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See also: and
U+56B4, 嚴
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-56B4

[U+56B3]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+56B5]

Translingual

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Traditional
Shinjitai
Simplified

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 30, +17, 20 strokes, cangjie input 口口一一大 (RRMMK), four-corner 66248, composition 𠪚)

Derived characters

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Descendants

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 214, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4589
  • Dae Jaweon: page 436, character 33
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 702, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+56B4

Chinese

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trad.
simp.
alternative forms ⿱吅厂
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *ŋam) : semantic (talkative) + phonetic (OC *klaːmʔ, daring) – the original script of (OC *qʰlaːms, *qʰraːms, *qʰraːb, “exaggerated and absurd words”).

The meanings of “solemn” and “stern” may be a result of phonetic borrowing.

Etymology

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Schuessler (2007) considers (OC *ŋam) to be cognate with the following:

  • (OC *ŋraːm, “(of mountains) high; lofty”)
  • (OC *ŋamʔ, “dignified; majestic”)
  • (OC *qʰramʔ, “precipitous; dangerous”)
  • (OC *ŋab, “lofty; large”) (an allofam with a stop final).

They are all Sino-Tibetan in origin. Cognates in Tibetan include Tibetan རྔམ་པ་ (rngam pa, splendor; majesty) and Tibetan རྔམས (rngams, height; splendor). Burmese ငြမ်း (ngram:, scaffold) may also be a cognate.

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • nyian2 - literary;
  • ngan2 - vernacular.
Note:
  • gân - vernacular;
  • giâm - literary.
Note:
  • ngiam5 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Jieyang;
  • ngiang5 - Chenghai.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /ian³⁵/
Harbin /ian²⁴/
Tianjin /ian⁴⁵/
Jinan /iã⁴²/
Qingdao /iã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ian⁴²/
Xi'an /iã²⁴/
Xining /iã²⁴/
Yinchuan /ian⁵³/
Lanzhou /iɛ̃n⁵³/
Ürümqi /ian⁵¹/
Wuhan /iɛn²¹³/
Chengdu /ȵian³¹/
Guiyang /nian²¹/
/ian²¹/
Kunming /iɛ̃³¹/
Nanjing /ien²⁴/
Hefei /iĩ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /ie¹¹/
Pingyao /ȵie̞¹³/
Hohhot /ie³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ȵi²³/
Suzhou /ȵiɪ¹³/
Hangzhou /ȵiẽ̞²¹³/
Wenzhou /ȵi³¹/
Hui Shexian /ne⁴⁴/
Tunxi /ȵiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ȵiẽ¹³/
Xiangtan /ȵiẽ¹²/
Gan Nanchang /ȵiɛn⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /ŋiam¹¹/
Taoyuan /ŋiɑm¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jim²¹/
Nanning /jim²¹/
Hong Kong /jim²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /giam³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ŋieŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ŋiŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /ŋiam⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ŋiam³¹/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (31)
Final () (145)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie 𩏩
Baxter ngjaem
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ŋɨɐm/
Pan
Wuyun
/ŋiɐm/
Shao
Rongfen
/ŋiɐm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ŋɨam/
Li
Rong
/ŋiɐm/
Wang
Li
/ŋĭɐm/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ŋi̯ɐm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
yán
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
jim4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
yán
Middle
Chinese
‹ ngjæm ›
Old
Chinese
/*ŋ(r)am/
English stern, majestic

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 3692
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ŋam/
This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!
Particularly: “Dungan”

Definitions

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  1. strict; rigorous; rigid
      ―  yán  ―  strict; stringent
      ―  yánjǐn  ―  rigorous; strict
    自己要求自己要求  ―  duì zìjǐ yàoqiú hěn yán  ―  to be strict with oneself
  2. solemn; majestic; stately; grave
      ―  zhuāngyán  ―  solemn
      ―  zūnyán  ―  dignity
  3. urgent; pressing
      ―  yánzhòng  ―  severe; critical
  4. severe; intense
      ―  yándōng  ―  severe winter; harsh winter
    刑峻法刑峻法  ―  yánxíngjùnfǎ  ―  draconian law
  5. (of a door, mouth, defense, etc.) tight
      ―  yán  ―  tight; difficult to penetrate
  6. (literary) to respect
  7. (literary) to fear
  8. (honorific) father
      ―  jiāyán  ―  my father
  9. a surname
      ―  Yán  ―  Yan Fu (scholar and translator)

Synonyms

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  • (strict):
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  • (solemn):
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  • (severe):
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  • (father):

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: (ごん) (gon); (げん) (gen)
  • Korean: 엄(嚴) (eom)
  • Vietnamese: nghiêm ()

References

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Japanese

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Shinjitai

Kyūjitai

Kanji

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(Jinmeiyō kanjikyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form )

  1. Kyūjitai form of (strictness, severity, rigidity)

Readings

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Korean

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Hanja

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(eom) (hangeul , revised eom, McCune–Reischauer ŏm)

  1. strict, rigorous, rigid
  2. stern

Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Nôm readings: nghiêm, ngàm

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.