Filmi dramavī
Dirom, dráma (jun.-qad. δρᾶμα) — nomi ƶanre dar sinamo ast, ki dar on xarakterhoi film dar corcūbiji voqeī bo muşkiloti ehsosī rūbarū meşavand.
Dar film va silsilafilm, drama jak gurūhi badeiji hikojavist, ki nisbat ba haçvī dar lahn çiddī meboşad[1]. In guna drama odatan bo istilohoti ilovagī, ki super-ƶanr, makro-ƶanr jo mikro-ƶanri muşaxxasro ba monandi «dramai çinoiji polisī», «dramai sijosī», «dramai qonunī», «dramai ta'rixī», «dramai xonagī», «dramai navrason» jo «mazhaka-drama» muajjan namudaast, muvofiqat mekunad. In istilohho odatan mavzūi muşaxxasro nişon medihand.
Hama şaklhoi sinamo jo televizion, ki rivojathoi afsonaviro dar bar megirand, şaklhoi drama ba ma'noi vase' meboşand, agar hikojai onho tavassuti qahramonho ifoda mekunand. Ba in ma'no, drama tartibotest, ki az romanho, hikojaho va nazmho jo taronahoi hikojatī farq mekunad[2]. Dar davrai muosir peş az tavlidi sinamo jo televizion, «drama» dar doxili teatr jak namudi namoiş bud, ki na mazhaka va na foçia hisobida meşavad. Mahz hamin hissi tangtar ast, ki sohahoi sinamo va televizion dar jakçojagī bo omūzişi filmho qabul karda şudand. «Radiodrama» ba hardu ma'no istifoda şudaast — aslan dar içroi zinda intiqol doda meşavad, incunin baroi tavsifi qullahoi balandtar va çiddiji baromadi dramaviji radio istifoda şudaast[3].
Nav'hoi drama dar sinamo va televizion
[viroiş | edit source]Taksonomijai filmnomanavison da'vo dorand, ki ƶanrhoi film asosan ba fazoi film, xislat va hikojai film asos joftaand va az in rū barcasphoi «drama» va «mazhaka» xele vase' buda, onhoro ƶanr hisobidan mumkin nest. Ba çoi in, taksonomija bahs mekunad, ki dramaturgijaho «Namudi» film meboşand; jakcand zersoxtorhoi gunoguni filmhoi dramavī va televizionī.
Dramai sijoh
[viroiş | edit source]- Dramahoe, ki bo mas'alahoi şadidi çiddī sarukor dorand[4].
- Mutobiqsoziji dramatikiji rūjdodhoi voqeī meboşad. Garcande ki na hameşa komilan daqiq ast, dalelhoi umumī kamu beş durustand[5]. Farqi bajni dramai huççatī va filmi mustanad dar on ast, ki dar filmi mustanad az odamoni voqeī baroi tavsifi ta'rix jo rūjdodhoi hozira istifoda mekunad; dar dramai huççatī baroi içroi naqşho dar corabiniji hozira hunarpeşahoi az çihati kasbī tajjorkardaşudaro istifoda mebarad, ki kame «dramatizatsija» meboşad.
- Farq az dramahoi mustanad, filmhoi dokufikşn huççatī va bofta hisobida meşavand, ki dar on filmbardoriji voqeī jo rūjdodhoi voqeī bo sahnahoi taçdidşuda ba ham mepajvandad[6].
- Hikojai çiddie, ki doroi ba'ze alomatho jo sahnahoi tabiī baroi hozirin hazlkunanda meboşad.
- In hikojaho az çonibi professori sinamo Ken Dansiger tahija şudaast, harfho va holathoro az budaş zijod nişon medihad, to rivojat jo afsona şavad.
Dramai sabuk
[viroiş | edit source]- Hikojahoi sabukro, ki bo vuçudi in, tabiati çiddī dorand menomand.
- Satira metavonad mazhakaro dar bar girad, ammo natiçai nihoī ma'mulan tafsiri şadidi içtimoī ast, ki cize ƣajr az xandaovar ast. Satira aksar vaqt baroi ifşoi kambudihoi çomea jo afrode, ki ba ideologijai içtimoī ta'sir merasonand, kinoja jo muboliƣa mekunad.
Dramai rost
[viroiş | edit source]- Dramai rost ba onhoe daxl dorad, ki ravişi muşaxxas ba dramaro taloş namekunand, balki, dramaturgijaro hamcun norasoiji usulhoi mazhakavī meşumorand.
Muçomiathoi namud/ƶanr
[viroiş | edit source]Tibqi Taqsimi senarijai filmnomanavison, hamai tasvirhoi filmho bojad nav'i onho (mazhaka jo drama) -ro bo jak (jo jakcand) jozdah super ƶanr jakçoja kunand. In omeziş ƶanri alohida eçod namekunad, balki fahmişi behtarini filmro faroham meorad.
Muvofiqi taksonomija omezişi namud bo ƶanr ƶanri alohida ba vuçud nameorad. Masalan, «Dramai dahşatī» faqat jak filmi tarsnoki dramavī ast (dar muqoisa bo filmi tarsnoki mazhakavī). «Dramai tarsnok» ƶanre nest, ki az ƶanri tarsnok va jo nav'i drama çudo boşad.
Dramai çangī
[viroiş | edit source]Dramahoi amalī odatan viseralī meboşand, na intellektualī, bo sahnahoi çangi dinamikī, sahnahoi vasei ta'qib va karaxthoi diloşūb. Qahramon taqriban hameşa zirak ast, dar pojhojaşon boquvvat ast va qobilijati rūhī va çismonī dorad. Qahramon filmro bo muşkiloti doxilī oƣoz mekunad va pas az on zud jak muşkili beruna pajdo meşavad. To oxiri hikoja, qahramon hardu muşkilotro hal mekunad[7].
Dramai çinoī
[viroiş | edit source]Dramahoi çinoī mavzū'hoi haqiqat, adolat va ozodiro omūxta, duçonibai asosiji «çinojatkor va qonunşinos» -ro dar bar megirand. Filmhoi çinoī maçbur mekunand, ki tamoşobinon az silsilai «halqaho»-i ravonī guzarand; baroi dramai çinoī istifodai gimnastikai şifohī baroi tamoşobinon va qahramon dar pojhojaşon kam nest. Namunahoi dramahoi çinoī inhojand: The Big Short (2015), The Godfather (1972), va The Usual Suspects (1995).
Trilleri dramavī
[viroiş | edit source]Dar trilleri dramavī, qahramon aksar vaqt jak qahramoni noxosta buda, bo dili noxoham ba hikoja çalb meşavad va baroi naçoti çoni qurbonijoni begunoh bojad bo jak badxohoni epikī muboriza barad; qahramon noguzir xudro ba vaz'i marbut ba çinojatkoroni devona bo guzaştai xele torik ducor meorad va har kase, ki peşi rohi onhoro megirad, tahdid mekunad va mekuşad[8].
Dramai taxajjulī
[viroiş | edit source]Tibqi guftai Erik R.Viljams, alomati farqkunandai filmhoi dramaviji taxajjulī «çoi hajrat ast, ki odatan dar çahoni bosur'ate, ki dar on ofaridahoi asotirī, çodugarī va / jo personaƶhoi ƣajriinsonī zindagī mekunand, sado medihand. Lahzavu liboshoi in filmho aksar vaqt hissijotro inkor mekunand az mifologija va folklor — xoh qadimī boşad, xoh futuristī va xoh çahoni digar. Kostjumho, incunin çahoni ekzotikī muborizahoi şaxsī, botiniro, ki qahramon dar doston ducor meojad, in'ikos mekunad.» Namunahoi dramahoi taxajjulī inhojand: Life of Pi (2012), Lord of the Rings (2001—2003), Pan’s Labyrinth (2006), va Where the Wild Things Are (2009).
Dramai tarsnok
[viroiş | edit source]Dramahoi tarsnok aksar vaqt dar zamoni muosir bo alomathoi markaziji az tamomi çomea çudoşuda ba amal meojand. In qahramonho aksar vaqt navrason jo odamoni sinnaşon az bistsola bolo meboşand (tamoşobinoni markaziji ƶanr) va dar nihojat dar çarajoni film kuşta meşavand. Az çihati tematikī filmhoi dahşatnok aksar vaqt hamcun afsonai axloqī xidmat mekunand va qotil tavbai zūrovarona baroi gunohhoi guzaştai qurbonijonro içro mekunad. The Conjuring, Psycho, Halloween, va Friday the 13th misolhoi dramai tarsnok meboşand.
Filmhoi dramai hajotī dar hajoti inson rūjdodhoi xurd ba amal meorand va sathi ahamijati onhoro baland mekunand. «Cizhoi kūcak dar zindagī» baroi qahramon (va tamoşobinon) hamcun çangi iqlimī dar filmi amalī jo tirparroniji nihoī dar vestern muhim his mekunand. Aksar vaqt, qahramonho dar çarajoni film bo jakcand mas'alahoi takrori saru kor megirand — hamon tavre ki mo dar zindagī. Filmhoi in nav'i / ƶanr inhojand: 12 Years a Slave (2013), Dallas Buyers Club (2013), Moonlight (2016), va The Wrestler (2008).
Dramai rumontikī
[viroiş | edit source]Dramahoi rumantikī filmhoi doroi mavzū'hoi markazī meboşand, ki e'tiqodi moro dar borai işq taqvijat medihand (masalan: mavzū'ho ba monandi «muhabbat az nigohi avval», «muhabbat hamaro ƣolib mekunad» jo «kase hast, ki dar on ço baroi hama»); hikoja odatan dar atrofi alomathoi oşiqşavī (va çudoī) rūj medihad. Annie Hall (1977), Carol (2015), Her (2013), La La Land (2016) vp The Notebook (2004) namunahoi dramai rumontikijand.
Dramai fantastikiji ilmī
[viroiş | edit source]Filmi dramaviji fantastikai ilmī aksar vaqt qissai qahramonest (va hampajmononi ū) bo cizi «noajon» rū ba rū meşavad, ki doroi taƣiroti ojandai insonijat meboşad; in noajoniro badkor bo qudrati nomafhum, maxluqe, ki mo namefahmem va jo filmnomai ilmī, ki tahavvuli çahonro tahdid mekunad, muarrifī mekunad; hikojai fantastikiji ilmī şunavandagonro maçbur mekunad, ki tabiati odamon, hududi vaqt jo fazo va / jo mafhumhoi mavçudijati insonro dar maçmū' barrasī kunand. Namunaho: Blade Runner (1982), Children of Men (2006), Clockwork Orange (1971), Planet of the Apes (1968), va Ready Player One (2018).
Ajon ast, ki dar super-ƶanri varzişī, alomathoi varzişī bozī xohand kard. Az çihati tematikī, hikoja aksar vaqt jake az «Dastai mo» va «Dastai onho» meboşad; dastai onho hameşa kūşiş mekunad ƣolib ojad va dastai mo ba çahon nişon xohad dod, ki sazovori e'tirof jo kaforat meboşand; hikoja na hameşa bojad jak gurūhro dar bar girad. Incunin hikoja metavonad dar borai jak varzişgari infirodī boşad jo in ki hikoja metavonad ba farde, ki dar gurūh bozī mekunad, diqqat dihad. Ba in ƶanr / namud doxil meşavand: Hoosiers (1986), The Hustler (1961), Moneyball (2011), va Remember the Titans (2000).
Dramai çang
[viroiş | edit source]Filmhoi çangī odatan dar borai jak gurūhi xurdi afrodi çudoşuda naql mekunand, ki onho to jak zaduxūrdi nihoī to marg az çonibi nerūi beruna kuşta meşavand (ajnan jo maçozī); ƣojai qahramonone, ki bo marg rū ba rū meşavand, intizoriji markazī dar filmi çangī meboşad. Dar filmi çangī, garcande ki duşman metavonad az qahramon zijodtar jo qudratmand boşad, mo taxmin mezanem, ki duşmanro maƣlub kardan mumkin ast, agar tanho qahramon fahmad, ki cī tavr. Namunaho inhojand: 1944 (2015), Apocalypse Now (1979), Hacksaw Ridge (2016), The Hurt Locker (2008), Life is Beautiful (1997), va Wildeye (2015).
Dramai vestern
[viroiş | edit source]Filmho dar ƶanri super-ƶanri vestern aksar vaqt dar Amrikoi Çanubu Ƣarbī jo Meksika surat megirand, ki şumorai zijodi sahnaho dar beruni kişvar ba amal meojand, to binanda dar manzarahoi zebomanzar ƣarq şavad. Intizorihoi viseralī baroi tamoşobinon muştzanī, tirandozī va sahnahoi ta'qibro dar bar megirand. Incunin intizoriji tasvirhoi panoramiji açibi dehot, az çumla ƣurubi oftob, manzarai vase' va bijobonhoi beoxir va osmon vuçud dorad. Namunahoi dramahoi ƣarbī inhojand: Django Unchained (2012), Hell or High Water (2016), Mad Max (1979), No Country for Old Men (2007), va Unforgiven (1992).
Gurūhhoi nodurust
[viroiş | edit source]Dramai oilavī
[viroiş | edit source]makro-ƶanr dar filmnomai muallifoni taksonomija. In filmho nişon medihand, ki bisjore az personaƶhoi markazī bo ham robita dorand[9]. Hikoja dar atrofi on rūj medihad, ki cī guna oila dar maçmū' ba muşkiloti markazī munosibat mekunad[10].
zergurūhi filmhoi dramavī, ki az sjuƶethoe istifoda mebarand, ki ba ehsosoti balandtari tamoşobinon muroçiat mekunand. Qit'ahoi melodramatikī aksar vaqt «būhronhoi ehsosoti insonī, romantikai nokom jo dūstī, vaz'i şadidi oilavī, foçia, bemorī, asabho jo muşkiloti emotsionalī va çismonī» -ro barrasī mekunand. Munaqqidoni film ba'zan mafhumi «peƶorativī baroi bo ham pajvast kardani afsonai ƣajrivoqeī, pur az pafos, boşişgohi romanī jo holathoi xonavodagī bo personaƶhoi stereotipī (aksar vaqt jak xislati zanonai markazī) -ro istifoda mebarand, ki bevosita ba tamoşobinoni bonuvon muroçiat mekunand». Incunin «filmhoi zanona», «girjakunandagon», aşkkoron jo «zarbahoi cūça» nomida meşavand. Agar onho ba tamoşobinoni mard ravona karda şuda boşand, pas onhoro filmhoi «pisar girja mekunand» menomand. Aksar vaqt dramai «sobun-opera» hisobida meşavad.
ruşdi xususijat dar asosi mavzūhoi marbut ba çinojatkoron, hifzi huquq va nizomi huquqī.
Dramai ta'rixī
[viroiş | edit source]filmhoe, ki ba rūjdodhoi dramaviji ta'rix tamarkuz mekunand.
Dramai tibbī
[viroiş | edit source]Tamarkuz ba tabibon, hamşirahoi şafqat, kormandoni bemorxonaho va joriji ta'çilī baroi naçot dodani qurbonijon va munosibati muştaraki hajoti harrūzai onho
ba personaƶhoi navras tamarkuz mekunad, alaxusus dar on çojhoe, ki şaroiti maktabi mijona naqş mebozad
Nigared niz
[viroiş | edit source]Ezoh
[viroiş | edit source]- ↑ Drama. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated (2015). — «a play, movie, television show, that is about a serious subject and is not meant to make the audience laugh»
- ↑ Elam (1980, 98).
- ↑ Banham (1998, 894—900).
- ↑ Turchiano, Danielle The Importance of Leaning Into Dark Dramas During Dark Times in History (Column)(angl.). Variety (4 June 2018).
- ↑ Documentary Is Never Neutral | Television Docudrama as Alternative Records of History. www.documentaryisneverneutral.com.
- ↑ Producing Docu-Fiction | Center for Documentary Studies at Duke University. documentarystudies.duke.edu.
- ↑ Williams, Eric. R. How to View and Appreciate Great Movies (episode #4: Genre Layers and Audience Expectations)(angl.). English (2018).
- ↑ Thriller & Suspense (en-US). The SilverScreen Analysis (19 nojabri 2016).
- ↑ Williams, Eric R. How to View and Appreciate Great Movies (episode #22 Pathways to Great Antagonists)(angl.). English (2018).
- ↑ Williams, Eric R. How to View and Appreciate Great Movies (episode #3 Movie Genre: It's Not What You Think)(angl.). English (2018).