中印边境实际控制线:修订间差异
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{{about|中國與印度邊境的實際邊界線|中國與其他鄰國的邊界線|中國邊界線| |
{{about|中國與印度邊境的實際邊界線|中國與其他鄰國的邊界線|中國邊界線|印度和巴基斯坦在克什米尔的实际分界线|印巴控制线}} |
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[[File:China-India relief location map.jpg|缩略图|400px|图中展现了中、印所主张的两国边界,其中的实线较为接近于两国边境实际控制分界。]] |
[[File:China-India relief location map.jpg|缩略图|400px|图中展现了中、印所主张的两国边界,其中的实线较为接近于两国边境实际控制分界。]] |
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'''中印边境实际控制线''',常簡稱為'''實際控制線''',是指[[中华人民共和国|中國]]和[[印度]]当前[[中印边界问题|實際控制地區]]的[[边界|分界線]]。“实际控制线”一词在1993年和1996年签署的中印协定中获得了法律承认。但对其具体确切的位置,两国并未达成共识。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/line-of-actual-control-where-it-is-located-and-where-india-and-china-differ-6436436/|title=Line of Actual Control: Where it is located, and where India and China differ|access-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601161232/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/line-of-actual-control-where-it-is-located-and-where-india-and-china-differ-6436436/|archive-date=2020/06/01}}</ref> |
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中印边界'''实际控制线'''({{lang-en|Line of Actual Control}}),常簡稱為'''實際控制線'''(LAC),是指[[中华人民共和国|中國]]和[[印度]]当前[[中印边界问题|實際控制地區]]的[[边界|分界線]]。“实际控制线”一词在1993年和1996年签署的中印协定中获得了法律承认。但对其具体确切的位置,两国并未达成共识。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/line-of-actual-control-where-it-is-located-and-where-india-and-china-differ-6436436/|title=Line of Actual Control: Where it is located, and where India and China differ|access-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601161232/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/line-of-actual-control-where-it-is-located-and-where-india-and-china-differ-6436436/|archive-date=2020-06-01|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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==名称== |
==名称== |
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实际控制线一词由中国在1959年的中印边界交涉中率先提出,是对中印边界现状的描述,它并非两国武装力量实际到达的界线,有两种常见说法使用术语“实际控制线”。从狭义上讲,它仅指两国边界西部(阿克赛钦-拉达克)的控制线,有时也包括巴里加斯。从更广泛的意义上来说,它也包括中段实际控制线和东段[[麦克马洪线]],从这个意义上说它是印度共和国与中华人民共和国之间事实上的有效边界。按照中国的解释, |
实际控制线一词由中国在1959年的中印边界交涉中率先提出,是对中印边界现状的描述,它并非两国武装力量实际到达的界线,有两种常见说法使用术语“实际控制线”。从狭义上讲,它仅指两国边界西部(阿克赛钦-拉达克)的控制线,有时也包括巴里加斯。从更广泛的意义上来说,它也包括中段实际控制线和东段[[麦克马洪线]],从这个意义上说它是印度共和国与中华人民共和国之间事实上的有效边界。按照中国的解释,不承认非法的麦克马洪线,“但是还承认它是实际控制线。”<ref>毛泽东年谱,1970年11月13日</ref>而在中印边界西段则是1956年版[[中华人民共和国疆域|中国全图]]画出的那条边界线。印度方面接受了这一提法,但对实际控制线的具体位置,两国的认识从未一致过,因此直到今天,实际控制线仍在理清中。<ref name=GlobalSecurity>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/india-china_conflicts.htm |title=India-China Border Dispute |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |accessdate=2020-06-17 |archive-date=2015-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215120802/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/india-china_conflicts.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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==历史== |
==历史== |
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{{Wikisourceshas|中华人民共和国政府和印度共和国政府关于在中印边境实际控制线地区保持和平与安宁的协定|中华人民共和国政府和印度共和国政府关于在中印边境实际控制线地区军事领域建立信任措施的协定|中华人民共和国政府和印度共和国政府关于解决中印边界问题政治指导原则的协定}} |
{{Wikisourceshas|中华人民共和国政府和印度共和国政府关于在中印边境实际控制线地区保持和平与安宁的协定|中华人民共和国政府和印度共和国政府关于在中印边境实际控制线地区军事领域建立信任措施的协定|中华人民共和国政府和印度共和国政府关于解决中印边界问题政治指导原则的协定}} |
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1959年10月24日,中国总理[[周恩来]]在给印度总理[[贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁]]的一封信中首次使用了这个词<ref name= Hoffman>{{cite book |last1=Hoffman |first1=Steven A. |title=India and the China Crisis |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |pages=80 |isbn=9780520301726 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bjADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80}}</ref>。 |
1959年10月24日,中国总理[[周恩来]]在给印度总理[[贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁]]的一封信中首次使用了这个词<ref name= Hoffman>{{cite book |last1=Hoffman |first1=Steven A. |title=India and the China Crisis |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |pages=80 |isbn=9780520301726 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bjADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 |access-date=2020-06-17 |archive-date=2020-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617143305/https://books.google.com/books?id=_bjADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。 |
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1962年11月21日,中国政府声明自11月22日北京时间零时起中国军队单方面全线停火;开始全线后撤至 |
1962年11月21日,中国政府声明自11月22日北京时间零时起中国军队单方面全线停火;开始全线后撤至“1959年11月7日中印双方实际控制线”北20公里之外,脱离双方军事接触。<ref>{{cite book |title=中印边境自卫反击作战史 |date=1994 |publisher=军事科学出版社}}</ref> |
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1993年《中华人民共和国政府和印度共和国政府关于在中印边境实际控制线地区保持和平与安宁的协定》第6条提到“本协定所提及的实际控制线不损及各自对边界问题的立场”。 |
1993年《中华人民共和国政府和印度共和国政府关于在中印边境实际控制线地区保持和平与安宁的协定》第6条提到“本协定所提及的实际控制线不损及各自对边界问题的立场”。 |
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2005年双方签署的《解决中印边界问题政治指导原则的协定》第九条规定“边界问题最终解决之前,双方应严格尊重和遵守实际控制线,共同努力保持边境地区的和平与安宁。中印联合工作小组和中印外交和军事专家小组应根据一九九三年九月七日和一九九六年十一月二十九日签署的协定继续工作,包括澄清实际控制线和落实建立信任措施。” |
2005年双方签署的《解决中印边界问题政治指导原则的协定》第九条规定“边界问题最终解决之前,双方应严格尊重和遵守实际控制线,共同努力保持边境地区的和平与安宁。中印联合工作小组和中印外交和军事专家小组应根据一九九三年九月七日和一九九六年十一月二十九日签署的协定继续工作,包括澄清实际控制线和落实建立信任措施。” |
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[[File:Aksai Chin Sino-Indian border map.png|thumb|330px|right|西段争议边界]] |
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==位置== |
==位置== |
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[[File:Aksai Chin Sino-Indian border map.png|thumb|330px|right|西段争议边界实际控制线与主张线的差异]] |
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[[File:Map of Doklam.svg|缩略图|230px|[[乃堆拉山口|乃堆拉]]-[[则里拉山口|则里拉]]-巴塘拉-多卡拉一线]] |
[[File:Map of Doklam.svg|缩略图|230px|[[乃堆拉山口|乃堆拉]]-[[则里拉山口|则里拉]]-巴塘拉-多卡拉一线]] |
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该线的长度为4057公里,包括三个部分<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jeff M. Smith|title=The China-India Border Brawl|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124578881101543463|website=the Wall Street Journal|accessdate=2017-07-21|date=2009-06-24}}</ref>: |
该线的长度为4057公里,包括三个部分<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jeff M. Smith|title=The China-India Border Brawl|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124578881101543463|website=the Wall Street Journal|accessdate=2017-07-21|date=2009-06-24|archive-date=2015-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710060101/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124578881101543463|dead-url=no}}</ref>: |
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* 西 |
* 西段(中国新疆[[和田地区|和田]]的[[阿克赛钦]]与印度的[[拉达克]],被印度视为[[克什米尔地区]]的一部分。); |
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**[[空喀山口事件]] |
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**[[斗拉特别奥里地]]([[2013年斗拉特别奥里地事件]]) - [[楚马要塞|楚马]] |
**[[斗拉特别奥里地]]([[2013年斗拉特别奥里地事件]]) - [[楚马要塞|楚马]] |
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**[[加勒万河|加勒万河谷]] |
**[[加勒万河|加勒万河谷]]([[2020年中印边境冲突]]) |
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**[[班公错]]、[[曼冬錯]]、[[斯潘古爾山口]]([[2020年中印边境冲突]]) |
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**[[班公错]] - |
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{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |
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!中印边境实际控制线在阿克赛钦部份 |
!中印边境实际控制线在西段[[阿克赛钦]]部份 |
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| label-colorD = dark grey |
| label-colorD = dark grey |
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| label-posD = right |
| label-posD = right |
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| label-offset-xD = 5 |
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| shapeD = n-circle |
| shapeD = n-circle |
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| shape-colorD = yellow |
| shape-colorD = yellow |
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<!-- Kongka Pass --> |
<!-- Kongka Pass --> |
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| label4 = Kongka Pass |
| label4 = Kongka Pass |
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| mark-title4 = [[空喀山口 |
| mark-title4 = [[空喀山口]] [[Kongka Pass]] |
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| mark-coord4 = {{coord|34|20|06|N|79|02|07|E}} |
| mark-coord4 = {{coord|34|20|06|N|79|02|07|E}} |
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<!-- Kongka Pass --> |
<!-- Kongka Pass --> |
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}} |
}} |
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|} |
|} |
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{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |
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* 中部(中国西藏[[阿里地区|阿里]]与印度东部的喜马偕尔邦和北阿坎德邦接壤); |
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|- |
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* 东部(作为[[锡金邦]]和阿鲁纳恰尔邦的实际北部边界,中国视为[[藏南]]地区)。 |
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! 中印边境实际控制线在西段[[班公错]]部份 |
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|- |
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| |
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{{OSM Location map |
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| coord = {{coord|33.7|N|78.8|E }} <!-- Map center --> |
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| float = <!-- null, left, right --> |
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| zoom = 9 |
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| width = 550 |
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| height = 350 |
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| caption = <center> The Contested LAC in Pangong Tso </center> |
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| nolabels = 1 |
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| map-data = |
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| auto-caption=1 |
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| scalemark = 1 |
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<!-- the optional 'D' values become Defaults for subsequent parameter sets --> |
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| shapeD = n-circle |
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| shape-colorD = yellow |
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| shape-outlineD = black |
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<!-- the optional 'D' values become Defaults for subsequent parameter sets --> |
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<!-- Ane La --> |
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| label1 = Ane La |
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| mark-title1 = Ane La |
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| mark-coord1 = {{coord|33.9703158|78.7388067}} |
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<!-- Ane La --> |
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<!-- Chinese border point near Ane La--> |
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| label2 = Tradtional customary |
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|labela2 = boundary of China |
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|labelb2 = declared 1960 |
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| mark-title2 = Chinese border point near Ane La |
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| mark-coord2 = {{coord|33|50|N|78|46|E}} |
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| label-pos2 = top |
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| label-offset-x2 = 40 |
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<!-- Chinese border point near Ane La--> |
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<!-- Chinese border point near finger8--> |
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| label3 = Tradtional customary |
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|labela3 = boundary of China |
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|labelb3 = declared 1960 |
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| mark-title3 = Chinese border point near finger8 |
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| mark-coord3 = {{coord|33|44|N|78|49|E}} |
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| label-pos3 = top |
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| label-offset-x3 = 40 |
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<!-- Chinese border point near finger8 --> |
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<!-- Chinese border point near Helmet --> |
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| label4 = Tradtional customary |
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|labela4 = boundary of China |
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|labelb4 = declared 1960 |
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| mark-title4 = Chinese border point near Helmet |
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| mark-coord4 = {{coord|33|40|N|78|43|E}} |
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| label-pos4 = top |
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| label-offset-x4 = -40 |
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<!-- Chinese border point near Helmet --> |
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<!-- Helmet --> |
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| label5 = Helmet |
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| mark-title5 = Helmet |
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| mark-coord5 = {{coord|33.645|78.726 }} |
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<!-- Helmet --> |
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<!-- PT5167 --> |
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| label6 = PT5167 |
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| mark-title6 = PT5167 |
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| mark-coord6 = {{coord|33.6225|78.7175}} |
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| label-pos6 = left |
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| label-offset-x6 = -1 |
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<!-- PT5167 --> |
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<!-- Bump (PT5524.5) --> |
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| label7 = Bump (PT5524.5) |
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| mark-title7 = Bump (PT5524.5) |
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| mark-coord7 = {{coord|33.6225|78.758}} |
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<!-- Bump (PT5524.5) --> |
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<!-- Table Top --> |
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| label8 = Table Top |
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| mark-title8 = Table Top |
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| mark-coord8 = {{coord|33.604|78.745}} |
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<!-- Table Top --> |
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<!-- Camel's Back --> |
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| label9 = Camel's Back |
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| mark-title9 = Camel's Back |
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| mark-coord9 = {{coord|33.59|78.74}} |
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<!-- Camel's Back --> |
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<!-- Gurung Hill --> |
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| label10 = Gurung Hill |
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| mark-title10 = [[Gurung Hill]] |
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| mark-coord10 = {{coord|33.56914|78.73264}} |
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| label-pos10 = left |
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| label-offset-x10 = -1 |
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<!-- Gurung Hill --> |
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<!-- Spanggur Gap --> |
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| label11 = Spanggur Gap |
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| mark-title11 = [[Spanggur Gap]] [[斯潘古爾山口]] |
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| mark-coord11 = {{coord|33.56016|78.74017}} |
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<!-- Spanggur Gap --> |
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<!-- Magar Hill --> |
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| label12 = Magar Hill |
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| mark-title12 = Magar Hill |
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| mark-coord12 = {{coord|33.52668|78.76987}} |
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<!-- Magar Hill --> |
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<!-- Mukhpari Peak --> |
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| label13 = Mukhpari Peak |
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| mark-title13 = Mukhpari Peak |
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| mark-coord13 = {{coord|33|29|0|N|78|48|54|E}} |
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<!-- Mukhpari Peak --> |
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<!--神炮山 (PT5160.9) Shenpao Hill --> |
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| label14 =神炮山 (PT5160.9) |
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| mark-title14 =神炮山 (PT5160.9) |
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| mark-coord14 = {{coord|33.4562|78.8232}} |
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<!--神炮山 (PT5160.9) Shenpao Hill --> |
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<!-- Rechin Pass 热钦山口--> |
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| label15 = Rechin Pass 热钦山口 |
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| mark-title15 = Rechin Pass 热钦山口 |
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| mark-coord15 = {{coord|33.42|78.85}} |
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| label-pos15 = left |
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| label-offset-x15 = -1 |
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<!-- Rechin Pass 热钦山口--> |
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<!-- Rezang La --> |
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| label16 = Rezang La 热赞拉 |
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| mark-title16 = [[Rezang La]] [[热赞拉]] |
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| mark-coord16 = {{coord|33|24|50|N|78|52|29|E}} |
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<!-- Rezang La --> |
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}} |
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|} |
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* 中段(中国西藏[[阿里地区|阿里]]与印度东部的喜马偕尔邦和北阿坎德邦接壤); |
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{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |
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|- |
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! 中印边境实际控制线在中段部份 |
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|- |
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| |
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{{OSM Location map |
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| coord = {{coord|31.5|79.75}} <!-- Map center --> |
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| float = <!-- null, left, right --> |
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| zoom = 8 |
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| width = 550 |
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| height = 600 |
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| caption = <center> The Pass the Contested LAC </center> |
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| nolabels = 1 |
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| map-data = |
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| auto-caption=1 |
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| scalemark = 1 |
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<!-- the optional 'D' values become Defaults for subsequent parameter sets --> |
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| markD = Red pog.svg |
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| mark-sizeD = 3 |
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| mark-imageD = |
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| label-sizeD = 10 |
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| label-colorD = dark grey |
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| label-posD = right |
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| label-offset-xD = 5 |
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| shapeD = n-circle |
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| shape-colorD = yellow |
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| shape-outlineD = black |
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<!-- the optional 'D' values become Defaults for subsequent parameter sets --> |
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<!-- Charding La 恰爾丁山口--> |
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| label1 = Charding La 恰爾丁山口 |
|||
| mark-title1 = 恰爾丁山口 [[Charding La]] |
|||
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|32.54|79.427}} <!-- 32.5242 79.4019 --> |
|||
<!-- Charding La 恰爾丁山口--> |
|||
<!-- Imis La --> |
|||
| label2 = Imis La |
|||
| mark-title2 = [[Imis La]] |
|||
| mark-coord2 = {{coord|32.38194|79.01722}} |
|||
<!-- Imis La --> |
|||
<!-- Seru'Ur Ri --> |
|||
| label3 = Seru'Ur Ri 斯诺乌山 |
|||
| mark-title3 = 斯诺乌山 Seru'Ur Ri 6410m |
|||
| mark-coord3 = {{coord|32.71|78.72749}} |
|||
<!-- Seru'Ur Ri --> |
|||
<!-- Mount Gya --> |
|||
| label4 = Mount Gya 蓋亞山 |
|||
| mark-title4 = [[蓋亞山]] [[Mount Gya]] 6795m |
|||
| mark-coord4 = {{coord|32.52583| 78.39916}} |
|||
<!-- Mount Gya --> |
|||
<!-- Leo Pargial --> |
|||
| label5 = Leo Pargial |
|||
| mark-title5 = [[Leo Pargial]] 6971m |
|||
| mark-coord5 = {{coord|31.9022|78.7427}} |
|||
<!-- Leo Pargial --> |
|||
<!-- Reo Purgyil --> |
|||
| label6 = Reo Purgyil |
|||
| mark-title6 = [[Reo Purgyil]] 6816m |
|||
| mark-coord6 = {{coord|31.884|78.7317}} |
|||
| label-pos6 = left |
|||
| label-offset-x6 = -1 |
|||
<!-- Reo Purgyil --> |
|||
<!-- Shipki La --> |
|||
| label7 = Shipki La 什布奇山口 |
|||
| mark-title7 = [[什布奇山口]] [[Shipki La]] 5571m |
|||
| mark-coord7 = {{coord|31|49|55|N|78|44|02|E}} |
|||
<!-- Shipki La --> |
|||
<!-- Keobarang --> |
|||
| label8 = Keobarang Pass |
|||
| mark-title8 = Keobarang Pass 5642m |
|||
| mark-coord8 = {{coord|31.6022|78.8436}} |
|||
<!-- Keobarang Pass --> |
|||
<!--塔布龙山口--> |
|||
| label9 =塔布龙山口 |
|||
| mark-title9 =塔布龙山口 |
|||
| mark-coord9 = {{coord|31.5767|78.8139}} |
|||
| label-pos9 = left |
|||
| label-offset-x9 = -1 |
|||
<!--塔布龙山口--> |
|||
<!-- Shimdang La --> |
|||
| label10 = Shimdang La 希姆当山口 |
|||
| mark-title10 = 希姆当山口 Shimdang La |
|||
| mark-coord10 = {{coord|31.4835|78.7324}} |
|||
| label-pos10 = top |
|||
| label-offset-x10 = -25 |
|||
<!-- Shimdang La --> |
|||
<!-- Khimokul Pass --> |
|||
| label11 = Khimokul Pass 古木朗山口 |
|||
| mark-title11 = 古木朗山口 Khimokul Pass |
|||
| mark-coord11 = {{coord|31.44833|78.7885}} |
|||
| label-pos11 = bottom |
|||
| label-offset-x11 = -25 |
|||
<!-- Khimokul Pass --> |
|||
<!-- Yamtang Pass --> |
|||
| label12 = Yamtang Pass |
|||
| mark-title12 = Yamtang Pass |
|||
| mark-coord12 = {{coord|31.3375| 78.7686}} |
|||
| label-pos12 = left |
|||
| label-offset-x12 = -1 |
|||
<!-- Yamtang Pass --> |
|||
<!-- Thaga La --> |
|||
| label13 = Thaga La 塔加拉山口 |
|||
| mark-title13 = 塔加拉山口 Thaga La |
|||
| mark-coord13 = {{coord|31.4397| 79.1206}} |
|||
<!-- Thaga La --> |
|||
<!-- Tsang Chok La --> |
|||
| label14 = Tsang Chok La 桑觉拉山口 |
|||
| mark-title14 = 桑觉拉山口 Tsang Chok La |
|||
| mark-coord14 = {{coord|31.3456|79.2244}} |
|||
<!-- Tsang Chok La --> |
|||
<!--莫林山口--> |
|||
| label15 = 莫林山口 |
|||
| mark-title15 = 莫林山口 |
|||
| mark-coord15 = {{coord|31.1982|79.3054}} |
|||
<!--莫林山口--> |
|||
<!-- Mana Pass --> |
|||
| label16 = Mana Pass 玛那山口 |
|||
| mark-title16 = [[玛那山口]] [[Mana Pass]] |
|||
| mark-coord16 = {{coord|31.068333|79.416667}} |
|||
<!-- Mana Pass --> |
|||
<!-- Saraswati Parbat I --> |
|||
| label17 = Saraswati Parbat I |
|||
| mark-title17 = [[Saraswati Parbat I]] 6940m |
|||
| mark-coord17 = {{coord|31.03166| 79.50166 }} |
|||
<!-- Saraswati Parbat I --> |
|||
<!-- Saraswati Parbat II --> |
|||
| label18 = Saraswati Parbat II |
|||
| mark-title18 = [[Saraswati Parbat II]] 6775m |
|||
| mark-coord18 = {{coord|31.01416| 79.50833 }} |
|||
| label-pos18 = left |
|||
| label-offset-x18 = -1 |
|||
<!-- Saraswati Parbat II --> |
|||
<!-- Mukut Parbat --> |
|||
| label19 = Mukut Parbat |
|||
| mark-title19 = [[Mukut Parbat]] 7242m |
|||
| mark-coord19 = {{coord|30|57|08|N|79|34|13|E }} |
|||
| label-pos19 = left |
|||
| label-offset-x19 = -1 |
|||
<!-- Mukut Parbat --> |
|||
<!-- Abi Gamin --> |
|||
| label20 = Abi Gamin |
|||
| mark-title20 = [[Abi Gamin]] 7355m |
|||
| mark-coord20 = {{coord|30|55|57|N|79|36|09|E }} |
|||
<!-- Abi Gamin --> |
|||
<!-- Niti Pass --> |
|||
| label21 = Niti Pass 尼提山口 |
|||
| mark-title21 = 尼提山口 Niti Pass |
|||
| mark-coord21 = {{coord|30.9661|79.8747}} |
|||
<!-- Niti Pass --> |
|||
<!--Tunjun La--> |
|||
| label22 = Tunjun La 东径拉山口 |
|||
| mark-title22 = 东径拉山口 Tunjun La |
|||
| mark-coord22 = {{coord|30.8714|79.9808}} |
|||
<!--Tunjun La--> |
|||
<!--Kungribinri Pass--> |
|||
| label23 = Kungribinri Pass 昆里宾里山口 |
|||
| mark-title23 = 昆里宾里山口 Kungribinri Pass |
|||
| mark-coord23 = {{coord|30.63119| 80.21635}} |
|||
<!--Kungribinri Pass--> |
|||
<!--Darma Pass--> |
|||
| label24 = Darma Pass 达玛山口 |
|||
| mark-title24 = 达玛山口 Darma Pass |
|||
| mark-coord24 = {{coord|30.4528|80.5358}} |
|||
| label-pos24 = left |
|||
| label-offset-x24 = -1 |
|||
<!--Darma Pass--> |
|||
<!-- Limpiyadhura Pass --> |
|||
| label25 = Limpiyadhura Pass |
|||
| mark-title25 = Limpiyadhura Pass |
|||
| mark-coord25 = {{coord|30.4608|80.6121 }} |
|||
<!-- Limpiyadhura Pass --> |
|||
<!-- Lipulekh Pass --> |
|||
| label26 = Lipulekh Pass 里普列克山口 |
|||
| mark-title26 = [[里普列克山口]] [[Lipulekh Pass]] |
|||
| mark-coord26 = {{coord|30.234167|81.028889}} |
|||
| label-pos26 = left |
|||
| label-offset-x26 = -1 |
|||
<!-- Lipulekh Pass --> |
|||
}} |
|||
|} |
|||
* 东段(作为[[锡金邦]]和阿鲁纳恰尔邦(中国视为[[藏南地区]])的实际北部边界)。 |
|||
**[[乃堆拉山口]] - [[则里拉山口]] - [[洞朗]] (Doka La) |
**[[乃堆拉山口]] - [[则里拉山口]] - [[洞朗]] (Doka La) |
||
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |
|||
|- |
|||
!中印边境实际控制线在东段[[锡金邦]]部份 |
|||
|- |
|||
| |
|||
{{OSM Location map |
|||
| coord = {{coord|27.685|88.70}} <!-- Map center --> |
|||
| float = <!-- null, left, right --> |
|||
| zoom = 9 |
|||
| width = 550 |
|||
| height = 450 |
|||
| caption = <center> The Pass the Contested LAC </center> |
|||
| nolabels = 1 |
|||
| map-data = |
|||
| auto-caption=1 |
|||
| scalemark = 1 |
|||
<!-- the optional 'D' values become Defaults for subsequent parameter sets --> |
|||
| markD = Red pog.svg |
|||
| mark-sizeD = 3 |
|||
| mark-imageD = |
|||
| label-sizeD = 10 |
|||
| label-colorD = dark grey |
|||
| label-posD = left |
|||
| label-offset-xD = -1 |
|||
| shapeD = n-circle |
|||
| shape-colorD = yellow |
|||
| shape-outlineD = black |
|||
<!-- the optional 'D' values become Defaults for subsequent parameter sets --> |
|||
<!-- Chorten Nyima La --> |
|||
| label1 = Chorten Nyima La |
|||
| mark-title1 = Chorten Nyima La 5854m |
|||
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|27.9667| 88.2333}} |
|||
<!-- Chorten Nyima La --> |
|||
<!-- Naku La --> |
|||
| label2 = Naku La |
|||
| mark-title2 = [[Naku La]] [[纳库拉山口]] 5280m |
|||
| mark-coord2 = {{coord|28.0372|88.4822}} |
|||
<!-- Naku La --> |
|||
<!-- Chomo Yummo --> |
|||
| label3 = Chomo Yummo |
|||
| mark-title3 = [[Chomo Yummo]] 6829 m |
|||
| mark-coord3 = {{coord|28.03333| 88.54583}} |
|||
| label-pos3 = right |
|||
| label-offset-x3 = 5 |
|||
<!-- Chomo Yummo --> |
|||
<!-- Kongra La --> |
|||
| label4 = Kongra La |
|||
| mark-title4 = Kongra La 5133m |
|||
| mark-coord4 = {{coord|28.1022|88.6253}} |
|||
<!-- Kongra La --> |
|||
<!-- Sese La (Khungyami La) --> |
|||
| label5 = Sese La (Khungyami La) |
|||
| mark-title5 = Sese La (Khungyami La) 5420m |
|||
| mark-coord5 = {{coord|28.05|88.7833}} |
|||
| label-pos5 = right |
|||
| label-offset-x5 = 5 |
|||
<!-- Sese La (Khungyami La) --> |
|||
<!-- Dongkha La --> |
|||
| label6 = Dongkha La |
|||
| mark-title6 = [[Dongkha La]] [[东卡拉山口]] 5534m |
|||
| mark-coord6 = {{coord|27.9875| 88.767222}} |
|||
<!-- Dongkha La --> |
|||
<!-- Pauhunri --> |
|||
| label7 = Pauhunri |
|||
| mark-title7 = [[Pauhunri]] [[堡洪里峰]] 7128m |
|||
| mark-coord7 = {{coord|27.953| 88.8425}} |
|||
<!-- Pauhunri --> |
|||
<!-- Gora La --> |
|||
| label8 = Gora La |
|||
| mark-title8 = Gora La |
|||
| mark-coord8 = {{coord|27.8406| 88.8807}} |
|||
<!-- Gora La --> |
|||
<!-- Tangkar La --> |
|||
| label9 = Tangkar La |
|||
| mark-title9 = Tangkar La 5036m |
|||
| mark-coord9 = {{coord|27.6463| 88.8286}} |
|||
<!-- Tangkar La --> |
|||
<!-- Cho La --> |
|||
| label10 = Cho La |
|||
| mark-title10 = [[Cho La]] [[卓拉山口]] 4593m |
|||
| mark-coord10 = {{coord|27.4228| 88.8011}} |
|||
<!-- Cho La --> |
|||
<!-- Nathu La --> |
|||
| label11 = Nathu La |
|||
| mark-title11 = [[Nathu La]] [[乃堆拉山口]] 4310m |
|||
| mark-coord11 = {{coord|27.386844|88.831142}} |
|||
<!-- Nathu La --> |
|||
<!-- Jelep La --> |
|||
| label12 = Jelep La |
|||
| mark-title12 = [[Jelep La]] [[则里拉山口]] 4270m |
|||
| mark-coord12 = {{coord|27.367222|88.865833}} |
|||
| label-pos12 = right |
|||
| label-offset-x12 = 5 |
|||
<!-- Jelep La --> |
|||
<!-- Dongchuk La --> |
|||
| label13 = Dongchuk La |
|||
| mark-title13 = Dongchuk La 东巨拉山口 4406m |
|||
| mark-coord13 = {{coord|27.3423|88.8857}} |
|||
<!-- Dongchuk La --> |
|||
<!-- Batang La --> |
|||
| label14 = Batang La |
|||
| mark-title14 = Batang La 巴塘拉山口 4545m |
|||
| mark-coord14 = {{coord|27.3278|88.92}} |
|||
<!-- Batang La --> |
|||
<!-- Doka La --> |
|||
| label15= Doka La |
|||
| mark-title15 = Doka La 多卡拉山口 4283m |
|||
| mark-coord15 = {{coord|27.294167|88.913333}} |
|||
| label-pos15 = right |
|||
| label-offset-x15= 5 |
|||
<!-- Doka La --> |
|||
<!-- Gipmochi --> |
|||
| label16 = Gipmochi |
|||
| mark-title16 = [[Gipmochi]] [[吉姆马珍雪山]] 4427m |
|||
| mark-coord16 = {{coord|27.2742| 88.90}} |
|||
<!-- Gipmochi --> |
|||
}} |
|||
|} |
|||
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |
|||
|- |
|||
! 中印边境实际控制线在東段[[藏南地區]]部份 |
|||
|- |
|||
| |
|||
{{OSM Location map |
|||
| coord = {{coord|28.5|94.5}} <!-- Map center --> |
|||
| float = <!-- null, left, right --> |
|||
| zoom = 8 |
|||
| width = 1100 |
|||
| height = 500 |
|||
| caption = <center> The Pass the Contested LAC </center> |
|||
| nolabels = 1 |
|||
| map-data = |
|||
| auto-caption=1 |
|||
| scalemark = 1 |
|||
<!-- the optional 'D' values become Defaults for subsequent parameter sets --> |
|||
| markD = Red pog.svg |
|||
| mark-sizeD = 3 |
|||
| mark-imageD = <!-- null --> |
|||
| label-sizeD = 10 |
|||
| label-colorD = dark grey |
|||
| label-posD = left |
|||
| label-offset-xD = -1 |
|||
| shapeD = n-circle |
|||
| shape-colorD = yellow |
|||
| shape-outlineD = black |
|||
| mark-descriptionD = <!-- null --> |
|||
<!-- the optional 'D' values become Defaults for subsequent parameter sets --> |
|||
<!-- India-China LAC --> |
|||
| label1 = Thag la Ridge - |
|||
| labela1 = Hathung la Ridge |
|||
| labelb1 = LAC |
|||
| mark-title1 = Thag la Ridge - Hathung la Ridge LAC |
|||
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|27|47|01|N|91|44|00|E}} |
|||
| label-pos1 = top |
|||
| label-offset-x1= 20 |
|||
<!-- India-China LAC --> |
|||
<!-- Bum La Pass --> |
|||
| label2 = Bum La Pass |
|||
| mark-title2 = [[Bum La Pass]] [[邦拉山口]] |
|||
| mark-coord2 = {{coord|27|43|25|N|91|53|30|E}} |
|||
| label-pos2 = bottom |
|||
| label-offset-x2 = 25 |
|||
<!-- Bum La Pass --> |
|||
<!-- Bum La (historical) --> |
|||
| label3 = Bum La (historical) |
|||
| mark-title3 = Bum La (historical) |
|||
| mark-coord3 = {{coord|27.719| 91.9195}} |
|||
| label-pos3 = right |
|||
| label-offset-x3 = 5 |
|||
<!-- Bum La Pass --> |
|||
<!-- Thang La (Pass) --> |
|||
| label4 = Thang La (Pass) |
|||
| mark-title4 = Thang La (Pass) |
|||
| mark-coord4 = {{coord|27|46|41|N|92|01|18|E }} |
|||
| label-pos4 = right |
|||
| label-offset-x4 = 5 |
|||
<!-- Thang La (Pass) --> |
|||
<!-- Tulung La --> |
|||
| label5 = Tulung La |
|||
| mark-title5 = Tulung La |
|||
| mark-coord5 = {{coord|27.8858| 92.269}} |
|||
| label-pos5 = top |
|||
| label-offset-x5 = 15 |
|||
<!-- Tulung La --> |
|||
<!-- Kangto --> |
|||
| label6 = Kangto |
|||
| mark-title6 = [[Kangto]] [[康格多山]] 7060m |
|||
| mark-coord6 = {{coord|27.865| 92.5325}} |
|||
<!-- Kangto --> |
|||
<!-- Chiumo --> |
|||
| label7 = Chiumo |
|||
| mark-title7 = Chiumo |
|||
| mark-coord7 = {{coord|27.91166| 92.625}} |
|||
| label-pos7 = right |
|||
| label-offset-x7 = 5 |
|||
<!-- Chiumo --> |
|||
<!-- Takpa Shiri --> |
|||
| label8 = Takpa Shiri |
|||
| mark-title8 = Takpa Shiri |
|||
| mark-coord8 = {{coord|28.1782| 92.7704}} |
|||
<!-- Takpa Shiri --> |
|||
<!-- Jammu Pass 5485m --> |
|||
| label9 = Jammu Pass 5485m |
|||
| mark-title9 = Jammu Pass 5485m |
|||
| mark-coord9 = {{coord|28.186944| 92.865278}} |
|||
| label-pos9 = bottom |
|||
| label-offset-x9 = 40 |
|||
<!-- Jammu Pass 5485m --> |
|||
<!--雪堆拉--> |
|||
| label10 = 雪堆拉 |
|||
| mark-title10 = 雪堆拉 |
|||
| mark-coord10 = {{coord|28.2034| 92.925}} |
|||
| label-pos10 = right |
|||
| label-offset-x10= 5 |
|||
<!--雪堆拉--> |
|||
<!-- Tung La --> |
|||
| label11 = Tung La |
|||
| mark-title11 = Tung La |
|||
| mark-coord11 = {{coord|28.581| 93.4075}} |
|||
<!-- Tung La --> |
|||
<!--博色拉山5746m --> |
|||
| label12 = 博色拉山5746m |
|||
| mark-title12 = 博色拉山5746m |
|||
| mark-coord12 = {{coord|28.6742| 93.4783}} |
|||
<!--博色拉山5746m --> |
|||
<!-- Dom La --> |
|||
| label13 = Dom La |
|||
| mark-title13 = Dom La |
|||
| mark-coord13 = {{coord|28.787| 93.935}} |
|||
<!-- Dom La --> |
|||
<!-- Tunga La --> |
|||
| label14 = Tunga La |
|||
| mark-title14 = Tunga La |
|||
| mark-coord14 = {{coord|28.932| 94.22 }} |
|||
<!-- Tunga La --> |
|||
<!-- [[Kepang_La]] [[更巴拉山口]] --> |
|||
| label15 = 更巴拉山口 |
|||
| mark-title15 = [[Kepang_La]] [[更巴拉山口]] |
|||
| mark-coord15 = {{coord|29.15307| 94.97806}} |
|||
| label-pos15= bottom |
|||
| label-offset-x15 = -22 |
|||
<!-- [[Kepang_La]] [[更巴拉山口]] --> |
|||
<!--石阳山口--> |
|||
| label16 = 石阳山口 |
|||
| mark-title16= 石阳山口 |
|||
| mark-coord16 = {{coord|29.1389| 95.0982}} |
|||
| label-pos16= top |
|||
| label-offset-x16 = 18 |
|||
<!-- 石阳山口--> |
|||
<!-- Kangri Karpo La --> |
|||
| label17 = Kangri Karpo La |
|||
| mark-title17 = Kangri Karpo La |
|||
| mark-coord17 = {{coord|29.137| 95.335}} |
|||
| label-pos17 = bottom |
|||
| label-offset-x17 = 35 |
|||
<!-- Kangri Karpo La --> |
|||
<!-- Zhabu La --> |
|||
| label18 = Zhabu La |
|||
| mark-title18 = Zhabu La Pass 扎布拉山口 |
|||
| mark-coord18= {{coord|29.1908| 95.4381}} |
|||
| label-pos18 = top |
|||
| label-offset-x18 = -15 |
|||
<!-- Zhabu La --> |
|||
<!-- Andra La --> |
|||
| label19 = Andra La |
|||
| mark-title19 = Andra La 安扎拉 |
|||
| mark-coord19 = {{coord|29.1859| 95.5649}} |
|||
| label-pos19 = bottom |
|||
| label-offset-x19 = 15 |
|||
<!-- Andra La --> |
|||
<!-- Yonggyap La --> |
|||
| label20 = Yonggyap La |
|||
| mark-title20 = Yonggyap La 永加拉 3876m |
|||
| mark-coord20 = {{coord|29.2139| 95.7178}} |
|||
| label-pos20 = top |
|||
| label-offset-x20 = 25 |
|||
<!-- Yonggyap La --> |
|||
<!-- Tsang Kang La --> |
|||
| label21 = Tsang Kang La |
|||
| mark-title21 = Tsang Kang La |
|||
| mark-coord21 = {{coord|29.188| 96.3025}} |
|||
<!-- Tsang Kang La -> |
|||
<!-- Mulong La / Mulung La--> |
|||
| label22 = Mulong La / Mulung La |
|||
| mark-title22 = Mulong La / Mulung La 木龙拉 |
|||
| mark-coord22 = {{coord|28.302| 97.002}} |
|||
<!-- Mulong La / Mulung La --> |
|||
<!-- [[Diphu Pass]][[底富山口]] --> |
|||
| label23 = Diphu Pass 底富山口 |
|||
| mark-title23 = [[Diphu Pass]] [[底富山口]] |
|||
| mark-coord23 = {{coord|28|9|0|N| 97|20|0|E}} |
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==事件== |
==事件== |
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* [[2013年斗拉特别奥里地事件]]:2013年,印度和中国军队在[[斗拉特别奥里地]]东南30公里处进行了为期三周的对峙。最终中国和印度军队撤回,以换取印度同意拆除斗拉特别奥里地以南250公里的[[楚马要塞]]附近的一些军事设施,中方认为这些设施具有威胁性。 |
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{{see also|2013年斗拉特别奥里地事件}} |
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* [[2020年中印边境冲突]]:{{PRC}}{{IND}}雙方一度進入軍事對峙,並數次發生肢體衝突,造成雙方人員傷亡。這種情況持續至2021年2月11日,第九輪軍長級會談之後,中印两军始達成脫離接觸。脫離接觸之後的2月19日,中国中央军委公布了此前在6月加勒萬河谷衝突事件中犧牲的戰士名單,並追授名譽。 |
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2013年,印度和中国军队在[[斗拉特别奥里地]]东南30公里处进行了为期三周的对峙。最终中国和印度军队撤回,以换取中国同意摧毁[[楚马要塞]]附近南部250公里处的一些军事设施,印度人认为这些设施具有威胁性。 |
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== 参考文献 == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== |
== 外部链接 == |
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* {{Commons category-inline|China-India border}} |
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*[[马继业-窦讷乐线]] |
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*[[麦克马洪线]] |
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==参 |
== 参见 == |
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{{Portal|国际关系|军事}} |
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{{reflist}} |
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* [[马继业-窦讷乐线]] |
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* [[麦克马洪线]] |
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* [[印巴停火线]] |
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* [[中印边界问题]] |
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** [[中印边境战争]] |
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** [[中印边境冲突]] |
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{{ |
{{中國邊界}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:China-India border}} |
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[[Category:中印边界争议]] |
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[[Category:中印边界争议地区]] |
[[Category:中印边界争议地区]] |
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[[Category:中印边界]] |
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[[Category:中印边境战争]] |
[[Category:中印边境战争]] |
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[[Category:军事分界线]] |
2024年5月3日 (五) 04:43的最新版本
中印边界实际控制线(英語:Line of Actual Control),常簡稱為實際控制線(LAC),是指中國和印度当前實際控制地區的分界線。“实际控制线”一词在1993年和1996年签署的中印协定中获得了法律承认。但对其具体确切的位置,两国并未达成共识。[1]
名称
[编辑]实际控制线一词由中国在1959年的中印边界交涉中率先提出,是对中印边界现状的描述,它并非两国武装力量实际到达的界线,有两种常见说法使用术语“实际控制线”。从狭义上讲,它仅指两国边界西部(阿克赛钦-拉达克)的控制线,有时也包括巴里加斯。从更广泛的意义上来说,它也包括中段实际控制线和东段麦克马洪线,从这个意义上说它是印度共和国与中华人民共和国之间事实上的有效边界。按照中国的解释,不承认非法的麦克马洪线,“但是还承认它是实际控制线。”[2]而在中印边界西段则是1956年版中国全图画出的那条边界线。印度方面接受了这一提法,但对实际控制线的具体位置,两国的认识从未一致过,因此直到今天,实际控制线仍在理清中。[3]
历史
[编辑]1959年10月24日,中国总理周恩来在给印度总理贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁的一封信中首次使用了这个词[4]。
1962年11月21日,中国政府声明自11月22日北京时间零时起中国军队单方面全线停火;开始全线后撤至“1959年11月7日中印双方实际控制线”北20公里之外,脱离双方军事接触。[5]
1993年《中华人民共和国政府和印度共和国政府关于在中印边境实际控制线地区保持和平与安宁的协定》第6条提到“本协定所提及的实际控制线不损及各自对边界问题的立场”。
1996年《中华人民共和国政府和印度共和国政府关于在中印边境实际控制线地区军事领域建立信任措施的协定》规定“任何一方的任何活动都不得超越实际控制线”。
2005年双方签署的《解决中印边界问题政治指导原则的协定》第九条规定“边界问题最终解决之前,双方应严格尊重和遵守实际控制线,共同努力保持边境地区的和平与安宁。中印联合工作小组和中印外交和军事专家小组应根据一九九三年九月七日和一九九六年十一月二十九日签署的协定继续工作,包括澄清实际控制线和落实建立信任措施。”
位置
[编辑]该线的长度为4057公里,包括三个部分[6]:
中印边境实际控制线在西段阿克赛钦部份 |
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中印边境实际控制线在西段班公错部份 |
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- 中段(中国西藏阿里与印度东部的喜马偕尔邦和北阿坎德邦接壤);
中印边境实际控制线在中段部份 |
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中印边境实际控制线在东段锡金邦部份 |
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中印边境实际控制线在東段藏南地區部份 |
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事件
[编辑]- 2013年斗拉特别奥里地事件:2013年,印度和中国军队在斗拉特别奥里地东南30公里处进行了为期三周的对峙。最终中国和印度军队撤回,以换取印度同意拆除斗拉特别奥里地以南250公里的楚马要塞附近的一些军事设施,中方认为这些设施具有威胁性。
- 2020年中印边境冲突: 中华人民共和国 印度雙方一度進入軍事對峙,並數次發生肢體衝突,造成雙方人員傷亡。這種情況持續至2021年2月11日,第九輪軍長級會談之後,中印两军始達成脫離接觸。脫離接觸之後的2月19日,中国中央军委公布了此前在6月加勒萬河谷衝突事件中犧牲的戰士名單,並追授名譽。
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Line of Actual Control: Where it is located, and where India and China differ. [3 June 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-01).
- ^ 毛泽东年谱,1970年11月13日
- ^ India-China Border Dispute. GlobalSecurity.org. [2020-06-17]. (原始内容存档于2015-02-15).
- ^ Hoffman, Steven A. India and the China Crisis. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1990: 80 [2020-06-17]. ISBN 9780520301726. (原始内容存档于2020-06-17).
- ^ 中印边境自卫反击作战史. 军事科学出版社. 1994.
- ^ Jeff M. Smith. The China-India Border Brawl. the Wall Street Journal. 2009-06-24 [2017-07-21]. (原始内容存档于2015-07-10).