V (programming language): Difference between revisions
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===Safety=== |
===Safety=== |
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V has |
V has policies to facilitate greater memory-safety, speed, and secure code.<ref name="section">{{cite web |last1=Umoren |first1=Samuel |title=Building a Web Server using Vlang |url=https://www.section.io/engineering-education/building-web-server-with-vlang/ |website=Section |access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="MUO">{{cite web |last1=Galuh |first1=Rosa |title=A Brief Introduction to the V Language |url=https://www.makeuseof.com/v-language-brief-introduction |website=MUO |date=8 August 2022 |access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Among these default safety features are:<ref name="section"></ref><ref name="MUO"></ref><ref name="hackaday">{{cite web |last1=James |first1=Ben |date=23 July 2019 |title=The V Programming Language: Vain Or Virtuous? |url=https://hackaday.com/2019/07/23/the-v-programming-language-vain-or-virtuous/ |access-date=23 July 2019 |website=Hackaday}}</ref><ref name="Knott">{{cite web |last1=Knott |first1=Simon |title=An introduction to V |date=27 June 2019 |url=https://simonknott.de/articles/vlang/ |access-date=27 June 2019}}</ref> 1) Usage of bounds checking. 2) Usage of Option/Result. 3) Mandatory checking of errors. 4) Variables are immutable by default. 5) Structs are immutable by default. 6) Function args are immutable by default. 7) No usage of values that are undefined. 8) No shadowing of variables. 9) No usage of null (unless in code marked as unsafe). 10) No usage of global variables (unless enabled via flag). |
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=== Performance === |
=== Performance === |
Revision as of 07:31, 11 November 2023
Paradigms | Multi-paradigm: functional, imperative, structured, concurrent |
---|---|
Designed by | Alexander Medvednikov[1] |
First appeared | 20 June 2019[2] |
Stable release | 0.4.2[3]
/ September 30, 2023 |
Typing discipline | static, strong, infered |
Memory management | optional (automatic or manual) |
Implementation language | V |
Platform | x86-64 |
OS | Linux, macOS, Windows, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, DragonflyBSD, Solaris |
License | MIT |
Filename extensions | .v , .vsh |
Website | vlang |
Influenced by | |
Go, Kotlin, Oberon, Python, Rust, Swift |
V, also known as vlang, is a statically typed compiled programming language currently in beta[4] created by Alexander Medvednikov in early 2019.[5] It was inspired by the Go programming language, as well as other influences including Oberon, Swift, and Rust.[6][7][8] It is free and open-source software released under the MIT License.
The goals of V include ease of use, readability, and maintainability.[9][10] The language also promotes safety and the elimination of ambiguity; for example, variable shadowing is not allowed; that is, declaring a variable with a name that is already used in a parent scope will cause a compilation error.[5][11]
History
According to one of the developers, the new language was created as a result of frustration with existing languages being used for personal projects.[12] The language was originally intended for personal use, but after it was mentioned publicly and gained interest, it was decided to make it public. V was initially created in order to develop a desktop messaging client known as Volt.[7] Upon public release, the compiler was written in V, and could compile itself.[5] Key design goals behind the creation of V were being easy to learn and use, higher readability, fast compilation, increased safety, efficient development, cross-platform usability, improved C interop, better error handling, modern features, and more maintainable software.[13][14][15][10]
V is released and developed through GitHub[16][7] and maintained by developers and contributors from the community.[5]
Features
Safety
V has policies to facilitate greater memory-safety, speed, and secure code.[8][18] Among these default safety features are:[8][18][7][19] 1) Usage of bounds checking. 2) Usage of Option/Result. 3) Mandatory checking of errors. 4) Variables are immutable by default. 5) Structs are immutable by default. 6) Function args are immutable by default. 7) No usage of values that are undefined. 8) No shadowing of variables. 9) No usage of null (unless in code marked as unsafe). 10) No usage of global variables (unless enabled via flag).
Performance
V has demonstrated to be as fast as C; its backend is capable of compiling code to human-readable C.[20][21][22][23][24] Allocations are minimized by the language,[25][26]which also supports serialization without runtime reflection.[20] Native binaries can be compiled with no dependencies.[8][27]
Memory management
V performs a minimal amount of memory allocation by using value types and string buffers; which by design promotes a more simple abstraction-free code style.[5][8] The language's 4 supported options for memory management are the following:[28][7][29] 1) Use of an optional GC (that can be disabled) for handling allocations, and is the default. 2) Manual memory management via disabling the GC (-gc none
). 3) Autofree, which handles most objects via free call insertion, and then the remaining percentage is freed by GC (-autofree
). 4) Arena allocation (-prealloc
).
Source code translators
V supports a source-to-source compiler (transpiler) and can translate C code into V.[30][31][10]
Working translators are also under development for Go, JavaScript, and WASM.[32][33]
Syntax
Hello world
The "Hello, World!" program in V:[18]
fn main() {
println('Hello, World!')
}
Structs
Struct example:[14]
struct Point {
x int
y int
}
mut p := Point{
x: 10
y: 20
}
println(p.x) // Struct fields are accessed using a dot
// Alternative literal syntax for structs with 3 fields or fewer
p = Point{10, 20}
assert p.x == 10
Heap structs
Structs are allocated on the stack by default. To allocate a struct on the heap and get a reference to it, the & prefix can be used:[14]
struct Point {
x int
y int
}
p := &Point{10, 10}
// References have the same syntax for accessing fields
println(p.x)
Methods
Methods in V are functions defined with a receiver argument. The receiver appears in its own argument list between the fn keyword and the method name. Methods must be in the same module as the receiver type.
The is_registered method has a receiver of type User named u. The convention is not to use receiver names like self or this, but preferably a short name. For example:[19][14]
struct User {
age int
}
fn (u User) is_registered() bool {
return u.age > 16
}
user := User{
age: 10
}
println(user.is_registered()) // "false"
user2 := User{
age: 20
}
println(user2.is_registered()) // "true"
Error handling
Optional types are for types which may represent none. Result types may represent an error returned from a function.
Option types are declared by prepending ? to the type name: ?Type. Result types use !: !Type.[19][8][28]
fn do_something(s string) !string {
if s == 'foo' {
return 'foo'
}
return error('invalid string')
}
a := do_something('foo') or { 'default' } // a will be 'foo'
b := do_something('bar') or { 'default' } // b will be 'default'
c := do_something('bar') or { panic("{err}") } // exits with error 'invalid string' and a traceback
println(a)
println(b)
References
- ^ "Creator of V". GitHub.
- ^ "First public release". GitHub. 20 June 2019.
- ^ "Latest releases". GitHub.
- ^ "The V Programming Language". vlang.io. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Rao 2021.
- ^ Lewkowicz, Jakub (25 June 2019). "SD Times news digest: V language now open sourced". SD Times. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
- ^ a b c d e James, Ben (23 July 2019). "The V Programming Language: Vain Or Virtuous?". Hackaday. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f Umoren, Samuel. "Building a Web Server using Vlang". Section. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ Knott, Simon (27 June 2019). "An introduction to V". Retrieved 27 June 2019.
- ^ a b c Nasufi, Erdet. "An introduction to V - the vlang". DebConf. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ Galuh, Rosa (8 August 2022). "A Brief Introduction to the V Language". MUO. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
- ^ "How To Maintain And Iterate With V - SYNCS 2023 (Sydney Computing Society at the University of Sydney)". YouTube. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
auto1
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c d Independent Laboratory 2020.
- ^ Lyons 2022.
- ^ "GitHub Programming Languages (repository rankings)" – via OSS.
- ^ "V's official mascot". GitHub. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ a b c Galuh, Rosa (8 August 2022). "A Brief Introduction to the V Language". MUO. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
- ^ a b c Knott, Simon (27 June 2019). "An introduction to V". Retrieved 27 June 2019.
- ^ a b Shóstak, Vic (15 January 2020). "The V programming language". DEV. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "C is how old now? - Learning the V programming language". l-m. 10 April 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
- ^ "V language: simple like Go, small binary like Rust". TechRacho. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ^ "How to install the V programming Language on Ubuntu 20.04 / Debian 10?". osradar. 24 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
- ^ Grabowski, Hank. "Fighting Bloat With the V Language". nequalsonelifestyle. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ "The V programming language is now open source". Packt Hub. 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
- ^ Galuh, Rosa (8 August 2022). "A Brief Introduction to the V Language". MUO. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
- ^ Dr. Rangarajan Krishnamoorthy. "Building V Language DLL". rangakrish. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
- ^ a b Tsoukalos 2022.
- ^ Emy, Jade (29 August 2023). "The programming language V 0.4 Beta is available". developpez. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ "Introducing the V Tutorial!". Replit. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
- ^ Schlothauer, Sarah. "The trendy five: Blazing hot GitHub repos in June 2019". JAXenter. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
- ^ "Convert Go to V with go2v". Zenn. 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
- ^ "The V WebAssembly Compiler Backend". l-m. 26 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
Further Reading
- The V Programming Language basic (in Japanese). Independent Laboratory. 20 June 2020. ASIN B08BKJDRFR.
- Rao, Navule Pavan Kumar (10 December 2021). Getting Started with V Programming. Packt Publishing. ISBN 978-1839213434. OCLC 1290492862.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Lyons, Dakota "Kai" (13 April 2022). Beginning with V Programming. Independently Published. ISBN 979-8801499963.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Tsoukalos, Mihalis (May 2022). "Discover the V language". Linux Format Magazine (288). ISSN 1470-4234.
External links
- Programming languages
- Cross-platform free software
- Cross-platform software
- Free compilers and interpreters
- Statically typed programming languages
- Systems programming languages
- Multi-paradigm programming languages
- Procedural programming languages
- Concurrent programming languages
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- Software using the MIT license
- Programming languages created in 2019
- 2019 software