中印边境实际控制线:修订间差异
无编辑摘要 标签:修改數值 |
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{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |
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!中印边境实际控制线在阿克赛钦部份 |
!中印边境实际控制线在[[阿克赛钦]]部份 |
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| label-colorD = dark grey |
| label-colorD = dark grey |
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| label-posD = right |
| label-posD = right |
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| label-offset-xD = 5 |
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| shapeD = n-circle |
| shapeD = n-circle |
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| shape-colorD = yellow |
| shape-colorD = yellow |
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| mark-coord4 = {{coord|34|20|06|N|79|02|07|E}} |
| mark-coord4 = {{coord|34|20|06|N|79|02|07|E}} |
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<!-- Kongka Pass --> |
<!-- Kongka Pass --> |
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}} |
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{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |
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! 中印边境实际控制线在[[班公错]]部份 |
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{{OSM Location map |
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| coord = {{coord|33.7|N|78.8|E }} <!-- Map center --> |
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| float = <!-- null, left, right --> |
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| zoom = 9 |
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| width = 550 |
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| height = 350 |
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| caption = <center> The Contested LAC in Pangong Tso </center> |
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| nolabels = 1 |
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| map-data = |
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| auto-caption=1 |
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| scalemark = 1 |
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<!-- the optional 'D' values become Defaults for subsequent parameter sets --> |
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| markD = Red pog.svg |
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| mark-sizeD = 3 |
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| mark-imageD = |
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| label-sizeD = 10 |
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| label-colorD = dark grey |
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| label-posD = right |
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| label-offset-xD = 5 |
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| label-posD = right |
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| label-offset-xD = 5 |
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| shapeD = n-circle |
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| shape-colorD = yellow |
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| shape-outlineD = black |
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<!-- the optional 'D' values become Defaults for subsequent parameter sets --> |
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<!-- Ane La --> |
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| label1 = Ane La |
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| mark-title1 = Ane La |
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| mark-coord1 = {{coord|33.9703158|78.7388067}} |
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<!-- Ane La --> |
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<!-- Chinese border point near Ane La--> |
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| label2 = Tradtional customary |
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|labela2 = boundary of China |
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|labelb2 = declared 1960 |
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| mark-title2 = Chinese border point near Ane La |
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| mark-coord2 = {{coord|33|50|N|78|46|E}} |
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| label-pos2 = top |
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| label-offset-x2 = 40 |
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<!-- Chinese border point near Ane La--> |
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<!-- Chinese border point near finger8--> |
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| label3 = Tradtional customary |
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|labela3 = boundary of China |
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|labelb3 = declared 1960 |
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| mark-title3 = Chinese border point near finger8 |
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| mark-coord3 = {{coord|33|44|N|78|49|E}} |
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| label-pos3 = top |
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| label-offset-x3 = 40 |
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<!-- Chinese border point near finger8 --> |
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<!-- Chinese border point near Helmet --> |
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| label4 = Tradtional customary |
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|labela4 = boundary of China |
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|labelb4 = declared 1960 |
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| mark-title4 = Chinese border point near Helmet |
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| mark-coord4 = {{coord|33|40|N|78|43|E}} |
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| label-pos4 = top |
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| label-offset-x4 = -40 |
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<!-- Chinese border point near Helmet --> |
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<!-- Helmet --> |
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| label5 = Helmet |
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| mark-title5 = Helmet |
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| mark-coord5 = {{coord|33.645|78.726 }} |
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<!-- Helmet --> |
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<!-- PT5167 --> |
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| label6 = PT5167 |
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| mark-title6 = PT5167 |
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| mark-coord6 = {{coord|33.6225|78.7175}} |
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| label-pos6 = left |
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| label-offset-x6 = -1 |
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<!-- PT5167 --> |
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<!-- Bump (PT5524.5) --> |
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| label7 = Bump (PT5524.5) |
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| mark-title7 = Bump (PT5524.5) |
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| mark-coord7 = {{coord|33.6225|78.758}} |
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<!-- Bump (PT5524.5) --> |
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<!-- Table Top --> |
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| label8 = Table Top |
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| mark-title8 = Table Top |
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| mark-coord8 = {{coord|33.604|78.745}} |
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<!-- Table Top --> |
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<!-- Camel's Back --> |
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| label9 = Camel's Back |
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| mark-title9 = Camel's Back |
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| mark-coord9 = {{coord|33.59|78.74}} |
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<!-- Camel's Back --> |
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<!-- Gurung Hill --> |
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| label10 = Gurung Hill |
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| mark-title10 = [[Gurung Hill]] |
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| mark-coord10 = {{coord|33.56914|78.73264}} |
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| label-pos10 = left |
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| label-offset-x10 = -1 |
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<!-- Gurung Hill --> |
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<!-- Spanggur Gap --> |
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| label11 = Spanggur Gap |
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| mark-title11 = [[Spanggur Gap]] |
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| mark-coord11 = {{coord|33.56016|78.74017}} |
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<!-- Spanggur Gap --> |
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<!-- Magar Hill --> |
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| label12 = Magar Hill |
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| mark-title12 = Magar Hill |
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| mark-coord12 = {{coord|33.52668|78.76987}} |
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<!-- Magar Hill --> |
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<!-- Mukhpari Peak --> |
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| label13 = Mukhpari Peak |
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| mark-title13 = Mukhpari Peak |
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| mark-coord13 = {{coord|33|29|0|N|78|48|54|E}} |
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<!-- Mukhpari Peak --> |
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<!-- PT5160.9 --> |
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| label14 = PT5160.9 |
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| mark-title14 = PT5160.9 |
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| mark-coord14 = {{coord|33.456|78.82}} |
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<!-- PT5160.9 --> |
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<!-- Rechin Pass热钦山口--> |
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| label15 = Rechin Pass热钦山口 |
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| mark-title15 = Rechin Pass热钦山口 |
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| mark-coord15 = {{coord|33.42|78.85}} |
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| label-pos15 = left |
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| label-offset-x15 = -1 |
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<!-- Rechin Pass热钦山口--> |
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<!-- Rezang La --> |
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| label16 = Rezang La |
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| mark-title16 = [[Rezang La]] |
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| mark-coord16 = {{coord|33|24|50|N|78|52|29|E}} |
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<!-- Rezang La --> |
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}} |
}} |
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|} |
|} |
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* 东部(作为[[锡金邦]]和阿鲁纳恰尔邦的实际北部边界,中国视为[[藏南]]地区)。 |
* 东部(作为[[锡金邦]]和阿鲁纳恰尔邦的实际北部边界,中国视为[[藏南]]地区)。 |
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**[[乃堆拉山口]] - [[则里拉山口]] - [[洞朗]] (Doka La) |
**[[乃堆拉山口]] - [[则里拉山口]] - [[洞朗]] (Doka La) |
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==事件== |
==事件== |
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{{see also|2013年斗拉特别奥里地事件}} |
{{see also|2013年斗拉特别奥里地事件}} |
2020年9月25日 (五) 08:45的版本
中印边境实际控制线,常簡稱為實際控制線,是指中國和印度当前實際控制地區的分界線。“实际控制线”一词在1993年和1996年签署的中印协定中获得了法律承认。但对其具体确切的位置,两国并未达成共识。[1]
名称
实际控制线一词由中国在1959年的中印边界交涉中率先提出,是对中印边界现状的描述,它并非两国武装力量实际到达的界线,有两种常见说法使用术语“实际控制线”。从狭义上讲,它仅指两国边界西部(阿克赛钦-拉达克)的控制线,有时也包括巴里加斯。从更广泛的意义上来说,它也包括中段实际控制线和东段麦克马洪线,从这个意义上说它是印度共和国与中华人民共和国之间事实上的有效边界。按照中国的解释,它在中印边界东段主要是麦克马洪线,而在中印边界西段则是1956年版中国全图画出的那条边界线。印度方面接受了这一提法,但对实际控制线的具体位置,两国的认识从未一致过,因此直到今天,实际控制线仍在厘清中。[2]
历史
1959年10月24日,中国总理周恩来在给印度总理贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁的一封信中首次使用了这个词[3]。
1962年11月21日,中国政府声明自11月22日北京时间零时起中国军队单方面全线停火;开始全线后撤至1959年11月7日中印双方实际控制线北20公里之外,脱离双方军事接触。[4]
1993年《中华人民共和国政府和印度共和国政府关于在中印边境实际控制线地区保持和平与安宁的协定》第6条提到“本协定所提及的实际控制线不损及各自对边界问题的立场”。
1996年《中华人民共和国政府和印度共和国政府关于在中印边境实际控制线地区军事领域建立信任措施的协定》规定“任何一方的任何活动都不得超越实际控制线”。
2005年双方签署的《解决中印边界问题政治指导原则的协定》第九条规定“边界问题最终解决之前,双方应严格尊重和遵守实际控制线,共同努力保持边境地区的和平与安宁。中印联合工作小组和中印外交和军事专家小组应根据一九九三年九月七日和一九九六年十一月二十九日签署的协定继续工作,包括澄清实际控制线和落实建立信任措施。”
位置
该线的长度为4057公里,包括三个部分[5]:
中印边境实际控制线在阿克赛钦部份 |
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中印边境实际控制线在班公错部份 |
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事件
2013年,印度和中国军队在斗拉特别奥里地东南30公里处进行了为期三周的对峙。最终中国和印度军队撤回,以换取中国同意摧毁楚马要塞附近南部250公里处的一些军事设施,印度人认为这些设施具有威胁性。
參見
参考文献
- ^ Line of Actual Control: Where it is located, and where India and China differ. [3 June 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020/06/01).
- ^ India-China Border Dispute. GlobalSecurity.org.
- ^ Hoffman, Steven A. India and the China Crisis. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1990: 80. ISBN 9780520301726.
- ^ 中印边境自卫反击作战史. 军事科学出版社. 1994.
- ^ Jeff M. Smith. The China-India Border Brawl. the Wall Street Journal. 2009-06-24 [2017-07-21].