Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃ókʷs

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”) +‎ *-s (root nominal suffix).

Noun

*h₃ókʷs ?

1. eye

Inflection

Athematic, acrostatic
	singular	collective
nominative	*h₃ókʷs	*h₃ékʷsōs
genitive	*h₃ékʷs	*h₃kʷsés
	singular	dual	plural	collective
nominative	*h₃ókʷs	*h₃ókʷsih₁	—	*h₃ékʷsōs
vocative	*h₃ókʷs	*h₃ókʷsih₁	—	*h₃ékʷsōs
accusative	*h₃ókʷs	*h₃ókʷsih₁	—	*h₃ékʷsōs
genitive	*h₃ékʷs	*?	—	*h₃kʷsés
ablative	*h₃ékʷs	*?	—	*h₃kʷsés
dative	*h₃ékʷey	*?	—	*h₃kʷséy
locative	*h₃ékʷ, *h₃ékʷi	*?	—	*h₃ékʷs, *h₃ékʷsi
instrumental	*h₃ékʷh₁	*?	—	*h₃kʷséh₁

No plural form existed, only a dual form, ending in *-ih₁:

• nominative, accusative, and vocative dual *h₃ókʷih₁

Descendants

• Armenian:
  • ⇒ Old Armenian: ակն (akn, “eye”)
  • ⇒? Old Armenian: յաւն (yawn, “eyebrow”)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ak-
  • East Baltic:
    • Latgalian: acs
    • Latvian: acs
    • Lithuanian: akìs
    • Samogitian: akis
  • West Baltic:
    • Old Prussian: ackis (nom. pl.)
  • Proto-Slavic: *ȍko (see there for further descendants)
• ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *augô (with probable contamination from *auzô) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *ókʷs
  • Ancient Greek: ὄψ (óps), ὤψ (ṓps, “eye, face”)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hákš, *Hákši (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hákṣ
    • ⇒ Sanskrit: अनक्ष् (anákṣ, “blind”)
• Proto-Tocharian: *ëk
  • Tocharian A: ak
  • Tocharian B: ek

From dual *h₃ókʷih₁

• Proto-Albanian: *asī
  • Albanian: sy
• Proto-Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: աչք (ačʻkʻ, “both eyes”)
• Proto-Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: ὄσσε du (ósse, “eyes”)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáčiH
  • ⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *ačī́na
    • Northern Nuristani:
      • Kamkata-viri:

        Kativiri: ačé

      • Prasuni: ižĩ́
    • Southern Nuristani:
      • Ashkun: aćĩ́
      • Tregami: ac̣ĩ́ (with irregular c̣ from Indo-Aryan)
      • Waigali: ačẽ
    • ⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *ačā́ni (remodeled after Sanskrit अक्षाणि (akṣāṇi))
      • Northern Nuristani:
        • Kamkata-viri:

          Kamviri: ačẽ́