Chutia Kingdom: Difference between revisions
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! Reign in Progress |
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| Nandi |
| Nandi |
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| Nandisara or Nandisvara |
| Nandisara or Nandisvara |
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| late 14th century<ref name="neog-dates-12">"It is, however, fairly certain from the dates available in the epigraphs that King Nandisvara and Satyanarayana ruled in Sadhayapuri in the last half of the 14th century A.D." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=820}}</ref> |
| late 14th century<ref name="neog-dates-12">"It is, however, fairly certain from the dates available in the epigraphs that King Nandisvara and Satyanarayana ruled in Sadhayapuri in the last half of the 14th century A.D." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=820}}</ref> |
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| Dhenukhana(1392);<ref>Mentioned as father of the donor king Satyanarayana {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=816}}</ref> Ghilamara(1401)<ref>Mentioned as grandfather of the donor king, Lakhsminarayana {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=820}}</ref> |
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| Satyanarayana |
| Satyanarayana |
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| Ratnanarayana |
| Ratnanarayana |
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| late 14th century<ref name="neog-dates-12"/> |
| late 14th century<ref name="neog-dates-12"/> |
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| 1392<ref>"Dhenukhanã copperplate grant of King Satyanãrãyana, son of Nandi, Nandisara or Nandivara, of Sadhayâpurï or Svadhayãpuri, dated 1392." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=813}}</ref> |
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| Dhenukhana(1392)<ref> |
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{{harvcol|Barua|2007|pp=579-580}}</ref>, Bormurtia(1392)<ref>{{harvcol|Barua|2007|pp=581-582}}</ref>, Ghilamara(1401)<ref>{{harvcol|Barua|2007|pp=581-582}}</ref>, Chapakhowa(1428)<ref>{{harvcol|Barua|2007|pp=585-588}}</ref> |
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|---- |
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| Lakshminarayana |
| Lakshminarayana |
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| Dharmanarayana or Mukta-dharmanaryana<ref>"Dr. D. C. Sircar seeks to read the name of the king as 'Muktãdharmanãrãyana' which may really have been 'yuvã-Dharmanãrãyana' contrasting well with the reference to the bṛddharãja' in the first line of the inscription." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p= |
| Dharmanarayana or Mukta-dharmanaryana<ref>"Dr. D. C. Sircar seeks to read the name of the king as 'Muktãdharmanãrãyana' which may really have been 'yuvã-Dharmanãrãyana' contrasting well with the reference to the bṛddharãja' in the first line of the inscription." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=813}}</ref> |
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| early 15th century |
| early 15th century |
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| 1392;<ref>"Barmurtiyã-bil copperplate inscription of King Dharmanãrãyana, son of Satyanãrãyana, dated 1392" {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=813}}</ref> 1401<ref>"Ghilãmarã copperplate grant of King Laksmlnãrãyana, son of Satyanãrãyana, dated 1401." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=813}}</ref> 1442<ref>"Pãyã-Tãmresvari (Dikkaravãsini) temple wall inscription of King Dharmanãrãyana, son-regent of Brddharãja (Old King), dated 1364 Šaka/1442 AD" {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=813}}</ref> |
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| Bormurtia(1392)<ref>{{harvcol|Barua|2007|pp=581-582}}</ref>, Ghilamara(1401)<ref>{{harvcol|Barua|2007|pp=581-582}}</ref>, Chapakhowa(1428)<ref>{{harvcol|Barua|2007|pp=585-588}}</ref>, Paya-Tamreswari(1441)<ref>{{harvcol|Barua|2007|pp=589}}</ref> |
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|---- |
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| Durlabhnarayana |
| Durlabhnarayana |
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| early 15th century |
| early 15th century |
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| 1428<ref>"The Sadiyã-Chepãkhowã copperplate grant of King (Durlabha-)nãrãyana, son of Dharmanãrãyana and grandson of Ratnanãrãyana originally of Kamatãpura, dated 1350 Šaka/1428 AD." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=813}}</ref> |
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| Chapakhowa(1428)<ref>{{harvcol|Barua|2007|pp=585-588}}</ref> |
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|---- |
|---- |
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| Pratyaksanarayana<ref name="neog-dh-post">"In the Dhenukhanã plate two later kings seem to have added postscripts to the original inscription of 1314 Šaka. They are Pratyaksanãrãyana and Yasanãrãyana or Yamanãrãyana. No dates are associated with them." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=819}}</ref> |
| Pratyaksanarayana<ref name="neog-dh-post">"In the Dhenukhanã plate two later kings seem to have added postscripts to the original inscription of 1314 Šaka. They are Pratyaksanãrãyana and Yasanãrãyana or Yamanãrãyana. No dates are associated with them." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=819}}</ref> |
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| Dhenukhana(1392)<ref name="neog-dh-py">"Pratyaksanãrãyana made another such gift of 600 putis in the village Vyãghramãri, and Yaáa(ma)nãrãyana |
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still another gift of 200 putis to other brãhmanas." {{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=816}}</ref> |
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|---- |
|---- |
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| Yasanarayana<ref name="neog-dh-post"/> |
| Yasanarayana<ref name="neog-dh-post"/> |
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| Dhenukhana(1392)<ref name="neog-dh-py"/> |
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|---- |
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Another inscription discovered recently at Konwargaon, Dhakuakhana dating to 1522 AD lists additional rulers |
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{|class="wikitable" |
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|+ '''List of Additional Rulers''' |
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! Name |
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| Yasamanarayana <ref> |
| Yasamanarayana <ref> |
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Revision as of 16:22, 20 September 2020
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Chutia Kingdom | |||||||||
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 Coat of arms
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 The Chutia Kingdom c. 13th century during the reign of King Gaurinarayan. | |||||||||
| Capital | Sadiya (–1523) | ||||||||
| Common languages | Deori language, Assamese language | ||||||||
| Religion | Kechai Khaiti, Hinduism | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Monarch | |||||||||
• 1522–1523 | Nityapal (last) | ||||||||
| Historical era | Medieval Assam | ||||||||
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| Today part of | India | ||||||||
| Rulers of Chutia kingdom | |
|---|---|
| Part of History of Assam | |
| Known rulers of the Chutia kingdom | |
| Nandisvara | late 14th century |
| Satyanarayana | late 14th century |
| Lakshminarayana | early 15th century |
| Durlabhnarayana | early 15th century |
| Pratyakshanarayana | mid 15th century |
| Yasanarayana | mid 15th century |
| Purandarnarayana | late 15th century |
| Dhirnarayana | unknown - 1524 |
| Chutia monarchy data | |
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| Part of a series on the |
| Culture of Assam |
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 |
.png){kind=small}
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The Chutia Kingdom (1187–1523) (also Sadiya[10]) was a late medieval state that developed around Sadiya in Assam and adjoining areas in Arunachal Pradesh.[11] It extended over almost the entire region of present districts of Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Tinsukia and some parts of Dibrugarh[12] The Chutia Kingdom fell in 1523 to the Ahom Kingdom after a series of conflicts and the area ruled by the Chutia rulers became the administrative domain of the office of Sadia Khowa Gohain of the Ahom kingdom.[13]
The Chutia kingdom was one among other ethnic groups (Ahom, Dimasa, Koch, Jaintia etc.) in the region that had emerged by the 13th century after the fall of the Kamarupa kingdom and had crystallised into rudimentary states by the 15th century.[14] Among these, the Chutia kingdom was the most advanced,[15] with its rural industries,[16] trade[17] surplus economy and advanced Sanskritisation.[18][19] At the time of the Ahom-Chutia battles, there was a general disaffection against the then ruler.[20] When the Ahoms annexed the kingdom the Chutia royal heir was removed to Darrang as a feudatory,[21] the nobility and the professional classes were given important positions in the Ahom officialdom[22] and the land was used for wet rice cultivation.[23]
Origin
The Chutia kingdom emerged after the decay of the Kamarupa kingdom whose traditional eastern boundary was the temple of Dikkaravasini now identified to be the erstwhile Tamreshwari temple near the capital at Sadiya. Though there is no doubt on the Chutia polity, the origins of this kingdom is obscure,[24] with the associated legends full of absurdities without any historical value.[25] It is generally held that the Chutias originally had their habitat in the hills and that they established a state in the plains around Sadiya before the advent of the Ahoms in 1228.[26][27][28] The earliest Chutia king in the epigraphic records is Nandin or Nandisvara from the later half of the 14th century;[29] but significantly his son Satyanarayana draws his royal lineage from his maternal uncle matrilinealy[30] to asura origins.[31]
Unfortunately, there are many manuscript accounts of the origin and lineage that do not agree with each other or with the epigraphic records and have no historical value.[32] One such source is Chutiyar Rajar Vamsavali first published in Orunudoi in 1850 and reprinted in Deodhai Asam Buranji.[33] Historians consider these document to have been composed in the early 19th century to legitimize the Matak kingdom around 1805 or soon after.[34]
The Chutia people belong to the Boro-Garo linguistic group, one of the Bodo-Kachari peoples.[35] Chutias are inhabitants of Upper Assam who established political power in Sadiya and adjoining areas falling within modern Arunachal Pradesh.[36] The epigraphic record of the Chutia kings state that the rulers belonged to the lineage of the Asuras(suraripu-vamsansa-bhuta), indicating the indigenous origins.[37]The royal family traced its descent from the line of Viyutsva.[38] Sadhayāpurī (or Svadhayāpurī) or Sadiya was the name of the kingdom as well its capital.[39] It became the dominant power in eastern Assam in the 12th century and remained so until the 16th century with its domain from Parshuram Kund in the east to Vishwanath[40] in the west.[41]
Geography
The extent of the power of the kings of the Chutia kingdom is not known in detail.[42] The Chutias held the areas to the north of Brahmaputra from Parshuram Kund in the east to Vishwanath[43] in the west which represents the areas of Dhemaji district, Lakhimpur district and Biswanath district of present Assam.[44][45] In the turn of the 14th century, a Chutia king named Ratnanarayan (also known as Satyanarayan) seems to have occupied Kamata kingdom or at least parts of it, extending the kingdom well beyond Viswanath.[46]
After annexing the Chutia kingdom, offices of the Ahom kingdom, Thao-mung Mung-teu(Bhatialia Gohain)[47] with headquarters at Habung (Lakhimpur), Thao-mung Ban-lung(Banlungia Gohain) at Banlung (Dhemaji), Thao-mung Mung-klang(Dihingia gohain) at Dihing (Dibrugarh, Majuli and northern Sibsagar)[48], Chaolung Shulung at Tiphao (northern Dibrugarh)[49] were created to administer the newly acquired regions.[50][51] This indicates that all these regions were previously under Chutia rule.
Rulers
Only a few recent Buranjis provide the history of the Chutia kingdom,[52] but these compilations cannot be traced to earlier than 19th century[53] and scholars have shown great disdain for these accounts and legends.[54] A compiled list of rulers as mentioned on epigraphic records depends crucially on identifying the donor-ruler named Dharmanarayan, mentioned as the son of Satyanarayana in the Bormurtiya grant[55] with the Dharmanarayan, the father of the donor-ruler Durlabhnarayana of the Chepakhowa grant.[56]
| Name | Other names | Reign Period | Reign in Progress |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nandi | Nandisara or Nandisvara | late 14th century[58] | |
| Satyanarayana | Ratnanarayana | late 14th century[58] | 1392[59] |
| Lakshminarayana | Dharmanarayana or Mukta-dharmanaryana[60] | early 15th century | 1392;[61] 1401[62] 1442[63] |
| Durlabhnarayana | early 15th century | 1428[64] | |
| Pratyaksanarayana[65] | |||
| Yasanarayana[65] |
Another inscription discovered recently at Konwargaon, Dhakuakhana dating to 1522 AD lists additional rulers
| Name | Other names | Period | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yasamanarayana [66] | Dhakuakhana (1522)[67] | ||
| Purandarnarayana | late 15th century | Dhakuakhana (1522)[68] | |
| Dhirnarayana | early 16th century | Dhakuakhana (1522)[69] |
History
Foundation (1189)
The founder of the Chutia kingdom was Birpal who claimed descent from a legendary king named Bhirmukka[70] and reigned in 1189. He ruled over 60 clans with his capital on a hill called Swarnagiri and assumed the title of Gayapal. He was succeeded by his son Sonagiripal assuming the title of Gaurinarayan.[71]
Expansion (1224–1250)
Gaurinarayan, alias Ratnadhwajpal, was one of the most competent Chutia kings. He brought under his sway the neighbouring Chutia principalities of Rangalgiri, Kalgiri, the Nilgiri, the Chandragiri, the Dhavalgiri and many others. He conquered the whole northeastern region of Assam which included the areas of present-day Arunachal Pradesh and assumed the title Chatra-dhari.[72] In around 1230 AD, with a large army, he attacked and defeated another Chutia king, Bhadrasena, ruler of the Swetagiri and placed his son as a vassal chief. In the expedition, he gained rich booty and many prisoners of war belonging to the Brahmin, Tanti, Sonari, Sutar and Kumar classes whom he settled in various parts of the kingdom. He built his capital at Ratnapur (Majuli), hence also called Ratnadhwajpal and used certain techniques to advance the agricultural system in the kingdom. The neighbouring Chutiya king, Nyaya Pal surrendered with costly gifts even before he was attacked. To cement the alliance, he married the daughter of Nyayapal. He built a line of forts along the foot of the hills against inroads by the hill tribes and built large tanks and temples for his people. In Kamatapur, when Kamateswar refused his daughter for one of the Gaurinarayan sons, the king marched against him, constructing a road with forts at certain intervals. Alarmed at the energy displayed by his troops, Kamateswar agreed to give one of the princesses in marriage to the Chutia prince.[71]
These expeditions by Gaurinarayan took the Chutia Kingdom to supremacy to such an extent that after a few years the impact of his power was felt even by the Gauda ruler. The Gauda ruler, possibly Keshava Sena, made friends with Gaurinarayan who sent one of his sons to that country to be educated. Unfortunately, the Chutia Prince died there and the corpse was sent to Gaurinarayan, who was then engaged in building a new city. He named the city as Sadiya (Sa-Corpse, Diya-Given) which later on became the capital of the Chutia Kingdom. Extensive remains of buildings and fortifications built during the rule of the Chutias near about Sadiya still point to the importance of the region in the past.
Chutia-Ahom conflicts (1512–1522)
The conflict between the Chutias and Ahoms started when Suhungmung annexed the Chutia principalities of Habung and Panbari[73] in 1512 AD.[74] The then Chutia king Dhirnarayan decided to attack the Ahom kingdom to prevent any further expansion. So, the following year Dhirnarayan, along with an army, sailed down the Dihing river and built a stockade of banana trees (Posola-garh) on the bank of the Dikhowmukh. A selected body of soldiers was stationed at a place near the Nongkongmung lake while another unit was dispatched with the navy to Shira-ati. The Chutia generals were Manik-Chandra Borua, Borhuloi Borua and Dhela Bora while the Ahoms were led by Chao Shukhring and two Railungia Gohains. A pitched battle was fought in which a large number of soldiers were killed. The Ahoms achieved victory in the battle and took possession of Mung-khrang (Dihingmukh region) and a part of the trans-Namdang region. In total, about 5,000 Chutia men were killed in the battle.[75] Suhungmung ordered a township to be built in the newly acquired territory.[76] After this defeat, Dhirnarayan reorganised his army and attacked the Ahom fort in Dihing-mukh in the year 1520 AD.[77] The Ahom commander Khenmung was killed and his whole garrison fled. Thus, the areas of Mung-khrang, Habung, Panbari once again came under Chutia rule.[78] But, soon Dhirnarayan died and the reign of the kingdom was passed to the son-in-law named Nitipal who was weak and inefficient in ruling.
Downfall (1522–1524)
The kingdom saw its weakest state under Nityapal[79], the husband of Dhirnarayan's daughter Sadhani. In 1522, Dhirnarayan due to his growing age passed down his throne to Nityapal. The Chutia nobilities and ministers resisted the decision of giving away the throne to Nityapal. Many other vassal chiefs of Lakhimpur, Majuli, Biswanath became independent and were eventually annexed by the Ahoms. In the same year, Suhungmung came near the Nongkongmung lake and sent his men to attack the Chutias in Dihingmukh. The Borgohain took leadership in the battle and pushed the Chutias northwards from Shup-Nam-Jon(Dihingmukh).[80] He sent a general named Lashaitai to meet the king, in a bor-nao (boat) obtained from the Chutias.[81] By that time, Suhungmung had come to a place named Cheruakata (Majuli). Lashatai met Suhungmung, who ordered him to fight with the Chutias stationed at Shup-Tiphao(Dibrumukh) river.[82] The Ahom king himself collected a great army and sailed to Dibrumukh. The Chutias were defeated there and retreated. In the month of Kati (1523 AD), Phrasengmung Borgohain and general Klinglun with their whole force, proceeded to the mouth of the Dibru river and constructed a fort (Dibrugarh) there. Suhungmung returned to Charaideo and offered sacrifices to the gods. In the next month Aghun, he stationed his forces at Shup-Shing-sa(Sessamukh). Nitipal at that time advanced from Sadiya to Larupara(Chabua). From there, he sent his army to Dibrugarh to fight with the invaders. The Chutia generals in this battle were Toktoru, Kasitara, Chuluki Chetia and Borpatra. Suhungmung hurried to the spot with strong reinforcements and routed the Chutias. The invading army then penetrated as far as Sonari (Kakopathar), when Nitipal sent Katakis (messengers) to the Ahom king along with gifts which included gold bedstead (ku), gold earrings (khao), gold-embroidered cloth (kham-sin), copper basket(tong-ru-khang), Arowan(phra-nun) and Xorai (phun) in order to settle for peace. In reply, Suhungmung asked for the Chutia royal heirloom (gold and silver cat, gold and silver umbrella, royal bedstead and scepter) along with elephants and a girl. Nitipal agreed on sending the elephants and the girl, but did not give the royal heirloom as it belonged to his ancestors. Instead, after a month, he sent other gifts like gold and silver-gilded Jaapi (Kham-Ngiu-Kup), gold ring (Khup-kham), gold basket(Liu-kham), gold umbrella(Chang-kham), gold bookstand (Khu-tin-kham), golden bracelets (Mao-kham), Xorai, elephants, horses, ivory-mats, knives and Panikamoli cloth and started building a fort on the banks of Lohit river.[83] The Ahom king took the knives and the building of the fort as a sign of war and attacked Sadiya during Bohag month of 1524.[84]
The sudden attack at Sadiya (Che-lung) during Bihu forced the king and queen along with some of the soldiers who survived, to flee to the hills situated above Sadiya. Kasitora(mentioned as Kaitora) was chased by the Dhanudhari Gohain(Chao-Song-Kung-Rin) Klangseng[85] and a battle was fought in Doithang hill. The king and his men took shelter in Chandangiri hill(Doi-Chantan). The Chutias attacked valiantly against the invaders from the hills. They applied gurella warfare strategies and used Faakdhenu (crossbows) and spears. The army killed hundreds of enemies. The queen Sadhani formed a female fighting squad of 120 warriors. They assisted the army by rolling big boulders onto the enemy below. The invaders were unable to do anything. That day was 21 April (7th Bohag) and was widely considered as Ujha (Drummer's) Bisu. Therefore, one of the former ministers of the Chutias whom Nitipal had removed sided with the Ahoms and suggested the Ahom commander Phrasengmung Borgohain to play the Dhol. Thus the general ordered some captives to climb up Ghila creepers and play the Bihu drum or Dhol.[86] As it was the season of Bihu, the Chutia army took it to be a sign that re-enforcements had arrived from other parts and that it was a sign of victory, thinking the Ahoms were chased out. So, thinking the drum beats to be a signal of victory they came down to the lower hills where the enemies were hiding. Another former Chutia commander named Gajraj Borua who had sided with the Ahoms showed the enemies the exact way to the location where the king was hiding.[87] The king was attacked and killed by an arrow while the queen gave her life by jumping from the hill-top.
Aftermath (1524–1525)
After killing the Chutia royals, Chao-Cheng-Kung-rin Klangseng offered the severed head of the Chutia king and Kasitora to Suhungmung in Sadiya. Phrasengmung Borgohain was given three thousand men along with three elephants. and stationed at Sadiya.[88] To strengthen the rule, the Ahoms set up colonies in Sadiya as well as on the banks of the Dihing river.[89] The Ahom king then returned to Charaideo, performed the Rikkvan ceremony and ordered the heads of the Chutia royals to be buried at the base of the stairs attached to the Deoghars. A new capital was built in Bakata on the banks of Dihing river. A number of Brahmins, artisans like blacksmiths(Komar), goldsmiths(Sonari), potter(Kumar), weavers(Tanti), masons(Khanikar), carpenter (Barhoi) were deported from Sadiya to the new capital. A lot of precious articles and valuable products were recovered from the Chutia country and sent via boats through the Dihing river to the capital. These included gold dishes (Maihang), royal palanquin (Kekura-Dola), the gold throne (Hunor tinisukia hinghakhan), gold bedstead (Khat), gold kettles (Bhug-jara), gold foot-tub (Bela) gold embroidered wicker hats (Jaapi), gold spittoon(Pikdan), royal shade (Aruwan), big-drums (Doba), trumpets (Kali) gun-boats (Hiloi-chara-nao), weapons like hand-cannons (Hiloi), large cannons ( Mithahulung), Chutia bow (Faak-dhenu), Long-bow (Bor-dhenu), gunpowder (Barud), spears (Barsa) as well as cattle, elephants and horses. Upon annexing the Chutia territories, the Ahoms came in contact with hill tribes like Miris, Abors, Mishmis and Daflas. The newly acquired territories were divided among the Buragohain and Borgohain, while new offices were created to administer the country more efficiently. These included Thao-mung Mung-teu(Bhatialia Gohain)[90] with headquarters at Habung (Lakhimpur), Thao-mung Ban-lung(Banlungia Gohain) at Banlung (Dhemaji), Thao-mung Mung-klang(Dihingia gohain) at Dihing (Dibrugarh, Majuli and northern Sibsagar)[91], Chaolung Shuling at Tiphao (northern Dibrugarh).[92][93] In 1527, a new ministerial position named Borpatrogohain was created (borrowed from the Chutia Vrihat-patra),[94] and Klangseng(previously posted as Bhatialia Gohain) was given charge.[95][96]
Rebellions (1525–1673)
Although the Ahoms annexed the Chutia territories, a number of Chutias went to the countryside where they were still in power and continued their fight against the Ahoms to reclaim their lost territories. The conflict went on for the next 150 years until it finally ended in 1673 when the Chutias fell under the domination of the Ahoms and were absorbed into their state.[71] After the fall of the Chutia kingdom, many princes fled to the interior hills and lived with hill tribes like Mishmis and Miris. The Darrang Raj Vanshawali records this event,
“Purbe Chutiar raja hithawe asil.
Anyaye Asam chal koria maril.
Jimate maril tar huniu kahini.
Bole naparia swargi raja mane guni.(364)
.........
Tar putra-bhai jot hokole polail.
Miri Mishmit pakhi pranak rakhila.
Chutiar rajak maria chale bale.
Loila heihi raijik Asame koutuhale.(371)”— Darrang raj bahshawali
Revolt of 1527(Sadiya)
The first revolt by the Chutias took place at Sadiya during the month of Fagun(February) in the year 1527, three years after the fall of the dynasty.[97] The Dihingia Gohain was sent to reinforce Phrasengmung Bargohain, but he was killed by the rebels. Although the rebellion was suppressed by the Ahoms, it prompted the Ahom king to make certain administrative changes.[98] In the month of Jaistha(May), Chaolung Shuling was sent to govern the Tiphau(Dibrugarh) province; while later the same year, King-lun Buragohain was made Thao-mung Bo-ngen(Sadiyakhowa Gohain) and offered the rule from Kangkham(present-day Sonari, Tinsukia) till the source of Tilao(Lohit).[99]
Revolt of 1529(Sadiya)
Two years after the first revolt, the Chutias again revolted against the Ahom rule at Sadiya, in the month of Puh(December). Suhungmung sent Chao Shuklan(Tipam raja) to assist Phrasengmung and Chao Shuling was sent to reinforce Thaomung Bo-ngen(Sadiya khowa gohain) at Kangkham. After that, the king himself along with all his officers arrived at Sadiya keeping the prince Suklenmung in-charge of the Ahom capital. Battles were fought at various places like the Chandangiri hill, Doithang hill, Marankao as well as on the banks of Dibang and Lohit. Initially, Chao Shuling was captured by the rebels, but later the Ahoms liberated him. The rebellions were all suppressed and the spoils of the battles were offered to the king in Kangkham. The king then returned to his capital after giving necessary instructions to Phrasengmung and Thaomung Bo-ngen.[100][101]
Revolt of 1542(Disang)
The Chutias again revolted against Ahom authority in the reign of Suklenmung. During the month of Baisakh(April) in the year 1542, the rebels attacked an Ahom official named Sheng Hanan near the Disang river and killed him. As a reprisal, the king sent Chaolung Tima to devastate the Chutia territories for the next two years, after which he was called back.[102][103]
Revolt of 1550(Sadiya)
After the death of the Sadiyakhowa gohain in the year 1550, a Chutia leader named Kanshapatra rebelled in Sadiya and declared himself as the king. Many Ahom princes joined him and arrived at Sadiya to start a war against the Ahom authority. The war continued for three years finally ending in the year 1553 when Kanshapatra, along with a large number of Chutias were killed. A number of Ahom princes were also killed while others were pardoned and settled at Charing.[104]
Revolt of 1565(Namrup, Kheram)
In the month of Magh(January) of the year 1565, the Chutias revolted and plundered Ahom settlements of Namrup and Kheram(near Namrup). The king sent Chaolung Tipam with his men to fight the rebels, and a battle was fought. In the battle, the elephant of the Tipam raja was injured and thus he retreated crossing the Dihing river. The rebellion was later crushed.[105][106]
Revolt of 1572(Sadiya)
In the year 1572, a Chutia rebellion took place in Sadiya under one Senapati. Charing raja, Chaophranmung, Thaomung Bo-ngen and many others were sent to fight against the rebels. The rebels then entered Kanchai and Pukhurikhana after being chased by the enemies. The Senapati, Kanchai chief and a great number of Chutias were captured and produced before the Ahom king.[107][108]
Revolt of 1665(North bank)
During the reign of the Ahom king Jayadhwaj Singha, the Ahom army was involved in a war with the Nagas. Taking this opportunity, a section of Chutias along with Miris and Daflas revolted together against the Ahom rule in the year 1665. But, the rebellion was soon suppressed.[109]
Revolt of 1673(North bank)
In the year 1673, the Chutias revolted by plundering the Miri villages of Rupa and Dimow, preventing them from paying taxes(boats) to the Ahom king. The Ahom king then sent Katakis(messengers) to the Chutia villages asking them to return the boats, but the Chutias refused. The Chutias then proceeded to Deoliagaon. Unable to find the boats, the Ahom king sent his men to capture one of the rebel leaders named Naraigam. Then, the forces proceeded to Tinimukhia where Naraigam was placed. The king ordered the Sadiyakhowa and Marangikhowa Gohains to erect a fort at Sessamukh. Another fort was constructed near the Dihing river from where some men proceeded towards the Chutia villages. The Chutias also came to the Miri village with bows and arrows. Katakis were again sent to the Chutia villages by the Ahoms. The Chutia Barua finally submitted to the king, but had to lose all his livestock. Naraigam and other rebels were made to pledge fidelity by drinking liquor. The strong and robust Chutias were made prisoners while others were ordered to pay tributes of boats from then on.[110][111]
Revolt of 1775(Borhat)
The final revolt by a section of Chutias took place in the region of Borhat, which was located in the borders of the Chutia country. The revolt was headed by a Nara leader Ngakham who killed the Barhatkhowa gohain and declared himself the king of the territories on the side of the Dibru river. He made Phukans and Baruas from among the Chutias and Barechiringias. The Ahom king sent the Buragohain with an army of forty thousand to crush the rebellion and capture the leader. A war was fought on the banks of the Sessa river. The rebels were defeated and chased. The Naras fled to the hilly part of the Chutia country, while the Chutias took shelter at Dhunaguri. The Ahoms captured a large number of Chutias, Brechiringias and Naras and brought them to the capital at Rangpur. Some of these rebels were put to death and others were imprisoned.[112]
See also
Chutia people Sati Sadhani Birpal Ratnadhwajpal History of Assam
References
- ^ Barua, Sarbeswar,Purvottar Prabandha, p. 212
- ^ Kalita, Bharat Chandra, Military activities in Medieval Assam,p.23
- ^ Saikia, Yasmin,In the Meadows of Gold, p. 190.
- ^ Dutta 1985, p. 30.
- ^ Saikia, Yasmin, In the Meadows of Gold, p. 190.
- ^ Barua, Swarnalata, Chutia Jatir Buranji, p.139.
- ^ "639 Identifier Documentation: aho – ISO 639-3". SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics). SIL International. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
Ahom [aho]
- ^ "Population by Religious Communities". Census India – 2001. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
Census Data Finder/C Series/Population by Religious Communities
- ^ "Population by religion community – 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015.
2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01 MDDS.XLS
- ^ "Their kingdom called Sadiya..." (Gogoi 2002:20)
- ^ "(T)he Chutiyas seem to have assumed political power in Sadiya and contiguous areas falling within modern Arunachal Pradesh." (Shin 2020:51)
- ^ "Their kingdom called Sadiya extended in the north over the entire region from the Sisi in the west to the Brahmaputra in the east. The hills and the river Buri Dihing formed its norther and southern boundaries respectively. Thus the Chutiya territory extended over almost the entire region of present districts of Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Tinsukia and some parts of Dibrugarh." (Gogoi 2002:20–21)
- ^ "The Chutiya power lasted until 1523 when the Ahom king Suhungmung, alias Dihingia Rāja (1497–539), conquered their kingdom and annexed it to his sphere of influence. A new officer of Ahom state, known as Sadiya Khowa Gohain, was appointed to administer the area ruled by the Chutiyas." (Shin 2020:52)
- ^ "The period from the 13th to the 16th century saw the emergence and development of a large number of tribal political formations in north-east India. The Chutiya, the Tai-Ahom, the Koch, the Dimasa (Kachari), the Tripuri, the Meithei (Manipuri), the Khasi (Khyriem) and the Pamar (Jaintia)—all these tribes crystallised into rudimentary state formations by the 15th century." (Guha 1983:5)
- ^ "The most developed of the tribes in the 15th century were the Chutiya(Guha 1983:5)
- ^ "The growth of a number of professions among the people of this kingdom like tanti (weaver), kahar (bell-metal worker), sonari (goldsmith) ... indicates the growth of some rural industries among the Chutiyas." (Gogoi 2002:22)
- ^ (Saikia 2004:8)
- ^ "(T)he Chutiyas were one of the earliest tribes to be Hinduised and to form a state, may point to their surplus economy." (Gogoi 2002:21–22)
- ^ (At the time of annexation by the Ahoms) caste system had become prevalent in (the Chutiya) society." (Gogoi 2002:21)
- ^ (Baruah 1985:186)
- ^ (Gogoi 2002:21)
- ^ (Baruah 1985:186)
- ^ "[T]he Chutiya kingdom consisted of a vast plan level and fertile territory which provided for the Ahoms possibility of easy extension of wet rice culture in the region." (Gogoi 2002:22)
- ^ "The origin of the Chutiya state is obscure." (Buragohain 2013:120)
- ^ "The legends relating to the origin of the Chutiyas is full of absurdities without any historical moorings." (Buragohai 2013:120)
- ^ "According to the present day Deori Chutiyas, the priests of the Chutiya people, they are originally inhabitants of the hills to the north of the Brahmaputra, perhaps the northwestern portion of the Dibang valley. Moving down from the hills to the plains of upper Assam, at some point of time before the entry of the Shans, a Tai ethnic group of Southeast Asia, the Chutiyas seem to have assumed political power in Sadiya and contiguous areas falling within modern Arunachal Pradesh...It must be noted, however, that the word ‘khā’ of Tai-Ahom language, which is usually prefixed to names of non-Ahom people practicing shifting cultivation, does not appear for the Chutiyas, probably because they were neither stateless, nor were they solely shifting cultivators in the early phase of Ahom rule." (Shin 2020:51)
- ^ (Gogoi 1968:266)
- ^ (Goswami 1977:25) "In the past, the Nara king collected taxes from the Chutias, Kacharis, Morans, Nagas, Borahis and Kamateswar. He sent three people to collect taxes. One to the country of Kamateswar and Borahis, one to the country of Chutias and Morans and the third one to the country of Kacharis and Nagas. One named Bimun, who was sent to collect taxes from Kacharis and Nagas, came to Sukapha. The king named him Bimun Patar."
- ^ "On the basis of these records, Neog reconstructed a line of kings ruling this region as follows: Nandin (or Nandīśvara), Satyanārāyaṇa (or Ratnanārāyaṇa), Lakṣmīnārāyaṇa, Durlabhanārāyaṇa, Dharmanārāyaṇa, Pratyakṣanārāyaṇa and Yaśanārāyaṇa (or Yamanārāyaṇa). Furthermore, it is fairly certain from the dates available in the inscriptions that Nandin and Satyanārāyaṇa ruled Sadhayāpurī in the latter half of the fourteenth century." (Shin 2020:52)
- ^ "The epigraphic record of Satyanārāyaṇa, whose lineage is named in reference to his maternal uncle, is therefore significant. It may constitute evidence of matrilineality of the Sadiya-based Chutiya ruling family, or that their system was not exclusively patrilineal. (Shin 2020:54)
- ^ "Auspicious Satyanārāyaṇa had his origin in Daivakī’s womb, ‘forming part of the lineage of the enemy of the gods’ (suraripu-vaṃśāṃśa-bhūto), making the uplift of the burden of the earth. Neog interprets ‘the lineage of the enemy of the gods’ as the asura dynasty. The reason for his asura lineage is not explicitly explained in the inscription; but the two statements that his mother is ‘Daivakī’ and he has ‘the shape of maternal uncle (who was) given the name of Daitya’ (daityanāmāttamāmāmatiḥ) can be seen as an indirect reference to his lineage." (Shin 2020:53)
- ^ "There are various accounts and succession lists of the rulers of the Chutiyãs ( I do not call them Chutiyã kings precisely because in these accounts they are not described as Chutiyãs except the last one of them) with dates also assigned to their reign ; but these accounts are too much at variance with one another to deserve serious consideration as being of proper historical value." (Neog 1977:814)
- ^ (Nath 2013:27)
- ^ "[T]his so called ancient chronicle might have been a later work of some members of the Chutiya aristocracy, as is possibly an attempt to legitimize the claims of the Chutiyas over a part of Assam during the establishment of the Matak kingdom in the beginning of the 19th century (1805) or after the Ahom power was abolished." (Nath 2013:27)
- ^ (Shin 2020:51) The Chutias belong to the Bodos, a linguistic group of the Brahmaputra valley, speaking a Tibeto-Burman language and having different cognate groups within them
- ^ (Shin 2020:51) According to the present day Deori Chutiyas, the priests of the Chutiya people, they are originally inhabitants of the hills to the north of the Brahmaputra, perhaps the north-western portion of the Dibang valley. Moving down from the hills to the plains of upper Assam, at some point of time before the entry of the Shans, a Tai ethnic group of Southeast Asia, the Chutias seem to have assumed political power in Sadiya and contiguous areas falling within modern Arunachal Pradesh
- ^ (Shin 2020:53) ‘forming part of the lineage of the enemy of the gods’ (suraripu-vaṃśāṃśa-bhūto), making the uplift of the burden of the earth. Neog interprets ‘the lineage of the enemy of the gods’ as the asura dynasty.
- ^ (Baruah 2007:42) The 1392 Bormurtia grant of Satyanarayan mentions Viyutsva-kula while the 1522 Dhakuakhana grant of Dhirnarayan mentions Viyutsva-banshada
- ^ (Shin 2020:53) Nandin and Satyanārāyaṇa ruled Sadhayāpurī in the latter half of the fourteenth century, while Lakṣmīnārāyaṇa belonged to the beginning, and Dharmanārāyaṇa to the middle of the fifteenth century. It is also nearly clear that Sadhayāpurī (or Svadhayāpurī) mentioned in the inscriptions is the same as Sadhiyā or Sadiya of later times
- ^ Prakash 2007, pp. 913.
- ^ (Acharya 1966:232)
- ^ "(T)he geographical extent of these rulers' power is not yet known in detail..." (Shin 2020:52)
- ^ Acharya.N.N., The History of Medieval Assam, 1966,p.232
- ^ "Though the geographical extent of these rulers' power is not yet known in detail, according to Neog, the present day North Lakhimpur district of Assam, which covers the find sites of most inscriptions, perhaps formed a part of their political dominion. If architectural continuity is admitted between the fortifications in the Sadiya region and the Burai river ruin site, it would be possible to believe that the kingdom of these rulers extended as far as the outer limit of Darrang district, in the westernmost extent of which Ahom conquerors settled the vanquished Chutiyas in the early part of the sixteenth century." (Shin 2020:52–53)
- ^ (Datta 1985:28)
- ^ (Neog 1977:818) The eastern region, whether it is called Sadhaya or Svadhaya as in the plates or Sadhiya/Sadiya as in Assamese chronicles, and the western region of Kamatapura seem to have been politically connected, and the same king Satyanarayana/Ratnanarayana might have held sway over both the regions.
- ^ Chao-Cheng-Kung-rin Klangseng was made the first Bhatialia Gohain
- ^ Mung-klang means "middle country"; refers to the region between Brahmaputra and Dihing which included today's Majuli.
- ^ (Barua 1939:61) After the Chutia revolt in 1526, Chaolung Shulung was sent to govern the country, Tiphau(Dibrugarh).
- ^ (Gait 1963:8) In 1525, Suhungmung proceeded in person to the Dihing country and appointed officers to administer the frontier provinces of Habung, Dihing and Banlung.
- ^ (Barua 1939:59–61)
- ^ "Only a few chronicles of comparatively recent date, including the Deodhai Asam Buranji, Ahom Buranji, Satsari Asam Buranji, Purani Asam Buranji and the Asam Buranji obtained from the family of Sukumar Mahanta, preserve only a small part of their history." (Shin:52)
- ^ " The following list of rulers of the Chutiyãs is given in one of the two short chronicles of them incorporated by Dr. S. K. Bhuyan in his Deodhäi Asam Burañji from an old manuscript published by William Robinson in the Baptist journal, Orunodoi, December, 1850. It very nearly corroborates a similar list in the vamsävali obtained by Kellner from Amrtanãrãyana of a Chutiyã princely family. Even Kellner considered this chronology apocryphal (Brown, op. cit., p. 83 ). It is not yet known for certain when at all such lists were prepared; but at the moment it is not possible to ascribe them to a date earlier than the 19th century. The dates given in the lists do not thus have historical moorings." (Neog 1977:817–818)
- ^ " It is not known for sure when the story of Birpal was made nor when the list of kings was prepared; but at the moment, it is not possible for a scholar like Neog to ascribe them a date earlier than the nineteenth century. Scholars, therefore, questioned the accuracy of the historical information in these accounts and showed great disdain for the related legends.(Shin 2020:52)
- ^ (Neog 1977:816)
- ^ "An attempt might perhaps be made to correlate all these finds into the reconstruction of a line of kings ruling in this region. If we consider Dharmanãrãyana of the epigraphs [Bormurtiya], [Chepakhowa] and [Paya-Tamreshvari] as the same..." (Neog 1977:817)
- ^ (Neog 1977:817)
- ^ a b "It is, however, fairly certain from the dates available in the epigraphs that King Nandisvara and Satyanarayana ruled in Sadhayapuri in the last half of the 14th century A.D." (Neog 1977:820)
- ^ "Dhenukhanã copperplate grant of King Satyanãrãyana, son of Nandi, Nandisara or Nandivara, of Sadhayâpurï or Svadhayãpuri, dated 1392." (Neog 1977:813)
- ^ "Dr. D. C. Sircar seeks to read the name of the king as 'Muktãdharmanãrãyana' which may really have been 'yuvã-Dharmanãrãyana' contrasting well with the reference to the bṛddharãja' in the first line of the inscription." (Neog 1977:813)
- ^ "Barmurtiyã-bil copperplate inscription of King Dharmanãrãyana, son of Satyanãrãyana, dated 1392" (Neog 1977:813)
- ^ "Ghilãmarã copperplate grant of King Laksmlnãrãyana, son of Satyanãrãyana, dated 1401." (Neog 1977:813)
- ^ "Pãyã-Tãmresvari (Dikkaravãsini) temple wall inscription of King Dharmanãrãyana, son-regent of Brddharãja (Old King), dated 1364 Šaka/1442 AD" (Neog 1977:813)
- ^ "The Sadiyã-Chepãkhowã copperplate grant of King (Durlabha-)nãrãyana, son of Dharmanãrãyana and grandson of Ratnanãrãyana originally of Kamatãpura, dated 1350 Šaka/1428 AD." (Neog 1977:813)
- ^ a b "In the Dhenukhanã plate two later kings seem to have added postscripts to the original inscription of 1314 Šaka. They are Pratyaksanãrãyana and Yasanãrãyana or Yamanãrãyana. No dates are associated with them." (Neog 1977:819)
- ^ (Barua 2007:124) "The plate discovered in 2001 identifies Yamkadnarayana or Yasamanarayana as the grandfather(pitamah) of Dhirnarayana. It is possible that this king was the same as Yasanarayana or Yamanarayana of the Dhenukhana plate."
- ^ (Barua 2007:590–591)
- ^ (Barua 2007:590–591)
- ^ (Barua 2007:590–591)
- ^ (Bhuyan 1962:134) The Deodhai Buranji mentions Birpal to be a descendant of Bhirmukka. It also reads "Sadiya Korjaku-Desha Chutika-Bansha Bhirmukka".
- ^ a b c Prakash 2007, pp. 267.
- ^ (Bhuyan 1962:135)
- ^ Some Buranjis like PAB and DAB mention Panbari to be a part of Habung
- ^ A Chutia chief named Vrihat-patra referred to as Habung-adhipati is mentioned in the copper plate of Dharmarayan dated to 1428 AD.
- ^ Assam Buranji(SM), p.9
- ^ (Bhuyan 1962:15–16)
- ^ Purani Assam Buranji, p.40
- ^ The copper plate inscription of land grant found in Dhakuakhana(formerly Habung) indicates that king Dhirnarayan donated 4000 bighas of land in the year 1522 AD to Brahmins
- ^ (Bhuyan 1962:xxviii) His son-in-law assumed the royal power under the name of Nityapal. He transpired to be a bad ruler. He removed old ministers and appointed common men in their place. He inflicted punishments on his subjects in an indiscriminate fashion. He deserted the niti or the procedure of olden times for which he was nicknamed Anitipal or the unrighteous one.
- ^ Nam-jin/jon is the Tai equivalent of Dihing
- ^ (Bhuyan 1962:17)
- ^ Purani Assam Buranji,p.40
- ^ (Barua 1939:56)
- ^ (Wade 1927:24)
- ^ Klangseng is mentioned as Chao-Cheng-Kung-rin
- ^ (Bhuyan 1962:200)
- ^ (Bhuyan 1960:10)
- ^ (Acharya 1966:88)
- ^ (Gait 1963:86)
- ^ Chao-Cheng-Kung-rin Klangseng was made the first Bhatialia Gohain
- ^ Mung-klang means "middle country"; refers to the region between Brahmaputra and Dihing which included today's Majuli.
- ^ (Gait 1963:8)
- ^ (Barua 1939:59–61)
- ^ (Guha 1983:20)
- ^ Thao-mung mungteu(Bhatialia Gohain) was made Chao-sheng-lung in Lakni Rungrao 1527.(p.61.)
- ^ Klangseng is mentioned as Chao-sheng-lung in Lakni Dapplao 1531.(p.64)
- ^ (Barua 1939:60)
- ^ (Baruah 2007:179)
- ^ (Barua 1939:61)
- ^ (Barua 1939:61)
- ^ (Baruah 2007:180)
- ^ (Barua 1939:79)
- ^ (Baruah 2007:182)
- ^ (Baruah 2007:184)
- ^ (Barua 1939:89)
- ^ (Baruah 2007:186)
- ^ (Barua 1939:92)
- ^ (Baruah 2007:186)
- ^ (Barua 2004:54)
- ^ (Barua 1939:92)
- ^ (Baruah 2007:224–230)
- ^ (Barua 1939:331–333)
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