常
|
Translingual
Stroke order | |||
---|---|---|---|
Han character
常 (Kangxi radical 50, 巾+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 火月口中月 (FBRLB), four-corner 90227, composition ⿱𫩠巾 or ⿱龸吊)
Derived characters
Further reading
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 333, character 12
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8955
- Dae Jaweon: page 639, character 13
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 744, character 1
- Unihan data for U+5E38
Chinese
simp. and trad. |
常 | |
---|---|---|
alternative forms | 㦂 |
Glyph origin
Old Chinese | |
---|---|
當 | *taːŋ, *taːŋs |
襠 | *taːŋ |
鐺 | *taːŋ, *sʰraːŋ |
簹 | *taːŋ |
璫 | *taːŋ |
檔 | *taːŋ, *taːŋs |
儅 | *taːŋ, *taːŋs |
蟷 | *taːŋ |
擋 | *taːŋʔ, *taːŋs |
黨 | *taːŋʔ, *tʰaːŋʔ |
讜 | *taːŋʔ |
欓 | *taːŋʔ |
譡 | *taːŋs |
闣 | *taːŋs |
瓽 | *taːŋs |
鏜 | *tʰaːŋ |
闛 | *tʰaːŋ, *daːŋ |
鼞 | *tʰaːŋ |
曭 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
儻 | *tʰaːŋʔ, *tʰaːŋs |
戃 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
矘 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
爣 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
攩 | *hl'aːŋʔ, *ɦʷlaːŋʔ, *ɦʷlaːŋs |
淌 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
倘 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
躺 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
趟 | *tʰaːŋs, *rtaːŋ, *rtaːŋs |
堂 | *daːŋ |
坣 | *daːŋ |
棠 | *daːŋ |
糛 | *daːŋ |
螳 | *daːŋ |
隚 | *daːŋ |
橖 | *daːŋ |
掌 | *tjaŋʔ |
廠 | *tʰjaŋʔ, *tʰjaŋs |
敞 | *tʰjaŋʔ |
僘 | *tʰjaŋʔ |
氅 | *tʰjaŋʔ |
常 | *djaŋ |
嘗 | *djaŋ |
裳 | *djaŋ |
徜 | *djaŋ |
尚 | *djaŋ, *djaŋs |
甞 | *djaŋ |
鋿 | *djaŋ |
嫦 | *djaŋ |
償 | *djaŋ, *djaŋs |
賞 | *hjaŋʔ |
瞠 | *rtʰaːŋ |
撐 | *rtʰaːŋ |
樘 | *rtʰaːŋ |
橕 | *rtʰaːŋ |
牚 | *rtʰaːŋs |
埫 | *tʰoŋʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *djaŋ) : phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 巾 (“cloth”).
The character originally referred to "lower garment", before being phonetically borrowed to mean "long-lasting; frequently". The original sense is now represented by the character 裳 (OC *djaŋ, “lower garment”).
Pronunciation
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Definitions
- normal; general; common
- constant; invariable
- often; frequently
- 51st tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "constancy" (𝌸)
- a surname
Synonyms
Descendants
Compounds
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References
- “Query for 常”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Hokkien and Mandarin), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
Japanese
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Kanji
Readings
- Go-on: じょう (jō, Jōyō)←じやう (zyau, historical)
- Kan-on: しょう (shō)←しやう (syau, historical)
- Kun: きだ (kida, 常)、つね (tsune, 常, Jōyō)、とこ (toko, 常, Jōyō)、とことわ (tokotowa, 常)、とわ (towa, 常)
- Nanori: つら (tsura)、とき (toki)、ときわ (tokiwa)←ときは (tokifa, historical)、のぶ (nobu)、ひ (hi)、ひさ (hisa)、ひさし (hisashi)、ひた (hita)
Compounds
- 常陸 (Hitachi)
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
---|
常 |
じょう Grade: 5 |
on'yomi |
/d͡ʑau/ → /d͡ʑɔː/ → /d͡ʑoː/
From Middle Chinese 常 (MC dzyang).
Pronunciation
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Adverb
Derived terms
- 常温 (jōon)
- 常軌 (jōki)
- 常時 (jōji)
- 常識 (jōshiki)
- 常州 (Jōshū)
- 常習 (jōshū)
- 常人 (jōjin), 常人 (jōnin)
- 常体 (jōtai)
- 常態 (jōtai)
- 常任 (jōnin)
- 常磐 (Jōban)
- 常備 (jōbi)
- 常務 (jōmu)
- 常夜 (jōya)
- 常用 (jōyō)
- 常緑 (jōryoku)
- 異常 (ijō)
- 経常 (keijō)
- 恒常 (kōjō)
- 綱常 (kōjō)
- 五常 (gojō)
- 尋常 (jinjō)
- 正常 (seijō)
- 通常 (tsūjō)
- 日常 (nichijō)
- 非常 (hijō)
- 平常 (heijō)
- 無常 (mujō)
Noun
- a traditional Japanese unit of length, equal to one 丈 (jō, roughly three meters) and three 尺 (shaku, roughly one foot or thirty centimeters)
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
---|
常 |
きだ Grade: 5 |
kun'yomi |
*⟨ki1da⟩ → */kʲida/ → /kida/
First attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).
Cognate with root kiza in 刻む (kizamu, “to mince; to slice; to cut a thing into pieces; to groove, to nick, to notch”).[1]
Also sometimes read as kita.
Pronunciation
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Alternative forms
Noun
- (obsolete) a traditional Japanese unit of measure for the length of cut cloth, equal to one 丈 (jō, roughly three meters) and three 尺 (shaku, roughly one foot or thirty centimeters)
- (obsolete) a traditional Japanese unit of measure for the area of an agricultural field or paddy, equal to either 360 歩 (bu, around 1190 square meters), later reduced to 300 歩 (bu)/坪 (tsubo, almost 992 square meters)
- Synonym: 段 (tan)
Counter
- counter for cuts or strips of something
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term |
---|
常 |
つね Grade: 5 |
kun'yomi |
/tune/ → /t͡sune/
From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū, compiled around 759 CE.[1] May be cognate with 綱 (tsuna, “thick rope; binding”), with underlying ideas of "connection, continuance".
Pronunciation
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Alternative forms
Adjective
常 • (tsune) -na (adnominal 常な (tsune na), adverbial 常に (tsune ni))
Usage notes
This appears as an adjective in older texts with the classical attributive form tsune naru. When used attributively in modern Japanese, this term is used with the particle の (no) instead:
- 常の人
- tsune no hito
- everyday people, regular people
Modern Japanese does still use this term as an adverb, with particle に (ni):
- このカメラは常にオンになっている。
- Kono kamera wa tsune ni on ni natte iru.
- This camera is always on.
- あの会社はサービスが常に悪い。
- Ano kaisha wa sābisu ga tsune ni warui.
- That company has consistently bad service.
Derived terms
Noun
- constancy, continuance
- the ordinary, the everyday
Etymology 4
Kanji in this term |
---|
常 |
とこ Grade: 5 |
kun'yomi |
⟨to2ko2⟩ → */təkə/ → /toko/
From Old Japanese. Possibly cognate with 時 (toki, “time”). Alternatively, from Proto-Nivkh *d’ək (whence Nivkh тьык (țək, “(a) long time”)).[2]
The way the term is used in the historical record suggests that this was originally a noun. By the time of written Japanese, however, this term only appears in compounds, never on its own, and its usage is more as an adjective to modify other nouns.
Pronunciation
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Prefix
Usage notes
Only used in compounds. Attaches to nouns and other nominals, often (but not always) with the now-obsolete possessive particle つ (tsu).
- 常つ御門、常夏、常とわ
- toko tsu mikado, tokonatsu, tokotowa
- the eternal palace, eternal summer, eternal permanence [→ eternity]
Derived terms
Etymology 5
Kanji in this term |
---|
常 |
とことわ Grade: 5 |
kun'yomi |
/tokotoba/ → /tokotowa/
From Old Japanese. Read as tokotoba until the Heian period.[1][3]
Appears to be originally a compound of 常 (toko, “eternal”, see above) + とわ (towa, “permanence, unchangingness”, from earlier とば toba).
This latter element is of unclear derivation. Some sources[1] indicate that towa as an independent term arose as a contraction of earlier tokotoba, suggesting the possibility that toba was initially a compound of particles と (to, adverbial particle) + は (wa, formerly ba, even earlier pa; topic particle). However, other sources[4] describe tokotowa as an intensified or emphatic form of towa.
Pronunciation
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Alternative forms
Adjective
常 • (tokotowa) ←とことは (tokotofa)?-na (adnominal 常な (tokotowa na), adverbial 常に (tokotowa ni))
- (archaic, rare) permanent, eternal
- Synonym: 常しえ (tokoshie)
- (archaic, rare) usual, ordinary
- Synonym: 常 (tsune)
Usage notes
Listed in dictionaries[1][3][5] as a 形容動詞 (keiyō dōshi, “-na adjective”). However, actual usage suggests that this was only used with particle に (ni) as an adverb, and never with particle な (na) or classical なる (naru) as an adjective. When this appears attributively, it is followed by particle の (no),[4] the usual construction when using a noun to modify another noun.
Noun
常 • (tokotowa) ←とことは (tokotofa)?
- (archaic, rare) permanence, eternity
- Synonym: 常しえ (tokoshie)
Etymology 6
Kanji in this term |
---|
常 |
とわ Grade: 5 |
kun'yomi |
/toba/ → /towa/
From Old Japanese. Appears in the Tales of Ise, likely dating to the early 900s CE. Pronounced as toba until the later Heian period.[1]
Ultimate derivation unknown. May be a contraction of earlier tokotoba (see above),[1] or may have been an independent term used to form tokotoba as a compound.[4]
Pronunciation
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Alternative forms
- (rare) 永久
Adjective
常 • (towa) ←とは (tofa)?-na (adnominal 常な (towa na), adverbial 常に (towa ni))
- constant, permanent, everlasting
- Synonym: 常しえ (tokoshie)
Usage notes
Listed in some dictionaries[1][3][5] as a 形容動詞 (keiyō dōshi, “-na adjective”); other sources[4] only list this as a 副詞 (fukushi, “adverb”). Historical usage suggests that this was only used with particle に (ni) as an adverb, and not with particle な (na) or classical なる (naru) as an adjective. When this appears attributively, it is followed by particle の (no),[3][5][4] the usual construction when using a noun to modify another noun.
Noun
- constancy, permanence, everlastingness
- Synonym: 常しえ (tokoshie)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ Miyano, Satoshi. "Nivkh Loanwords in Japanese and Korean".
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 常 (MC dzyang).
Hanja
常 (eumhun 떳떳할 상 (tteottteothal sang))
常 (eumhun 항상 상 (hangsang sang))
- hanja form? of 상 (“honorable; righteous; upright; dignified”)
- hanja form? of 상 (“eternal; everlasting”)
- hanja form? of 상 (“constant; frequent”)
Compounds
- 상객 (常客, sanggaek)
- 상궤 (常軌, sanggwe)
- 상규 (常規, sanggyu)
- 상도 (常道, sangdo)
- 상례 (常例, sangnye)
- 상례 (常禮, sangnye)
- 상리 (常理, sangni)
- 상무 (常務, sangmu)
- 상민 (常民, sangmin)
- 상반 (常班, sangban)
- 상복 (常服, sangbok)
- 상비 (常備, sangbi)
- 상설 (常設, sangseol)
- 상수 (常數, sangsu)
- 상습 (常習, sangseup)
- 상시 (常時, sangsi)
- 상식 (常識, sangsik)
- 상식 (常食, sangsik)
- 상임 (常任, sang'im)
- 상정 (常情, sangjeong)
- 상존 (常存, sangjon)
- 상주 (常住, sangju)
- 상태 (常態, sangtae)
- 상투 (常套, sangtu)
- 강상 (綱常, gangsang)
- 경상 (經常, gyeongsang)
- 괴상 (乖常, goesang)
- 기상 (旂常, gisang)
- 무상 (無常, musang)
- 반상 (班常, bansang)
- 비상 (非常, bisang)
- 심상 (尋常, simsang)
- 오상 (五常, osang)
- 윤상 (倫常, yunsang)
- 이상 (異常, isang)
- 일상 (日常, ilsang)
- 정상 (定常, jeongsang)
- 정상 (正常, jeongsang)
- 통상 (通常, tongsang)
- 평상 (平常, pyeongsang)
- 항상 (恒常, hangsang)
- 상록수 (常綠樹, sangnoksu)
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [1]
Vietnamese
Han character
常: Hán Việt readings: thường (
常: Nôm readings: thường[1][2][3][4][6], sàn[7]
Compounds
- 常用 (thường dụng)
- 常常 (thường thường)
- 常川 (thường xuyên)
- 不常 (bất thường)
- 異常 (dị thường)
- 非常 (phi thường)
- 失常 (thất thường)
- 通常 (thông thường)
- 無常 (vô thường)
References
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
- Han script characters
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- Han phono-semantic compounds
- Chinese lemmas
- Chinese hanzi
- Chinese surnames
- Beginning Mandarin
- Japanese kanji
- Japanese fifth grade kanji
- Japanese kyōiku kanji
- Japanese jōyō kanji
- Japanese kanji with goon reading じょう
- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading じやう
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading しょう
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading しやう
- Japanese kanji with kun reading きだ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading つね
- Japanese kanji with kun reading とこ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading とことわ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading とわ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading つら
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading とき
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ときわ
- Japanese kanji with historical nanori reading ときは
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading のぶ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ひ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ひさ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ひさし
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ひた
- Japanese terms spelled with 常 read as じょう
- Japanese terms read with on'yomi
- Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese adverbs
- Japanese terms with multiple readings
- Japanese terms spelled with fifth grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with 常
- Japanese single-kanji terms
- Japanese terms with obsolete senses
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese terms spelled with 常 read as きだ
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese counters
- Japanese terms spelled with 常 read as つね
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese adjectives
- Japanese な-na adjectives
- Japanese terms with usage examples
- Japanese terms spelled with 常 read as とこ
- Japanese prefixes
- Japanese terms spelled with 常 read as とことわ
- Japanese compound terms
- Japanese terms with archaic senses
- Japanese terms with rare senses
- Japanese terms spelled with 常 read as とわ
- Japanese terms with unknown etymologies
- Korean terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Korean lemmas
- Korean hanja
- Korean hanja forms
- Vietnamese Chữ Hán
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters
- Vietnamese Nom