China">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_China" title="Time in China">Time zones</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_discrimination_in_China" title="Regional discrimination in China">Regional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_society_in_China" title="Urban society in China">Urban life</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderately_prosperous_society" title="Moderately prosperous society">Xiaokang</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fours_of_China" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Fours of China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Treasures_of_the_Study" title="Four Treasures of the Study">Four Treasures of the Study</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Great_Inventions" title="Four Great Inventions">Four Great Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Gentlemen" title="Four Gentlemen">Four Gentlemen</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers_of_the_Four_Seasons" title="Flowers of the Four Seasons">Flowers of the Four Seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Beauties" title="Four Beauties">Four Beauties</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Classic Chinese Novels"> Four Classic Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_arts" title="Four arts">Four arts</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Symbols" title="Four Symbols">Four Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Holy_Beasts" title="Four Holy Beasts">Four Holy Beasts</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Pillars_of_Destiny" title="Four Pillars of Destiny">Four Pillars of Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Paragons_of_the_Early_Tang" title="Four Paragons of the Early Tang">Four Paragons of the Early Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Ming dynasty">Four Masters of the Ming dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty">Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Pests_campaign" title="Four Pests campaign">Four Pests campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">Eunuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Internal migration</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:China" title="Category:China">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asian_cuisine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asian_topic" title="Template:Asian topic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asian_topic" title="Template talk:Asian topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asian_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asian topic"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asian_cuisine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian cuisine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timorese cuisine">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">India</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine cuisine">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz cuisine">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Cypriot cuisine">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ossetian cuisine">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Ocean_Territory_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="British Indian Ocean Territory cuisine (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island_cuisine" title="Christmas Island cuisine">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands_cuisine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands cuisine (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuisines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cuisines" title="Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisines" title="Template talk:Cuisines"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_cuisine" title="Oceanic cuisine">Oceanic</a></li> <li>Intercontinental <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and<br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwest US</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachalese_cuisine" title="Arunachalese cuisine">Arunachalese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Himachal_Pradesh#Cuisine" title="Culture of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Odisha" title="Cuisine of Odisha">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo cuisine">Gorontalese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_cuisine" title="Venetian cuisine">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a> (incl. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a> (incl. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Bush tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryat_cuisine" title="Buryat cuisine">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Chifa</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Chinese cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek American</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous American</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetian_cuisine" title="Ossetian cuisine">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylheti_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylheti cuisine">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup&#39;ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">Ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern European</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Argentine_cuisine" title="History of Argentine cuisine">Historical Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Historical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods" title="Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods">Historical North Indian and Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_cuisine" title="Hittite cuisine">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Native cuisine of Hawaii">Pre-contact Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_the_Scottish_royal_household" title="Food and the Scottish royal household">Scottish royal household</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine classique">Classique</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_cuisine_of_Singapore_and_Malaysia" title="Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia">Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">Haute</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">Molecular gastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note_by_Note_cuisine" title="Note by Note cuisine">Note by Note</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">List of cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">List of historical cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_prepared_foods" title="Lists of prepared foods">Prepared</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_history" title="Food history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food&#32;portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/9px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/14px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/19px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></span></span>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink&#32;portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cuisine" title="Category:Cuisine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cuisine" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cuisine">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Food_and_drink" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Food and drink">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cuisines" title="Outline of cuisines">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876842#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008584m">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008584m">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007560229205171">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85031801">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ķīniešu kulinārija"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=lnc10&amp;doc_number=000052255&amp;P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573903">Japan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>'
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
'1709961535'
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:AbuseFilter/examine/log/37189222"