Omega-6 masna kiselina — разлика између измена

Типови масти у храни
	Незасићена маст Мононезасићена маст; Полинезасићена маст; Trans-маст; Cis-маст; Омега масне киселине: ω−3; ω−6; ω−9; ; ; Засићена маст Интерестерификована маст; ;
Види још
	Масна киселина; Есенцијална масна киселина;

Интерактиван преглед историје

← Старија измена

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Тренутна верзија на датум 8. април 2024. у 00:18

Hemijska struktura linoleinske kiseline, rasprostranjene n−6 masne kiseline nađene u mnogim biljnim uljima.

n−6 masne kiseline (ω−6 masne kiseline, omega-6 masne kiseline) su familija nezasićenih masnih kiselina koja ima zajedničku terminalnu ugljenik–ugljenik dvostruku vezu u n−6 poziciji, koja je šesta veza sa metil kraja.^[1]

Biološki efekti n−6 masnih kiselina su uglavnom posredovani njihovom konverzijom u n-6 eikozanoide, koji se vezuju za niz receptora u telu. Konverzija tkivne arahidonske kiseline (20:4n-6) do n-6 prostaglandinskih i n-6 leukotrienskih hormona pruža mnoštvo bioloških meta za farmaceutski razvoj lekova. Cilj tih istraživanja je umanjenje ekcesivnog n-6 dejstva u aterosklerozi^[2], astmi, artritisu, vaskularnim oboljenjima, trombozi, imuno-inflamatornim procesima, i proliferaciji tumora. Konkurentne interakcije sa n−3 masnim kiselinama utiču na relativno skladištenje, mobilizaciju, konverziju i dejstvo n-3 i n-6 eikozanoidnih prekurzora.

Ključne n−6 masne kiseline

Linoleinska kiselina (18:2, n−6), najkraća n−6 masna kiselina, je esencijalna masna kiselina. Arahidonska kiselina (20:4) je fiziološki značajna n−6 masna kiselina i prekurzor prostaglandina i drugih fiziološki aktivnih molekula.

Negativni zdravstveni efekti

Neka medicinska istraživanja sugerišu da ekscesivni nivoi pojedinih n−6 masnih kiselina, relativno to pojedine n−3 (omega-3) masne kiseline, mogu da povise verovatnoću pojave više bolesti.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Moderna zapadna ishrana tipični ima odnos n−6 ka n−3 veći od 10 na 1, nekad i do 30 na 1. Smatra se da je optimalni odnos 4 na 1 ili manje.^[6]^[7]

Prehrambeni izvori

Četiri glavna prehrambena ulja (od palme, soje, uljane repice, i suncokreta) se proizvode u količini većoj od 100 miliona metričkih tona godišnje, što daje više od 32 miliona metričkih tona n-6 linoleinske kiseline i 4 miliona metričkih tona n-3 alfa-linoleninske kiseline.^[8]

Prehrambeni izvori n−6 masnih kiselina su:^[9]

Lista n−6 masnih kiselina

Uobičajeno ime	Lipidno ime	Hemijsko ime
Linoleinska kiselina (LA)	18:2 (n−6)	sve-cis-9,12-oktadekadienoinska kiselina
Gama-linolna kiselina (GLA)	18:3 (n−6)	sve-cis-6,9,12-oktadekatrienoinska kiselina
Kalendinska kiselina	18:3 (n−6)	8E,10E,12Z-oktadekatrienoinska kiselina
Eikozadienoinska kiselina	20:2 (n−6)	sve-cis-11,14-eikozadienoinska kiselina
Dihomo-gama-linolna kiselina (DGLA)	20:3 (n−6)	sve-cis-8,11,14-eikozatrienoinska kiselina
Arahidonska kiselina (AA)	20:4 (n−6)	sve-cis-5,8,11,14-eikozatetraenoinska kiselina
Dokozadienoinska kiselina	22:2 (n−6)	sve-cis-13,16-dokozadienoinska kiselina
Adreninska kiselina	22:4 (n−6)	sve-cis-7,10,13,16-dokozatetraenoinska kiselina
Dokozapentaenoinska kiselina	22:5 (n−6)	sve-cis-4,7,10,13,16-dokozapentaenoinska kiselina
Tetrakozatetraenoinska kiselina	24:4 (n-6)	sve-cis-9,12,15,18-tetrakozatetraenoinska kiselina
Tetrakozapentaenoinska kiselina	24:5 (n-6)	sve-cis-6,9,12,15,18-tetrakozapentaenoinska kiselina

Reference

^ Chow, Ching Kuang (2001). Fatty Acids in Foods and Their Health Implications. New York: Routledge Publishing.
^ A. P. Simopoulos (октобар 2002). „Polyunsaturated fatty acids in biology and diseases. The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids”. Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapy. 56 (8): 365—379. doi:10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00253-6.
^ Lands William E.M. (2005). „Dietary fat and health: the evidence and the politics of prevention: careful use of dietary fats can improve life and prevent disease”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Blackwell Publishing. 1055: 179—192. PMID 16387724. doi:10.1196/annals.1323.028.
^ Hibbeln Joseph R.; et al. (1. 6. 2006). „Healthy intakes of n−3 and n−6 fatty acids: estimations considering worldwide diversity”. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. American Society for Nutrition. 83 (6, supplement): 1483S—1493S. PMID 16841858. Архивирано из оригинала 25. 6. 2010. г. Приступљено 4. 9. 2011.
^ Okuyama Hirohmi; Ichikawa, Yuko; Sun, Yueji; Hamazaki, Tomohito; Lands, William E.M. (2007). „ω3 fatty acids effectively prevent coronary heart disease and other late-onset diseases: the excessive linoleic acid syndrome”. World Review of Nutritional Dietetics. Karger. 96 (Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease): 83—103. PMID 17167282. doi:10.1159/000097809. ISBN 978-3-8055-8179-0.
^ Daley C.A.; Abbott, A.; Doyle, P.; Nader, G.; Larson, S. (2004). „A literature review of the value-added nutrients found in grass-fed beef products”. California State University, Chico (College of Agriculture). Архивирано из оригинала 6. 7. 2008. г. Приступљено 23. 3. 2008.
^ Simopoulos Artemis P. (2002). „The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids”. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 56 (8): 365—379. PMID 12442909. doi:10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00253-6.
^ Gunstone, Frank (December 2007) "Oilseed markets: Market update: Palm oil". INFORM (AOCS) 18(12): 835-836.
^ „Food sources of total omega 6 fatty acids”. Архивирано из оригинала 7. 10. 2011. г. Приступљено 4. 9. 2011.

Literatura

Chow, Ching Kuang (2001). Fatty Acids in Foods and Their Health Implications. New York: Routledge Publishing.
Tokar, Steve (2. 9. 2005). „Omega-6 fatty acids cause prostate tumor cell growth in culture”. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International. Архивирано из оригинала 11. 04. 2008. г. Приступљено 23. 3. 2008.
„Brain fatty acid levels linked to depression”. News-Medical.Net. AZoNetwork. 25. 5. 2005. Приступљено 23. 3. 2008.
Tribole, E.F. (27. 3. 2006). „Excess Omega-6 Fats Thwart Health Benefits from Omega-3 Fats”. British Medical Journal Rapid Responses to Hooper, et al., 2006. Архивирано из оригинала 14. 3. 2008. г. Приступљено 23. 3. 2008.

Spoljašnje veze

Masnoća koja leči

[1] Chow, Ching Kuang (2001). Fatty Acids in Foods and Their Health Implications. New York: Routledge Publishing.

[2] A. P. Simopoulos (октобар 2002). „Polyunsaturated fatty acids in biology and diseases. The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids”. Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapy. 56 (8): 365—379. doi:10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00253-6.

[Lands2005-3] Lands William E.M. (2005). „Dietary fat and health: the evidence and the politics of prevention: careful use of dietary fats can improve life and prevent disease”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Blackwell Publishing. 1055: 179—192. PMID 16387724. doi:10.1196/annals.1323.028.

[Hibbeln2006-4] Hibbeln Joseph R.; et al. (1. 6. 2006). „Healthy intakes of n−3 and n−6 fatty acids: estimations considering worldwide diversity”. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. American Society for Nutrition. 83 (6, supplement): 1483S—1493S. PMID 16841858. Архивирано из оригинала 25. 6. 2010. г. Приступљено 4. 9. 2011.

[Okuyama2007-5] Okuyama Hirohmi; Ichikawa, Yuko; Sun, Yueji; Hamazaki, Tomohito; Lands, William E.M. (2007). „ω3 fatty acids effectively prevent coronary heart disease and other late-onset diseases: the excessive linoleic acid syndrome”. World Review of Nutritional Dietetics. Karger. 96 (Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease): 83—103. PMID 17167282. doi:10.1159/000097809. ISBN 978-3-8055-8179-0.

[daley2004-6] Daley C.A.; Abbott, A.; Doyle, P.; Nader, G.; Larson, S. (2004). „A literature review of the value-added nutrients found in grass-fed beef products”. California State University, Chico (College of Agriculture). Архивирано из оригинала 6. 7. 2008. г. Приступљено 23. 3. 2008.

[simopoulos2002-7] Simopoulos Artemis P. (2002). „The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids”. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 56 (8): 365—379. PMID 12442909. doi:10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00253-6.

[8] Gunstone, Frank (December 2007) "Oilseed markets: Market update: Palm oil". INFORM (AOCS) 18(12): 835-836.

[NIH_omega_6-9] „Food sources of total omega 6 fatty acids”. Архивирано из оригинала 7. 10. 2011. г. Приступљено 4. 9. 2011.

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[9]

@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
 {{Fats}}
-[[Датотека:LAnumbering.png|375px|thumb|[[Hemijska struktura]] [[linoleinska kiselina|linoleinske kiseline]], rasprostranjene -{''n''}-−6 masne kiseline nađene u mnogim [[biljno ulje|biljnim uljima]].]]
+[[Датотека:LAnumbering.png|375px|мини|[[Hemijska struktura]] [[linoleinska kiselina|linoleinske kiseline]], rasprostranjene -{''n''}-−6 masne kiseline nađene u mnogim [[biljno ulje|biljnim uljima]].]]
 '''-{''n''}-−6 masne kiseline''' (''ω−6 masne kiseline'', ''omega-6 masne kiseline'') su familija [[nezasićena mast|nezasićenih]] [[masna kiselina|masnih kiselina]] koja ima zajedničku terminalnu ugljenik–ugljenik [[dvostruka veza|dvostruku vezu]] u -{''n''}-−6 poziciji, koja je šesta veza sa metil kraja.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Chow, Ching Kuang |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/25508943&referer=brief_results |title=Fatty Acids in Foods and Their Health Implications |publisher=Routledge Publishing |location=New York |year=2001}}</ref>
@@ Ред 17: / Ред 17: @@
 | volume = 1055|pages=179-192
 | year = 2005
-| month = December
 | doi = 10.1196/annals.1323.028
 | pmid = 16387724
- }}</ref><ref
+ }}</ref><ref name=" Hibbeln2006">{{cite journal
+ |author          = Hibbeln Joseph R.
- name=" Hibbeln2006">{{cite journal
+ |display-authors = etal
-| author = Hibbeln Joseph R., Nieminen, Levi R.G.; Blasbalg, Tanya L.; Riggs, Jessica A., William E.M. Lands
- |lastauthoramp=yes | title = Healthy intakes of ''n''−3 and ''n''−6 fatty acids: estimations considering worldwide diversity
+ |title           = Healthy intakes of ''n''−3 and ''n''−6 fatty acids: estimations considering worldwide diversity
-| journal = American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
+ |journal         = American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
-| publisher = American Society for Nutrition
+ |publisher       = American Society for Nutrition
-| volume = 83
+ |volume          = 83
-| issue = 6, supplement|pages = 1483S–1493S
+ |issue           = 6, supplement
+ |pages           = 1483S–1493S
-| pmid = 16841858
+ |pmid            = 16841858
-| url = http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/83/6/S1483
+ |url             = http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/83/6/S1483
-| date =  1. 6. 2006. }}</ref><ref
+ |date=1. 6. 2006
+ |accessdate=4. 9. 2011
+ |archive-url     = https://web.archive.org/web/20100625101828/http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/83/6/S1483
+ |archive-date=25. 6. 2010
+ |url-status=dead
+ |df              =
+}}</ref><ref
  name="Okuyama2007">{{cite journal
-|author1=Okuyama Hirohmi, Ichikawa, Yuko |author2=Sun, Yueji |author3=Hamazaki, Tomohito |author4=Lands, William E.M. | title = ω3 fatty acids effectively prevent coronary heart disease and other late-onset diseases: the excessive linoleic acid syndrome
+|author1=Okuyama Hirohmi |author2= Ichikawa, Yuko |author3=Sun, Yueji |author4=Hamazaki, Tomohito |author5=Lands, William E.M. | title = ω3 fatty acids effectively prevent coronary heart disease and other late-onset diseases: the excessive linoleic acid syndrome
 | journal = World Review of Nutritional Dietetics
 | publisher = Karger
@@ Ред 38: / Ред 44: @@
 | issue = Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease|pages=83-103
 | year = 2007
-| id = ISBN 3-8055-8179-3
+| id = {{ISBN|978-3-8055-8179-0}}
 | doi = 10.1159/000097809
 | pmid = 17167282
 }}</ref>
-Moderna zapadna ishrana tipični ima odnos -{''n''}-−6 ka -{''n''−3}- veći od 10 na 1, nekad i do 30 na 1. Smatra se da je optimalni odnos 4 na 1 ili manje.<ref name="daley2004">{{cite journal |author1=Daley C.A., Abbott, A. |author2=Doyle, P. |author3=Nader, G. |author4=Larson, S.  |lastauthoramp=yes  |last-author-amp=yes | title = A literature review of the value-added nutrients found in grass-fed beef products  | publisher = California State University, Chico (College of Agriculture)  | year = 2004 | url = http://www.csuchico.edu/agr/grassfedbeef/health-benefits/index.html  | accessdate = 23. 3. 2008.}}</ref><ref name="simopoulos2002">{{cite journal  | author = Simopoulos Artemis P.  | title = The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids | journal = Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy | volume = 56 | issue = 8 | pages=365-379 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12442909 | doi = 10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00253-6}}</ref>
+Moderna zapadna ishrana tipični ima odnos -{''n''}-−6 ka -{''n''−3}- veći od 10 na 1, nekad i do 30 na 1. Smatra se da je optimalni odnos 4 na 1 ili manje.<ref name="daley2004">{{cite journal |author1=Daley C.A. |author2=Abbott, A. |author3=Doyle, P. |author4=Nader, G. |author5=Larson, S. |title=A literature review of the value-added nutrients found in grass-fed beef products |publisher=California State University, Chico (College of Agriculture) |year=2004 |url=http://www.csuchico.edu/agr/grassfedbeef/health-benefits/index.html |accessdate=23. 3. 2008 |journal= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706021024/http://www.csuchico.edu/agr/grassfedbeef/health-benefits/index.html |archive-date=6. 7. 2008 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref><ref name="simopoulos2002">{{cite journal  | author = Simopoulos Artemis P.  | title = The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids | journal = Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy | volume = 56 | issue = 8 | pages=365-379 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12442909 | doi = 10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00253-6}}</ref>
 == Prehrambeni izvori ==
-[[Датотека:Oenothera biennis 20050825 962.jpg|thumb|200px|Cvet noćurka (-{''O. biennis''}-) proizvodi ulje sa visokim sadržajem [[gama linoleinska kiselina|γ-linolenske kiselina]], tip -{''n''}-−6 masne kiseline.]]
+[[Датотека:Oenothera biennis 20050825 962.jpg|мини|200px|Cvet noćurka (-{''O. biennis''}-) proizvodi ulje sa visokim sadržajem [[gama linoleinska kiselina|γ-linolenske kiselina]], tip -{''n''}-−6 masne kiseline.]]
 Četiri glavna prehrambena ulja (od palme, soje, uljane repice, i suncokreta) se proizvode u količini većoj od 100 miliona metričkih tona godišnje, što daje više od 32 miliona metričkih tona -{n}--6 linoleinske kiseline i 4 miliona metričkih tona -{n}--3 alfa-linoleninske kiseline.<ref>-{Gunstone, Frank (December 2007) "Oilseed markets: Market update: Palm oil". INFORM (AOCS) 18(12): 835-836.}-</ref>
-Prehrambeni izvori -{''n''}-−6 masnih kiselina su:<ref name="NIH omega 6">{{cite web  | title = Food sources of total omega 6 fatty acids  | work =  | url = http://riskfactor.cancer.gov/diet/foodsources/fatty_acids/table2.html  | accessdate = 4. 9. 2011.}}</ref>
+Prehrambeni izvori -{''n''}-−6 masnih kiselina su:<ref name="NIH omega 6">{{cite web  | title = Food sources of total omega 6 fatty acids  | work =   | url = http://riskfactor.cancer.gov/diet/foodsources/fatty_acids/table2.html  | accessdate=4. 9. 2011  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111007012342/http://riskfactor.cancer.gov/diet/foodsources/fatty_acids/table2.html  | archive-date=7. 10. 2011  | url-status = dead  }}</ref>
 {{columns-list|2|
@@ Ред 117: / Ред 123: @@
 == Literatura ==
-{{Refbegin|2}}
+{{Литература|2}}
 * {{Cite book |ref= harv|author=Chow, Ching Kuang |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/25508943&referer=brief_results |title=Fatty Acids in Foods and Their Health Implications |publisher=Routledge Publishing |location=New York |year=2001}}
 * {{cite news
@@ Ред 126: / Ред 132: @@
  | work = Medical News Today
  | publisher = MediLexicon International
- | date = 2. 9. 2005.
+ | date = 2. 9. 2005
- | accessdate = 23. 3. 2008.}}
+ | accessdate = 23. 3. 2008
+ | archive-date = 11. 04. 2008
+ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080411102812/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/29976.php
+ | url-status = dead
+ }}
 * {{cite news
  | title = Brain fatty acid levels linked to depression
@@ Ред 133: / Ред 143: @@
  | work = News-Medical.Net
  | publisher = AZoNetwork
- | date = 25. 5. 2005.
+ | date=25. 5. 2005
- | accessdate = 23. 3. 2008.}}
+ | accessdate=23. 3. 2008}}
 * {{cite journal
-| last = Tribole
+ |last         = Tribole
-| first = E.F.
+ |first        = E.F.
-| title = Excess Omega-6 Fats Thwart Health Benefits from Omega-3 Fats
+ |title        = Excess Omega-6 Fats Thwart Health Benefits from Omega-3 Fats
-| journal = British Medical Journal Rapid Responses to Hooper, ''et al.'', 2006
+ |journal      = British Medical Journal Rapid Responses to Hooper, ''et al.'', 2006
-| url = http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/332/7544/752#130637
+ |url          = http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/332/7544/752#130637
-| date = 27. 3. 2006.
+ |date=27. 3. 2006
-| accessdate = 23. 3. 2008.}}
+ |accessdate=23. 3. 2008
+ |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080314130259/http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/332/7544/752#130637
-{{Refend}}
+ |archive-date=14. 3. 2008
+ |url-status=dead
+ |df           =
+}}
+{{Литература крај}}
 == Spoljašnje veze ==
@@ Ред 150: / Ред 165: @@
 {{Lipidi-lat}}
 {{Masne kiseline-lat}}
+{{normativna kontrola}}
 [[Категорија:Масне киселине]]

p r u Tipovi lipida
Proste masti	Zasićena mast · Nezasićena mast · Mononezasićena mast · Polinezasićena mast
Geometrija	Trans-mast · Omega-3 masna kiselina · Omega-6 masna kiselina · Omega-9 masna kiselina
Masne kiseline	Laurinska kiselina · Palmitinska kiselina · Miristinska kiselina · Stearinska kiselina · Kaprilna kiselina
Fosfolipidi	Fosfatidilserin · Fosfatidilinozitol · Fosfatidil etanolamin · Kardiolipin · Dipalmitoil fosfatidilholin
Steroidi	Holesterol · Kortikosteroidi · Seksualni steroidi
Sfingolipidi	Keramid
Eikozanoidi	Arahidonska kiselina · Prostaglandin · Prostaciklin · Tromboksan · Leukotrien

p r u Lipidi: Masne kiseline
Zasićene	Volatilne: Sirćetna (C2) · Propionska (C3) · Buterna (C4) · Valerinska (C5) · Kapronska (C6) · Enantinska (C7) · Kaprilna (C8) · Pelargonska (C9) · Kaprinska (C10) · Undekanska (C11) · Laurinska (C12) · Tridekanska (C13) · Miristinska (C14) · Pentadekanska (C15) · Palmitinska (C16) · Margarinska (C17) · Stearinska (C18) · Nonadekanska (C19) · Arahidinska (C20) · Behenska (C22) · Lignocerinska (C24) · Kerotinska (C26) · Montanska (C28)
n−3 Nezasićene	α-Linoleinska • Stearidonska • Eikozapentaenoinska • Dokozaheksaenoinska
n−6 Nezasićene	Linolna (18:2) • γ-Linolna (18:3) • Dihomo-γ-linolna (20:3) • Arahidonska (20:4) • Ardenska (22:4)
ω-7 Nezasićene	Palmitoleinska (16:1) • Vakcenska (18:1) • Paulinska (20:1)
n−9 Nezasićene	Oleinska (18:1) • Elaidinska (trans-18:1) • Eikozenoinska (20:1) • Erukinska (22:1) • Nervonska (24:1) • Mead (20:3)

Нормативна контрола
Државне	Израел Чешка
Остале	Енциклопедија Британика