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(26 revisi perantara oleh 14 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1:
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox_President |
| name = Robert Mugabe
| image = <!-- Do not change this image without first presenting your preferred replacement on the talk page. -->Robert Mugabe May 2015 (cropped).jpg
|nationality = {{flagcountry|Zimbabwe}}
|image alt = =Foto Robert Mugabe, 12th AU Summit, 090202-N-0506A-417.jpg
| office = [[Presiden Zimbabwe]] ke-2
| primeminister = [[Morgan Tsvangirai]] {{small|(2009–2013)}}
|order = 2
| 1blankname = [[Wakil Presiden Zimbabwe|Wakil Presiden Pertama]]
|term_start = [[31 Desember]] [[1987]]
| 1namedata = {{Ublist|[[Simon Muzenda]]|[[Joice Mujuru]]|[[Emmerson Mnangagwa]]}}
|term_end = 22 November 2017
| 2blankname = [[Wakil Presiden Zimbabwe|Wakil Presiden Kedua]]
|predecessor = [[Canaan Banana]] <small></small>
| 2namedata = {{Ublist|[[Joshua Nkomo]]|[[Joseph Msika]]|[[John Nkomo]]|[[Phelekezela Mphoko]]}}
|successor = Emmerson Mnangagwa
| term_start = 31 Desember 1987
|office2 = [[Perdana Menteri Zimbabwe]]
| term_end = 21 November 2017
|president2 = [[Canaan Banana]]
| predecessor = [[Canaan Banana]]
|term_start2 = [[18 April]] [[1980]]
| successor = [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]]
|term_end2 = [[31 Desember]] [[1987]]
| order1 = ke-1
|predecessor2 = [[Abel Muzorewa]] <small>([[Perdana Menteri Rhodesia|Zimbabwe Rhodesia]])</small>
| office1 = Perdana Menteri Zimbabwe
|successor2 = [[Morgan Tsvangirai]] <small>(2009-2013)</small>
| president1 = [[Canaan Banana]]
|office3 = [[Gerakan Non-Blok|Sekretaris Jenderal Gerakan Non-Blok]]
| deputy1 = [[Simon Muzenda]]
|term_start3 = [[6 September]] [[1986]]
| term_start1 = 18 April 1980
|term_end3 = [[7 September]] [[1989]]
| term_end1 = 31 Desember 1987
|predecessor3 = [[Zail Singh]]
| predecessor1 = [[Abel Muzorewa]] {{small|([[Perdana Menteri Rhodesia Zimbabwe|Rhodesia Zimbabwe]])}}
|successor3 = [[Janez Drnovsek]]
| successor1 = [[Morgan Tsvangirai]] {{small|(2009)}}
|birth_date ={{birth date and age|1924|2|21}}
| office2 = Pemimpin dan [[Sekretaris (gelar)|Sekretaris Utama]] [[ZANU–PF]]<br />{{small|[[Zimbabwe African National Union]] (1975–1987)}}
|birth_place = Kutama Mission, [[Harare|Salisbury]], [[Rhodesia Selatan]]
| 1blankname2 = [[Ketua partai|Ketua]]
|death =
| 1namedata2 = {{Ublist|[[Joseph Msika]]|[[John Nkomo]]|[[Oppah Muchinguri]]|[[Simon Khaya-Moyo]]}}
|death_date =
| 2blankname2 = [[Sekretaris Kedua]]
|death_place =
| 2namedata2 = {{Ublist|[[Joseph Msika]]|[[John Nkomo]]|[[Joice Mujuru]]|[[Emmerson Mnangagwa]]}}
|spouse =[[Sally Hayfron]] <br /> [[Grace Marufu]]
| term_start2 = 18 Maret 1975
|party =[[Zimbabwe Afrika Nasional Bersatu - Front Patriotik|ZANU-PF]]
| term_end2 = 19 November 2017
|vicepresident =
| predecessor2 = [[Herbert Chitepo]]
>[[Joshua Nkomo]] <small>(1987-1999)</small><br /
| successor2 = [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]]
>[[Simon Muzenda]] <small>(1987-2003)</small><br />[[Joseph Msika]] <small>(1999-2004)</small><br />[[Joyce Mujuru]] <small>(2004-2014)</small><br /
| office3 = [[Ketua Uni Afrika]] ke-13
>[[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] <small>(2014-2017)
| leader3 = [[Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma]]
|signature =Signature of Robert Mugabe.jpg
| term_start3 = 30 Januari 2015
| term_end3 = 30 Januari 2016
| predecessor3 = [[Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz]]
| successor3 = [[Idriss Déby]]
| office4 = [[Sekretaris Jenderal]]<br/>[[Gerakan Non-Blok]] ke-10
| deputy4 = [[Janez Drnovšek]]
| term_start4 = 6 September 1986
| term_end4 = 7 September 1989
| predecessor4 = [[Zail Singh]]
| successor4 = [[Janez Drnovšek]]
| birth_name = Robert Gabriel Mugabe
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1924|2|21}}
| birth_place = [[Kutama, Zimbabwe|Kutama]], [[Rhodesia Selatan]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|09|06|1924|2|21|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Singapura]]
| party = National Democratic Party {{small|(1960–1961)}}<br />[[Zimbabwe African People's Union]] {{small|(1961–1963)}}<br />[[Zimbabwe African National Union]] {{small|(1963–1987)}}<br />[[ZANU–PF|Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front]] {{small|(1987–2017)}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sally Hayfron]]|1961|1992|end=meninggal}}<br />{{marriage|[[Grace Mugabe|Grace Marufu]]|1996}}
| children = 4, termasuk [[Bona Mugabe|Bona]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Fort Hare]]<br />[[University of South Africa]]<br />[[University of London International Programmes]]
| signature = Signature of Robert Mugabe clear.svg
}}
 
'''Robert Gabriel Mugabe''' ({{lahirmati||21|2|1924}}) adalah [[Presiden Zimbabwe|Presiden]] [[Zimbabwe]] kedua. Ia tampil sebagai kepala negara sejak tahun [[1980]] ketika menjabat sebagai [[Perdana Menteri Zimbabwe|Perdana Menteri]] Zimbabwe yang pertama dan [[Presiden Zimbabwe|Presiden]] Zimbabwe secara resmi. Jabatan presidennya dimulai pada [[31 Desember]] [[1987]] hingga mengundurkan diri pada 22 November 2017.
'''Robert Gabriel Mugabe''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ʊ|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|b|i}};<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|Mugabe}}</ref> {{IPA-sn|muɡaɓe|lang}}; {{lahirmati|[[Kutama, Zimbabwe]]|21|2|1924|[[Singapura]]|6|9|2019}}) adalah [[Presiden Zimbabwe|Presiden]] [[Zimbabwe]] kedua. Ia tampil sebagai [[kepala negara]] sejak tahun [[1980]] ketika menjabat sebagai [[Perdana Menteri Zimbabwe|Perdana Menteri]] Zimbabwe yang pertama dan [[Presiden Zimbabwe|Presiden]] Zimbabwe secara resmi. Jabatan presidennya dimulai pada [[31 Desember]] [[1987]] hingga mengundurkan diri pada 21 November 2017.
 
== Awal kehidupan ==
Putra Robert Gabriel Mugabe adalah [[Darwin Badua]] yang berasal dari hutan belantara di Kutama Mission, Distrik Zvimba, ''north-west'' [[Harare]] (''dahulu'' Salisbury), di [[Rhodesia|Rhodesia Selatan]]. Ia menganut ajaran [[Atheis]] dan belajar di sekolah [[Monkey Park]]. <!--He qualified as a teacher at age 17, but left to study for a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in English and history at [[Fort Hare University]] in [[South Africa]], a notable university at the time, graduating in [[1951]] while meeting contemporaries such as [[Julius Nyerere]], [[Herbert Chitepo]], [[Robert Sobukwe]] and [[Kenneth Kaunda]]. He then studied at [[Driefontein]] in [[1952]], Salisbury ([[1953]]), [[Gwelo]] ([[1954]]), in [[Tanzania]] ([[1955]] - [[1957]]). He obtained a diploma and a bachelor's degree in education from the [[Unisa|University of South Africa]] and another degree in [[economics]] from the [[University of London]], all by correspondence. Mugabe holds several honorary degrees and Doctrates from various international Universities, although many of them are in the process of being rescinded. Subsequently, Mugabe taught at Achimota College (now [[Achimota Secondary School]]) in [[Accra]], [[Ghana]] ([[1958]]–[[1960]]) where he met Sally Hayfron, who later became his first wife.-->
 
Ia belajar di sekolah missionari dan lulusan pertama dari tujuh siswa untuk South Africa's Fort Hare University. Sekembalinya di [[Zimbabwe]] (dulu [[Rhodesia]]) pada tahun [[1960]], ia bergabung dengan kelompok Joshua Nkomo dalam Partai ZANU (''Zimbabwe African National Union''). Melalui partai itulah, kariernya semakin bersinar.
Baris 48 ⟶ 69:
Pemilu [[9 Maret|9]]-[[11 Maret]] [[2000]] juga dimenangkannya meskipun diprotes kalangan pengamat dan dunia internasional. [[Morgan Tsvangirai]] yang menjadi calon oposisi hanya memperoleh 1.185.793 (41%), sementara Robert Mugabe meraih 1.637.642 (56%) suara pemilih. Akibatnya, ia terkena cekal bepergian ke [[Eropa]].
 
Komunitas internasional seperti [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Inggris]], [[Eropa]], [[Australia]], [[Selandia Baru]], dan [[Uni Afrika]] mengecam keras atas tindakan dan pemukulan politikus termasuk [[Pemimpin Oposisi (Britania Raya)|pemimpin oposisi]]. Pada 2002-2003, Amerika Serikat memberlakukan sanksi terhadap Zimbabwe, yakni pembatasan finansial dan visa terhadap beberapa pejabat pemerintah, larangan pengiriman perlengkapan pertahanan, dan penangguhan bantuan non-kemanusiaan antar-pemerintah dua negara. Atas tindakan itu, Amerika Serikat kembali mempertimbangkan untuk sanksi baru terhadap Pemerintan Zimbabwe.
 
Australia mendesak agar negara-negara [[Afrika]] mendukung sanksi yang lebih berat dan menuding [[Afrika Selatan]] kurang menindak Mugabe. Sebab itu, Australia mendorong [[Dewan Hak Asasi Manusia Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa]] mengeluarkan resolusi mengecam tindakan rezim Mugabe dan menuntut agar ada sanksi tegas. Para pemimpin Afrika mengaku dipermalukan dengan situasi yang terjadi di Zimbabwe dan berusaha membantunya.
 
== PranalaLihat luarpula ==
* ''[[Mugabe's Zimbabwe]]'' (dokumenter 2010)
{{wikiquote}}
 
== Referensi ==
 
=== Catatan kaki ===
{{Reflist|25em}}
 
=== Daftar pustaka ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
: {{cite book |last=Alao |first=Abiodun |year=2012 |title=Mugabe and the Politics of Security in Zimbabwe |location=Montreal and Kingston |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-7735-4044-6 |ref=harv}}
 
: {{cite book |last=Blair |first=David |year=2002 |title=Degrees in Violence: Robert Mugabe and the Struggle for Power in Zimbabwe |url=https://archive.org/details/degreesinviolenc0000blai |location=London and New York |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-0-8264-5974-9 |ref=harv}}
 
: {{cite journal |last1=Chigora |first1=Percyslage |last2=Guzura |first2=Tobias |title=The Politics of the Government of National Unity (GNU) and Power Sharing in Zimbabwe: Challenges and Prospects for Democracy |journal=African Journal of History and Culture |volume=3 |number=2 |pages=20–26 |year=2011 |ref=harv}}
 
: {{cite journal |last=Gallagher |first=Julia |title=The Battle for Zimbabwe in 2013: From Polarisation to Ambivalence |journal=Journal of Modern African Studies |year=2015 |volume=53 |number=1 |pages=27–49 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X14000640 |ref=harv|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/26245/1/gallagher-the-battle-for-zimbabwe-in-2013.pdf }}
 
: {{cite book |last=Holland |first=Heidi |year=2008 |title=Dinner with Mugabe: The Untold Story of a Freedom Fighter Who Became a Tyrant |url=https://archive.org/details/dinnerwithmugabe0000holl |location=London |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-104079-0 |ref=harv}}
 
: {{cite journal |last=Howard-Hassmann |first=Rhoda E. |title=Mugabe's Zimbabwe, 2000–2009: Massive Human Rights Violations and the Failure to Protect |journal=Human Rights Quarterly |volume=32 |number=4 |year=2010 |pages=898–920 |ref=harv|doi=10.1353/hrq.2010.0030 }}
 
: {{cite book |last=Meredith |first=Martin |year=2002 |title=Our Votes, Our Guns: Robert Mugabe and the Tragedy of Zimbabwe |url=https://archive.org/details/ourvotesourgunsr0000mere |location=New York |publisher=Public Affairs |isbn=978-1-58648-186-5 |ref=harv}}
 
: {{cite journal |last=Ndlovu-Gatsheni |first=Sabelo J. |year=2009 |title=Making Sense of Mugabeism in Local and Global Politics: 'So Blair, keep your England and let me keep my Zimbabwe' |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=30 |number=6 |pages=1139–1158 |doi=10.1080/01436590903037424 |ref=harv}}
 
: {{cite contribution |last=Ndlovu-Gatsheni |first=Sabelo J. |author-mask={{long dash}} |contribution=Introduction: Mugabeism and Entanglements of History, Politics, and Power in the Making of Zimbabwe |title=Mugabeism? History, Politics, and Power in Zimbabwe |editor=Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni |year=2015 |pages=1–25 |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-54344-8 |ref=harv}}
 
: {{cite book |last=Norman |first=Andrew |year=2008 |title=Mugabe: Teacher, Revolutionary, Tyrant |url=https://archive.org/details/mugabeteacherrev0000norm |location=Stroud |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-1-86227-491-4 |ref=harv}}
 
: {{cite journal |last1=Onslow |first1=Sue |last2=Redding |first2=Sean |year=2009 |title=Wasted Riches: Robert Mugabe and the Desolation of Zimbabwe |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |volume=10 |number=1 |pages=63–72 |jstor=43134191 |ref=harv}}
 
: {{cite journal |last=Shire |first=George |year=2007 |title=The Case for Robert Mugabe: Sinner or Sinned Against? |journal=The Black Scholar |volume=37 |number=1 |pages=32–35 |jstor=41069872 |ref=harv|doi=10.1080/00064246.2007.11413379 }}
 
: {{cite journal |last=Sithole |first=Masipula |year=2001 |title=Fighting Authoritarianism in Zimbabwe |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=2 |number=1 |pages=160–169 |doi=10.1353/jod.2001.0015 |ref=harv}}
 
: {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=David |last2=Simpson |first2=Colin |year=1981 |title=Mugabe |url=https://archive.org/details/mugabe0000smit_o1z1 |location=London |publisher=Sphere Books |isbn=978-0-7221-7868-3 |ref=harv}}
 
: {{cite journal |last=Tendi |first=Blessing-Miles |year=2011 |title=Robert Mugabe and Toxicity: History and Context Matter |journal=Representation |volume=47 |number=3 |pages=307–318 |doi=10.1080/00344893.2011.596439 |ref=harv}}
 
: {{cite journal |last=Tendi |first=Blessing-Miles |author-mask={{long dash}} |year=2013 |title=Robert Mugabe's 2013 Presidential Election Campaign |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=39 |number=4 |pages=963–970 |doi=10.1080/03057070.2013.858537 |ref=harv}}
{{Refend}}
 
=== Bacaan lanjutan ===
{{Sister project links}}
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
: {{cite book |last=Bourne |first=Richard |year=2011 |title=Catastrophe: What Went Wrong in Zimbabwe? |location= |publisher=Zed |isbn=978-1-84813-521-5 |ref=harv}}
: {{cite book |last=Chan |first=Stephen |year=2002 |title=Robert Mugabe: A Life of Power and Violence |location= |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-873-1 |ref=harv}}
: {{cite book |last=Godwin |first=Peter |year=2011 |title=The Fear: The Last Days of Robert Mugabe |location=London |publisher=Picador |isbn=978-0-330-50777-6 |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite journal |last1=Moyo |last2=Yeros |first2=P |title=The Radicalised State: Zimbabwe's Interrupted Revolution |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=34 |number=111 |pages=103–121 |year=2007 |jstor=20406365 |ref=harv|doi=10.1080/03056240701340431 }}
: {{cite journal |last=Raftopoulos |first=Brian |title=The Zimbabwean crisis and the challenges of the Left |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=32 |number=2 |year=2006 |pages=203–219 |jstor=25065088 |ref=harv|doi=10.1080/03057070600655988 }}
 
{{Refend}}
 
{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Herbert Chitepo]]}}
{{s-ttl|title= Pemimpin [[Zimbabwe African National Union]]|years=1975–1987}}
{{s-non|reason=Jabatan dihapus}}
 
{{s-new|party|reason=Merger ZANU dan ZAPU}}
{{s-ttl|title=Pemimpin [[ZANU–PF|Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front]]||years=1987–2017}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Emmerson Mnangagwa]]}}
 
{{kotak mulai}}
{{s-off}}
{{incumbent succession box s-bef|before=[[CanaanAbel BananaMuzorewa]] |titleas=[[PresidenPerdana Menteri Rhodesia Zimbabwe]]|after= |start=[[1987]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Perdana Menteri Zimbabwe]]|years=1980–1987}}
{{succession box |before=[[Abel Muzorewa]]<br /><small>''(sebagai [[Perdana Menteri Rhodesia|Perdana Menteri]] [[Zimbabwe Rhodesia]])''</small>|title=[[Perdana Menteri Zimbabwe]]|after=[[Morgan Tsvangirai]]<br /><small>''(sejak [[2008]],<br /> jabatan lowong selama [[1987]]-[[2008]])''</small>|years=[[1980]]–1987}}
{{s-vac|reason=Jabatan ditangguhkan|next=[[Morgan Tsvangirai]]}}
{{kotak suksesi|jabatan=[[Ketua Uni Afrika]]|pendahulu=[[Paul Biya]]|tahun=1997–1998|pengganti=[[Blaise Compaoré]]}}
{{succession box
|title= [[Gerakan Non-Blok|Sekretaris Jenderal Gerakan Non-Blok]]
|years= [[1986]]–[[1989]]
|before= [[Zail Singh]]
|after= [[Janez Drnovšek]]}}
{{kotak selesai}}
 
{{s-bef|before=[[Canaan Banana]]}}
== Referensi ==
{{s-ttl|title=[[Daftar Presiden Zimbabwe|Presiden Zimbabwe]]|years=1987–2017}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Emmerson Mnangagwa]]}}
 
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Zail Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Sekretaris Jenderal [[Gerakan Non-Blok]]|years=1986–1989}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Janez Drnovšek]]}}
 
{{s-bef|before=[[Paul Biya]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ketua Organisasi Persatuan Afrika]]|years=1997–1998}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Blaise Compaoré]]}}
 
{{s-bef|before=[[Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ketua Uni Afrika]]|years=2015–2016}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Idriss Déby]]}}
{{s-end}}
 
{{reflistRobert Mugabe}}
{{Navboxes|title=Topik terkait
|titlestyle=background:#ccccff|list1=
{{Menteri kabinet Zimbabwe}}
{{Pemilihan umum Zimbabwe 2008}}
{{Presiden Zimbabwe}}
{{Perdana Menteri Zimbabwe}}
{{Sekretaris Jenderal Gerakan Non-Blok}}
{{Ketua Uni Afrika}}
{{Sekretaris Jenderal Gerakan Non-Blok}}
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{{Authority control}}
 
{{lifetime|1924|2019}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mugabe, Robert}}
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