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February 1921

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February 23, 1921: U.S. pilot Jack Knight shows that safe airplane flight can be made at night
February 25, 1921: Soviet troops and local Communists conquer the Georgian Republic
February 28, 1921: The Cleveland Clinic admits its first patients

The following events happened in February 1921:

February 1, 1921 (Tuesday)

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February 2, 1921 (Wednesday)

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  • In the Clonfin Ambush, "The first major IRA attack with what we would now recognise as an IED with sufficient explosive power to bring the fight to a quick result" [5] the Irish Republican Army detonated an improvised explosive device to stop two truckloads of the Royal Irish Constabulary auxiliary and then to fire on them. In the fight that followed at Clonfin in County Longford, four of the 19 RIC men were killed and eight wounded, and further ambushes using IEDs followed.
  • The British-registered ship Esperanza de Larrinaga departed from Norfolk, Virginia on a voyage to Reggio Calabria in Italy, but never arrived. On the same day, the Italian steamship Monte San Michele left New York with a cargo of grain to ship to Genoa and was not seen again. The search for both ships, as well as the freighter Ottawa, would be abandoned after more than two months after searchers concluded that the vessels had been lost with all hands.[6]
  • Born: Hyacinthe Thiandoum, Senegalese Roman Catholic Cardinal and the Archbishop of Dakar from 1962 to 2000; in Poponguine (d. 2004)[7]
  • Died:

February 3, 1921 (Thursday)

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  • An ambush by the Irish Republican Army killed 17 policemen in Queenstown in County Cork. On the same day at Burgatia, 500 Sinn Feiners fought a pitched battle against the constabulary.[10][1]
  • Thirty-six unemployed workers and six Chilean Army soldiers were killed in a clash with a larger number of unemployed workmen at the nitrate factory at San Gregorio.[11]
  • U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, at the request of President-Elect Warren G. Harding, called a special session of the U.S. Senate to begin on the morning of the March 4 presidential Inauguration Day to approve Harding's appointments for a new cabinet.[1]
  • Born: George E. Felton, British computer scientist who developed the GEORGE series of operating systems, in Paris, France (d. 2019)[12]

February 4, 1921 (Friday)

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  • Germany had been preparing in 1918 to bomb New York City with the Airship L-72, U.S. Army Brigadier General Billy Mitchell testified before the U.S. House Naval Affairs Committee, and the ship was "ready to make the trip when the Armistice was signed".[13] "I believe that it could have attacked New York City with success," General Mitchell told the committee. "It was designed to fly at a height of 30,000 feet (9,100 m), thus making it virtually immune from attacks by airplanes on its trip here." Mitchell added that the U.S. Army was working on producing a similar weapon. L-72 was surrendered to France as part of German disarmament, and renamed the Dixmude.
  • Dimitrios Rallis resigned as Prime Minister of Greece after a disagreement with his Minister of War, Dimitrios Gounaris over going to war with Turkey.[14]
  • Lonnie Eaton, an African-American convicted of murder, was scheduled to be executed in Monroe, Louisiana, but Ouachita Parish Sheriff T. A. Grant forgot to carry out the hanging and nobody reminded him of the Governor's death warrant. Four days later, the embarrassed sheriff notified Governor John M. Parker and asked what he should do.[15] On April 22, Governor Parker commuted Eaton's sentence to life in prison upon recommendation of the state board of pardons.[16]
  • Japan's War Minister, Count Tanaka Giichi, announced that another division of troops would be sent to its Governorate of Chosen, the Japanese Empire's Korea territory.[1]
  • Born:

February 5, 1921 (Saturday)

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  • Francis Burton Harrison, the U.S. Governor-General of the Philippines, transmitted his resignation by cable to U.S. President Wilson, to take effect on March 4.[1]
  • A train crash in Austria killed 25 people and seriously injured 40 more when a southbound freight train collided with an express train traveling north from Tarvisio in Italy to Vienna.[19] The impact occurred near Felixdorf when both trains were on the same track approaching from opposite directions during a heavy snowfall.
  • The Republic of Honduras became the first nation to approve the agreement to merge four nations into the Federation of Central American Republics.[20] The deputies of the National Congress of Honduras voted unanimously in favor of reunification.
  • Born: Zbigniew Czajkowski, Polish fencer, 1964 Olympic gold medalist and later the coach of Poland's fencing team; in Modlin (d. 2019)

February 6, 1921 (Sunday)

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  • Elections were held for the parliament of the Union of South Africa, strengthening the majority of Prime Minister Jan Smuts and the South African Party (SAP), and temporarily ending General J. B. M. Hertzog's agitation for South Africa to secede from the British Empire.[21] After having governed by a coalition with the Unionist Party since the 1920 election, the SAP won a majority on its own with 79 of the 134 seats in the Volksraad, the lower house of the South African Parliament.
  • Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos was appointed as the new Prime Minister of Greece to replace Dimitrios Rallis. King Constantine appointed Kalogeropoulos shortly after midnight after conferring all day on Saturday with leaders of Rallis's party.[22]
  • The British freighter Ottawa made its last communication, in the middle of its voyage from Norfolk, Virginia in the U.S. to Manchester in the UK. The Ottawa was never heard from again and presumed to have been lost with all hands.
  • The palace of Archbishop of Mexico City José Mora y del Río was struck by a bomb.[23]

February 7, 1921 (Monday)

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  • The Army Reduction Resolution, calling for the U.S. Army to be reduced to 175,000 soldiers, passed by Congress and then vetoed by U.S. President Wilson, became effective as both Houses of Congress voted overwhelmingly to override the veto. The House voted 271 to 16 to override on February 5, and the Senate followed suit, 67 to 1.[24]
  • Italy's Foreign Minister, Count Carlo Sforza, announced that the Allied Supreme Council was reducing the amount expected from Germany to pay for Allied occupation of the Rhineland by 83% to only 240 million gold marks (12 million pounds sterling or 47 million U.S. dollars), a savings equivalent of $300 million per year, to be made up for by the 12% tax on German exports.[25]

February 8, 1921 (Tuesday)

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February 9, 1921 (Wednesday)

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Parliament House in New Delhi

February 10, 1921 (Thursday)

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  • Thirty-two people were killed as a tornado swept through the African-American town of Gardner in Washington County, Georgia, and 40 injured.[32][33] Over 100 people were left homeless by the twister, that swept through the settlement shortly after 12:00 noon. All but two of the persons killed were African-American, and the Red Cross provided the relief efforts for the injured and the homeless.[34]
  • Japan's House of Representatives voted 38 in favor and 245 against a proposal by opposition leader Yukio Ozaki to reduce the number of new ships to be built for the Imperial Japanese Navy.[1]

February 11, 1921 (Friday)

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February 12, 1921 (Saturday)

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February 13, 1921 (Sunday)

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February 14, 1921 (Monday)

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  • Vearl J. Manwill and some associates located the Timpanogos Cave in northern Utah near Provo and close to the town of Highland.
  • With Bolshevik uprisings having started in the Georgian Republic and a Russian invasion expected, Georgia's Constituent Assembly appointed General Giorgi Kvinitadze as the Georgian Army's Commander-in-Chief in order to defend the nation.[41]
  • The comic strip Gasoline Alley written since November 24, 1918, took a new turn with the introduction of "Skeezix" as a baby left on the doorstep of Walt Wallet.[42] From there, the strip became the first in which "the characters in the strip grew old along with the readers" as time went on.
  • The U.S. Census Bureau announced that the mean center of the United States population had moved to "the extreme southeast corner of Owen County, Indiana, 8.3 miles southeast of the town of Spencer" after having been "about one-fifth of a mile north from Bloomington, Ind., where it was located by the census of 1910." [43]
  • Born:

February 15, 1921 (Tuesday)

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  • At Shulaveri, in the Georgian Republic, Bolshevik activist Filipp Makharadze organized the Revolutionary Committee of Georgia and made a formal appeal to the Soviet government for Russian support of the anti-Menshevik insurgents. The Soviets responded, ordering the 11th Army of the Soviet Army forces to begin assistance to the Georgian Bolsheviks. Under the command of General Anatoliy Gekker, the 11th Army crossed into Georgia from Armenia and Azerbaijan and proceeded toward the Georgian capital at Tbilisi.[38]
  • Eight train passengers were killed, and 10 wounded, after being caught in the crossfire of a gun battle between the Irish Republican Army and the British Army's Essex Regiment. The IRA had attempted an ambush on the train as it stopped at Upton, County Cork.[44]
  • The Colombian Air Force became an active service, originally as a branch of the Colombian Army.
  • The New Mexico Mounted Police, the law enforcement officers on horseback who had patrolled New Mexico since before it attained statehood in 1912, was abolished, leaving no statewide law enforcement to supplement local authorities. The gap in law enforcement would be remedied in 1933 with the formation of a new agency, the New Mexico Motor Patrol, now the New Mexico State Police.
Mott, Anthony and Stanton

February 16, 1921 (Wednesday)

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February 17, 1921 (Thursday)

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February 18, 1921 (Friday)

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February 19, 1921 (Saturday)

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February 20, 1921 (Sunday)

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The Gurdwara [58]

February 21, 1921 (Monday)

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Ahmad Shah Qajar
Coup leader Tabatabaee

February 22, 1921 (Tuesday)

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Mongol ruler Bogd Khan

February 23, 1921 (Wednesday)

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De Geer
U.S. Air Mail stamp
  • The moderately conservative public official Oscar von Sydow became the new Prime Minister of Sweden, succeeding Baron Louis De Geer.
  • The U.S. Post Office set a new record for air mail delivery, conveying mail posted the day before at San Francisco to delivery in New York City, in 33 hours and 20 minutes, becoming the first person to fly through the night rather than waiting for daylight. Pilot Jack Knight departed the morning before at 4:30 Pacific time (7:30 Eastern) from San Francisco and landed at Cheyenne, Wyoming in daylight, then took off at dusk and flew all night in darkness to Chicago, 839 miles (1,350 km) away, before another pilot, Ernest M. Allison, continued on the rest of the way to a landing at 4:50 in the afternoon Eastern time at an airfield at Roosevelt Field on Long Island across from New York City. The Post Office said in a press release that the night time flight was "the momentous step in civil aviation" and pledged to inaugurate regular nighttime flights.[73] The demonstration flight showed that air mail delivery could be feasible, since previous flights had been limited to daylight hours with long layovers through the night. On July 1, 1924, the Post Office would make any-hour flying a regular policy, cutting the time for a transcontinental trip (between New York and San Francisco) from 72 hours to 33 hours. The actual time in the air for the 2,666 miles (4,291 km) transcontinental trip was 25 hours and 53 minutes. Knight was one of four pilots making simultaneous transcontinental flights. The two westbound flights from New York were grounded by bad weather after reaching Chicago, and the other eastbound flight, piloted by U.S. Army Captain W. F. Lewis, crashed at Elko, Nevada.
  • Died:

February 24, 1921 (Thursday)

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February 25, 1921 (Friday)

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February 26, 1921 (Saturday)

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  • The President of Panama, Belisario Porras Barahona, signed a proclamation of war against neighboring Costa Rica for its invasion of the Panamanian territory, and issued an emergency decree suspending constitutional rights temporarily and calling on all Panamanian males between the ages of 18 and 40 to register for military service.[77] Porras withheld presenting the proclamation of war until March 1, when he planned to present it to the National Assembly.
  • The Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship was signed in Moscow.
  • Sixteen sailors on the new U.S. Navy destroyer USS Woolsey were killed after the ship was rammed by a merchant ship, the Steel Inventor off of the coast of Panama.[78] There were 112 survivors who were rescued after the collision, 13 miles (21 km) southwest of the Panamanian island of Coiba. The Steel Inventor, with thick plating suffered only minor damage.
  • The famous religious poem "The Touch of the Master's Hand", written by Myra Brooks Welch, was first published, as a feature in the magazine Gospel Messenger.
  • Born:
  • Died: Carl Menger, 81, Austrian economic theorist and founder of the Austrian School and the first to describe the concept of marginal utility

February 27, 1921 (Sunday)

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February 28, 1921 (Monday)

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  • The Kronstadt rebellion was initiated by sailors of the Soviet Navy's Baltic Fleet with the presentation by Stephen Petrichenko, chief clerk of the battleship Petropavlovsk, of 15 demands by the men of that ship and the Sevastopol, to the Kronstadt Communist Party Council.[81]
  • The Cleveland Clinic, now one of the most famous hospitals in the United States, admitted its first patients, with 42 persons being checked in.[82]
  • An attempt by Costa Rica to invade Panama was halted by the Panamanian Army at the border town of Coto, and U.S. troops moved into Panama City to protect that nation's government.[83]
  • At the Irish city of Cork, six IRA members were executed by order of court martial for levying war on British forces. In reprisal, five British soldiers in Cork were killed by the IRA.[46]
  • Aircraft Transport and Travel, founded in 1916 and one of the first airlines in Britain, ceased operations along with two others, after the French government began subsidizing its three airlines licensed to carry passengers.[84]
  • French troops, including Algerian, Moroccan and Senegalese soldiers recruited from French-controlled portions of Africa, were sent to the border with Germany in preparation of an invasion and occupation of Germany's Ruhr area to enforce reparations.[85]
  • Born:

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h The American Review of Reviews Volume 63 (March, 1921) pp249-252
  2. ^ "German Cabinet Rejects Entente Indemnity Plan— Reichstag Backs Refusal to Discuss It— Counterproposals to be Offered", The New York Times, February 2, 1921, p1
  3. ^ "Opens Bengal Council— Connaught Warns Members of Difficulties of Self-Government", The New York Times, February 3, 1921, p4
  4. ^ "Peter Sallis dead: Last of the Summer Wine actor who found fame in latter years as Wallace and Gromit voiceover". Independent. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  5. ^ "The use of IEDs in the Irish War of Independence", by Joe Connell, IrishCentral website, April 7, 2018
  6. ^ "Overdue Ships Given Up— Monte San Michele, Esperanza and Ottawa Regarded as Lost", The New York Times, April 14, 1921, p2
  7. ^ Harris M. Lentz (2002). Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century: A Biographical Dictionary. McFarland & Company. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-7864-1094-1.
  8. ^ Salvador Miranda. "Consistory of May 18, 1894". Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  9. ^ Jennifer A. Martin Bienenstock; American Cultural Center (Brussel) (1987). The Forgotten Episode: Nineteenth Century American Art in Belgian Public Collections. American Cultural Center. p. 44.
  10. ^ "500 Sinn Feiners Fight Crown Force", The New York Times, February 4, 1921, p1
  11. ^ "42 Dead in Chile Riots", The New York Times, February 6, 1921, p9
  12. ^ Martin Campbell-Kelly (2 July 2019). "George Felton obituary". The Guardian.
  13. ^ "Germany Had Airship to Bombard New York", The New York Times, February 5, 1921, p4
  14. ^ "Premier of Greece Resigns His Office; Rhallis Quits as Result of Row With Gounaris Over Going to London Conference", The New York Times, February 5, 1921, p2
  15. ^ "Sheriff in Louisiana Forgot to Hange Negro", The New York Times, February 9, 1921, p8
  16. ^ "Negro, Sheriff Forgot to Hang, Allowed to Live", Buffalo (NY) Courier, April 22, 1921, p1
  17. ^ Sweet, Corinne (Feb. 7, 2006). Ground-Breaking Author of 'The Feminine Mystique' Who Sparked Feminism's Second Wave. The (London, Eng., U.K.) Independent (obit), Retrieved February 2, 2010.
  18. ^ K. R. Narayanan (1987). Images and Insights. Allied Publishers. p. 9.
  19. ^ "25 Dead in Austrian Crash", The New York Times, February 7, 1921, p2
  20. ^ "Honduras Endorses Union", The New York Times, February 7, 1921, p2
  21. ^ "Secession Party Beaten in South Africa; Smuts Appears to Have a Good Majority", The New York Times, February 9, 1921, p1
  22. ^ "Kalogeropoulos Will Head Greek Ministry", The New York Times, February 7, 1921, p12
  23. ^ "Archbishop's Home Bombed in Mexico", The New York Times, February 7, 1921, p1
  24. ^ "Senate Overrides, 67 to 1, Army Veto; Kirby of Arkansas Alone Votes to Sustain President Against Reduction to 175,000", The New York Times, February 8, 1921, p1
  25. ^ "$300,000,000 a Year Saved for Germany in Occupation Cost; Almost Offsets 12% Tax", The New York Times, February 8, 1921, p1
  26. ^ "Germany Agrees, But on Conditions", The New York Times, February 9, 1921, p1
  27. ^ "Mrs George Formby's Own Story". The Sunday Post. Dundee. 13 February 1921. p. 16.
  28. ^ Pierre Kropotkine; Peter Kropotkin; Kropotkin Peter (10 August 1995). Kropotkin: 'The Conquest of Bread' and Other Writings. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-521-45990-7.
  29. ^ "New Era For India: Delhi Parliament Opened, King's Messages", The Times (London), February 10, 1921, p.10
  30. ^ "New Indian Councils: Failure Of Boycott Movement", The Times (London), January 8, 1921, p.9
  31. ^ "French Chamber Supports Briand", The New York Times, February 10, 1921, p1
  32. ^ "Georgia Cyclone Wipes Out Hamlet; Kills 32 Persons", The New York Times, February 11, 1921, p1
  33. ^ "32 Persons Killed and 40 Houses Blown Down As Tornado Cuts 5-Mile Swath at Oconee— Settlement at Gardner Practically Wiped Out", Atlanta Constitution, February 11, 1921, p1
  34. ^ "Red Cross Chapters Help Homeless Negroes", Atlanta Constitution, February 12, 1921, p3
  35. ^ "'My People Betrayed Me, God and Selves,' ex-Kaiser Says in First Interview", by Heinrich Petermeyer, UP report in Brooklyn (NY) Daily Times, February 11, 1921, p1
  36. ^ "Former Kaiser Says Betrayal of 'Me and Gott' Lost War", Minneapolis Morning Tribune, February 12, 1921, p8
  37. ^ "Buys Biggest Ship in World For Its New York Service", The New York Times, February 10, 1921, p1
  38. ^ a b c d e "Bolshevik Invasion of 1921", in Historical Dictionary of Georgia, by Alexander Mikaberidze (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) pp200-202
  39. ^ "Churchill Named for New Office", The New York Times, February 13, 1921, p2
  40. ^ Levon Chorbajian, et al., The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh (Zed Books, 1994) p.133
  41. ^ "100 Years of Georgia's First Democratic Republic: Giorgi Kvinitadze"
  42. ^ Garyn G. Roberts, Dick Tracy and American Culture: Morality and Mythology, Text and Context (McFarland, 2003) p21
  43. ^ "Centre of Population Moves 9.8 Miles Westward in Decade", The New York Times, February 15, 1921, p1
  44. ^ "Train Is Ambushed in Ireland, 10 Killed— Eight Civilian Passengers and 2 Sinn Fein Slain", The New York Times, February 16, 1921, p3
  45. ^ "Suffrage Statue Given to Nation— Women Unveil Memorial of Pioneer Leaders in Rotunda of Capitol", The New York Times, February 16, 1921, p8
  46. ^ a b c d e f The American Review of Reviews Volume 63 (April, 1921) pp360-364
  47. ^ "The Lynching Project: Oconee County". Archived from the original on 2020-06-22. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
  48. ^ "Typhus Ban Closes Italian Frontiers— No Emigrants to United States to Be Permitted to Pass Until Peril Is Controlled", The New York Times, February 18, 1921, p1
  49. ^ "141 Infested Aliens Held on Arrival Here— Steamship Lines Act to Bar Typhus", The New York Times, February 18, 1921, p1
  50. ^ "Report Tiflis Taken by a Soviet Army; Azerbaijan Wages War on Georgia, Whose Government Has Fled to Batum", The New York Times, February 19, 1921, p2
  51. ^ "Freedom for Egypt Urged on Britain in Milner Report", The New York Times, February 19, 1921, p1
  52. ^ "Argentina Rebuffs Allies on Treaty; Refuses to Bar German War Materials", The New York Times, February 19, 1921, p1
  53. ^ Pan American Union (1921). Bulletin of the Pan American Union. The Union. p. 482.
  54. ^ Y. Gasparyan (1996). Encyclopedia "The Armenian Issue". Yerevan.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  55. ^ Alfred L. P. Dennis, The Foreign Policies of Soviet Russia (Dent & Sons, 1924) p. 156
  56. ^ "Know the Folha Group". Folha de S. Paulo. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  57. ^ "Fiche d'identification de la commune de Kalaa Kebira". Kalaabira Commune (in French). Archived from the original on 2015-06-02. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  58. ^ Attribution: Shahib Damn Cruze
  59. ^ "Nankana Sahib Massacre Anniversary: Takht jathedar for passport-free entry for pilgrims to Kartarpur", by Surjit Singh, Hindustan Times (New Delhi), February 21, 2020
  60. ^ "Pak builds memorial for 1921 gurdwara massacre", by Yudhvir Rana, The Times of India (Mumbai), May 9, 2014
  61. ^ "Prussians Elect Parliament Today", The New York Times, February 20, 1921, p2
  62. ^ "Prussian Election Blow to Socialists", The New York Times, February 22, 1921, p15
  63. ^ "Sinn Feiners Plot Terror in England— 30 Killed in Ireland Over Week-End", The New York Times, February 22, 1921, p1
  64. ^ "21 Sinn Feiners Killed in County Cork Fights", Manchester Guardian, February 21, 1921, p5
  65. ^ "Soviet Military Intervention in Iran, 1920-46", by Richard A. Stewart, in Parameters: Journal of the US Army War College (December 1981) p. 25
  66. ^ Revaz Gachechiladz, The New Georgia: Space, Society, Politics (Taylor & Francis, 2014)
  67. ^ "Women made history 100 years ago", by Andrew Podnieks, International Ice Hockey Federation, February 21, 1921
  68. ^ Colin Choat, The Amateur Tramp: A Walk of Ten Thousand Miles Around Australia (Project Gutenberg, 2018) p. 18
  69. ^ George M. Lattimer, Official Report, III Olympic Winter Games, Lake Placid, 1932 (III Olympic Winter Games Committee, 1932) p. 39
  70. ^ "Eight Die in Fire Following Head-On Trolley Collision— Gasoline Can Explodes— Bodies Burned to Cinders", The New York Times, February 23, 1921, p1
  71. ^ "Gasoline Caused Deaths in Wreck", The New York Times, February 24, 1921, p16
  72. ^ United States. Joint Publications Research Service (1972). Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa. p. 4.
  73. ^ "Continent Spanned by Airplane Mail in 33 Hrs., 20 Min.", The New York Times, February 24, 1921, p1
  74. ^ "Bolshevist Forces Enter Tiflis Again; Revolutionary Committee Takes Over the City and Georgian Government Moves Out", The New York Times, February 27, 1921, p10
  75. ^ Ronald Grigor Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation (Indiana University Press, 1994)
  76. ^ "House Unseats Democrat— Patrick McLane of Scranton is Displaced by J. R. Farr, Republican", The New York Times, February 26, 1921, p2
  77. ^ "Panama Ready to Declare War on Costa Rica", The New York Times, February 27, 1921, p1
  78. ^ "U.S.S. Woolsey Sunk by Collision; 1 Dead, 15 Missing", The New York Times, February 28, 1921, p1
  79. ^ Bergan, Ronald (14 March 2007). "Betty Hutton". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  80. ^ "30 or More Killed, 100 Are Injured in Double Train Wreck at Porter, Ind.; Engine Plows Through Derailed Car", The New York Times, February 28, 1921, p1
  81. ^ "Seventeen Moments in Soviet History: Kronstadt Uprising", Michigan State University
  82. ^ "1920s: The Dream Takes Shape", My.ClevelandClinic.org]
  83. ^ "Panama Captures Costa Rican Force; Washington Warns", The New York Times, March 1, 1921, p1
  84. ^ Ray Bonds, The Story of Aviation: A Concise History of Flight (Greenhill Books, 1997) p. 37
  85. ^ "French Troops on the Move in Rhine Sector", The New York Times, March 1, 1921, p1