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Coordinates: 47°13′21″N 39°42′36″E / 47.22250°N 39.71000°E / 47.22250; 39.71000
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|ru_name=Ростов-на-Дону
|ru_name=Ростов-на-Дону
|image_skyline=Rostov-on-Don Collage.jpg
|image_skyline=Rostov-on-Don Collage.jpg
|image_caption=[[Collage]] of Rostov
|image_caption=Views of Rostov-on-Don
|latd=47
|latd=47
|latm=14
|latm=14
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|image_flag=Rostov-na-Donu flag.svg
|image_flag=Rostov-na-Donu flag.svg
|flag_caption=
|flag_caption=
|anthem=
|anthem=''none''
|anthem_ref=<ref name="Anthem">The official symbols of Rostov-on-Don enumerated in Decision #267 do not include the anthem.</ref>
|anthem_ref=
|holiday=Third Sunday of September
|holiday=Third Sunday of September
|holiday_ref=<ref name="Holiday">Charter of Rostov-on-Don, Article&nbsp;4</ref>
|holiday_ref=
|federal_subject=[[Rostov Oblast]]
|federal_subject=[[Rostov Oblast]]
|federal_subject_ref=<ref name="Ref133" />
|federal_subject_ref=<ref name="Ref133" />
|adm_data_as_of=May 2011
|adm_data_as_of=November 2014
|adm_city_jur=Rostov-na-Donu [[City of federal subject significance|Urban Okrug]]
|adm_city_jur=Rostov-na-Donu [[City of federal subject significance|Urban Okrug]]
|adm_city_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref133" />
|adm_city_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref133" />
|adm_ctr_of1=Rostov Oblast
|adm_ctr_of1=Rostov Oblast
|adm_ctr_of1_ref=
|adm_ctr_of1_ref=<ref name="AdmCtr1">Charter of Rostov-on-Don, Article&nbsp;1</ref>
|adm_ctr_of2=Rostov-na-Donu Urban Okrug
|adm_ctr_of2=Rostov-na-Donu Urban Okrug
|adm_ctr_of2_ref=<ref name="Ref133" />
|adm_ctr_of2_ref=<ref name="Ref133" />
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|mun_admctr_of=Rostov-na-Donu Urban Okrug
|mun_admctr_of=Rostov-na-Donu Urban Okrug
|mun_admctr_of_ref=<ref name="Ref871" />
|mun_admctr_of_ref=<ref name="Ref871" />
|leader_title=Mayor
|leader_title=Head
|leader_title_ref=
|leader_title_ref=<ref name="HeadLegis">Charter of Rostov-on-Don, Article&nbsp;35.1</ref>
|leader_name=Mikhail Chernyshyov
|leader_name=Zinaida Neyarokhina
|leader_name_ref=<ref name="HeadNm">Official website of Rostov-on-Don. [http://www.rostov-gorod.ru/?ID=28025 Biography of Zinaida Vasilyevna Neyarokhina], the Head of Rostov-on-Don {{ru icon}}</ref>
|leader_name_ref=
|representative_body=
|representative_body=[[Rostov-on-Don City Duma|City Duma]]
|representative_body_ref=
|representative_body_ref=<ref name="HeadLegis" />
|area_of_what=
|area_of_what=
|area_as_of=
|area_as_of=
|area_km2=348.5
|area_km2=348.5
|area_km2_ref=<ref name="city">{{cite web|url=http://www.rostov-gorod.ru/?ID=6540|title=О городе|work=Ростов-на-Дону|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6IqLJYWWp|archivedate=2013-08-13}}</ref>
|area_km2_ref=<ref name="Area">{{cite web|url=http://www.rostov-gorod.ru/?ID=6540|title=About the City|work=Official website of Rostov-on-Don|lang=ru|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6IqLJYWWp|archivedate=August 13, 2013}}</ref>
|pop_2010census=1089261
|pop_2010census=1089261
|pop_2010census_rank=10th
|pop_2010census_rank=10th
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|pop_density_as_of=
|pop_density_as_of=
|pop_density_ref=
|pop_density_ref=
|pop_latest=1,115,000
|pop_latest=1109800
|pop_latest_date=2015
|pop_latest_date=January 2014
|pop_latest_ref=<ref name="2014Est">Rostov Oblast Territorial Branch of the [[Russian Federal State Statistics Service|Federal State Statistics Service]]. [http://rostov.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/rostov/resources/8cc0c50046e82b5ea1feb987789c42f5/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%81+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.pdf Cities with Populations of 100,000 and Over] {{ru icon}}</ref>
|pop_latest_ref=<ref>[http://www.poltavareview.com/?p=13829 Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2015 года. — М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики Росстат, 2015. — 528 с. (Табл. 33. Численность населения городских округов, муниципальных)]</ref>
|established_date=December&nbsp;15, 1749
|established_date=1749
|established_title=
|established_title=
|established_date_ref=
|established_date_ref=<ref name="gr" />
|current_cat_date=1807
|current_cat_date=1796
|current_cat_date_ref=
|current_cat_date_ref=<ref name="gr" />
|prev_name1=
|prev_name1=
|prev_name1_date=
|prev_name1_date=
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|dialing_codes=863
|dialing_codes=863
|dialing_codes_ref=
|dialing_codes_ref=
|website=http://www.rostov-gorod.ru/
|website=http://www.rostov-gorod.ru
|website_ref=
|website_ref=
⚫
|commonscat=Rostov-on-Don
|date=April 2010
|date=April 2010
}}
}}
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==History==
==History==
{{seealso|Timeline of Rostov-on-Don}}
{{See also|Timeline of Rostov-on-Don}}

===From establishment to the early 20th century===
===From establishment to the early 20th century===
Since ancient times, the area around the mouth of the Don River has held cultural and commercial importance. Ancient indigenous inhabitants include the Scythian, Sarmat, and Savromat tribes. It was the site of [[Tanais]], [[colonies in antiquity|an ancient Greek colony]], Fort Tana, under the [[Genoa|Genoese]] and [[Azov#Fortress of Azov|Fort Azak]] in the time of the [[Ottoman Empire]].
Since ancient times, the area around the mouth of the Don River has held cultural and commercial importance. Ancient indigenous inhabitants include the Scythian, Sarmat, and Savromat tribes. It was the site of [[Tanais]], [[colonies in antiquity|an ancient Greek colony]], Fort Tana, under the [[Genoa|Genoese]] and [[Azov#Fortress of Azov|Fort Azak]] in the time of the [[Ottoman Empire]].


On December&nbsp;15, 1749, a custom house was established on the Temernik River, a tributary of the Don, by edict of [[Elizabeth of Russia|Empress Elizabeth]], the daughter of [[Peter the Great]], in order to control trade with [[Turkey]].{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} It was co-located with a fortress named for [[Dimitry of Rostov]], a [[metropolitan bishop]] of the old northern town of [[Rostov|Rostov the Great]]. [[Azov]], a town closer to the Sea of Azov on the Don, gradually lost its commercial importance in the region to the new fortress.
In 1749, a custom house was established on the Temernik River, a tributary of the Don, by edict of [[Elizabeth of Russia|Empress Elizabeth]], the daughter of [[Peter the Great]],<ref name="gr">{{cite book|title=Энциклопедия Города России|year=2003|publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия|location=Moscow|isbn=5-7107-7399-9|page=380}}</ref> in order to control trade with [[Turkey]].{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} It was co-located with a fortress named for [[Dimitry of Rostov]], a [[metropolitan bishop]] of the old northern town of [[Rostov|Rostov the Great]]. [[Azov]], a town closer to the Sea of Azov on the Don, gradually lost its commercial importance in the region to the new fortress.


In 1756, the "Russian commercial and trading company of Constantinople" was founded at the "merchants' settlement" (Kupecheskaya Sloboda) on the high bank of the Don. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, with the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)|incorporation of previously Ottoman Black Sea territories]] into the [[History of Russia (1721–96)|Russian Empire]], the settlement lost much of its militarily strategic importance as a frontier post.
In 1756, the "Russian commercial and trading company of Constantinople" was founded at the "merchants' settlement" (Kupecheskaya Sloboda) on the high bank of the Don. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, with the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)|incorporation of previously Ottoman Black Sea territories]] into the [[History of Russia (1721–96)|Russian Empire]], the settlement lost much of its militarily strategic importance as a frontier post.


In 1796, the settlement was chartered and became the seat of [[Rostovsky Uyezd]] within [[Novorossiysk Governorate]]. In 1806, its name was changed to Rostov and later Rostov-on-Don. During the 19th century, due to its river connections with Russia's interior, Rostov developed into a major trade center and communications hub. A [[railway]] connection with [[Kharkiv]] was competed in 1870, with further links following in 1871 to [[Voronezh]] and in 1875 to [[Vladikavkaz]].
In 1796, the settlement was chartered and in 1797, it became the seat of [[Rostovsky Uyezd]] within [[Novorossiysk Governorate]].<ref name="gr" /> In 1806, it was officially renamed Rostov-on-Don.<ref name="gr" /> During the 19th century, due to its river connections with Russia's interior, Rostov developed into a major trade center and communications hub. A [[railway]] connection with [[Kharkiv]] was competed in 1870, with further links following in 1871 to [[Voronezh]] and in 1875 to [[Vladikavkaz]].


Concurrent with improvements in communications, heavy industry developed. [[Coal]] from the [[Donets Basin]] and [[iron ore]] from [[Kryvyi Rih|Krivoy Rog]] supported the establishment of an [[iron foundry]] in 1846. In 1859, the production of [[Steam pump|pumps]] and [[boiler (power generation)|steam boilers]] began. Industrial growth was accompanied by a rapid increase in population, with 119,500 residents registered in Rostov by the end of the nineteenth century along with approximately 140&nbsp;industrial businesses. The harbor was one of the largest trade hubs in southern Russia, especially for the export of [[wheat]], [[timber]], and [[iron ore]].
Concurrent with improvements in communications, heavy industry developed. [[Coal]] from the [[Donets Basin]] and [[iron ore]] from [[Kryvyi Rih|Krivoy Rog]] supported the establishment of an [[iron foundry]] in 1846. In 1859, the production of [[Steam pump|pumps]] and [[boiler (power generation)|steam boilers]] began. Industrial growth was accompanied by a rapid increase in population, with 119,500 residents registered in Rostov by the end of the nineteenth century along with approximately 140&nbsp;industrial businesses. The harbor was one of the largest trade hubs in southern Russia, especially for the export of [[wheat]], [[timber]], and [[iron ore]].
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==Administrative and municipal status==
==Administrative and municipal status==
[[File:City Duma Building (Rostov-on-Don)2.jpg|thumb||right|250px|Municipal [[duma]] in central Rostov-on-Don]]
[[File:City Duma Building (Rostov-on-Don)2.jpg|thumb|City Duma building in central Rostov-on-Don]]


Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], it is incorporated as '''Rostov-na-Donu [[City of federal subject significance|Urban Okrug]]'''—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the [[administrative divisions of Rostov Oblast|districts]].<ref name="Ref133">Law #340-ZS</ref> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], this administrative unit also has urban okrug status.<ref name="Ref871">Law #238-ZS</ref>
Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], it is incorporated as '''Rostov-na-Donu [[City of federal subject significance|Urban Okrug]]'''—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the [[administrative divisions of Rostov Oblast|districts]].<ref name="Ref133">Law #340-ZS</ref> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], this administrative unit also has urban okrug status.<ref name="Ref871">Law #238-ZS</ref>


===City districts===
===City districts===
Rostov-on-Don is divided into eight city districts:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rostov-gorod.ru/index.php?&id=3614 |title=Районы города |publisher=Rostov-gorod.ru |date=2008-04-28 |accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref>
Rostov-on-Don is divided into eight city districts:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rostov-gorod.ru/index.php?&id=3614|title=Районы города |publisher=Rostov-gorod.ru|date=April 28, 2008|accessdate=July 19, 2013}}</ref>


{| class="sortable wikitable"
{| class="sortable wikitable"
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! № || City District || Population Census
! № || City District || Population Census
|-
|-
| 1 ||[[Voroshilovsky City District, Rostov-on-Don|Voroshilovsky]]||align="right"|213 802
| 1 ||[[Voroshilovsky City District, Rostov-on-Don|Voroshilovsky]]||align="right"|213,802
|-
|-
| 2 ||[[Zheleznodorozhny City District, Rostov-on-Don|Zheleznodorozhny]]||align="right"|102 044
| 2 ||[[Zheleznodorozhny City District, Rostov-on-Don|Zheleznodorozhny]]||align="right"|102,044
|-
|-
| 3 ||[[Kirovsky City District, Rostov-on-Don|Kirovsky]]||align="right"|65 322
| 3 ||[[Kirovsky City District, Rostov-on-Don|Kirovsky]]||align="right"|65,322
|-
|-
| 4 ||[[Leninsky City District, Rostov-on-Don|Leninsky]]||align="right"|80 240
| 4 ||[[Leninsky City District, Rostov-on-Don|Leninsky]]||align="right"|80,240
|-
|-
| 5 ||[[Oktyabrsky City District, Rostov-on-Don|Oktyabrsky]]||align="right"|165 874
| 5 ||[[Oktyabrsky City District, Rostov-on-Don|Oktyabrsky]]||align="right"|165,874
|-
|-
| 6 ||[[Pervomaysky City District, Rostov-on-Don|Pervomaysky]]||align="right"|180 061
| 6 ||[[Pervomaysky City District, Rostov-on-Don|Pervomaysky]]||align="right"|180,061
|-
|-
| 7 ||[[Proletarsky City District, Rostov-on-Don|Proletarsky]]||align="right"|120 665
| 7 ||[[Proletarsky City District, Rostov-on-Don|Proletarsky]]||align="right"|120,665
|-
|-
| 8 ||[[Sovetsky City District, Rostov-on-Don|Sovetsky]]||align="right"|175 725
| 8 ||[[Sovetsky City District, Rostov-on-Don|Sovetsky]]||align="right"|175,725
|}
|}


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Rostov-on-Don lies in a [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfa'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_free/55034.pdf |title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref> The winter is moderately cold, with an average February temperature of {{convert|-3.1|C}}. The lowest recorded temperature of {{convert|-31.9|C}} occurred in January 1940. The summers are warm and sunny. July temperatures average {{convert|+23.3|C}}. The city's highest recorded temperature of {{convert|+40.1|C}} was reported on [[2010 Northern Hemisphere summer|1 August 2010]]. The mean annual precipitation is {{convert|643|mm|sp=us}}, the average wind speed is 2.7&nbsp;m/s, and the average air humidity is 72%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pogoda.ru.net/weather.php?id=34730 |title=Архив данных о погоде в Ростове-на-Дону. (in Russian) |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |date= |accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref>
Rostov-on-Don lies in a [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfa'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_free/55034.pdf |title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref> The winter is moderately cold, with an average February temperature of {{convert|-3.1|C}}. The lowest recorded temperature of {{convert|-31.9|C}} occurred in January 1940. The summers are warm and sunny. July temperatures average {{convert|+23.3|C}}. The city's highest recorded temperature of {{convert|+40.1|C}} was reported on [[2010 Northern Hemisphere summer|1 August 2010]]. The mean annual precipitation is {{convert|643|mm|sp=us}}, the average wind speed is 2.7&nbsp;m/s, and the average air humidity is 72%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pogoda.ru.net/weather.php?id=34730 |title=Архив данных о погоде в Ростове-на-Дону. (in Russian) |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |date= |accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref>


{{Weather box|location=Rostov-on-Don
{{Weather box
|location=Rostov-on-Don
|metric first=yes
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|single line=yes
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|Jan high C=-0.1
|Jan high C=-0.1
|Feb high C=0.7
|Feb high C=0.7
|Mar high C = 6.9
|Mar high C=6.9
|Apr high C = 16.1
|Apr high C=16.1
|May high C = 22.3
|May high C=22.3
|Jun high C = 26.6
|Jun high C = 26.6
|Jul high C = 29.2
|Jul high C = 29.2
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==Awards==
==Awards==
* December 1970: [[Order of Lenin]]
*December 1970: [[Order of Lenin]]
* 1982: [[Order of the Great Patriotic War]] (1st Degree)
*1982: [[Order of the Great Patriotic War]] (1st Degree)
* 2008: [[City of Military Glory]] status<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vz.ru/news/2008/5/6/165649.html |title=Взгляд |publisher=Vz.ru |date= |accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref>
*2008: [[City of Military Glory]] status<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vz.ru/news/2008/5/6/165649.html |title=Взгляд |publisher=Vz.ru |date= |accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref>


==Economy==
==Economy==
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===Overview===
===Overview===
[[image:Rostov-on-don skyline.jpg|thumb|right|250px|View of Rostov, May 2007]]
[[File:Rostov-on-don skyline.jpg|thumb|View of Rostov-on-Don, May 2007]]

Rostov's favorable geographical position at trading crossroads promotes economic development. The Don River is a major shipping lane connecting southwestern Russia with the north. Rostov-on-Don is a trading port for Russian, Italian, Greek and Turkish merchants selling, for example, wool, wheat and oil. It is also an important river port for passengers. The Rostov-on-Don agricultural region produces one-third of Russia's vegetable oil from sunflowers.<ref>{{cite web|author=June 19, 2009 09:29 |url=http://rt.com/programs/russia-close-up/rostov-on-don-land-of-sunflowers-and-hi-tech-hub/ |title=Rostov-on-Don: land of sunflowers and hi-tech hub. Russia Close up. RT.com. TV Novosti. Accessed July 20, 2012 |publisher=Rt.com |date=2009-06-19 |accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref>
Rostov's favorable geographical position at trading crossroads promotes economic development. The Don River is a major shipping lane connecting southwestern Russia with the north. Rostov-on-Don is a trading port for Russian, Italian, Greek and Turkish merchants selling, for example, wool, wheat and oil. It is also an important river port for passengers. The Rostov-on-Don agricultural region produces one-third of Russia's vegetable oil from sunflowers.<ref>{{cite web|author=June 19, 2009 09:29 |url=http://rt.com/programs/russia-close-up/rostov-on-don-land-of-sunflowers-and-hi-tech-hub/ |title=Rostov-on-Don: land of sunflowers and hi-tech hub. Russia Close up. RT.com. TV Novosti. Accessed July 20, 2012 |publisher=Rt.com |date=2009-06-19 |accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref>


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==References==
==References==
⚫
===Notes===
⚫
{{Reflist}}


===Sources===
===Sources===
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|ros|adm|law}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|ros|adm|law}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|ros|mun|list|rostov-na-donu}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|ros|mun|list|rostov-na-donu}}
*{{Cite Russian law

|ru_entity=Ростовская-на-Дону городская Дума
⚫
===Notes===
|ru_type=Решение
⚫
{{Reflist|30em}}
|ru_number=267
|ru_date=3 декабря 1996 г.
|ru_title=Об утверждении положения "О символах г. Ростова-на-Дону"
|ru_effective_date=31 декабря 1996 г
|ru_published_in="Ростов Официальный", №51–52
|ru_published_date=1996
|ru_url=
|ru_amendment_type=Решения
|ru_amendment_number=507
|ru_amendment_date=13 августа 2013 г
|ru_amendment_title=О внесении изменений в Решение Ростовской-на-Дону городской Думы "Об утверждении Положения "О символах г. Ростова-на-Дону"
⚫
|en_entity=Rostov-on-Don City Duma
|en_type=Decision
|en_number=267
|en_date=December&nbsp;3, 1996
|en_title=On Adopting the Provision "On the Symbols of the City of Rostov-on-Don"
|en_effective_date=December&nbsp;31, 1996
|en_url=
|en_amendment_type=Decision
|en_amendment_number=507
|en_amendment_date=August&nbsp;13, 2013
|en_amendment_title=On Amending the Decision of the Rostov-on-Don City Duma "On Adopting the Provision "On the Symbols of the City of Rostov-on-Don"
}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Rostov-on-Don}}
{{Sister project links|voy=Rostov-on-Don}}


*{{Official website|http://www.rostov-gorod.ru/ }} {{ru icon}}
*[http://www.rostov-gorod.ru Official website of Rostov-on-Don] {{ru icon}}
*[http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/russia16.htm] Railway museum at Rostov-on-Don
*[http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/russia16.htm] Railway museum at Rostov-on-Don
*[http://www.rostov.ru/ Rostov-on-Don entertainment website] {{ru icon}}
*[http://www.rostov.ru/ Rostov-on-Don entertainment website] {{ru icon}}

Revision as of 15:43, 3 June 2015

This article is about the city in Southern Russia. For the city in Yaroslav Oblast, see Rostov.
Rostov-on-Don
Ростов-на-Дону
City[1]
Views of Rostov-on-Don
Views of Rostov-on-Don
Flag of Rostov-on-Don
Flag
Coat of arms of Rostov-on-Don
Coat of arms
Anthem: none[2]
Location of Rostov-on-Don
Map
Rostov-on-Don is located in Russia
Rostov-on-Don
Rostov-on-Don
Location of Rostov-on-Don
Rostov-on-Don is located in Rostov Oblast
Rostov-on-Don
Rostov-on-Don
Rostov-on-Don (Rostov Oblast)
Coordinates: 47°13′21″N 39°42′36″E / 47.22250°N 39.71000°E / 47.22250; 39.71000
CountryRussia
Federal subjectRostov Oblast[1]
Founded1749[3]
City status since1796[3]
Government
 • BodyCity Duma[4]
 • Head[4]Zinaida Neyarokhina[5]
Area
[6]
 • Total348.5 km2 (134.6 sq mi)
Elevation
70 m (230 ft)
Population
 (2010 Census)[7]
 • Total1,089,261
 • Estimate 
(2018)[8]
1,130,305 (+3.8%)
 • Rank10th in 2010
 • Density3,100/km2 (8,100/sq mi)
 • Subordinated toRostov-na-Donu Urban Okrug[1]
 • Capital ofRostov Oblast,[9] Rostov-na-Donu Urban Okrug[1]
 • Urban okrugRostov-na-Donu Urban Okrug[10]
 • Capital ofRostov-na-Donu Urban Okrug[10]
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK Edit this on Wikidata[11])
Postal code(s)[12]
344000–344002, 344004, 344006, 344007, 344009–344013, 344015, 344016, 344018–344023, 344025, 344029, 344030, 344032–344034, 344037–344039, 344041, 344045, 344048, 344050, 344052, 344055, 344056, 344058, 344064, 344065, 344068, 344069, 344072, 344079, 344082, 344090–344095, 344101, 344103, 344111–344114, 344116, 344700, 344880, 344890, 344899, 344960–344965, 344999, 901078, 995100
Dialing code(s)+7 863
OKTMO ID60701000001
City DayThird Sunday of September[13]
Websitewww.rostov-gorod.ru

Rostov-on-Don (Russian: Росто́в-на-Дону́, romanized: Rostov-na-Donu, IPA: [rɐˈstof nə dɐˈnu]) is a port city and the administrative center of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia. It lies to the southeast of the East European Plain, on the Don River, 32 kilometers (20 mi) from the Sea of Azov. The southwestern suburbs of the city abut the Don River delta. Population: 1,089,261 (2010 Census);[7] 1,068,267 (2002 Census);[15] 1,019,305 (1989 Soviet census).[16]

History

See also: Timeline of Rostov-on-Don

From establishment to the early 20th century

Since ancient times, the area around the mouth of the Don River has held cultural and commercial importance. Ancient indigenous inhabitants include the Scythian, Sarmat, and Savromat tribes. It was the site of Tanais, an ancient Greek colony, Fort Tana, under the Genoese and Fort Azak in the time of the Ottoman Empire.

In 1749, a custom house was established on the Temernik River, a tributary of the Don, by edict of Empress Elizabeth, the daughter of Peter the Great,[3] in order to control trade with Turkey.[citation needed] It was co-located with a fortress named for Dimitry of Rostov, a metropolitan bishop of the old northern town of Rostov the Great. Azov, a town closer to the Sea of Azov on the Don, gradually lost its commercial importance in the region to the new fortress.

In 1756, the "Russian commercial and trading company of Constantinople" was founded at the "merchants' settlement" (Kupecheskaya Sloboda) on the high bank of the Don. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, with the incorporation of previously Ottoman Black Sea territories into the Russian Empire, the settlement lost much of its militarily strategic importance as a frontier post.

In 1796, the settlement was chartered and in 1797, it became the seat of Rostovsky Uyezd within Novorossiysk Governorate.[3] In 1806, it was officially renamed Rostov-on-Don.[3] During the 19th century, due to its river connections with Russia's interior, Rostov developed into a major trade center and communications hub. A railway connection with Kharkiv was competed in 1870, with further links following in 1871 to Voronezh and in 1875 to Vladikavkaz.

Concurrent with improvements in communications, heavy industry developed. Coal from the Donets Basin and iron ore from Krivoy Rog supported the establishment of an iron foundry in 1846. In 1859, the production of pumps and steam boilers began. Industrial growth was accompanied by a rapid increase in population, with 119,500 residents registered in Rostov by the end of the nineteenth century along with approximately 140 industrial businesses. The harbor was one of the largest trade hubs in southern Russia, especially for the export of wheat, timber, and iron ore.

In 1779, Rostov-on-Don became associated with a settlement of Armenian refugees from the Crimea at Nakhichevan-on-Don The two settlements were separated by a field of wheat. In 1928, the two towns were merged. The former town border lies beneath the Teatralnaya Square of central Rostov-on-Don. By 1928, following the incorporation of the hitherto neighboring city of Nakhichevan-on-Don, Rostov had become the third largest city in Russia.

In the early 20th century, epidemics of cholera during the summer months were not uncommon.

20th century

A fountain in the Park of Revolution

During the Russian Civil War, the Whites and the Reds contested Rostov-on-Don, then the most heavily industrialized city of South Russia. By 1928, the regional government had moved from the old Cossack capital of Novocherkassk to Rostov-on-Don.

During World War II, German forces occupied Rostov-on-Don (for seven days from November 21, 1941 after attacks by the German first panzer army in the battle of Rostov and for seven months from July 24, 1942 to February 14, 1943). The town was of strategic importance as a railway junction and a river port accessing the Caucasus, a region rich in oil and minerals. It took ten years to restore the city from the ruins of World War II.

In the Soviet years, the Bolsheviks demolished two of Rostov-on-Don's principal landmarks, St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (1908) and St. George Cathedral (1783–1807).

Administrative and municipal status

City Duma building in central Rostov-on-Don

Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Rostov-na-Donu Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban okrug status.[10]

City districts

Rostov-on-Don is divided into eight city districts:[17]

№ City District Population Census
1 Voroshilovsky 213,802
2 Zheleznodorozhny 102,044
3 Kirovsky 65,322
4 Leninsky 80,240
5 Oktyabrsky 165,874
6 Pervomaysky 180,061
7 Proletarsky 120,665
8 Sovetsky 175,725

Demographics

The 2010 census recorded the population of Rostov-on-Don at 1,089,261 making it the tenth most populous city in Russia.[7]

Demographic evolution
1811 1840 1897 1926 1956 1967 1982 1990 1995
4,000 12,600 119,500 327,700 552,000 757,000 966,000 1,013,300 1,026,000
2002 2006 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015
1,068,000 1,054,900 1,089,900 1,099,500 1,103,700 1,109,800 1,115,000

Climate

Albert Parry, born in 1901 in Rostov-on-Don, wrote of the summers of his childhood:

There were sultry days of brassy sun, but also cool evenings on the balconies facing the Don River, with the soft glow of charcoal in the samovar, with the ripe cherries crushed by your spoon against the bottom and sides of your glass of scalding tea.[18]

Rostov-on-Don lies in a humid continental climate (Dfa).[19] The winter is moderately cold, with an average February temperature of −3.1 °C (26.4 °F). The lowest recorded temperature of −31.9 °C (−25.4 °F) occurred in January 1940. The summers are warm and sunny. July temperatures average +23.3 °C (73.9 °F). The city's highest recorded temperature of +40.1 °C (104.2 °F) was reported on 1 August 2010. The mean annual precipitation is 643 millimeters (25.3 in), the average wind speed is 2.7 m/s, and the average air humidity is 72%.[20]

Climate data for Rostov-on-Don
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.0
(59.0) 		19.8
(67.6) 		26.0
(78.8) 		33.6
(92.5) 		35.6
(96.1) 		38.4
(101.1) 		39.6
(103.3) 		40.1
(104.2) 		38.1
(100.6) 		31.0
(87.8) 		23.1
(73.6) 		18.5
(65.3) 		40.1
(104.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −0.1
(31.8) 		0.7
(33.3) 		6.9
(44.4) 		16.1
(61.0) 		22.3
(72.1) 		26.6
(79.9) 		29.2
(84.6) 		28.8
(83.8) 		22.6
(72.7) 		15.0
(59.0) 		6.3
(43.3) 		1.2
(34.2) 		14.6
(58.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.9
(26.8) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		2.2
(36.0) 		10.6
(51.1) 		16.8
(62.2) 		20.9
(69.6) 		23.3
(73.9) 		22.6
(72.7) 		16.7
(62.1) 		10.0
(50.0) 		2.9
(37.2) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		9.9
(49.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.3
(22.5) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		6.1
(43.0) 		11.4
(52.5) 		15.8
(60.4) 		18.0
(64.4) 		16.9
(62.4) 		11.8
(53.2) 		6.2
(43.2) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		5.9
(42.6)
Record low °C (°F) −31.9
(−25.4) 		−30.9
(−23.6) 		−28.1
(−18.6) 		−10.4
(13.3) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		7.6
(45.7) 		2.6
(36.7) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		−10.4
(13.3) 		−25.1
(−13.2) 		−28.5
(−19.3) 		−31.9
(−25.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 59
(2.3) 		53
(2.1) 		51
(2.0) 		47
(1.9) 		56
(2.2) 		70
(2.8) 		53
(2.1) 		44
(1.7) 		49
(1.9) 		39
(1.5) 		53
(2.1) 		69
(2.7) 		643
(25.3)
Average precipitation days 4 5 7 12 11 9 10 8 9 9 12 10 106
Average relative humidity (%) 84 81 76 66 63 64 61 59 67 75 84 86 72
Mean monthly sunshine hours 65.1 84.1 127.1 189.0 263.5 285.0 313.1 294.5 240.0 158.1 63.0 37.2 2,119.7
Source: pogoda.ru.net,[21] Hong Kong Observatory[22] for data of sunshine hours

Symbols

Coat of arms of Rostov-on-Don

In December 1996, Rostov-on-Don adopted a coat of arms, a flag and a mayoral decoration as the symbols of the town. The first coat of arms of Rostov-on-Don was designed in 1811 and approved by the Tsar. In 1904, some changes were made. One lasting oil painting of the coat-of-arms is kept in the regional local history museum but its accuracy and authenticity is uncertain. In June 1996, the Rostov-on-Don City Duma adopted a variant of the coat-of-arms in which a tower represents the St. Dimitry Rostovsky Fortress. The ancient Russian arms reference the role Rostov played in the defense of Russia's borders. The coat-of-arms adorns the mayor's decoration but all other cases of its use are first considered for approval by the City Duma.

Flag

Flag of Rostov-on-Don

The flag of Rostov-on-Don was approved by the Duma on September 20, 1864. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries the home guard regiments, which defended the Southern borders of Russia, were raised under this flag.[citation needed] The "Flag of Rostov" is kept in the town's municipal building under glass. Its length is 1,370 millimeters (54 in) and width, 850 millimeters (33 in). The flag is taken out of the building only on Victory Day and Rostov-on-Don Day by a guard of honor.[citation needed]

In 1870, an oval shape mayoral decoration wrought from precious or semi-precious white metal was introduced. On the front is written "Rostov-on-Don" at the top, the Rostov-on-Don coat-of-arms is in the center and the inscription, "Mayor of the City" is written at the bottom. On its reverse side, the day of its adoption, April 9, 1996, is recorded. The decoration is worn over the suit on a large chain. The mayor returns the decoration to the Duma on his or her retirement from office.[citation needed]

The Emblem of the Don Host Oblast was introduced in July 5 (18), 1878. The flag of the All Great Don Army was introduce in May 1918 on the "Circle of the Don Saving".[citation needed]

Awards

Economy

Central market near the Nativity Cathedral

Overview

View of Rostov-on-Don, May 2007

Rostov's favorable geographical position at trading crossroads promotes economic development. The Don River is a major shipping lane connecting southwestern Russia with the north. Rostov-on-Don is a trading port for Russian, Italian, Greek and Turkish merchants selling, for example, wool, wheat and oil. It is also an important river port for passengers. The Rostov-on-Don agricultural region produces one-third of Russia's vegetable oil from sunflowers.[24]

Volga–Don Canal

With the construction of the Volga-Don Shipping Canal in 1952, Rostov-on-Don became a port of five seas: the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov, the Caspian Sea, the White Sea, and the Baltic Sea.

Modern industry

In modern times, Rostov-on-Don has experienced economic growth. Numerous start-up companies have established headquarters in the city, the median income is increasing, and the city is being transformed into a modern, industrial and technology-rich hub. For instance, Rostov-on-Don is a center for helicopter and farm machinery manufacturing.[25] The "Tebodin" engineering company opened its fourth office in Rostov-on-Don in June 2010.[26]

Market produce

  • Fresh river fish
  • Fruit, vegetables and berries, including strawberries, watermelons, melons, tomatoes, potatoes, peppers.[27]
  • Fresh flowers, including sunflowers.

Transportation

Administration building of the North-Caucasian railway

Rostov-on-Don is a major transport center. Some refer to it as the "gateway to the Caucasus".[28]

Public transport in Rostov-on-Don includes buses, trolleybuses, trams, and marshrutkas (routed cabs). The Rostov Metro is under development.

The Rostov-on-Don Airport caters for domestic travel, as well as flights to and from the former C.I.S., Europe, Africa and Asia. Its IATA code is "ROV".[29][30] Donavia airlines (formerly "Aeroflot Don") has its head office in Rostov-on-Don.[31] The Bataysk military aerodrome (which is located 5.0 miles (8.0 km) northwest of the city center) may be developed into a new airport hub for Southern Russia.

The international river port[32] specializes in the packaging and freighting of minerals and timber. Shipping information is published on line.[33][34]

The main railway stations in Rostov-on-Don are "Rostov-Glavny" and "Rostov-Prigorodny". The "St. Petersburg-Rostov-Caucasus" railway crosses the territory of Rostov-on-Don.[35] The North Caucasus Railway offices are in Rostov-on-Don.

Several highways of federal and regional significance cross Rostov. The M-4 “Don” route passes Rostov to the east and crosses the Don river in the Aksay city area. The “Rostov-Novoshakhtinsk” starts from the Northern housing block area of the city running north to connect with the M-4 “Don” route between Shakhty and Novoshakhtinsk.

The Greater Rostov

Rostov (in center) and vicinities: Bataysk to the south, Azov to the south-west, Chaltyr village to the north-west, Novocherkassk to the northeast (satellite image by Landsat-5, 2010-06-10)

Ministry of Regional Development of Russia has prepared a program to create eight “Super Cities”, that is, agglomerated centers with multimillion populations. The project includes the Rostov Oblast as well. “The Greater Rostov” metropolitan area will include the cities of Rostov-on-Don, Novocherkassk, Taganrog, Aksay, Bataysk and Azov. [citation needed]

Communications

In 1929, the first automatic telephone exchange in Russia with a capacity of 6,000 numbers commenced in Rostov-on-Don.[36] Since 2004, standard telephone numbers in Rostov-on-Don have been seven digits in length. Since 2009, city numbers have begun with "2"[37] The city dialing code is "863".

Education

Rostov-on-Don hosts higher educational establishments, including universities, academies,[38] secondary schools of vocational training including colleges, technical schools, specialized schools,[39] and elementary schools of vocational training including lyceums, professional colleges[40] and schools of general education.[41]

The largest educational establishments of the city include:

  • Southern Federal University[42]
  • Don State Technical University
  • Rostov State University of Economy
  • Rostov State University of Transport Routes (The Railway Engineers' University)
  • Rostov State University of Economy
  • Rostov State University of Civil Engineering
  • Rostov State Medical University
  • Rostov State Conservatory named after Sergei Rachmaninoff
  • Branch of the Moscow State Academy named after F.F. Ushakov
  • Rostov Eparchy Religious College
  • Rostov Institute of Advocacy of Entrepreneurs
  • Rostov Institute of Foreign Languages
  • Rostov International Institute of Economy and Management
  • Rostov Juridical Institute of Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation
  • Rostov Institute of Physical Training and Sports (branch of the Cuban State University of Physical Training, Sports and Tourism)
  • Rostov Social & Economic Institute
  • Rostov branch of Moscow Institute of Economy, Management and Law
  • South-Russian Institute of the Humanities
  • North-Caucasian Academy of Public Service
  • North-Caucasian Institute of Anthropology and Applied Psychology
  • The Modern University for the Humanities
  • Russian State University of Trade & Economy
  • Institute of Management, Business and Law,
  • Rostov Institute of Law of the Russian Juridical Academy of the Russian Federation
  • Rostov State Academy of Architecture and Arts,
  • Rostov College of Arts named after M.B. Grekov.

There is also is a French cultural centre (Alliance Francaise),[43] a British Council and German Goethe Institute (DAAD and Bosch foundation), and a Korean Cultural Centre.

Southern Federal University Rostov State University means of communication Don State technical University Institute of management, business and law

Culture

Maxim Gorky Academic Drama Theater
Rostov Regional Academic Theater of the Youth
Rostov Regional Museum of Fine Arts
Museum of Russian & Armenian Friendship

The most conspicuous architectural feature of the central part of the city is the Cathedral of Virgin's Nativity (1860–1887), designed by Konstantin Thon.

Libraries

Rostov-on-Don's libraries include:

  • The Don State Public Library,
  • Central Library named after Maxim Gorky,
  • Regional Children’s Library named after V.M. Velichkina
  • Rostov Regional Special Library for the Blind,
  • Scientific Library of the Medical University,
  • Central State Children’s Library named after Lenin
  • Children’s Library named after A.S. Pushkin
  • Children’s Library named after Mayakovsky
  • South-Russian Don State Public Library.

Theaters

In the Academic Drama Theater named after Maxim Gorky works Mikhail Bushnov, who is the national artist of the USSR and an honorary citizen of Rostov-on-Don.[44]

  • Maxim Gorky Academic Drama Theater
  • Rostov State Puppet Theater
  • Rostov Regional Academic Theater of the Youth
  • Rostov Musical Theater
  • Philharmonic center
  • Theater 18+
  • Kim Nazaretov jazz center

Museums

The small collections of the Art Gallery and the Museum of Arts include some works by Repin, Surikov, Perov, Levitan, Aivazovsky as well as of modern Rostov artists.

  • Museum of Local Lore
  • Rostov Regional Museum of Fine Arts
  • Museum of Fine Arts on Dmitrovskaya
  • Museum of Russian & Armenian Friendship
  • Pioneer and Railway Museum and Children's Railway

Other facilities

Other facilities include seven stadiums, a Palace of Sports, a circus, a zoo[45] botanical gardens and parks.[46] Rostov-on-Don hosts the North Caucasian Science Center and research institutes. The city is also home to a Starbucks coffee chain, a true rarity in this geographical area of Russia.[47]

Religion

The Administration of Rostov and Novocherkassk Eparchy of the Russian Orthodox Church is located in Rostov. In Rostov-on-Don are the Roman Catholic "Church of the Lord's Supper", the Old Believers' temple, a synagogue[48] a mosque, Armenian and Greek churches, and the Diamond Way Buddhist Center of the Karma Kagyu Tradition.[49]

Mass media

Rostov TV

The construction of the Rostov TV center began in 1956 and was completed on 26 April 1958. The first television program was broadcast on 30 April 1958. Color television was first broadcast in 1974. Radio transmission began in Rostov-on-Don on October 17, 1975. In 2009, there were fourteen FM radio stations in Rostov-on-Don.

Sports

Rostov-on-Don is one of the host cities for 2018 FIFA World Cup. A huge development is planned on the left bank of the Don River, which includes a soccer stadium to host the games during the championship.

Club Sport Founded Current League League
Rank		 Stadium
FC Rostov Football 1930 Russian Premier League 1st Olimp – 2
SKA Rostov-on-Don Football 1937 Russian Second Division 3rd SKA SKVO Stadium
Ataman Rostov-on-Don Basketball 2010 Russian Basketball Super League 2nd Express CSC
Rostov-Don Handball 2010 Woman's Handball Championship 1st Sport-Don Sports Palace
HC Rostov Ice hockey 2006 Russian Hockey League 3rd Sport-Don Sports Palace[50]

The Rostov-on-Don women's handball team plays in the Russian Handball Championship. The men's team is known as the "TIBL - Group".

Notable people

Notable people include Alexander Suvorov military commander, Yelena Produnova artistic gymnast, Yulia Belokobylskaya artistic gymnast, Andrei Chikatilo (1936–1994) serial killer, and Alexander Pechersky (1909–1990) a leader of the rebellion at the Sobibor extermination camp, Maria Kharenkova artistic gymnast and Liubov Poshevelya Russian-Australian noted jurist.

Writers and poets

Authors of Rostov-on-Don include Anton Chekhov, Mikhail Sholokhov, Zakrutkin, Fadeyev, Safronov, Kalinin, Alexander Pushkin, Maxim Gorky, Sergey Yesenin, Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy, and Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Zhdanov and Mikael Nalbandian. After visiting Rostov in 1831, Pushkin published his poem "The Don". The monument to Pushkin on Pushkin Boulevard is dedicated to these events. Maxim Gorky, worked as a docker in Rostov-on-Don in his youth. Vera Panova (1905–1973) was a Soviet era writer. Modern era includes such names as Danil Korezky and Tony Vilgotsky. A monument to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who lived in the city for 18 years and studied mathematics at Rostov University, is being planned by city authorities.

Musicians, composers and singers

Musicians from Rostov-on-Don include Efrem Zimbalist the violinist,[51] Zaslavsky, Kim Nazaretov, Modest Mussorgsky, the pop music singer Irina Allegrova (1952), Yuri Bashmet, the post-punk band Motorama, Sergey Vladimirovich Rodionov, Eva Rivas (1987), Mikhail Puntov (1995) and the rap band Kasta.

Actors, directors and playwrights

Actors and playwrights of Rostov-on-Don include Maretskaya, Mikhail Shchepkin, Yevgeniya Glushenko, Alexander Kaidanovsky (1946–1995), Evgeny Shvarts (1896–1958), Nikolai Sorokin (1952–2013), Konstantin Lavronenko (1961), winner of the Best Actor award at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival, and Sergey Zhigunov (1963). Marion Gering, noted for his stage and film productions in the United States, was born in the city.

Architects and artists

Architects and artists of the city include Yevgeny Vuchetich, Seyran Khatlamajyan, Ashot Melkonian, Natalia Duritskaya, Martiros Saryan (1880–1972), Roman Chatov (1900–1987)

Scientists and adventurers

Scientists and explorers include, doctors N. Bogoraz and S. Fedosov, scientists Dmitri Mendeleev, A. S. Popov, L. P. Pavlov, George Sedov the Arctic Sea explorer, Yakov Frenkel (1894–1952) a solid-state physicist, Svyatoslav Fyodorov (1927–2000), ophthalmologist, Sabina Spielrein (1885–1942), psychoanalyst.

Other

Tourist sites and excursions

  • Local bazaars and markets of fresh fish
  • Bridges over the Don river and embankment
  • Don River lookout
  • Armenian Holy Cross Church
  • Rostovchanka statue
  • River Steamboat rides
  • Orthodox Cathedral of the Nativity of the Holy Virgin
  • Pushkinskaya Street
  • Maxim Gorky Park
  • Traditional Cossack villages (stanitsas)
  • State Sholokhov museum and reserve
  • Azov ancient fortress
  • Rostov circus
  • Rostov state opera and ballet theater
  • Monastery of St. Jacob
  • Rostov zoo
  • Open-Air Museum of Railway Equipment
  • Botanical Garden of SFU
  • Art Gallery 16th Line

Twin towns and sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Rostov-on-Don is twinned with:[52]

  • Rostov on Don Picture Gallery
  • Memorial monument to the founders of the Dimitry Rostovsky fortress
    Memorial monument to the founders of the Dimitry Rostovsky fortress
  • Rostov-on-Don building
    Rostov-on-Don building
  • Rostov-on-Don building
    Rostov-on-Don building
  • Rostov-on-Don building
    Rostov-on-Don building
  • Petrovsky prichal
    Petrovsky prichal
  • Rostov-on-Don building
    Rostov-on-Don building
  • Maxim Gorky theater
    Maxim Gorky theater
  • Rostov-on-Don
    Rostov-on-Don
  • Rostov-on-Don building
    Rostov-on-Don building
  • Aerial view of Rostov at night
    Aerial view of Rostov at night
  • Railway bridge over the Don at night
    Railway bridge over the Don at night
  • Rostov-on-Don building
    Rostov-on-Don building

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e Law #340-ZS
  2. ^ The official symbols of Rostov-on-Don enumerated in Decision #267 do not include the anthem.
  3. ^ a b c d e Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 380. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
  4. ^ a b Charter of Rostov-on-Don, Article 35.1
  5. ^ Official website of Rostov-on-Don. Biography of Zinaida Vasilyevna Neyarokhina, the Head of Rostov-on-Don Template:Ru icon
  6. ^ "About the City". Official website of Rostov-on-Don (in Russian). Archived from the original on August 13, 2013.
  7. ^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  8. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  9. ^ Charter of Rostov-on-Don, Article 1
  10. ^ a b c Law #238-ZS
  11. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  12. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  13. ^ Charter of Rostov-on-Don, Article 4
  14. ^ Rostov Oblast Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. Cities with Populations of 100,000 and Over Template:Ru icon
  15. ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  16. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  17. ^ "Районы города". Rostov-gorod.ru. April 28, 2008. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  18. ^ "Rostov-on-Don. Jewish Family History Organisation. Accessed 19 July 2012". Jewishfamilyhistory.org. March 9, 2006. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  19. ^ "World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification" (PDF). Retrieved July 19, 2013.
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  21. ^ "Погода и Климат – Климат Ростова-на-Дону".
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  23. ^ "Взгляд". Vz.ru. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  24. ^ June 19, 2009 09:29 (June 19, 2009). "Rostov-on-Don: land of sunflowers and hi-tech hub. Russia Close up. RT.com. TV Novosti. Accessed July 20, 2012". Rt.com. Retrieved July 19, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ "Rostov-on-Don: Quiet Flows the Don Filatova, Irena. The Moscow Times. Accessed July 19, 2012". Themoscowtimes.com. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  26. ^ "Tebodin website. Accessed July 20, 2012". Tebodin.com. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  27. ^ Eileen (March 26, 2012). "From the streets of Rostov-on-Don. Russia with love blog. 26 March 2012. Accessed 20 July 2012". Russiawithlove.blogspot.com.au. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  28. ^ Anna Dzhanibekova. "Rostov-on-Don, the gates to the Caucasus. Rus Language, centre for Russian language studies. Accessed July 20, 2012". Ruslanguage.ru. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  29. ^ "Airport.com. Accessed 20 July 2012". Airport.airlines-inform.com. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
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  32. ^ http://www.riverfleet.ru/predpr/ports/index.shtm
  33. ^ "ROSTOV-ON-DON: Port's Details". Marinetraffic.com. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  34. ^ "Rostov-on-Don shipping information. Marinetraffic.com. Accessed July 20, 2012". Marinetraffic.com. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
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  36. ^ "Автоматизация телефонной связи". Computer-museum.ru. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  37. ^ "Ростов-на-Дону перешёл на семизначную нумерацию городских телефонов". Sotovik.ru. November 30, 2004. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  38. ^ Учреждения высшего профессионального образования Ростова-на-Дону[dead link]
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  43. ^ Alliance Francaise
  44. ^ "Бушнов Михаил Ильич на сайте". Kino-teatr.ru. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
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  46. ^ "Ботанический сад РГУ". Rsu.ru. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  47. ^ http://www.starbucks.com/
  48. ^ "Synagogues and Jewish prayer houses of Rostov-on-Don". Jewishfamilyhistory.org. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  49. ^ "Rostov-on-Don Diamond Way Buddhist Center of the Karma Kagyu Tradition (In Russian)". Rostov.buddhism.ru. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  50. ^ HC Rostov
  51. ^ Most Popular People Born In "Rostov-on-Don/ Russia" (26 names) IMDb. Accessed 20 July 2012
  52. ^ "Отдел внешних связей, Официальный портал городской Думы и Администрации города. Ростов-на-Дону. Город Воинской Славы". Rostov-gorod.ru. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
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Sources

  • Законодательное Собрание Ростовской области. Закон №340-ЗС от 25 июля 2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред. Закона №270-ЗС от 27 ноября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в областной Закон "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Наше время", №187–190, 28 июля 2005 г. (Legislative Assembly of Rostov Oblast. Law #340-ZS of July 28, 2005 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Rostov Oblast, as amended by the Law #270-ZS of November 27, 2014 On Amending the Oblast Law "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Rostov Oblast". Effective as of the official publication date.).
  • Законодательное Собрание Ростовской области. Закон №238-ЗС от 27 декабря 2004 г. «Об установлении границы и наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования "Город Ростов-на-Дону"», в ред. Закона №153-ЗС от 28 ноября 2008 г «О внесении изменений в областные Законы "Об установлении границы и наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования "Город Ростов-на-Дону", "Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования "Аксайский район" и муниципальных образований в его составе" и "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области"». Вступил в силу 1 января 2005 г. Опубликован: "Наше время", №339, 29 декабря 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Rostov Oblast. Law #238-ZS of December 27, 2004 On Establishing the Border and Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the "City of Rostov-na-Donu", as amended by the Law #153-ZS of November 28, 2008 On Amending the Oblast Laws "On Establishing the Border and Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the "City of Rostov-na-Donu", "On Establishing the Borders and Granting an Appropriate Status to the Municipal Formation of "Aksaysky District" and to the Municipal Formations It Comprises", and "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Rostov Oblast". Effective as of January 1, 2005.).
  • Ростовская-на-Дону городская Дума. Решение №267 от 3 декабря 1996 г. «Об утверждении положения "О символах г. Ростова-на-Дону"», в ред. Решения №507 от 13 августа 2013 г «О внесении изменений в Решение Ростовской-на-Дону городской Думы "Об утверждении Положения "О символах г. Ростова-на-Дону"». Вступил в силу 31 декабря 1996 г. Опубликован: "Ростов Официальный", №51–52, 1996. (Rostov-on-Don City Duma. Decision #267 of December 3, 1996 On Adopting the Provision "On the Symbols of the City of Rostov-on-Don", as amended by the Decision #507 of August 13, 2013 On Amending the Decision of the Rostov-on-Don City Duma "On Adopting the Provision "On the Symbols of the City of Rostov-on-Don". Effective as of December 31, 1996.).

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