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==Parties==
==Parties==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=4|[[Political party]]
![[List of political ideologies|Ideology]]
![[Political spectrum|Political position]]
![[European political party|European affiliation]]
![[Political international|International affiliation]]
![[Party leader|Leader]]
|-
! style="background:{{People's Party for Freedom and Democracy/meta/color}};"|
| [[File:VVD.svg|120px|People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]]
| [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|People's Party for <br/> Freedom and Democracy]] <br/> <small>''Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie''</small>
| '''VVD'''
| [[Conservative liberalism]] <br/> <ref name="Andeweg, R p.49">[[Rudy Andeweg|Andeweg, R.]] and G. Irwin ''Politics and Governance in the Netherlands'', Basingstoke (Palgrave) p.49</ref>
| [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]] <br/> <ref name="Keman2008">{{Citation |author=Hans Keman |title=The Low Countries: Confrontation and Coalition in Segmented Societies |work=Comparative European Politics |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2008 |page=221 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18aSGqADApUC&pg=PA221}}</ref><ref name="LuskBirks2014">{{cite book|author1=Sean Lusk|author2=Nick Birks|title=Rethinking Public Strategy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1IdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|year=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-37758-6|page=168}}</ref>
| [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party|Alliance of Liberals and <br/> Democrats for Europe Party]]
| [[Liberal International]]
| [[Mark Rutte]]
|-
! style="background:{{Labour Party (Netherlands)/meta/color}};"|
| [[File:PvdA Logo small.svg|120px|Labour Party]]
| [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]] <br/> <small>''Partij van de Arbeid''</small>
| '''PvdA'''
| [[Social democracy]] <br/> <ref name="Nordsieck">{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/netherlands.html|title=Parties and Elections in Europe|author=Wolfram Nordsieck|publisher=|accessdate=8 June 2015}}</ref>
| [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]] <br/> <ref name="Colomer2008">{{cite book|author=Josep M. Colomer|title=Comparative European Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6S5JJkjpzf8C&pg=PA221|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=24 July 2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-94609-1|page=221f}}</ref><ref>Score 4.0/10 in 2003 Chapel Hill expert survey, see Hooghe et al. (2003) [http://www.unc.edu/%7Ehooghe/parties.htm Chapel Hill Survey]</ref>
| [[Party of European Socialists]]
| [[Progressive Alliance]]
| [[Lodewijk Asscher]]
|-
! style="background:{{Party for Freedom/meta/color}};"|
| [[File:PVV-logo.svg|120px|Party for Freedom]]
| [[Party for Freedom]] <br/> <small>''Partij voor de Vrijheid''</small>
| '''PVV'''
| [[National liberalism]] <br/> <ref>{{cite book |author=Patrick Moreau |title=The Victorious Parties – Unity in Diversoty? |work=The Extreme Right in Europe: Current Trends and Perspectives |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |year=2011 |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBnmachN8vkC&pg=PA106#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> <br/> [[Right-wing populism]] <br/> <ref name="Pauwels"/><ref name="Oudenampsen">Merijn Oudenampsen (2013). "[{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=EUhMAQAAQBAJ |page=191 }} Explaining the Swing to the Right: The Dutch Debate on the Rise of Right-Wing Populism]". In Ruth Wodak, Majid KhosraviNik, Brigitte Mral. ''Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse''. A&C Black. p. 191.</ref>
| [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]] <br/> <ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqlrRJHwjKoC&pg=PA239&dq=Party-for-Freedom+right-wing&hl=en&ei=NXk-TsL9LYqr-QaD-NWGBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBjgU#v=onepage&q=Party-for-Freedom%20right-wing&f=false|title=After the Nazi racial state: difference and democracy in Germany and Europe|author=Rita C-K Chin|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2009|ISBN=|page=239}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-38253122 Are Dutch voters really turning to populist Geert Wilders?]<br> 'Dutch voters choose a new government in March 2017 and if the polls are right, the '''right-wing''' Freedom Party (PVV) of populist leader Geert Wilders is surging ahead of his rivals and is set to win 35 seats'.<br> BBC NEWS. Author - Anna Holligan.<br> Published 9 December 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.</ref>
| [[European Alliance for Freedom]]
| [[International Freedom Alliance]]
| [[Geert Wilders]]
|-
! style="background:{{Socialist Party (Netherlands)/meta/color}};"|
| [[File:SP nl logo 2006.svg|120px|Socialist Party]]
| [[Socialist Party (Netherlands)|Socialist Party]] <br/> <small>''Socialistische Partij''</small>
| '''SP'''
| [[Social democracy]] <br/> <ref>{{Cite journal | last = Watkins | first = Susan | title = Continental tremors | journal = [[New Left Review]] | volume = II | issue = 33 | publisher = New Left Review | date = May–June 2005 | url = http://newleftreview.org/II/33/susan-watkins-continental-tremors | ref = harv | postscript = .}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2"/> <br/> [[Democratic socialism]] <br/> <ref name="Magone2013">{{cite book|author=José Magone|title=Contemporary European Politics: A Comparative Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqrHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT533|date=3 July 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-93397-4|page=533}}</ref><ref>http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/netherlands.html</ref><ref name="essa3">{{cite web|url=http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/round6/survey/ESS6_appendix_a3_e01_1.pdf|title=European Social Survey 2012 - Appendix 3 (in English)|publisher=[[European Science Foundation]]|date=1 January 2014|accessdate=6 May 2014}}</ref>
| [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]] <br/> <ref>"Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe", published november 2008, retrieved november 18, 2016: http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipa/05818.pdf</ref>
| None
| None
| [[Emile Roemer]]
|-
! style="background:{{Christian Democratic Appeal/meta/color}};"|
| [[File:CDA.svg|120px|Christian Democratic Appeal]]
| [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] <br/> <small>''Christen-Democratisch Appèl''</small>
| '''CDA'''
| [[Christian democracy]] <br/> <ref name="Nordsieck">[http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/netherlands.html Parties and Elections in Europe: The database about parliamentary elections and political parties in Europe, by Wolfram Nordsieck]</ref>
| [[Centrism|Centre]] <br/> <ref>http://tradebridgeconsultants.com/country-index/netherlands/political-parties/christian-democratic-appeal/</ref><ref>http://cda.frl/nl/pagina/941/uitgangspunten/</ref><ref>http://nos.nl/artikel/332339-cda-kiest-voor-radicale-midden.html</ref><ref>http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/01/21/cda-moet-kiezer-weer-raken-met-keuze-voor-radicale-midden</ref>
| [[European People's Party]]
| [[Centrist Democrat International]]
| [[Sybrand van Haersma Buma]]
|-
! style="background:{{Democrats 66/meta/color}};"|
| [[File:D66.svg|120px|Democrats 66]]
| [[Democrats 66]] <br/> <small>''Democraten 66''</small>
| '''D66'''
| [[Social liberalism]] <br/> <ref name="Andeweg, R p.49">[[Rudy Andeweg|Andeweg, R.]] and G. Irwin ''Politics and Governance in the Netherlands'', Basingstoke (Palgrave) p.49</ref>
| [[Centrism|Centre]] <br/> <ref name="Keman2008">{{Citation |author=Hans Keman |title=The Low Countries: Confrontation and Coalition in Segmented Societies |work=Comparative European Politics |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2008 |page=221 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18aSGqADApUC&pg=PA221}}</ref><ref name="LuskBirks2014">{{cite book|author1=Sean Lusk|author2=Nick Birks|title=Rethinking Public Strategy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1IdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|year=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-37758-6|page=168}}</ref>
| [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party|Alliance of Liberals and <br/> Democrats for Europe Party]]
| [[Liberal International]]
| [[Alexander Pechtold]]
|-
! style="background:{{Christian Union (Netherlands)/meta/color}};"|
| [[File:ChristenUnie.svg|120px|Christian Union]]
| [[Christian Union (Netherlands)|Christian Union]] <br/> <small>''ChristenUnie''</small>
| '''CU'''
| [[Christian democracy]] <br/> <ref name="Nordsieck">[http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/netherlands.html Parties and Elections in Europe: The database about parliamentary elections and political parties in Europe, by Wolfram Nordsieck]</ref> <br/> [[Social conservatism]] <br/> <ref name="Colomer2008">{{cite book|author=Josep M. Colomer|title=Comparative European Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6S5JJkjpzf8C&pg=PA221|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=24 July 2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-94609-1|page=221f}}</ref><ref>Score 4.0/10 in 2003 Chapel Hill expert survey, see Hooghe et al. (2003) [http://www.unc.edu/%7Ehooghe/parties.htm Chapel Hill Survey]</ref>
| [[Centrism|Centre]] <br/> <ref>{{Cite book |author1=Jort Statema |author2=Paul Aarts |title=The Netherlands: Follow Washington, Be a Good European |editor1=Timo Behr |editor2=Teija Tiilikainen |work=Northern Europe and the Making of the EU's Mediterranean and Middle East Policies |at=note on p. 237}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author1=Rudy B. Andeweg |author2=Galen A. Irwin |title=Governance and Politics of the Netherlands |edition=4th |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2014 |page=74}}</ref>
| [[European Christian Political Movement]]
| None
| [[Gert-Jan Segers]]
|-
! style="background:{{GreenLeft/meta/color}};"|
| [[File:GroenLinks.svg|120px|GreenLeft]]
| [[GroenLinks|GreenLeft]] <br/> <small>''GroenLinks''</small>
| '''GL'''
| [[Green politics]] <br/> <ref name="parties-and-elections.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.de/netherlands.html|title=parties-and-elections.de|publisher=}}</ref> <br/> [[Green liberalism]] <br/> <ref>Lucardie, P., J. Hippe, R. Kroeze en G. Voerman, (2005) "Kroniek 2004. Overzicht van de partijpolitieke gebeurtenissen van het jaar 2004" in Jaarboek 2004" Groningen: Documentatiecentrum Nederlandse Politieke Partijen, p. 58</ref>
| [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]] <br/> <ref name="Colomer2008">{{cite book|author=Josep M. Colomer|title=Comparative European Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6S5JJkjpzf8C&pg=PA221|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=24 July 2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-94609-1|page=221f}}</ref><ref>Score 4.0/10 in 2003 Chapel Hill expert survey, see Hooghe et al. (2003) [http://www.unc.edu/%7Ehooghe/parties.htm Chapel Hill Survey]</ref>
| [[European Green Party]]
| [[Global Greens]]
| [[Jesse Klaver]]
|-
! style="background:{{Reformed Political Party/meta/color}};"|
| [[File:Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij logo.svg|120px|Reformed Political Party]]
| [[Reformed Political Party]] <br/> <small>''Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij''</small>
| '''SGP'''
| [[Christian right]] <br/> <ref name = "Nordsieck">{{cite web| first =Wolfram | last = Nordsieck | url = http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/netherlands.html |title = Parties and Elections in Europe: The database about parliamentary elections and political parties in Europe |publisher = Parties & elections | place = [[European Union|EU]] |accessdate=2013-08-28}}</ref> <br/> [[Social conservatism]] <br/> <ref name="Colomer2008">{{cite book|author=Josep M. Colomer|title=Comparative European Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6S5JJkjpzf8C&pg=PA221|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=24 July 2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-94609-1|page=221f}}</ref><ref>Score 4.0/10 in 2003 Chapel Hill expert survey, see Hooghe et al. (2003) [http://www.unc.edu/%7Ehooghe/parties.htm Chapel Hill Survey]</ref>
| [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]] <br/> <ref name="EurActiv">{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/eu-elections/far-right-meps-form-group-europe-news-222083 |title=Far-right MEPs form group in European Parliament |publisher=EurActiv |date=2009-07-02 |accessdate=2014-03-20}}</ref><ref>Score 8.0/10 in 2003 Chapel Hill expert survey, see Hooghe et al. (2003) [http://www.unc.edu/%7Ehooghe/parties.htm Chapel Hill Survey]</ref>
| [[European Christian Political Movement]]
| None
| [[Kees van der Staaij]]
|-
! style="background:{{Party for the Animals/meta/color}};"|
| [[File:Party for the Animals logo.svg|120px|Party for the Animals]]
| [[Party for the Animals]] <br/> <small>''Partij voor de Dieren''</small>
| '''PvdD'''
| [[Animal rights]] <br/> <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/netherlands.html|title= Parties and Elections in Europe |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu}}</ref> <br/> [[Animal welfare]] <br/> <ref name="parties-and-elections.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.de/netherlands.html|title=parties-and-elections.de|publisher=}}</ref>
| [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]] <br/> <ref>"Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe", published november 2008, retrieved november 18, 2016: http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipa/05818.pdf</ref>
| None
| [[Euro Animal 7]]
| [[Marianne Thieme]]
|-
! style="background:{{50PLUS/meta/color}};"|
| [[File:50plus.svg|120px|50PLUS]]
| [[50PLUS]] <br/> <small>''50Plus''</small>
| '''50+'''
| [[List of pensioners' parties|Pensioners' interests]] <br/> <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/netherlands.html|title= Parties and Elections in Europe |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu}}</ref> <br/> [[Populism]] <br/> <ref name="Andeweg, R p.49">[[Rudy Andeweg|Andeweg, R.]] and G. Irwin ''Politics and Governance in the Netherlands'', Basingstoke (Palgrave) p.49</ref><ref name="Nordsieck">[http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/netherlands.html Parties and Elections in Europe: The database about parliamentary elections and political parties in Europe, by Wolfram Nordsieck]</ref>
| [[Centrism|Centre]] <br/> <ref name="Keman2008">{{Citation |author=Hans Keman |title=The Low Countries: Confrontation and Coalition in Segmented Societies |work=Comparative European Politics |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2008 |page=221 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18aSGqADApUC&pg=PA221}}</ref><ref name="LuskBirks2014">{{cite book|author1=Sean Lusk|author2=Nick Birks|title=Rethinking Public Strategy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1IdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|year=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-37758-6|page=168}}</ref>
| None
| None
| [[Henk Krol]]
|-
|}


===Parliamentary parties===
===Parliamentary parties===
Line 23: Line 143:
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=top|[[Senate of the Netherlands|Senate]]<br>seats
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=top|[[Senate of the Netherlands|Senate]]<br>seats
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=top|[[European Parliament|European]]<br>[[European Parliament|Parliament]]<br>seats
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=top|[[European Parliament|European]]<br>[[European Parliament|Parliament]]<br>seats
|-
|align=left bgcolor=0066ee|
|align=left|[[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]]<br><small>''Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie''</small><br>
|align=left|VVD
|align=left|[[Mark Rutte]]*
|align=left|[[Liberal International]], [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party|ALDE]]
|align="right" |2,498,231
|align="right" |40
|align="right" |13
|align="right" |3
|-
|align=left bgcolor=ff0000|
|align=left|[[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]]<br><small>''Partij van de Arbeid<br></small>
|align=left|PvdA
|align=left|[[Diederik Samsom]]
|align=left|[[Socialist International]], [[Progressive Alliance (political international)|Progressive Alliance]], [[Party of European Socialists|PES]]
|align="right" |2,331,862
|align="right" |35
|align="right" |8
|align="right" |3
|-
|align=left bgcolor={{Party for Freedom/meta/color}}|
|align=left|[[Party for Freedom]]<br><small>''Partij voor de Vrijheid<br></small>
|align=left|PVV
|align="left" |[[Geert Wilders]]
|align=left|[[Europe of Nations and Freedom|ENF]]
|align="right" |950,055
|align="right" |12
|align="right" |9
|align="right" |4
|-
|align=left bgcolor=E60000|
|align=left|[[Socialist Party (Netherlands)|Socialist Party]]<br><small>''Socialistische Partij</small><br>
|align=left|SP
|align="left" |[[Emile Roemer]]
|align=left|''[[UEL/NGL]]''
|align="right" |908,295
|align="right" |15
|align="right" |9
|align="right" |2
|-
|align=left bgcolor=007b5f|
|align=left|[[Christian Democratic Appeal]]<br><small>''Christen-Democratisch Appèl''<br></small>
|align=left|CDA
|align=left|[[Sybrand van Haersma Buma]]
|align=left|[[Centrist Democrat International]], [[European People's Party|EPP]]
|align="right" |801,160
|align="right" |13
|align="right" |12
|align="right" |5
|-
|align=left bgcolor={{Democrats 66/meta/color}}|
|align=left|[[Democrats 66]]<br><small>''Politieke Partij Democraten 66''<br></small>
|align=left|D66
|align="left" |[[Alexander Pechtold]]
|align=left|[[Liberal International]], [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party|ALDE]]
|align="right" |751,504
|align="right" |12
|align="right" |10
|align="right" |4
|-
|align=left bgcolor={{Dutch politics/party colours|CU}}|
|align=left|[[ChristianUnion]]<br><small>''ChristenUnie''<br></small>
|align=left|CU
|align="left" |[[Gert-Jan Segers]]
|align=left|[[European Christian Political Movement|ECPM]], [[European Conservatives and Reformists|ECR]]
|align="right" |294,121
|align="right" |5
|align="right" |3
|align="right" |1
|-
|align=left bgcolor=66A344|
|align=left|[[GreenLeft]]<br><small>''GroenLinks''<br></small>
|align=left|GL
|align="left" |[[Jesse Klaver]]
|align=left|[[Global Greens]], [[European Green Party|EGP]]
|align="right" |219,640
|align="right" |4
|align="right" |4
|align="right" |2
|-
|align=left bgcolor=eeaa00|
|align=left|[[Reformed Political Party]]<br><small>''Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij''<br></small>
|align=left|SGP
|align="left" |[[Kees van der Staaij]]
|align=left|[[European Christian Political Movement|ECPM]], [[European Conservatives and Reformists|ECR]]
|align="right" |197,046
|align="right" |3
|align="right" |2
|align="right" |1
|-
|align=left bgcolor={{Dutch politics/party colours|PVDD}}|
|align=left|[[Party for the Animals]]<br><small>''Partij voor de Dieren''</small><br>
|align=left|PvdD
|align="left" |[[Marianne Thieme]]
|align="left" |''[[UEL/NGL]]''
|align="right" |181,272
|align="right" |2
|align="right" |2
|align="right" |1
|-
|align=left bgcolor={{Dutch politics/party colours|50PLUS}}|
|align=left|[[50PLUS]]<br><small>''50PLUS''<br></small>
|align="left" |50+
|align="left" |[[Jan Nagel]]*
|align="left" |''none''
|align="right" |176,926
|align="right" |1
|align="right" |2
|align="right" |0
|-
|-
|align=left bgcolor={{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}|
|align=left bgcolor={{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}|

Revision as of 13:27, 13 December 2016

Part of the Politics series
Politics of the Netherlands
Azure, billetty Or a lion with a coronet Or armed and langued Gules holding in his dexter paw a sword Argent hilted Or and in the sinister paw seven arrows Argent pointed and bound together Or. [The seven arrows stand for the seven provinces of the Union of Utrecht.] The shield is crowned with the (Dutch) royal crown and supported by two lions Or armed and langued gules. They stand on a scroll Azure with the text (Or) "Je Maintiendrai" (French for "I will maintain".)
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Members of the four parties with parliamentary representation since 1980 and participation in government: PvdA, D66, CDA and VVD (from the left). Ulft, shortly before the municipal elections of 2010.

This article lists political parties in the Netherlands. The Netherlands has a multi-party system with numerous political parties, in which any one party has little chance of gaining power alone, and parties often work with each other to form coalition governments.

The lower house of the legislature, the House of Representatives, is elected by a national party-list system of proportional representation. There is no threshold for getting a seat, making it possible for a party to get a seat with only two-thirds percent of the vote—roughly one seat for every 60,000 votes. Since this system was implemented in 1918, no party has even approached the seats needed for an outright majority. However, there is a broad consensus on the basic principles of the political system, and all parties must adjust their goals to some extent in order to have a realistic chance at being part of the government.

Parties

Political party Ideology Political position European affiliation International affiliation Leader
style="background:Template:People's Party for Freedom and Democracy/meta/color;"| People's Party for Freedom and Democracy People's Party for
Freedom and Democracy
Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie 		VVD Conservative liberalism
[1] 		Centre-right
[2][3] 		Alliance of Liberals and
Democrats for Europe Party 		Liberal International Mark Rutte
style="background:Template:Labour Party (Netherlands)/meta/color;"| Labour Party Labour Party
Partij van de Arbeid 		PvdA Social democracy
[4] 		Centre-left
[5][6] 		Party of European Socialists Progressive Alliance Lodewijk Asscher
style="background:Template:Party for Freedom/meta/color;"| Party for Freedom Party for Freedom
Partij voor de Vrijheid 		PVV National liberalism
[7]
Right-wing populism
[8][9] 		Right-wing
[10][11] 		European Alliance for Freedom International Freedom Alliance Geert Wilders
style="background:Template:Socialist Party (Netherlands)/meta/color;"| Socialist Party Socialist Party
Socialistische Partij 		SP Social democracy
[12][13]
Democratic socialism
[14][15][16] 		Left-wing
[17] 		None None Emile Roemer
style="background:Template:Christian Democratic Appeal/meta/color;"| Christian Democratic Appeal Christian Democratic Appeal
Christen-Democratisch Appèl 		CDA Christian democracy
[4] 		Centre
[18][19][20][21] 		European People's Party Centrist Democrat International Sybrand van Haersma Buma
style="background:Template:Democrats 66/meta/color;"| Democrats 66 Democrats 66
Democraten 66 		D66 Social liberalism
[1] 		Centre
[2][3] 		Alliance of Liberals and
Democrats for Europe Party 		Liberal International Alexander Pechtold
style="background:Template:Christian Union (Netherlands)/meta/color;"| Christian Union Christian Union
ChristenUnie 		CU Christian democracy
[4]
Social conservatism
[5][22] 		Centre
[23][24] 		European Christian Political Movement None Gert-Jan Segers
style="background:Template:GreenLeft/meta/color;"| GreenLeft GreenLeft
GroenLinks 		GL Green politics
[25]
Green liberalism
[26] 		Centre-left
[5][27] 		European Green Party Global Greens Jesse Klaver
style="background:Template:Reformed Political Party/meta/color;"| Reformed Political Party Reformed Political Party
Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij 		SGP Christian right
[4]
Social conservatism
[5][28] 		Right-wing
[29][30] 		European Christian Political Movement None Kees van der Staaij
style="background:Template:Party for the Animals/meta/color;"| Party for the Animals Party for the Animals
Partij voor de Dieren 		PvdD Animal rights
[31]
Animal welfare
[25] 		Left-wing
[32] 		None Euro Animal 7 Marianne Thieme
style="background:Template:50PLUS/meta/color;"| 50PLUS 50PLUS
50Plus 		50+ Pensioners' interests
[33]
Populism
[1][4] 		Centre
[2][3] 		None None Henk Krol

Parliamentary parties

Parties with representation in the Senate, House of Representatives or European Parliament, as of September 2012:

Name Abbr. Political Leader International and European Affiliations Votes (2012) House
of Rep.
seats 		Senate
seats 		European
Parliament
seats
align=left bgcolor=Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color| Independent Senate Group
Onafhankelijke Senaatsfractie
 		OSF Henk ten Hoeve* none Did not contest 0 1 0
For the Netherlands
VoorNederland
 		VNL Jan Roos* ADDE Did not contest 2 0 0
Group Kuzu/Öztürk
Groep Kuzu/ozturk
 		DENK Tunahan Kuzu none Did not contest 2 0 0
Group Van Vliet
Groep Van Vliet
 		Roland van Vliet none Did not contest 1 0 0
Cultural Liberal Party
Vrijzinnige Partij
 		Norbert Klein none Did not contest 1 0 0
Group Houwers
Groep Houwers
 		Johan Houwers none Did not contest 1 0 0
Group Monasch
Groep Monasch
 		Jacques Monasch none Did not contest 1 0 0
Total (includes Others; turnout 74.3%) 9,399,664 150 75 26

*: These political leaders are not President of the parliamentary parties in the House of Representatives.

Other parties (only local representation)

Party Abbreviation Year of
Creation 		Number of Municipality seats
The Greens 1983 1
Islam Democrats ID 2006 2
New Communist Party of the Netherlands NCPN 1992 3
Proud of the Netherlands TROTS 2007 6
United Communist Party VCP 1999 5
United Senior Party VSP 2001 13

Other parties (not represented in parliament)

Party Abbreviation Year of
Creation 		Last election participated
Jezus Lives 2013 Dutch provincial elections, 2015
Liberal Democratic Party LibDem 2006 European Parliament election, 2014
Libertarian Party LP 1993 Dutch provincial elections, 2015
Netherlands Local NL 2011 Dutch provincial elections, 2015
Dutch Peoples-Union NVU 1971 Dutch municipal elections, 2014
Pacifistic-Socialist Party '92 PSP '92 1992 Dutch provincial elections, 2015
Party of the Future PvdT 2002 Dutch municipal elections, 2014
Party for Human and Spirit MenS 2008 Dutch provincial elections, 2015
Pirate Party PPNL 2010 Dutch provincial elections, 2015

Regional parties

Party Abbreviation Active in Number of Provincial seats Number of Municipality seats
Frisian National Party FNP Friesland 4 58
Groninger Belang GB Groningen 3 -
Party for the North PvhN Groningen 1 3
Party for Zeeland PVZ Zeeland 1 1

Defunct parties

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Andeweg, R. and G. Irwin Politics and Governance in the Netherlands, Basingstoke (Palgrave) p.49
  2. ^ a b c Hans Keman (2008), "The Low Countries: Confrontation and Coalition in Segmented Societies", Comparative European Politics, Taylor & Francis, p. 221
  3. ^ a b c Sean Lusk; Nick Birks (2014). Rethinking Public Strategy. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-137-37758-6.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Retrieved 8 June 2015. Cite error: The named reference "Nordsieck" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b c d Josep M. Colomer (24 July 2008). Comparative European Politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 221f. ISBN 978-0-203-94609-1. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
  6. ^ Score 4.0/10 in 2003 Chapel Hill expert survey, see Hooghe et al. (2003) Chapel Hill Survey
  7. ^ Patrick Moreau (2011). The Victorious Parties – Unity in Diversoty?. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 106. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Pauwels was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Merijn Oudenampsen (2013). "Explaining the Swing to the Right: The Dutch Debate on the Rise of Right-Wing Populism". In Ruth Wodak, Majid KhosraviNik, Brigitte Mral. Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse. A&C Black. p. 191.
  10. ^ Rita C-K Chin (2009). After the Nazi racial state: difference and democracy in Germany and Europe. University of Michigan Press. p. 239.
  11. ^ Are Dutch voters really turning to populist Geert Wilders?
    'Dutch voters choose a new government in March 2017 and if the polls are right, the right-wing Freedom Party (PVV) of populist leader Geert Wilders is surging ahead of his rivals and is set to win 35 seats'.
    BBC NEWS. Author - Anna Holligan.
    Published 9 December 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  12. ^ Watkins, Susan (May–June 2005). "Continental tremors". New Left Review. II (33). New Left Review. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference autogenerated2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ José Magone (3 July 2013). Contemporary European Politics: A Comparative Introduction. Routledge. p. 533. ISBN 978-1-136-93397-4.
  15. ^ http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/netherlands.html
  16. ^ "European Social Survey 2012 - Appendix 3 (in English)" (PDF). European Science Foundation. 1 January 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
  17. ^ "Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe", published november 2008, retrieved november 18, 2016: http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipa/05818.pdf
  18. ^ http://tradebridgeconsultants.com/country-index/netherlands/political-parties/christian-democratic-appeal/
  19. ^ http://cda.frl/nl/pagina/941/uitgangspunten/
  20. ^ http://nos.nl/artikel/332339-cda-kiest-voor-radicale-midden.html
  21. ^ http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/01/21/cda-moet-kiezer-weer-raken-met-keuze-voor-radicale-midden
  22. ^ Score 4.0/10 in 2003 Chapel Hill expert survey, see Hooghe et al. (2003) Chapel Hill Survey
  23. ^ Jort Statema; Paul Aarts. Timo Behr; Teija Tiilikainen (eds.). The Netherlands: Follow Washington, Be a Good European. note on p. 237. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  24. ^ Rudy B. Andeweg; Galen A. Irwin (2014). Governance and Politics of the Netherlands (4th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 74.
  25. ^ a b "parties-and-elections.de".
  26. ^ Lucardie, P., J. Hippe, R. Kroeze en G. Voerman, (2005) "Kroniek 2004. Overzicht van de partijpolitieke gebeurtenissen van het jaar 2004" in Jaarboek 2004" Groningen: Documentatiecentrum Nederlandse Politieke Partijen, p. 58
  27. ^ Score 4.0/10 in 2003 Chapel Hill expert survey, see Hooghe et al. (2003) Chapel Hill Survey
  28. ^ Score 4.0/10 in 2003 Chapel Hill expert survey, see Hooghe et al. (2003) Chapel Hill Survey
  29. ^ "Far-right MEPs form group in European Parliament". EurActiv. 2 July 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  30. ^ Score 8.0/10 in 2003 Chapel Hill expert survey, see Hooghe et al. (2003) Chapel Hill Survey
  31. ^ "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu.
  32. ^ "Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe", published november 2008, retrieved november 18, 2016: http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipa/05818.pdf
  33. ^ "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu.
  34. ^ a b Almeida, Dimitri. "Liberal Parties and European Integration" (PDF).
  35. ^ http://www.expatica.com/nl/essentials_moving_to/country_facts/Whats-liberal-politics-in-the-Netherlands_16192.html
  36. ^ Andeweg, R. B.; Galen A. Irwin (2002). Governance and politics of the Netherlands. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 51. ISBN 0333961579.
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